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The Munich October Festival an Origin of the Olympic Games

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The Munich October Festival an Origin of the Olympic Games THE MUNICH OCTOBER FESTIVAL AN ORIGIN OF THE OLYMPIC GAMES by Karl Lennartz There were fifty thousand visitors to the race course when the Royal Family took their seats in the stands. The event started with homage, poems and songs presented by 16 pairs of children and a breakfast for the Royal Family and all attending. After this the starting signal was given for the race in which 30 race boys (so Horse racing called "Rennbuben") took part with their horses. at the First "The racecourse was 11656 Bavarian feet long. Munich October The three laps of the course were completed in Festival 1810, 18 minutes, 14 seconds." The winner was Franz Peter Heß, oil BAUMGARTNER, a corporal in the National Guard, on canvas Preface won. After the race the Royal Family returned their palace. It was only then that the winner's Each year after the Munich October Festival, also ceremony began. The owners of 13 horses each called the Munich Beer Festival, the press received a flag and monetary prizes from 1 to proudly - and perhaps with a touch of irony - 250 Dukates. Additionally every race boy reports how many million visitors came, how received a newly minted golden medal in many million litres of beer were drunk, how many recognition of the Crown-Prince's wedding. million knuckles of pork, Brathendl, stockfish, After this successful event it seemed obvious to pretzel and Radis were eaten, how many repeat it. But more was required to promote drunken bodies had to be sobered up, and how Bavarian national spirit. Above all the new many riots were registered. But what has this kingdom needed an economic revival. To achieve "Bavarian beer rave" got to do with the Olympic this, was essential to improve agriculture in the Games? One could - at the very least- see region. The Landwirtschaftlicher Verein (Agriculture similarities in commercialism or think of the siege Club) realized this and presented an appropriate of the souvenir booths near the Olympic stadiums programme: 1996 in Atlanta. 1. horse races, Nevertheless the next couple of pages will offer 2. first German agricultural exhibition with awards evidence that the Munich October Festival must be considered as a starting point when we for studs, mares, bulls, cows, rams and pigs, 3. cattle market. consider the origins of the Olympic Games. In the following year the presentation of In 1806 Bavaria became into a kingdom. The new monarchy searched for a national identity agricultural products and new equipment was linked to a consolidation of the WITTELSBACHER added to this programme. "Sports dynasty. For this purpose the wedding of Crown- festival": Prince LUDWIG to Princess Therese of SAXONY- stone hurling HILTBURGHAUSEN was turned into a popular event. conducted by German Festivities lasting ten days were organized. They gymnastics started with the wedding on October 12 and a so teacher called Schutzenfest (shooting match), which Lorenz continued until October 21. A further highlight Gruber 1835 or 1836 was a horse race to be held on the grounds of the festival outside of Munich on October 17. The idea was suggested by the banker Andreas von It began with a horse race and a shooting match DALL'ARMI. An historical explanation was given for in 1810. They shot at a wooden model of an the race. eagle until the last bit of the bird fell to ground. A "After the first horse race had been staged at "hit" on each part of the bird's body was rewarded the marriage of Duke Albert III to Princess with a special prize. There was also a round Anna of Braunschweig in the year 1448, it target (1816 until 1913) and the so called was soon established as a folk amusement in "running deer" (from 1822). In 1820 Madame Bavaria, and served to increase festivity and REICHARDT'S balloon flight was a special attraction. joy at all national festivals." JOURNAL OF OLYMPIC HISTORY 13(January 2005)1 35 From 1815 onwards attempts were also made to targets ion the world and staged in a magnificent include "gymnastic exercises". They started with way. running, sack races and tree climbing for school It shall [have] the same great benefits for boys. national education, development of power, "1816 shows reports about equestrian patriotism and general wealth, as it had once in vaulting and a steeplechase for 16 pupils of Greece." the Feiertagsschule with blue and white little flags and in 1818 again a race." In the publication celebrating the Landwirth- schaftlichen Verein on the occasion of its 25th In 1835 - on the occasion of the Royal couple's anniversary in 1835 von HAZZI again presented a 25th wedding anniversary and therefore the 25th link to Olympia: anniversary of the Munich October Festival - the "An annual national festival like no other in bakery workers and wheelwrights trade were the world is developing. Not only does this invited to an athletic presentation under the greatly honour and encourage the nation's auspices of German gymnastics teacher Josef most important trade, but also all other Gruber. 