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Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Uluslararasi Ilişkiler Anabilim Dali Avrupa Birliği Çalişmalari

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Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Uluslararasi Ilişkiler Anabilim Dali Avrupa Birliği Çalişmalari T.C. SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER ANABİLİM DALI AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ ÇALIŞMALARI KIBRIS MESELESİ BAĞLAMINDA KÜRESEL AKTÖRLERİN POLİTİKALARI VE TÜRKİYE’NİN AB YOLCULUĞU Mehmet BOZTEPE 1230220043 YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ DANIŞMAN Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Adem Ali İREN ISPARTA - 2019 (BOZTEPE, Mehmet, Kıbrıs Meselesi Bağlamında Küresel Aktörlerin Politikaları Ve Türkiye’nin Ab Yolculuğu, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Isparta, 2019) ÖZET Kıbrıs, tarih boyunca stratejik konumu sebebiyle güçlü devletlerin hâkimiyeti altına girmiştir. 1950’li yıllardan başlayarak günümüz uluslararası toplumu için de bir mesele haline gelmiştir. Bu yıllarda BM ve ABD gibi küresel aktörlerin de soruna dâhil olması Kıbrıs’ın önemini arttırmıştır. Yüzyıllar boyunca barış ve huzur içinde yaşamış Kıbrıslı Türk ve Rum tarafları bu yıllarda çatışma durumuna girmişlerdir. 1960 yılında büyük çabalar neticesinde kurulan Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti, Rum tarafının ENOSIS arzuları sebebiyle uzun ömürlü olmamıştır. Kıbrıslı Türklere karşı sistematik şekilde uygulanan şiddet olaylarının artması, Türk vatandaşlarının katledilmesi Türkiye’yi Ada’ya müdahale etmeye itmiştir. 1960 yılında Türkiye tarafından elde edilen Garantörlük hakları, 1974 yılında Kıbrıs Barış Harekâtı kapsamında da tescil edilmiştir. Fakat uluslararası toplum, BM ve AB’nin hukuksuzluğuna destek olarak 1983 yılında kurulan KKTC’yi devlet olarak tanımamış, Kıbrıs’ın meşru yönetimi olarak GKRY’i kabul etmiştir. AB, 1993 yılında GKRY’nin üyelik başvurusunu kabul ettiğini duyurmuştur. Annan Planı’na Türk tarafının büyük çoğunlukla “evet” cevabı vermesine rağmen, AB 2004 yılında GKRY’i “Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti” olarak birliğe dâhil etmiştir. Bu tarihten itibaren AB, GKRY vasıtasıyla Doğu Akdeniz’deki enerji kaynaklarını elde etme çabalarına girmiştir. GKRY ise, Yunanistan ile beraber Türkiye’nin AB üyeliği sürecinde ilerlemesine sürekli engel olmuştur. BM öncülüğünde yürütülen müzakere süreci Rumların sürekli olarak siyasal eşitliği, eşit kimliği ve eşit insani hakları kabul etmeyen tutumları sebebiyle sonuca ulaşamamaktadır. Türkiye, AB yolculuğuna devam etmek için Kıbrıs meselesi bağlamında GKRY’e liman ve hava sahalarını açma, mülkiyet ve Doğu Akdeniz enerji kaynakları sorunlarını çözmek durumundadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kıbrıs, Enosis, GKRY, Avrupa Birliği, KKTC, Doğu Akdeniz iii (BOZTEPE, Mehmet, Turkey's Journey to Eu and Policies of Global Actors in the Context Of Cyprus Issue, Master’s Thesis, Isparta, 2019) ABSTRACT Throughout history, Cyprus has been under the dominance of powerful states due to its strategic position. Starting from the 1950s, it has become an issue for today's international community. During this period, the involvement of global actors such as the UN and the USA increased the importance of Cyprus. The Turkish and Greek Cypriot sides, who have lived in peace and tranquility for centuries, have entered into a conflict situation in these years. The Republic of Cyprus, which was founded in 1960 as a result of great efforts, did not have a long life because of the ENOSIS desires of the Greek Cypriot side. The increase of violence systematically applied against Turkish Cypriots, the murder of Turkish citizens on the island have pushed Turkey to intervene the island. The guarantor rights were obtained in 1960 by Turkey, it has also been registered under the Cyprus Peace Operation in 1974. However, the international community did not recognize the TRNC, which was established in 1983 as a state in support of the lawlessness of the UN and the EU, and accepted the GCASC as the legitimate administration of Cyprus. In 1993, the EU announced that it accepted the application of the GCASC for membership. Although the Turkish side mostly answered “yes” to the Annan Plan, the EU included the Greek Cypriot Administration in 2004 as the “Republic of Cyprus”. Since then, the EU has made efforts to acquire energy resources in the Eastern Mediterranean through the GCASC. The GASC, together with Greece, has been hampered by continuous progress in Turkey's EU membership process. The negotiation process led by the UN does not come to a conclusion due to the Greek Cypriots' non-acceptance of political equality, equal identity and equal human rights. In the context of Cyprus issue, Turkey has to solve the problems; opening the ports and airspaces to GCASC, property and East Mediterranean energy sources problem to continue the journey to Europe Union. Keywords: Cyprus, Enosis, GCASC, Europe Union, TRNC, East Mediterranean iv İÇİNDEKİLER TEZ SAVUNMA SINAV TUTANAĞI ..................................................................... i YEMİN METNİ ......................................................................................................... ii ÖZET .......................