Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51694-5 - Between Rome and Carthage: Southern Italy during the Second Punic War Michael P. Fronda Frontmatter More information

BETWEEN ROME AND CARTHAGE

Hannibal invaded Italy with the hope of raising widespread rebellions among Rome’s subordinate allies. Yet even after crushing the Roman army at Cannae, he was only partially successful. Why did some communities decide to side with Carthage and others to side with Rome? This is the fundamental question posed in this book, and consideration is given to the particular political, diplo- matic, military and economic factors that influenced individual communities’ decisions. Understanding their motivations reveals much, not just about the war itself, but also about Rome’s rela- tions with Italy during the prior two centuries of aggressive expan- sion. The book sheds new light on Roman imperialism in Italy, the nature of Roman hegemony and the transformation of Roman Italy in the period leading up to the Social War. It is informed through- out by contemporary political science theory and archaeological evi- dence, and will be required reading for all historians of the Roman Republic.

mich a el p. fronda is Assistant Professor in the Department of History and Classical Studies, McGill University. He has published a number of articles on topics in ancient history and has contributed to D. Hoyos (ed.), The Blackwell Companion to the Punic Wars.

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BETWEEN ROME AND CARTHAGE Southern Italy during the Second Punic War

michael p. fronda McGill University

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cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 8ru, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521516945

© Michael P. Fronda 2010

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2010

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Fronda, Michael P., 1970– Between Rome and Carthage : Southern Italy during the Second Punic War / Michael P. Fronda. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-521-51694-5 (hbk.) 1. Punic War, 2nd, 218–201 b.c.–Campaigns–Italy, Southern. 2. Punic War, 2nd, 218–201 b.c.–Social aspects–Italy, Southern. 3. Punic War, 2nd, 218–201 b.c.–Political aspects–Italy, Southern. 4. Italy, Southern–History–To 535. 5. Italy, Southern–History, Military. 6. Hannibal, 247–182 b.c.–Military leadership. 7. Rome–Relations– Italy. 8. Italy–Relations–Rome. 9. Carthage (Extinct city)–Relations–Italy. 10. Italy–Relations–Carthage (Extinct city) I. Title. dg247.33.f76 2010 937.04–dc22 2010009141

isbn 978-0-521–51694-5 Hardback

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For Joseph D. Fronda (1935–1985)

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Contents

Acknowledgments page ix Note on abbreviations xi Maps xiii

1 Introduction 1 Prologue 1 Sources, problems and methodologies 5 Rome and the Italians, circa 350–220 13 Hannibal’s strategy 34 Hannibal’s strategic failure: previous explanations 37 Local conditions and the failure of Hannibal’s strategy in Italy 50 2 Apulia 53 Introduction 53 The revolt of Arpi, 216 57 The revolt of Arpi’s ‘satellite’ allies, 216 85 Hannibal’s incomplete success: Canusium, Teanum Apulum, Luceria and Venusia 91 Conclusion 99 3 Campania 100 Introduction 100 The revolt of Capua, 216 103 The revolt of Capua’s ‘satellite’ allies, 216–215 126 Hannibal’s incomplete success: Naples, Nola, Cumae, Acerrae and Nuceria 130 Conclusion 146 4 Bruttium and western Magna Graecia 148 Introduction 148 The revolt of the Bruttians, 216–215 149 The revolt of Locri and subordinate communities, 215 159 The revolt of Croton, 215 171 Hannibal’s incomplete success: Rhegion 178 Conclusion 186

vii

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viii Contents 5 Southern Lucania and eastern Magna Graecia 188 Introduction 188 Taras’ tenuous loyalty, 216–213 189 The revolt of Taras, 213/12 211 Aftermath of the Tarentine revolt: Metapontion, Heraclea and Thurii, 212 217 Conclusion 231 6 The Roman reconquest of southern Italy 234 Introduction 234 ‘Holding the wolf by the ears’: Hannibal’s strategic conundrum after 216–215 235 Campania, 215–211 243 Apulia, 215–210 253 Taras and south-eastern Italy, 212–207 260 Western Magna Graecia and Bruttium, 215–203 269 Conclusion 279 7 Conclusions 280 Local conditions revisited: a brief summary 280 Enduring interstate rivalry and Realist theory 281 Could Hannibal have won? Three hypothetical scenarios 288 Overcoming local conditions: the Roman genius? 300 Rome and the Italians, circa 200–90 307 Epilogue 329

