GLOBAL DATASHEET Albendazole
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Human Ascariasis and Trichuriasis in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran
Environmental Health Engineering and Management Journal 2017, 4(1), 1–6 doi 10.15171/EHEM.2017.01 http://ehemj.com Environmental Health H E M J Engineering and Management Journal Review Article Open Access Publish Free Geohelminthic: human ascariasis and trichuriasis in Mazandaran province, northern Iran Hajar Ziaei1, Fatemeh Sayyahi2, Mahboobeh Hoseiny3, Mohammad Vahedi4, Shirzad Gholami5* 1Associate Professor, Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 2Medical Student, Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 3MSC Statistic, GIS Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 4MSC Microbiology, Faculty Member, Department of Microbiology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 5Associate Professor, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Abstract Article History: Background: Ascariasis and trichuriasis are the most common intestinal geohelminthic diseases, and Received: 21 October 2015 as such they are significant in terms of clinical and public health. This study was done to determine Accepted: 8 January 2016 prevalence, status and geographic distribution patterns for Ascariasis and Trichuriasis. The study was ePublished: 5 February 2016 done in the period 1991-2014 in northern Iran using Aregis 9.2 software. Methods: This was a review study, using description and analysis, of geographical distribution of Ascaris and Trichuris relating to townships in Mazandran province, northern Iran, covering a 23-year period. Data were collected from a review of the relevant literature, summarized and classified using Arc GIS, 9.2 to design maps and tables. Results: Based on results presented in tables and maps, means for prevalence of Ascaris and Trichuris were divided into five groups. -
Pathophysiology and Gastrointestinal Impacts of Parasitic Helminths in Human Being
Research and Reviews on Healthcare: Open Access Journal DOI: 10.32474/RRHOAJ.2020.06.000226 ISSN: 2637-6679 Research Article Pathophysiology and Gastrointestinal Impacts of Parasitic Helminths in Human Being Firew Admasu Hailu1*, Geremew Tafesse1 and Tsion Admasu Hailu2 1Dilla University, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Biology, Dilla, Ethiopia 2Addis Ababa Medical and Business College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia *Corresponding author: Firew Admasu Hailu, Dilla University, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Biology, Dilla, Ethiopia Received: November 05, 2020 Published: November 20, 2020 Abstract Introduction: This study mainly focus on the major pathologic manifestations of human gastrointestinal impacts of parasitic worms. Background: Helminthes and protozoan are human parasites that can infect gastrointestinal tract of humans beings and reside in intestinal wall. Protozoans are one celled microscopic, able to multiply in humans, contributes to their survival, permits serious infections, use one of the four main modes of transmission (direct, fecal-oral, vector-borne, and predator-prey) and also helminthes are necked multicellular organisms, referred as intestinal worms even though not all helminthes reside in intestines. However, in their adult form, helminthes cannot multiply in humans and able to survive in mammalian host for many years due to their ability to manipulate immune response. Objectives: The objectives of this study is to assess the main pathophysiology and gastrointestinal impacts of parasitic worms in human being. Methods: Both primary and secondary data were collected using direct observation, books and articles, and also analyzed quantitativelyResults and and conclusion: qualitatively Parasites following are standard organisms scientific living temporarily methods. in or on other organisms called host like human and other animals. -
Public Health Significance of Intestinal Parasitic Infections*
