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Münster and Minjung: Re-Reading the Anabaptist Münster Kingdom from a Perspective of Korean Minjung (Common People) Theology

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Münster and Minjung: Re-Reading the Anabaptist Münster Kingdom from a Perspective of Korean Minjung (Common People) Theology MÜNSTER AND MINJUNG: RE-READING THE ANABAPTIST MÜNSTER KINGDOM FROM A PERSPECTIVE OF KOREAN MINJUNG (COMMON PEOPLE) THEOLOGY By YOUJIN CHUNG Dissertation Presented for the Degree of PhD at the University of Stellenbosch Department: Systematic Theology and Ecclesiology Promoter: Prof. Mary-Anne Plaatjies-van Huffel March 2018 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za I, the undersigned, hereby solemnly declare that the work contained in this dissertation is my own original work and that I have previously submitted in its entirety or in part submitted at any academic institution or university Signature___________________________ Date March 2018 ii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Copyright © 2018 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved iii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Despite a completed dissertation bears the single name of the student, the process that leads to its completion is always accomplished in combination with the dedicated work of other people. This is a great privilege to acknowledge my appreciation to certain people. First of all, my thanks go to my supervisor: Professor Dr. Mary Anne Plaatjies Van Huffel. Without Prof. Mary Anne’s guidance and expertise, my thesis could not have been attempted this way (or ever finished!). Her input and support throughout the process of writing this thesis were invaluable. I personally cannot forget her sincere prayers for me whenever I requested. I would also like to thank Professor Robert Vosloo, the Department Chair of Systematic Theology & Ecclesiology, and other members of my discipline group, Prof. Dirkie Smit, Dr. Retief Muller, Dr. Dion Forster, and Ms. Nadia Marais for their contributions. Thanks must also go to Me. Wilma Riekert, the administrator. Special thanks also go to Prof. Dr. Peter De Mey and Viorel Coman, doctoral researcher, of Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies at KU Leuven, Belgium. While I was staying there as a visiting scholar, Prof. Peter De Mey especially provided me a valuable opportunity to establish the research connection with Prof. Dr. Christian Peters of University of Münster in Germany, Prof. Dr. Andreas J. Beck, Academic Dean of Evangelical Theology of Faculty, Leuven in Belgium, and Mr. Laas Terpstra, the lecturer of the same institution. This helped me to clarify and sharpen my thought with some important remarks. I wish to express my unqualified thanks to my wife, Kyung-Hwa. I could never have accomplished this dissertation without her love, support and understanding. She not only encouraged me as a good partner but also taught me as a strict adviser to finish the race well. I also wish to thank my two daughters, Jee-Won and Jee-In and my little son, Jee-On for doing their best to understand a father who had to be confined to his study for such a long time. I am extremely grateful to my late father, Kil-Rang, Chung and my mother Bok-Rye, Heo who had consistently supported me with their sincere prayers and generous finance. Despite my father passed away before I finished my study, his last became a new beginning and a crucial turning point on the journey of my research. Above all, I thank and praise God for giving me good health and drawing me close to Him during the whole years of writing iv Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ABSTRACT The main interest of this research is to reinterpret the sixteenth-century radical Reformation in general and the event of the Anabaptist Kingdom of Münster in particular, through the lens of the twentieth-century Korean Minjung Theology. This revisits not only to the radical Reformation as the place where the suffering/crucified minjung and Messiah are meeting together and the place where the liberated/resurrected minjung and Messiah are encountering together. It also re-invites the Anabaptist Kingdom of Münster as the place of hybridity, wherein the radical Reformers and the common people are dialectically driven to participate and contribute to the Reformation both as guru and avatar; victimizers and victims; and sinners and sinned-against. This helps looking anew the rank-and-file minjung as being-in-the Messiah; both as the protagonists (guru), who have achieved their liberation by themselves, and the psalmists (avatar), who have received their salvation by the Messiah. By connecting this perichoresis to the contemporary suffering context as the epitome of ecclesia semper reformanda, the research results are being portrayed as follows; Chapter 1: Introduction The premise of the researcher is that history is not an objective, external historical reality. Rather historians play a pivotal role in constructing history. The researcher has made use of the constructive theological methodology in order to make Korean Minjung Theology –Minjung- hermeneutics, the dialectic of han-dan –and Anabaptist Kingdom of Münster as an open conversation. The researcher enquires to what extent Korean Minjung Theology stands