Appendix A: The war in Samnium, 217–209 331 Appendix B: Chronology of events in Bruttium, 215 334 Appendix C: Chronology of events from the defection of Taras through the defection of Thurii, 213–212 337 Appendix D: Defection of the southern Lucanians, 212 340 Bibliography 342 Index 365

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Acknowledgments

It is perhaps clichéd for a scholar to open his or her first academic book by noting that it started as a PhD dissertation and took final form after a long period of development and revision. Yet some clichés become so because they are true. This is certainly the case with the present book, which did in fact begin as a dissertation written in fulfilment of my doc- toral degree at The Ohio State University. Indeed, the core of the book – the basic question, why did some allies revolt during the Second Punic War? – had its roots in a seminar paper that I wrote in 1994 in my early days as a graduate student, the central thesis of which the professor for the course deemed ‘ingenious but ultimately unconvincing’. The work has grown and developed a great deal since then, just as has my own thinking on Roman Italy and ancient history in general has evolved and matured. New arguments and ideas have been added, others have disappeared. This book is the end result. It was written and revised at three different aca- demic institutions – The Ohio State University, Denison University and McGill University – and has benefited immensely from thoughtful criti- cisms, corrections and suggestions by many colleagues and friends whom I have been fortunate to meet. Any remaining weaknesses, fallacies and errors are my own. I leave it for the reader to determine whether the final product is ingenious or convincing. It is impossible to name everyone who has helped me directly and indirectly along the way, but the following individuals must be acknowl- edged. First, I thank Nathan Rosenstein, my dissertation supervisor and the professor who commented on that original seminar paper. He is a formidable scholar, a careful critic and one of the finest professors I have ever had. He more than anyone else taught me how to be an ancient his- torian. He has been and continues to be both a mentor and a friend. I am indebted as well to the other members of my dissertation committee, Timothy Gregory, who first introduced me to the world of archaeology, and Barry Strauss, who rightly urged that I look at political science and ix

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x Acknowledgments international relations theory to help unpack my ideas. Fellow graduate comrades Bill Caraher and Jack Wells read various drafts of my disserta- tion and continued to give welcome suggestions as that dissertation grew into this book. From Ohio State I should also thank Will Batsone for helping me to become a more sensitive reader of ancient texts, and Jack Balcer (†) for his gentle guidance. Garrett Jacobsen and Tim Hofmeister, my friends and colleagues in the Classics Department at Denison University, provided both moral support and practical advice. The influ- ence of Lisa Fentress, John Dobbins and Darby Scott, whom I met dur- ing my wonderful summer at the American Academy in Rome in 2000, can be found in the more archaeological sections. My colleagues in the Department of History and Classical Studies at McGill University helped me immeasurably during the major revision stage. Hans Beck attentively read through and commented on the entire manuscript. He also provided invaluable insights on Roman historiography and the sources for early Roman history, which greatly improved Chapter 1. He has been a great friend and ally. John Serrati read drafts of Chapter 7. Discussions with Bob Morstein-Marx, Claude Eilers, Rene Pfeilschifter, Craige Champion, Martin Jehne and most of all Art Eckstein have helped to clarify and strengthen arguments throughout the book. Art also showed me the manuscript of Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome before its publication. Stephen Oakley graciously allowed me to see drafts of volumes iii and iv of his Commentary on Livy Books 6–10 before they were published. I am grateful to the staff at Cambridge University Press for their diligence, assistance and especially patience in seeing the manuscript through various revisions to final production. I thank especially my edi- tor, Michael Sharp, and also the anonymous readers whose comments and suggestions invariably improved the work. Student research assistants at McGill, Sarah Limoges and Robert Eisenberg, did a great service by aiding with proofreading and typesetting. I would be remiss not to mention my wife Jennifer Brecht. She has, among other things, proofread texts, offered pointers on prose style and taken part in innumerable one-sided discussions of interstate relations and the Roman alliance system. But most importantly, she has been there with love and support throughout the long and often trying process of writing and publication. Without her, this book would not have been written. Finally, I dedicate this book to my father Joseph Fronda (†), whose love of history made a deep impression on me as a child, though I did not realise it at the time. I only wish that he could be here to read it.

