1 What Is A Cpec

Heading south from Quetta, the of the CPEC will continue to the town of Surab in central Balochistan as the N25 National Highway. 309 As of February 2017, the project remains delayed while the governments of Iran and India blame one another for delays. A 300 million rupee study to establish final feasibility of constructing the rail line between Havelian and the Chinese border is already underway. 91 North of Havelian, the next 66 kilometres of road will be upgraded to a 4-lane dual carriageway between Havelian and Shinkiari. 4 kilometres 15. 6 billion, with the bulk of financing to be distributed by various Chinese state-owned banks. 19 Billion Rupee Physical work under progress. During the state visit of Chinese leader to in April 2015, he wrote in an open editorial stating This will be my first trip to Pakistan, but I feel as if I am going to visit the home of my own brother. Upgrading of the railway line will permit train travel at speeds of 160 kilometres per hour, versus the average 60 to 105 km per hour speed currently possible on existing track, 153 and is expected to increase Pakistan Railways annual revenues by approximately 480 million. 2 billion overhaul of the Main Line 1 railway is to be financed by concessionary loans, which extended by China s state owned banks. It was built by a joint venture of two Chinese firms the Huaneng Shandong company and Shandong Ruyi, who will jointly own and operate the plant. The CPEC project envisages an expanded and upgraded road network in the Pakistani provinces of Balochistan, , and western Punjab Province as part of the Western Alignment. Economic analysts have stated tangible benefits of this initiative including an end to the major energy shortages in Pakistan which had previously crippled economic growth. India did not object to Chinese construction of the , 448 which was built between 1959 and 1979. In February 2016, the two countries agreed to establish the Pak-China Science, Technology, Commerce and Logistic Park near at an estimated cost of 1. 151 In June 2016, China and Pakistan unveiled plans for the second phase of the project, with a total cost of 8. General Amer Riaz who currently heads security operations in the province, stated that locals would not be deprived of benefits, and that local Gwadar residents would have the first right to everything. 6 billion Orange Line of the Lahore Metro is under construction and is regarded as a commercial project under CPEC. 133 Construction on this portion is expected to be completed by 2018 at a cost of 86 million. 294 295 misquoted Were conflict to erupt, India could potentially impede Chinese imports through the straits. Alternate route to Central Asia Edit. Improvement projects on this section are expected to be completed by January 2017 at a cost of approximately 72 million. The two roads form the 447-kilometer route between Quetta and Multan in southern Punjab. 287 Approximately 80 of its Middle Eastern energy imports also pass through the Straits of Malacca. 92 Groundbreaking on this portion commenced in April 2016. 182 Sahiwal Coal Power Project 1320 MW 1,912 US million Completed in July 2017. The 184 kilometers long M-4 Motorway between Faisalabad and Multan does not fall under the scope of CPEC projects but is nevertheless considered vital to the CPEC transportation project. In August 2016, Quetta was struck by a terrorist suicide bombing which killed 70 people, 376 while sectarian militants still frequently target Baluchistan s Shia Hazaras. 366 Another 21 militants from another militant group, the Balochistan Republican Army, surrendered shortly thereafter along with 3 militant commanders. 5 billion 711 kilometre gas pipeline from Gwadar to Nawabshah in province as part of CPEC. Several articles in Pakistan have criticised the project s finances as being shrouded in mystery, while one article suggested that there is far too much secrecy and far too little transparency. Longer term projects under CPEC also call for construction of the 682 kilometre long Khunjerab Railway line between the city of Havelian, to the Khunjerab Pass on the Chinese border, 165 with extension to China s Lanxin Railway in Kashgar, Xinjiang. 184 185 Another wind farm, the Dawood wind power project is under develop- ment by HydroChina at a cost of 115 million, and will generate 50 MW of electricity by August 2016. 55 of the country s annual GDP.