in the tradition of the sixteenth-century Radical Reformation rather than the Magisterial Reformation. Chapter 2: Re-Reading the Reformation From Below In this chapter history from below is being used as methodology to challenge the traditional historiography. The chapter therefore gives more attention to the Christian masses –the voiceless, the ordinary faithful. A rewriting of this history concentrates on the Reformation of the common men –the way they reacted and contributed to the Reformation. In this sense, the radical Reformation and the Anabaptist movements shed new light against the Magisterial Reformation by directing the centre of interest away from the princes and theologians to the peasants and v Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za ordinary folks. This chapter, however, presupposes that both are not contradictory, but complementary in their dialectic and dynamic tensions. Chapter 3: Re-Reading the Radical Reformers as Being-in-the-Common Men This chapter provides a historical and diachronic reading of Münster Anabaptism, centring on so- called the “bastard line” (sic) of radical Reformers, namely, Thomas Müntzer (1489-1525), Hans Hut (1490–1527), Melchior Hoffman (1495–1543), and John Bockelson (John of Leiden) (1509?- 1536). Although each of them, in their chain of connections, left an indelible imprint on the rise of Münster Anabaptism, this chapter more focuses on the avatar-hood than the guru-ship in presenting their significant contributions. Each of radical Reformers inexorably sets them up in a certain way of being-in-the-common men, which is, (1) Thomas Müntzer, the radical reformer, as being-in-the-retributive common men, (2) Hans Hut, the radical reformer, as being-in-the-restorative common men, (3) Melchior Hoffman, the radical reformer, as being-in-the-revelatory common men, and (4) John Bockelson, the radical reformer, as being-in-the-rhetorical common men. In this light, the Münster event is also seen as the being-in-the-Communal Reformation under the dialectic of guru-avatar; radical Reformer-common men as a whole. Chapter 4: Re-Reading Korean Minjung Theology as Being-in-the-Korean Minjung This is an attempt to read the radical Reformers from the perspective of Korean minjung, the suffering common people. The rationale for applying this minjung hermeneutics into the interpretation of radicals is three-fold; (1) its dynamic and changing concept, (2) its solidarity with Jesus (and the Jesus-event), and (3) its messianic role through suffering. The dialectic of han-dan is also suggested to elaborate and enlarge, without diminishing and distorting, the dialectic of guru- avatar as its dynamic equivalence. By delving into the viewpoints of four selected minjung theologians, namely, (1) Suh, Nam-Dong’ Spirit of Missio-Dei, (2) Ahn, Byung-Mu’s socio-biblical analysis of ochlos, (3) Kim, Young-Bok’s Messianic Politics, and (4) Hyun, Young-Hak’s Korean mask dance vi Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za This chapter attempts to construct the critical and creative synthesis of the double-mirror reading, that is, the radical Reformers, seen from Korean Minjung Theology, in terms of one way of being in the avatar-hood for the common men (minjung). This creates a new portrait of the radical Reformers in Münster as follows: (1) Thomas Müntzer seen from Suh, Nam-Dong weighs his avatar-hood toward the retributive minjung in the Spirit, (2) Hans Hut seen from Ahn, Byung-Mu weighs his avatar-hood toward the restorative minjung in the ochlos, (3) Melchior Hoffman seen from Kim, Yong-Bock weighs his avatar-hood toward the revelatory minjung in the Messianic Politics, and (4) John Bockelson seen from Hyun, Young-Hak weighs his avatar-hood toward the rhetorical minjung in the Korean mask dance. Chapter 5: Re-Reading the Anabaptist Kingdom of Münster from Korean Minjung Theology The purpose of this chapter is to apply a diachronic-synchronic reading of the history. This includes the necessity of posting Münster Anabaptism as the place of hybridity, depending on its dynamic interconnection between the avatar-hood of the radical Reformers and the guru-ship of the common men, or the prophetic practice of the radical Reformers and the messianic practice of the common men: (1) John Matthjisson as being-in-the-immigrant Melchiorite prophets, the radicals, (2) Bernhard Rothmann as being-in-the-native civic reformers, the reactionary, (3) John Bockelson as being-in-the-eclectic between the two power structures, and (4) Münster minjung, beyond the radical, the reactionary, and the eclectic. The chapter offers a possibility that the Anabaptist Kingdom of Münster can be seen not as the husk but as the kernel of the Communal Reformation, wherein two parties were dialectically driven to maintain both as guru and avatar. Chapter 6: Conclusion In conclusion, Münster Anabaptism seen from Korean Minjung Theology can be a good example of both analepsis and prolepsis of the Jesus-event, where Minjung Reformator forms Christo vii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Reformator and Christo Reformator reforms Minjung Reformator as Minjung-Messiah Transformator, not as an once-and-for-all, but as a continuing and recurring historical event for the realization of Minjung as being-in-the-Messiah.
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