Articles in the Update series Les articles de la rubrique give a concise, authoritative, Le pointfournissent un bilan and up-to-date survey of concis et fiable de la situa- the present position in the tion actuelle dans les do- Update selectedfields, coveringmany maines consideres, couvrant different aspects of the de nombreux aspects des biomedical sciences and sciences biomedicales et de la , po n t , , public health. Most of santepublique. Laplupartde the articles are written by ces articles auront donc ete acknowledged experts on the redigeis par les specialistes subject. les plus autorises. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 65 (5): 575-588 (1987) © World Health Organization 1987 Public health significance of intestinal parasitic infections* WHO EXPERT COMMITTEE' Intestinal parasitic infections are distributed virtually throughout the world, with high prevalence rates in many regions. Amoebiasis, ascariasis, hookworm infection and trichuriasis are among the ten most common infections in the world. Other parasitic infections such as abdominal angiostrongyliasis, intestinal capil- lariasis, and strongyloidiasis are of local or regional public health concern. The prevention and control of these infections are now more feasible than ever before owing to the discovery of safe and efficacious drugs, the improvement and sim- plification of some diagnostic procedures, and advances in parasite population biology. METHODS OF ASSESSMENT The amount of harm caused by intestinal parasitic infections to the health and welfare of individuals and communities depends on: (a) the parasite species; (b) the intensity and course of the infection; (c) the nature of the interactions between the parasite species and concurrent infections; (d) the nutritional and immunological status of the population; and (e) numerous socioeconomic factors. -
Albendazole: a Review of Anthelmintic Efficacy and Safety in Humans
S113 Albendazole: a review of anthelmintic efficacy and safety in humans J.HORTON* Therapeutics (Tropical Medicine), SmithKline Beecham International, Brentford, Middlesex, United Kingdom TW8 9BD This comprehensive review briefly describes the history and pharmacology of albendazole as an anthelminthic drug and presents detailed summaries of the efficacy and safety of albendazole’s use as an anthelminthic in humans. Cure rates and % egg reduction rates are presented from studies published through March 1998 both for the recommended single dose of 400 mg for hookworm (separately for Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale when possible), Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and Enterobius vermicularis and, in separate tables, for doses other than a single dose of 400 mg. Overall cure rates are also presented separately for studies involving only children 2–15 years. Similar tables are also provided for the recommended dose of 400 mg per day for 3 days in Strongyloides stercoralis, Taenia spp. and Hymenolepis nana infections and separately for other dose regimens. The remarkable safety record involving more than several hundred million patient exposures over a 20 year period is also documented, both with data on adverse experiences occurring in clinical trials and with those in the published literature and\or spontaneously reported to the company. The incidence of side effects reported in the published literature is very low, with only gastrointestinal side effects occurring with an overall frequency of just "1%. Albendazole’s unique broad-spectrum activity is exemplified in the overall cure rates calculated from studies employing the recommended doses for hookworm (78% in 68 studies: 92% for A. duodenale in 23 studies and 75% for N. -
TCM Diagnostics Applied to Parasite-Related Disease
TCM Diagnostics Applied to Parasite-Related Disease by Laraine Crampton, M.A.T.C.M., L. Ac. Capstone Advisor: Lawrence J. Ryan, Ph.D. Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine Yo San University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Los Angeles, California April 2014 TCM and Parasites/Crampton 2 Approval Signatures Page This Capstone Project has been reviewed and approved by: April 30th, 2014 ____________________________________________________________________________ Lawrence J. Ryan, Ph. D. Capstone Project Advisor Date April 30th, 2014 ________________________________________________________________________ Don Lee, L. Ac. Specialty Chair Date April 30th, 2014 ________________________________________________________________________ Andrea Murchison, D.A.O.M., L.Ac. Program Director Date TCM and Parasites/Crampton 3 Abstract Complex, chronic disease affects millions in the United States, imposing a significant cost to the affected individuals and the productivity and economic realities those individuals and their families, workplaces and communities face. There is increasing evidence leading towards the probability that overlooked and undiagnosed parasitic disease is a causal, contributing, or co- existent factor for many of those afflicted by chronic disease. Yet, frustratingly, inadequate diagnostic methods and clever adaptive mechanisms in parasitic organisms mean that even when physicians are looking for parasites, they may not find what is there to be found. Examining the practice of medicine in the United States just over a century ago reveals that fully a third of diagnostic and treatment concerns for leading doctors of the time revolved around parasitic organisms and related disease, and that the population they served was largely located in rural areas. By the year 2000, more than four-fifths of the population had migrated to cities, enjoying the benefits of municipal services, water treatment systems, grocery stores and restaurants. -