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... iv İÇİNDEKİLER .......................................................................................................... v KISALTMALAR ..................................................................................................... vii ÖNSÖZ ..................................................................................................................... viii GİRİŞ .......................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM KIBRIS MESELESİNİN ORTAYA ÇIKIŞI VE ULUSLARARASI BOYUT KAZANMASI 1.1. İLK ÇAĞLARDA KIBRIS ............................................................................ 4 1.2. OSMANLI İDARESİNDE KIBRIS .............................................................. 5 1.3. İNGİLİZ İDARESİNDE KIBRIS .................................................................. 8 1.4. MEGALİ IDEA VE ENOSIS ....................................................................... 11 1.5. KIBRIS’IN TÜRKİYE VE BÖLGE İÇİN ÖNEMİ ................................... 17 1.6. KIBRIS ADASI İÇİN GÜNDEME GELMİŞ ÇÖZÜM PLANLARI ...... 19 1.6.1. Winster Planı (1947) ................................................................................ 19 1.6.2. Radcliffe Planı (1956) .............................................................................. 20 1.6.3. Macmillan Planı (1958)............................................................................ 20 1.7. KIBRIS CUMHURİYETİ’NİN KURULUŞU ............................................ 21 1.7.1. Londra Konferansı ve Zürih Antlaşması .................................................. 21 1.7.2. Garanti Antlaşması .................................................................................. 25 1.8. AKRİTAS PLANI ......................................................................................... 27 1.9. KANLI NOEL ............................................................................................... 28 1.10. 1974 KIBRIS BARIŞ HAREKÂTI ............................................................ 30 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM TÜRKİYE VE KÜRESEL AKTÖRLERİN KIBRIS POLİTİKALARI 2.1. ABD VE KIBRIS ........................................................................................... 34 2.1.1. 1974 Kıbrıs Barış Harekâtından Önce ABD’nin Kıbrıs Politikaları ........ 34 2.1.2. 1974 Kıbrıs Barış Harekâtından Sonra ABD’nin Kıbrıs Politikaları ....... 38 2.2. BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLLETLER VE KIBRIS .................................................... 42 2.2.1. 1977 Doruk Anlaşmaları .......................................................................... 45 2.2.2. 1979 Doruk Anlaşması ............................................................................. 45 2.2.3. BM ve Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti .................................................. 46 2.2.4. Annan Planı ve Sonrası ............................................................................ 50 v 2.2.5. BM ve Güncel Müzakere Süreci .............................................................. 51 2.3. TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ VE KIBRIS .................................................. 53 2.3.1. 1950-1960 Dönemi .................................................................................. 53 2.3.2. 1960 – 1980 Dönemi ................................................................................ 56 2.3.3. 1980-2000 Dönemi .................................................................................. 60 2.3.4. Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (AKP) Döneminde Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ve Kıbrıs ....................................................................................................... 62 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM 64 TÜRKİYE’NİN AB ADAYLIK SÜRECİ VE KIBRIS’TA ÇÖZÜME KAVUŞTURMASI GEREKEN SORUNLAR 64 3.1. TÜRKİYE’NİN AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ YOLCULUĞU .............................. 64 3.1.1. Avrupa Birliği’nin Ortaya Çıkması ve Kısa Tarihi ................................. 64 3.1.2. Türkiye – Avrupa Birliği İlişkilerinin Başlamasında Etkili olan Faktörler .................................................................................................. 66 3.1.3. Ankara Anlaşması .................................................................................... 67 3.1.4. Katma Protokol (1970) ............................................................................ 69 3.1.5. 1974 ve Sonrasında Türkiye ve AET ....................................................... 70 3.1.6. AET’ye Tam üyelik Başvurusu ve Özal Dönemi .................................... 71 3.1.7. Soğuk Savaş Sonrasında Türkiye – AB İlişkileri ....................................
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