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Note on abbreviations

The abbreviations used throughout this book are those of the Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd edn (for references to ancient literary sources and inscriptions) and of L’Année Philologique (for the titles of scholarly jour- nals), with the following additions and variations: All references to Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Dion. Hal.) refer to the Roman Antiquities unless otherwise indicated.

Beck and Walter, FRH Beck, H. and Walter, U. (eds.), Die frühen römischen Historiker (2 vols.). Darmstadt, 2001. Cauer2 Cauer, P. (ed.), Delectus Inscriptionum Graecarum, 2nd edn. Leipzig, 1883. DNP Cancik, H. and Schneider, H. (eds.), Der neue Pauly: Enzyklopädie der Antike (16 vols.). Stuttgart, 1996–2003.

xi

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Maps

xiii

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xiv Maps

48oN 8oE 10oE 12oE14oE 16oE 18oE 48oN

0 100 200 300 400 km

0 50 100 150 200 miles

46oN 46oN

T i c i n u s Ticinum Cremona (Pavia) Padu ia s b b Placentia e r T Mutina Silva I Genua Litana N E U 44 N A 44 N o G Ariminum o I N T UMBRIA s nus u Ar r

Pisa R u

a t

Arretium e U M T

i

L. b

Trasimene e r i

R s

I

42oN A S 42oN A Rome M V N ea o A don lt I Arpi er ur U H Salapia n P u M Cannae Capua s U C L A s M u I Naples PAN f i d Venusia A IA A u Taras LUCANIA Metapontion

40oN Grumentum Heraclea 40oN

M Thurii U

Consentia I Petelia T

T

U

R Messana B Locri 38oN Aegates Rhegion 38oN Lilybaeum

Agrigentum Syracuse

Cossura

36oN 36oN

Land over 1,000 metres

8oE10oE12oE14oE16oE18oE

Map 1 Italy, third century bc

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Maps xv

A P S Teanum A M Apulum E N ADRIATIC N I U Luceria Aesernia N M Salapia SEA I Arpi A N Ausculum P E U L Capua Canusium I Beneventum A CAMPANIA M Venusia Naples O Compsa Nola Brundisium Nuceria U N Taras LUCANIA T Manduria Poseidonia/ A Metapontion Paestum I N Heraclea S

Thurii

TYRRHENIAN Petelia SEA Croton

M

U Vibo I T Velentia T U R B Caulonia

Messana Locri Rhegion

S I C I L Land over 1,000 metres I A Syracuse 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 km

0 25 50 75 100 miles

Map 2 Southern Italy, third century bc

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xvi Maps

o 0 25 50 75 100 km n er if B 0 25 50 75 miles re o rt IA o N F U A D A P o nt Barium fa U O L I A B Brundisium rad ME ano SS AP Taras IA

Map 3 Apulia, Daunia and Messapia

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Maps xvii

Teanum Apulum n o C a a g n r e d a or e G rt la o r F o lo io Sipontum r T la Salso Arpi Gereonium Luceria Collatia Salapia

ne o elo ar C rv Aecae Ce

e Herdonia Cannae l o l t e n a p f a r O a Vibinum C Canusium Ausculum

Forentum

0 10 20 30 40 50 km Venusia 0 10 20 30 miles

Map 4 Northern Apulia/Daunia

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xviii Maps

Adriatic Sea

Lake Varano e r Lake Lesina o t r o F o a n a r g C G a San n de Severo la 700 ro lo io Tr Manfredonia 600 lsola Sa Lake Passo di Salso Gulf of Corvo Amendola Manfredonia Lucera ne A o el C Foggia

Lake Salpi p e ell ro p Troia va ra er a 400 C C e 500

t o n n Ascoli fa Satriano O

n

i 600 Rome n

700 Isohyets (in mm) e Boundaries of main drainage basins s 0 10 20 km

0 5 10 15 miles

Map 5 Northern Apulia/Daunia: hydration systems (From G. Jones 1987)

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Maps xix

Fourth-century Roman land divisions

Teanum n o Apulum C a a g n r e d a or e G rt la o ro F o ol ri T Sipontum lsola Sa Gereonium Luceria Arpi

e n lo e C Collatia Salapia o ar rv Ce Aecae Herdonia Cannae to n a f le l O e Vibinum p a Canusium r Ausculum a C