6 billion Orange Line of the Lahore Metro is under construction and is regarded as a commercial project under CPEC. 133 Construction on this portion is expected to be completed by 2018 at a cost of 86 million. 294 295 misquoted Were conflict to erupt, India could potentially impede Chinese imports through the straits. Alternate route to Central Asia Edit. Improvement projects on this section are expected to be completed by January 2017 at a cost of approximately 72 million. The two roads form the 447-kilometer route between Quetta and Multan in southern Punjab. 287 Approximately 80 of its Middle Eastern energy imports also pass through the Straits of Malacca. 92 Groundbreaking on this portion commenced in April 2016. 182 Sahiwal Coal Power Project 1320 MW 1,912 US million Completed in July 2017. The 184 kilometers long M-4 Motorway between Faisalabad and Multan does not fall under the scope of CPEC projects but is nevertheless considered vital to the CPEC transportation project. In August 2016, Quetta was struck by a terrorist suicide bombing which killed 70 people, 376 while sectarian militants still frequently target Baluchistan s Shia Hazaras. 366 Another 21 militants from another militant group, the Balochistan Republican Army, surrendered shortly thereafter along with 3 militant commanders. 5 billion 711 kilometre gas pipeline from Gwadar to Nawabshah in province as part of CPEC. Several articles in Pakistan have criticised the project s finances as being shrouded in mystery, while one article suggested that there is far too much secrecy and far too little transparency. Longer term projects under CPEC also call for construction of the 682 kilometre long Khunjerab Railway line between the city of Havelian, to the Khunjerab Pass on the Chinese border, 165 with extension to China s Lanxin Railway in Kashgar, Xinjiang. 184 185 Another wind farm, the Dawood wind power project is under development by HydroChina at a cost of 115 million, and will generate 50 MW of electricity by August 2016. 55 of the country s annual GDP. Portions of the Karakoram Highway were submerged in the lake, forcing all vehicular traffic onto barges to traverse the new reservoir. India further did not object to construction of the , undertaken with World Bank funding and British technical assistance in southern Kashmir a region which India claims as its own territory. 57 US cents kWH proposed by the Chinese firm, 204 which had been initially agreed at 8. Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units 65 US million Framework agreement signed in May 2017 Gwadar East Bay Expressway 168 US million Project will be completed in April 2021. 114 The road will be a six lane wide controlled access highway, 115 with 11 planned interchanges, 10 rest facilities, 492 underpasses, and 54 bridges along its route. 330 While clarifying that Chabahar Port would not be a rival or enemy to Pakistan s , 331 he further stated that Pakistan and China had both been invited to contribute to the project before India, but according to Pakistani media neither China nor Pakistan had expressed interest in joining. 356 Iranian President Rouhani revealed his intentions to Pakistan to join CPEC in a meeting at the UN 357 Russia has also expressed support for CPEC. 29 Over 10,400 MW of energy generating capacity is to be brought online by the end of 2018, with the majority developed as part of CPEC s fast-tracked Early Harvest projects. 4 MW of electricity to the government of Pakistan, 183 though under CPEC, another 250 MW of electricity are to be produced by the Chinese-Pakistan consortium United Energy Pakistan and others at a cost of 659 million. 12 US cents kWh. On 12 August 2015 in the city of Karamay, China and Pakistan signed 20 more agreements worth 1. 6 rate applied to other projects. 240 New Gwadar

2 International Airport 230 US million Construction work started on 31 October 2019. ADB assistance Edit. 96 The National Highway Authority of Pakistan reported that contractors arrived on site soon after the loan received final approval. The Western Alignment roadway network will begin at the Barahma Bahtar Interchange on the M1 Motorway near the towns of Burhan and in northern Punjab province. China Pakistan Economic Corridor Mission statement Motorways expansion, Special Economic Zones, energy production, Mass transit Type of project Economic corridor Location Pakistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gilgit-Baltistan, Punjab, Balochistan, Sindh Azad Kashmir China Xinjiang Country China Pakistan Established 22 May 2013 8 years ago 2013-05-22 Budget Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Status Energy projects operational Special Economic Zones Under construction 2020 2 3 Website cpec.

