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Histological Development of Eye in Caspian Roach, Rutilus Lacustris (Pallas, 1814) (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) During Early Ontogeny

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Histological Development of Eye in Caspian Roach, Rutilus Lacustris (Pallas, 1814) (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) During Early Ontogeny Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 7(2) 105-111 2021 Histological development of eye in Caspian roach, Rutilus lacustris (Pallas, 1814) (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) during early ontogeny Eagderi S.1*; Hasanpour Sh.1; Nahavandi R.2 Received: April 2020 Accepted: October 2020 Abstract Fish larvae are equipped with several sensory systems that are functional at or soon after hatching and their function are modified further throughout the larval and juvenile periods. The development of the functional eye generally is correlated with the onset of feeding. This study aimed to determine the development of the eye structure in Caspian roach, Rutilus lacustris, during its early ontogeny. For this purpose, the histological sections of R. lacustris eye from hatching up to 90 dph were prepare, examined and photographed. According to the results, the retina of the newly hatched larvae was almost completely differentiated. The most differentiations of the eye structures had been occurred until 6 dph concomitant with initiation of exogenous feeding. This fact illustrates the importance of visual sense as an eye-dependent species during its larval period. Keywords: Eye, Retina, Ontogeny, Development, Caspian roach Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 18:10 +0330 on Wednesday September 29th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2021.7.2.8 ] 1-Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, the University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran 2- Animal Science Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran *Corresponding author's E-mail: [email protected] 106 Eagderi et al, Histological development of eye in Caspian roach, Rutilus lacustris … Introduction Material and methods Eyes are major sensory organs in fishes The adult Caspian roach were caught in to detect photic stimuli and form the estuary of the Gorgan River by gill images of the environment (Chai et al., nets during their spawning migration 2006; Lim et al., 2014). Fish visual during April and May 2017. The capability is highly related to the eye Caspian roach larvae were obtained structure; therefore, study of its from the semi-artificial breeding of 20 histological aspects can provide insight brood stocks in an earthen pond in the on the visual capability of the fish (Lim Sijval Restocking Center (Bandar-e- et al., 2014). In addition, development Turkmen, north of Iran) with an of the functional eye is generally ambient temperature. The pond was correlated with the onset of feeding, i.e. filled three weeks prior to the distinct changes in the retinal introduction of the fish and fertilized to morphology is occurred concomitant sustain primary production and benthos with a shift from pelagic (planktonic) to as natural food by adding cattle manure a benthic habitat (Hall and Wake, and urea fertilizer. During rearing 1999). period, the larvae were fed by The Caspian roach, Rutilus lacustris, is fertilizing ponds and a diet based on a commercially important cyprinid fish Fontagne and Silva (2009). The water and native to the Caspian Sea temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH (Hasanpour et al., 2015, 2016a, b). Due were 21.4-24.4 °C, 6.5-8 ppm and 7.6- to over fishing and destruction of its 8.4, respectively, during rearing period. spawning grounds, this species has Fish were reared under the natural experienced a remarkable decline in its photoperiod. In addition, the semi fishing yields. Therefore, its artificial extensive condition was applied to propagation in hatcheries to recruit its provide a natural habitat and to produce natural stocks has fulfilled during last high quality larvae with low anomalies decade (Ghelichpour and Eagderi, (Sfakianakis et al., 2004, 2005; Lewis 2012; Hasanpour et al., 2015). Since in and Lall, 2006; Hasanpour et al., 2015, restocking programs providing basic 2016a). A total of 270 larvae and fry biological information is crucial for were randomly sampled from hatching breeding and rearing of larvae, up to 90 dph, prior to feeding, in the therefore, this study was conducted to morning. Sampling was done every day study the development of the eye in the till 20 dph and then every 5 days up to Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 18:10 +0330 on Wednesday September 29th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2021.7.2.8 ] Caspian roach using histological 90 dph (n=10). The samples were analysis from hatching up to 90 days sacrificed by overdosing with MS222 post hatching (dph) with emphasis on (Sigma-Aldrich). Then, the specimens retinal morphology. were preserved in 5% buffered formaldehyde and transferred to 72% alcohol after 48 hours Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 7(2) 2021 107 Five fixed specimens per sampling day ganglionic layer (G) composed