Immune Responses in Human Necatoriasis: Association Between Interleukin-5 Responses and Resistance to Reinfection
This is a repository copy of Immune Responses in Human Necatoriasis: Association between Interleukin-5 Responses and Resistance to Reinfection . White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/1376/ Article: Quinnell, R.J., Pritchard, D.I., Raiko, A. et al. (2 more authors) (2004) Immune Responses in Human Necatoriasis: Association between Interleukin-5 Responses and Resistance to Reinfection. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 190 (3). pp. 430-438. ISSN 0022-1899 Reuse See Attached Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ MAJOR ARTICLE Immune Responses in Human Necatoriasis: Association between Interleukin-5 Responses and Resistance to Reinfection Rupert J. Quinnell,1 David I. Pritchard,2 Andrew Raiko,3 Alan P. Brown,2 and Marie-Anne Shaw1 1School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, and 2School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; 3Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea (See the editorial commentary by Maizels and Balic, on pages 427–9.) Cytokine and proliferative responses to Necator americanus infection were measured in a treatment-reinfection study of infected subjects from an area of Papua New Guinea where N. americanus is highly endemic. Before treatment, most subjects produced detectable interleukin (IL)–4 (97%), IL-5 (86%), and interferon (IFN)–g (64%) in response to adult N. americanus antigen. Pretreatment IFN-g responses were negatively associated with hookworm burden, decreasing by 18 pg/mL for each increase of 1000 eggs/gram (epg) (n p 75 ;P ! .01 ). -
Anthelmintics
Clinical Pharmacy Program Guidelines for Anthelmintics Program Prior Authorization Medication Albenza (albendazole), Emverm (mebendazole), Vermox (mebendazole) Markets in Scope Ohio 1. Background: Albenza is indicated for the treatment of parenchymal neurocysticercosis due to active lesions caused by larval forms of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium. Albenza is also indicated for the treatment of cystic hydatid disease of the liver, lung, and peritoneum, caused by the larval form of the dog tapeworm, Echinococcus granulosus. Emverm is indicated for the treatment of Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm), Trichuris trichiura (whipworm), Ascaris lumbricoides (common roundworm), Ancylostoma duodenale (common hookworm), and Necator americanus (American hookworm) in single or mixed infections. Vermox is indicated for the treatment of patients one year of age and older with gastrointestinal infections caused by Trichuris trichiura (whipworm) and Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm). CDC guidelines recommend use in several other parasitic infections. 2. Coverage Criteria: A. Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) 1. Albenza, Emverm or Vermox will be approved based on all of the following: a. Diagnsosis of Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) -AND- b. History of failure, contraindication or intolerance to over-the-counter pyrantel pamoate Authorization will be issued for one month. B. Taenia solium (Neurocysticercosis) 1. Albenza will be approved based on the following criterion: a. Diagnosis of Neurocysticercosis Authorization will be issued for six months. Confidential and Proprietary, © 2020 UnitedHealthcare Services, Inc. 1 C. Echinococcosis (Tapeworm) 1. Albenza, Emverm or Vermox will be approved based on the following criterion: a. Diagnosis of Hydatid Disease [Echinococcosis (Tapeworm)] Authorization will be issued for six months. D. Ancylostoma/Necatoriasis (Hookworm) 1. Albenza, Emverm or Vermox will be approved based on the following criterion: a. -
Parasitic Organisms Chart