Forentum

0 10 20 30 40 50 km Venusia 0 10 20 30 miles

Map 6 Northern Apulia/Daunia: approximate boundaries between cities

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xx Maps

0 10 20 30 40 50 km

0 10 20 30 miles

o Teanum n Apulum a r g e a or G rt o F lo io r C Sipontu m T la a Salso nd ela Arpi ro Gereonium Luceria Collatia Salapia

ne o elo ar C Aecae rv Ce

e Herdonia Cannae l l e p A a r a Canusium Vibinum C Ausculum to Candelaro, Fortore n fa and Ofanto rivers O navigable to this B point Forentum A Coastal road Mule road/Via Traiana B Venusia C Via Appia C

Map 7 Northern Apulia/Daunia: roads and navigable rivers

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Maps xxi

Mons L Mefineis (mod. Roccamonfina) V L Minturnae Cales C Mons Caiata? Massicus Sinuessa V C Ager Mons Falernus Tifata Casilinum Capua V Volturnum Calatia Suessula Atella Abella Sabata? Liternum Acerrae Nola Naples Cumae Puteoli Mons Vesuvius Herculaneum C Calor River Nuceria Pompeii L Liris River

V Volturnus River Surrentum

0 5 10 15 20 km

0 5 10 15 miles

Map 8 Campania

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xxii Maps

Mons L Mefineis (mod. Roccamonfina) V L Minturnae Cales C Mons Caiata? Massicus Sinuessa V C Ager Mons Falernus Casilinum Tifata Capua V Calatia Volturnum Suessula Abella Sabata? Atella Liternum C Calor River Acerrae Nola L Liris River Cumae Naples Mons Puteoli Vesuvius V Volturnus River Herculaneum Nuceria Pompeii

Approximate boundaries between selected Campanian Surrentum cities following Frederiksen 1984 0 5 10 15 20 km

0 5 10 15 miles

Map 9 Campania: approximate boundaries between selected cities

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Maps xxiii

Thurii

Castiglione di Paludi

Consentia Petelia

Clampetia? Croton Temesa Tiriolo Terina

Scylletium Hipponion

Medma Metaurus Caulonia

Locri

Rhegion

0 20 40 60 km

0 10 20 30 40 miles

Map 10 Bruttium and SW Magna Graecia

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xxiv Maps

Approximate boundaries Thurii of selected Greek cities, Croton’s chora ti a in archaic period following Osanna 1992 r

C Castiglione Approximate location á di Paludi ic of Roman confiscations N Croton’s of Sila forest chora by Consentia Petelia 4th century

Net o

Clampetia? to Croton vu a T S a c i Temesa n a

C

Tiriolo a

r a Terina c e

Scylletium Hipponion a im s e

M

Medma A Metaurus lla M T r orb o Caulonia e id

t o

a u

r

o Locri

Rhegion

i t la 0 20 40 60 km a

G

0 10 20 30 40 miles

Map 11 Bruttium and SW Magna Graecia: approximate boundaries between selected cities

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Maps xxv

0 20 40 60 80 km Canusium 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 miles

Venusia

Numistro Volcei Potentia Brundisium Taras Oria Poseidonia/ Manduria Paestum Grumentum Metapontion

Velia Heraclea Buxentum Gallipoli

Blanda

Laös Thurii

Map 12 Lucania and SE Italy

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xxvi Maps

Brundisium

Oria Taras Manduria Metapontion

Heraclea Gallipoli

Thurii

Approximate extent of territories of selected Greek cities

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 km

0 10 20 30 40 miles

Map 13 SE Magna Graecia: approximate boundaries between selected cities

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Maps xxvii

Brundisium

Oria

Taras Manduria Lupiae Metapontion Rudiae

Neretum

Aletium Basta

Uzentum

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 km

0 10 20 30 40 miles Veretum

Map 14 Taras and the Sallentine Peninsula

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xxviii Maps

VESTINI 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 km NI CI U 0 25 50 75 100 miles Alba RR A Fucens M PAELIGNI MARSI FRENTANI Aufidena Via L at in a SAMNITES Aesernia Sipontum Luceria Arpi Venafrum Herdonia

Beneventum HIRPINI APULI Venusia

Vi a A ppi Salernum a LUCANI Atina Taras Paestum Grumentum

V ia A Old Ager Romanus n n ia Latin colonies Annexed after Hannibalic War

Map 15 Roman confiscations and colonisation, c. 200–100 bc

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