of a were randomly selected and narrow chain of the granular and subsequently dehydrated in a graded spherical cells surrounded by a fine series of ethanol (70-100%) and cleared connective tissue network (Fig. 1). with Xylene and finally embedded into At the hatching, the inner nuclear layer paraffin. The histological sections were was significantly thicker than the prepared with 6 µm thickness, mounted ganglionic layer. The median uveal on the glass slides and stained with layer was not completely developed. hematoxylin and eosin (Eagderi et al., The lens, as an avascular spherical ball, 2013). The sections were examined was made up of 4 layers, including an under a light microscope and extra cellular matrix (capsule), a photographed by a Nikon camera (13 monolayer of the nucleated flattened or MP resolutions). cuboidal cells capable division and secretion, a hyaline layer and last layer Results consisting of parallel rows of long, On 1 dph, the retina was relatively slender, transparent and non-nucleated thick, and by growing eye, the vitreal fibers. gap developed and the retina, as the At 2 dph, the nerve fiber layer i.e. inner sensory (photosensitive) tissue, axons of the ganglionic layer was was completely differentiated. observed. The blood vessels of the rete Pigmented epithelium of the retina as choroid were strongly developed to non-nervous region was thin, and its support the retina. There was no inner nervous region was composed of significant change during 3-5 dph. By seven layers, including (according to formation of the inner limiting Atta, 2013) (1) the photoreceptor cell membrane at 6 dph (beginning time of layer (Ph), (2) outer or external limiting the exogenous feeding), all layers of the membrane (OM), (3) outer nuclear retina were present with an order layer (ON) representing the nuclei of similar to other teleost i.e. development the photoreceptor cells, (4) outer of the retina and choriocapillar layer in plexiform layer (OP), position of the R. lacustris are completed in synaptic relationship between accordance to exogenous feeding. After photoreceptor, bipolar, amacrine and this time, the only noticeable changes in horizontal cells as well as mullers cells, the retina’s layers were either increase (5) inner nuclear layer (IN) containing or relative decrease in diameter and Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 18:10 +0330 on Wednesday September 29th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2021.7.2.8 ] the nuclei of several types of the density of the rod, cone and ganglion neurons mainly bipolar, amacrine and cells. In addition, the pigment horizontal cells as well as mullers cells, epithelium was gradually thickened in (6) inner plexiform layer (IP) i.e. 25 dph, and thickness of the nerve fiber location of the synaptic connection of layer was increased (Fig. 2). the bipolar and ganglionic cells, and (7) 108 Eagderi et al, Histological development of eye in Caspian roach, Rutilus lacustris … Figure 1: Eye development of the Rutilus lacustris. a: 1-dph, b-e: 2-dph, f-g: 3-dph, h-j: 4-dph, k-n: 6-dph, f: 80-dph. N: nerve fiber layer, G: ganglionic layer, IP: inner plexiform layer, IN: inner nucleus layer, OP: outer plexiform layer, ON: outer nucleus layer, OM: outer membrane, Ph: photoreceptor cell layer, PE: pigment epithelium, LC: lens capsule, LF: lens fiber, HL: hyaline layer, BM: brush membrane, CL: choriocapillar layer (Scale bar = 100 µm). Downloaded from sifisheriessciences.com at 18:10 +0330 on Wednesday September 29th 2021 [ DOI: 10.18331/SFS2021.7.2.8 ] Figure 2: Eye development of the Rutilus lacustris. a: 7-dph, b: 14-dph, c: 18-dph, d:20-dph, e: 30-dph, f: 80- dph. N: nerve fiber layer, G: ganglionic layer, IP: inner plexiform layer, IN: inner nucleus layer, OP: outer plexiform layer, ON: outer nucleus layer, OM: outer membrane, Ph: photoreceptor cell layer, PE: pigment epithelium, LC: lens capsule, LF: lens fiber, HL: hyaline layer, BM: brush membrane, CL: choriocapillar layer (Scale bar = 100 µm). Journal of Survey in Fisheries Sciences 7(2) 2021 109 Discussion on 6 dph (Hasanpour et al., 2015, Major events in the functional ontogeny 2016a, b), when the layers of retina of the visual system are closely have been completely formed and this correlated with life history event where shows the importance of visual sense the fish experiences changes in the during early developmental stage. In photic environment due to a change in addition, complete development of the vertical or horizontal position or choriocapillar layer until 6 dph is in changes in behavioral repertoire accordance to the high oxygen demand (Blaxter and stains, 1970; Hall and of the eye. Wake, 1999). The photoreceptor cell Rod cells become more important to layer is usually composed of rods and visual function when R. lacustris cons (Atta, 2013). The rod cells, which switches its habitat preference to deep are long and slender in shape, have low waters similar to other bottom feeders threshold to light stimulation and are (Whal et al., 1993). The pigment effective in dim light. However, the epithelium of the retina was very thick, cone cells have high threshold to light similar to the most of the bottom stimulation (Atta, 2013).
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