Parasitic organisms: Pathogen (P), Potential pathogen (PP), Non-pathogen (NP) Parasitic Organisms NEMATODESNematodes – roundworms – ROUNDWORMS Organism Description Epidemiology/Transmission Pathogenicity Symptoms Ancylostoma -Necator Hookworms Found in tropical and subtropical Necator can only be transmitted through penetration of the Some are asymptomatic, though a heavy burden is climates, as well as in areas where skin, whereas Ancylostoma can be transmitted through the associated with anemia, fever, diarrhea, nausea, Ancylostoma duodenale Soil-transmitted sanitation and hygiene are poor.1 skin and orally. vomiting, rash, and abdominal pain.2 nematodes Necator americanus Infection occurs when individuals come Necator attaches to the intestinal mucosa and feeds on host During the invasion stages, local skin irritation, elevated into contact with soil containing fecal mucosa and blood.2 ridges due to tunneling, and rash lesions are seen.3 matter of infected hosts.2 (P) Ancylostoma eggs pass from the host’s stool to soil. Larvae Ancylostoma and Necator are associated with iron can penetrate the skin, enter the lymphatics, and migrate to deficiency anemia.1,2 heart and lungs.3 Ascaris lumbricoides Soil-transmitted Common in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Ascaris eggs attach to the small intestinal mucosa. Larvae Most patients are asymptomatic or have only mild nematode America, Asia, and the Western Pacific. In migrate via the portal circulation into the pulmonary circuit, abdominal discomfort, nausea, dyspepsia, or loss of non-endemic areas, infection occurs in to the alveoli, causing a pneumonitis-like illness. They are appetite. Most common human immigrants and travelers. coughed up and enter back into the GI tract, causing worm infection obstructive symptoms.5 Complications include obstruction, appendicitis, right It is associated with poor personal upper quadrant pain, and biliary colic.4 (P) hygiene, crowding, poor sanitation, and places where human feces are used as Intestinal ascariasis can mimic intestinal obstruction, fertilizer. -
Intestinal Parasites)
Parasites (intestinal parasites) General considerations Definition • A parasite is defined as an animal or plant which harm, others cause moderate to severe diseases, lives in or upon another organism which is called Parasites that can cause disease are known as host. • This means all infectious agents including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and helminths are parasites. • Now, the term parasite is restricted to the protozoa and helminths of medical importance. • The host is usually a larger organism which harbours the parasite and provides it the nourishment and shelter. • Parasites vary in the degree of damage they inflict upon their hosts. Host-parasite interactions Classes of Parasites 1. • Parasites can be divided into ectoparasites, such as ticks and lice, which live on the surface of other organisms, and endoparasites, such as some protozoa and worms which live within the bodies of other organisms • Most parasites are obligate parasites: they must spend at least some of their life cycle in or on a host. Classes of parasites 2. • Facultative parasites: they normally are free living but they can obtain their nutrients from the host also (acanthamoeba) • When a parasite attacks an unusual host, it is called as accidental parasite whereas a parasite can be aberrant parasite if it reaches a site in a host, during its migration, where it can not develop further. Classes of parasites 3. • Parasites can also be classified by the duration of their association with their hosts. – Permanent parasites such as tapeworms remain in or on the host once they have invaded it – Temporary parasites such as many biting insects feed and leave their hosts – Hyperparasitism refers to a parasite itself having parasites. -
Nomenclature of Pathogenic and Parasitic Organisms
NOMENCLATURE# of PATHOGENIC AND PARASITIC ORGANISMS NOMENCLATURE OF PATHOGENIC AND PARASITIC ORGANISMS 1945 Connecticut State Department of Health Stanley H. Osborn, M. D., C. P. H., Commissioner Hartford, Connecticut Form O-L 138 (6-45) 3060 BUREAU OF LABORATORIES Friend Lee Mickle, A. B., M. S. 3 Sc. D., Director DIAGNOSTIC SERVICES SANITATION SERVICES Earle K. Borman, B. S., M. S., Omer C. Sieverding, B. S. t Assistant Director in Charge Assistant Director in Charge* DIVISION OF DIAGNOSTIC DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY MICROBIOLOGY AND PHYSICS D. Evelyn West, B, S., Arthur S. Blank, B. S., Chief Microbiologist Chief Sanitary Chemist DIVISION OF SEROLOGY DIVISION OF SANITARY Olive Ray Benham, B. S., MICROBIOLOGY Chief Serologist Richard