25 bakery journeymen staged wrestling national interests are hereby awoken and matches in yellow jerseys and trousers. Then 16 created. At the same time it is a public wheelwright journeymen competed in a wheel meeting for all the citizens of the kingdom, race, followed by a race between the bakery created for all Bavarians just as Olympia had comrades. All participants were rewarded with a once been organized for the Greek nation" flag and a commemorative medal. A year later 41 bakery and cooper journeymen took part in In 1835 a race with four "carriages" built in the "gymnastic games". They took part in same way as Olympic carriages" was organized. competitions such as wrestling, javelin throw at a statue without and with a run up, stone hurling, König Ludwig I. running races and tightrope climbing. LUDWIG was born in Strasbourg on August 28, In 1838 German gymnastics teacher Lorenz 1786 as oldest son of MAXIMILIAN I. Joseph, who GRUBER organized running games for 60 was Bavaria's first king from 1806 to 1825, apprentice boys. (having ruled Kurfurst since 1799). Because Gymnastic Bavaria was a member of the Rheinbund and Games. therefore allied to Emperor NAPOLEON I., the Bakery and young Crown-Prince fought as an officer on the wheelwright journeymen's French side from 1806 to 1809. In 1810 he races married - as mentioned above - Princess Therese of SAXONY-HILTBURGHAUSEN. After the Vienna congress he lived in Wuerzburg and Aschaffenburg and indulged his artistic tendencies - especially in writing poems. On the death of his father he was crowned as LUDWIG I. in 1825, moved to Munich where he In the second half of the 19th century Turn initiated an enthusiastic building programme. A festivals combined to the Munich October number of the buildings built in his time still Festival were staged by the organized clubs characterise the city centre to this day. It was within the German Turnerschaft. intended that buildings reflected ancient styles in a modern setting. Amongst them: Glyptothek Comparison Munich October Festival (1816-1830), New State Gallery (1838-1848), Propylaen (1846-1862), Old Pinakothek (1826- - ancient Olympic Games 1836), New Pinakothek, Ludwigstreet, Odeon, The high ranked civil servant and co organiser of State Library, Ludwigs Church, University, the Munich October Festival, Joseph von HAZZI, Feldherrnhalle (1841-1844), Siegestor (1843- often compared the Munich October Festival to 1852). He brought a number of known artists and the ancient Olympic Games. He first mentioned scholars into the city. Amongst them: Leo von this in a speech 1820: KLENZE, K. von FISCHER, Georg Friedrich ZIEBLAND, "A universal desire for this festival develops as a Friedrich GARTNER, Friedrich Wilhelm THIERSCH. great Public meeting point and a great national Munich turned into the art capital of central festival comparable to the Ancient Greeks and Europe. In 1826 he moved the regional university THEIR Olympic Games and like Olympia, the 36 JOURNAL OF OLYMPIC HISTORY 13(January 2005)1 from Landshut to Munich. There were moves to Games existed prior to the Munich October develop Bavaria into an industrial state (first Festival in 1810, but according to RUHL these railway in Germany, mechanical spinning and were motivated by politics rather than sport. weaving mills, King-Ludwig-Canal). These competitions staged in Chipping Campden LUDWIG was an enthusiastic supporter of (Cotswold Hills) were Royalist inspired and Wilhelm MULLER, Adelbert von CHAMISSO and against the Puritans. The name "Olympick" Alphonse de LAMARTINE (Eugene DELACROIX, Leo Games was rather a means to an end. When von KLENZE, Karl Friedrich SCHINKEL). The they were re-established again after a break from politico-military Philhellenism was strengthened 1625 until 1660, they were simply called DOVER'S after Lord BYRON'S death in Missolonghi and the meeting and continued until 1851. The when they beginning of the Greek liberation war in 1821. were revived once more in 1963, they were The Greece benevolent society collected money. referred to as "Robert Dover's Games". Volunteers from all social groups travelled to For Johann Christoph Friedrich GUTSMUTHS the Greece and supported the Greek cause as the Prince Franz of ANHALT-DESSAU'S Drehberg Philhellenic Corps led by General Karl Friedrich Festival (1776-1799) represented the "revived NORMANN-EHRENFELS. It was almost completely Olympic Games". The event itself did not carry devastated in the battle near Peta on July 16, this name. It is also interesting that this included 1826. Munich was a centre of Greek support, horse races, an agricultural harvest and breeding especially from King LUDWIG I. show, races and shooting competitions. The following points must be mentioned in In France in 1792 Gilbert ROMME suggested relation to Ancient Olympia.
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