Portions of the Karakoram Highway were submerged in the lake, forcing all vehicular traffic onto barges to traverse the new reservoir. India further did not object to construction of the Mangla Dam, undertaken with World Bank funding and British technical assistance in southern Kashmir a region which India claims as its own territory. 57 US cents kWH proposed by the Chinese firm, 204 which had been initially agreed at 8. Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units 65 US million Framework agreement signed in May 2017 Gwadar East Bay Expressway 168 US million Project will be completed in April 2021. 114 The road will be a six lane wide controlled access highway, 115 with 11 planned interchanges, 10 rest facilities, 492 underpasses, and 54 bridges along its route. 330 While clarifying that Chabahar Port would not be a rival or enemy to Pakistan s Gwadar Port, 331 he further stated that Pakistan and China had both been invited to contribute to the project before India, but according to Pakistani media neither China nor Pakistan had expressed interest in joining. 356 Iranian President Rouhani revealed his intentions to Pakistan to join CPEC in a meeting at the UN 357 Russia has also expressed support for CPEC. 29 Over 10,400 MW of energy generating capacity is to be brought online by the end of 2018, with the majority developed as part of CPEC s fast-tracked Early Harvest projects. 4 MW of electricity to the government of Pakistan, 183 though under CPEC, another 250 MW of electricity are to be produced by the Chinese-Pakistan consortium United Energy Pakistan and others at a cost of 659 million. 12 US cents kWh. On 12 August 2015 in the city of Karamay, China and Pakistan signed 20 more agreements worth 1. 6 rate applied to other projects. 240 New Gwadar International Airport 230 US million Construction work started on 31 October 2019. ADB assistance Edit. 96 The National Highway Authority of Pakistan reported that contractors arrived on site soon after the loan received final approval. The Western Alignment roadway network will begin at the Barahma Bahtar Interchange on the M1 Motorway near the towns of Burhan and Hasan Abdal in northern Punjab province. China Pakistan Economic Corridor Mission statement Motorways expansion, Special Economic Zones, energy production, Mass transit Type of project Economic corridor Location Pakistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gilgit-Baltistan, Punjab, Balochistan, Sindh Azad Kashmir China Xinjiang Country China Pakistan Established 22 May 2013 8 years ago 2013-05-22 Budget China Development Bank Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank Silk Road Fund Exim Bank of China Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Status Energy projects operational Special Economic Zones Under construction 2020 2 3 Website cpec. 33 US cents kWh for the next 660 MW, and 7. The currently available sea-route to China is roughly 12,000 kilometre long, while the distance from Gwadar Port to Xinjiang province is approximately 3,000 kilometre, with another 3,500 kilometre from Xinjiang to China s eastern coast. On 26 May, it was unveiled that transmission line of 660 KV would be laid between matiari and Lahore. 49 In November 2014, Chinese government announced its intention to finance Chinese companies as part of its 45. While the Hazara Motorway is considered to be a crucial part of the route between Gwadar and China. 221 It will be 42 inches 1. 325 Bandar Abbas is also consider a key node on the North South Transport Corridor, backed by India and Russia since 2002. 368 Separatist violence had decreased in the province so much by 2017, that such groups had become much less of a threat compared to Islamist militants. 240 Gwadar-Nawabshah LNG terminal and pipeline project Approved 240 UEP 99 MW Wind Farm Jhimpir, Thatta 250 US million Commercial operation date COD 16 June 2017, Operational 401 Sachal 50 MW Wind Farm Jhimpir, Thatta 134 US million Commercial operation date COD attained 11 April 2017, Operational 402 Three Gorges Second and Third Wind Power Projects 100 MW 150 US million Commercial operation date COD attained 9 Jul 2018, Operational 403 Cacho 50 MW Wind Power Project LOI letter of intent Stage 404 Western Energy Pvt. Pakistan faced Taliban insurgent violence that largely began in 2008 during the rule of General Pervez Musharraf. 1 billion Matiari to Lahore Transmission Line, and 1. 1-kilometre 16. Inefficiencies stemming from Pakistan s mostly dilapidated transportation network are estimated by the government to cause a loss of 3. Agriculture and aquaculture Edit. The CPEC Early Harvest plan includes a complete overhaul of the 1,687 kilometre long Main Line 1 railway ML-1 between Karachi and Peshawar at a cost of 3. In addition to potential weaknesses in regards to the United States Navy, the Indian Navy has recently increased maritime surveillance of the Straits of Malacca region from its base on Great Nicobar Island. The electricity would be produced from coal-based power plants at Thar, Port Qasim and Hub.

33 US cents kWh for the next 660 MW, and 7. The currently available sea-route to China is roughly 12,000 kilometre long, while the distance from Gwadar Port to Xinjiang province is approximately 3,000 kilometre, with another 3,500 kilometre from Xinjiang to China s eastern coast. On 26 May, it was unveiled that transmission line of 660 KV would be laid between matiari and Lahore. 49 In November 2014, Chinese government announced its intention to finance Chinese companies as part of its 45. While the Hazara Motorway is considered to be a crucial part of the route between Gwadar and China. 221 It will be 42 inches 1. 325 Bandar Abbas is also consider a key node on the North South Transport Corridor, backed by India and Russia since 2002. 368 Separatist violence had decreased in the province so much by 2017, that such groups had become much less of a threat compared to Islamist militants. 240 Gwadar-Nawabshah LNG terminal and pipeline project Approved 240 UEP 99 MW Wind Farm Jhimpir, Thatta 250 US million Commercial operation date COD 16 June 2017, Operational 401 Sachal 50 MW Wind Farm Jhimpir, Thatta 134 US million Commercial operation date COD attained 11 April 2017, Operational 402 Three Gorges Second and Third Wind Power Projects 100 MW 150 US million Commercial operation date COD attained 9 Jul 2018, Operational 403 Cacho 50 MW Wind Power Project LOI letter of intent Stage 404 Western Energy Pvt. Pakistan faced Taliban insurgent violence that largely began in 2008 during the rule of General Pervez Musharraf. 1 billion Matiari to Lahore Transmission Line, and 1. 1-kilometre 16. Inefficiencies stemming from Pakistan s mostly dilapidated transportation network are estimated by the government to cause a loss of 3. Agriculture and aquaculture Edit. The CPEC Early Harvest plan includes a complete overhaul of the 1,687 kilometre long Main Line 1 railway ML-1 between Karachi and Peshawar at a cost of 3. In addition to potential weaknesses in regards to the United States Navy, the Indian Navy has recently increased maritime surveillance of the Straits of Malacca region from its base on Great Nicobar Island. The electricity would be produced from coal-based power plants at Thar, Port Qasim and Hub. 13 billion