Eglinton, Chief Microbiologist DIVISION OF RESEARCH AND INVESTIGATIONS DIVISION OF BIOCHEMISTRY Kenneth M. Wheeler, Joseph Bemsohn, Ph. D., Sc. B„ Sc. M., Ph. D. Biochemist Research Microbiologist DIVISION OF RECORDS Edith E. Wahlers, Chief Clerk DIVISION OF SERVICE Raymond M. Ellison, Supervising Technician • In Military Service, Major Caryl C. Carson. NOMENCLATURE OF PATHOGENIC AND PARASITIC ORGANISMS 1945 Connecticut State Department of Healtk Stanley H, Osborn, M. D., C. P. H., Commissioner Hartford, Connecticut Form O-L 138 (6-45) 3000 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface 3 I. BACTERIA 7 II. RICKETTSIAL ORGANISMS 22 III. FUNGI: MOLDS AND YEASTS 24 IV. PARASITIC PROTOZOA 34 ' V. TREMATODES (FLUKES) 40 VI. CESTODES (TAPEWORMS) 45 VII. PARASITIC NEMATODES (ROUNDWORMS) 48 VIII. MISCELLANEOUS PARASITIC HELMINTHS (WORMS) 55 Index 57 3 PREFACE This booklet is not intended as a guide to the etiology of com- municable diseases. That has been the subject of another publication ‘‘Physicians’ Guidebook to Public Health Laboratory Services”. -
Albendazole Tablets and Suspension
ALBENDAZOLE TABLETS AND SUSPENSION TITLE Albendazole. SCOPE Trade Name(s) The Trade names for this product include: Zentel Formulation and Strength Chewable tablets: 400 mg. Suspension: 400 mg/20 ml Excipients It is mandatory for country product information to include both the complete list of excipients for all locally marketed presentations, and any locally imposed excipient warning statements. Tablets 200 mg Tablets 400 mg Tablets 400 mg Suspension (wet granulation (wet granulation (roller- only) only) compaction) Lactose Lactose Lactose Aluminium monohydrate magnesium silicate Maize starch Maize starch Microcrystalline Carboxymethylcell cellulose ulose sodium Polyvidone Povidone Maize starch Glycerin Sodium lauryl Sodium lauryl Croscarmellose Polysorbate 80 sulphate sulphate sodium Sodium starch Sodium starch Povidone K30 Sorbitan glycollate glycollate monolaureate Microcrystalline Microcrystalline Sodium lauryl Potassium cellulose cellulose sulphate sorbate Sodium saccharin Sunset yellow Sunset yellow Benzoic acid (see lake lake Warnings and Precautions) Magnesium Sodium saccharin Sodium saccharin Sorbic acid stearate Magnesium Magnesium Silicone antifoam Page 1 of 17 stearate stearate 1510 Flavourings Flavourings Saccharin sodium Flavourings Film coating Film coating Methylhydroxypro Methylhydroxypro pylcellulose 15 pylcellulose 15 Methylhydroxypro Methylhydroxypro pylcellulose 5 pylcellulose 5 Propylene glycol. Propylene glycol. CLINICAL INFORMATION Indications Albendazole is a benzimidazole carbamate with antihelmintic and antiprotozoal -
Introduction to Multicellular Parasites
Harriet Wilson, Lecture Notes Bio. Sci. 4 - Microbiology Sierra College Introduction to Multicellular Parasites Multicellular parasites are eukaryotic organisms in the Kingdom Animalia (like us). Though they are macroscopic (obviously visible to the naked eye), they are often included in microbiology textbooks for two reasons: 1) Their eggs and larvae (immature forms) are microscopic and microbiologists are often involved in their identification within human/animal tissues and/or excrement. Diagnosis and treatment requires identification of the parasites present. 2) Many external parasites are vectors, involved in the transmission of disease-causing agents including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and other multicellular parasites. Since epidemiology is an important aspect of microbiology, the identification of vectors and appreciation for the role they play in disease transmission is essential. Multicellular parasites, like single-celled forms are chemoheterotrophs that rely on other organisms for their nutritional needs. They vary considerably in size and form, but can be divided into two categories on the basis of their relationships with their hosts. a) Endoparasites – Endoparasites are those found living inside their hosts. Though some of these spend a portion of their life in water or soil, their mature forms live within animal hosts and are often highly adapted to this specialized environment. b) Ectoparasites – Ectoparasites are those found living outside their hosts. Many ectoparasites live on or near the organisms they require for nutrients, while some spend considerable time away from their hosts. In some cases, only the females require a blood meal and males of the species feed on plants or other materials. Helminthes – The term helminth means worm, and applies to the multicellular endoparasites.