3 Completed. At the time of CPEC s announcement, the ML-1 consisted of mostly dual track railway between Karachi, and the Lahore suburb of Shahdara, with long stretches of single track. The Jhimpir Wind Power Plant, built by the Turkish company Zorlu Enerji has already begun to sell 56. 442 The developer of Gwadar Port, COPHC, has also announced that it will assist Gwadar s fishermen to help boost the region s seafood industry by developing programmes to improve the quality of local seafoods. The 1,223 MW Balloki Power Plant is currently under construction near Kasur, and is being constructed by China s Harbin Electric Company with financing from the China s EXIM bank, is one such example. Khunjerab Railway Edit. 147 154 The upgrades are also expected to cut transit times from Karachi to Peshawar by half. 340 The Chabahar plan relies upon connections to the Afghan Ring Road. Between Thakot and Raikot spans an area in which the government of Pakistan is currently either planning or actively constructing several hydropower projects, most notably the Diamer-Bhasha Dam and Dasu Dam. Main Line 3 Edit. In response to concerns of local residents, Lt. 50 MW Wind Power Project Approved 405 Thar Mine Mouth Oracle Power Plant 1320 MW Surface Mine Under issuance of NTP LOI 406 Hubco Coal Power Project, Hub Balochistan 1320 MW 1,912 US million COD is 14 Aug 2019, fully operational. 435 Shortly thereafter, the Pakistani government announced its intention to establish a training institute named Pak-China Technical and Vocational Institute at Gwadar which is to be completed at the cost of 943 million rupees to impart skills to local residents to train them to operate machinery at the port. Following the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, large-scale reconstruction work of infrastructure took place across northern Kashmir with the assistance of South Korean, Turkish, and Saudi firms. 08 billion Pakistan Port Qasim Power Project near Port Qasim will be a joint venture of Al-Mirqab Capital from Qatar, and China s Power Construction Corporation a subsidiary of Sinohydro Resources Limited. Indian objection to Chinese construction works in the Gilgit-Baltistan arose in 2011 in response to a Chinese complaint regarding a joint Indian-Vietnamese oil exploration project in the disputed South China Sea. Chinese intelligence agencies have also reportedly shared information with Pakistani authorities regarding alleged efforts by the India s Research and Analysis Wing to subvert CPEC.

13 billion Completed. At the time of CPEC s announcement, the ML-1 consisted of mostly dual track railway between Karachi, and the Lahore suburb of Shahdara, with long stretches of single track. The Jhimpir Wind Power Plant, built by the Turkish company Zorlu Enerji has already begun to sell 56. 442 The developer of Gwadar Port, COPHC, has also announced that it will assist Gwadar s fishermen to help boost the region s seafood industry by developing programmes to improve the quality of local seafoods. The 1,223 MW Balloki Power Plant is currently under construction near Kasur, and is being constructed by China s Harbin Electric Company with financing from the China s EXIM bank, is one such example. Khunjerab Railway Edit. 147 154 The upgrades are also expected to cut transit times from Karachi to Peshawar by half. 340 The Chabahar plan relies upon connections to the Afghan Ring Road. Between Thakot and Raikot spans an area in which the government of Pakistan is currently either planning or actively constructing several hydropower projects, most notably the Diamer-Bhasha Dam and Dasu Dam. Main Line 3 Edit. In response to concerns of local residents, Lt. 50 MW Wind Power Project Approved 405 Thar Mine Mouth Oracle Power Plant 1320 MW Surface Mine Under issuance of NTP LOI 406 Hubco Coal Power Project, Hub Balochistan 1320 MW 1,912 US million COD is 14 Aug 2019, fully operational. 435 Shortly thereafter, the Pakistani government announced its intention to establish a training institute named Pak-China Technical and Vocational Institute at Gwadar which is to be completed at the cost of 943 million rupees to impart skills to local residents to train them to operate machinery at the port. Following the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, large-scale reconstruction work of infrastructure took place across northern Kashmir with the assistance of South Korean, Turkish, and Saudi firms. 08 billion Pakistan Port Qasim Power Project near Port Qasim will be a joint venture of Al-Mirqab Capital from Qatar, and China s Power Construction Corporation a subsidiary of Sinohydro Resources Limited. Indian objection to Chinese construction works in the Gilgit-Baltistan arose in 2011 in response to a Chinese complaint regarding a joint Indian-Vietnamese oil exploration project in the disputed South China Sea. Chinese intelligence agencies have also reportedly shared information with Pakistani authorities regarding alleged efforts by the India s Research and Analysis Wing to subvert CPEC. 17 The Karachi Peshawar main railway line will also be upgraded to allow for train travel at up to 160 km per hour by December 2019. However, eventually, Iranian ambassador made it clear that Iran doesn t consider Chahbahar to be a project which could feasibly rival CPEC as he said Iran is eager to join CPEC with its full capabilities, possibilities and abilities. From Shahdara, the track mainly consisted of a single track until the city Peshawar. In addition to upgrading the ML-1, the CPEC project also calls for similar major upgrade on the 1,254 kilometre long Main Line 2 ML-2 railway between Kotri in Sindh province, and Attock in northern Punjab province via the cities of Larkana and Dera Ghazi Khan. In July 2016, the Pakistani government announced that the project would be open to international bidders on a build-operate-transfer basis, with Chinese and South Korean companies expressing interest in the project. Comparison to Chabahar Port Edit. 4 10 7 m 3 of additional capacity when the planned off-shore LNG terminal is also completed 222 The project will not only provide gas exporters with access to the Pakistani market, but will also allow China to secure a route for its own imports. Negotiations to provide an alternate route to the Central Asian republics by way of China predate the announcement of CPEC. The project also includes a plan to connect Gwadar, to the town of Jacobabad, Sindh 164 which lies at the intersection of the ML-2 and ML-3 railways. Construction of the portion between Multan and Lahore costing approximately 1. 55 As part of the agreement, Pakistan and China have agreed to co-operate in the field of space research. 207 208 The facility will be powered by locally sourced coal, 209 and is expected to be put into commercial use in 2018. The heads of various Central Asian republics have expressed their desire to connect their infrastructure networks to the CPEC project via China. Table of projects Edit. A section of the Indian media described it as a counter to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor , 311 although the total monetary value of projects has been noted to be significantly less than that of CPEC. Construction on a 24 kilometer series of bridges and tunnels to Attabad Lake began in 2012 and required 36 months for completion. 147 In addition to the Main Line 1 railway, upgrades and expansions are slated for the Main Line 2 railway, Main Line 3 railway.

17 The Karachi Peshawar main railway line will also be upgraded to allow for train travel at up to 160 km per hour by December 2019. However, eventually, Iranian ambassador made it clear that Iran doesn t consider Chahbahar to be a project which could feasibly rival CPEC as he said Iran is eager to join CPEC with its full capabilities, possibilities and abilities. From Shahdara, the track mainly consisted of a single track until the city Peshawar. In addition to upgrading the ML-1, the CPEC project also calls for similar major upgrade on the 1,254 kilometre long Main Line 2 ML-2 railway between Kotri in Sindh province, and Attock in northern Punjab province via the cities of Larkana and Dera Ghazi Khan. In July 2016, the Pakistani government announced that the project would be open to international bidders on a build-operate-transfer basis, with Chinese and South Korean companies

4 expressing interest in the project. Comparison to Chabahar Port Edit. 4 10 7 m 3 of additional capacity when the planned off-shore LNG terminal is also completed 222 The project will not only provide gas exporters with access to the Pakistani market, but will also allow China to secure a route for its own imports. Negotiations to provide an alternate route to the Central Asian republics by way of China predate the announcement of CPEC. The project also includes a plan to connect Gwadar, to the town of Jacobabad, Sindh 164 which lies at the intersection of the ML-2 and ML-3 railways. Construction of the portion between Multan and Lahore costing approximately 1. 55 As part of the agreement, Pakistan and China have agreed to co-operate in the field of space research. 207 208 The facility will be powered by locally sourced coal, 209 and is expected to be put into commercial use in 2018. The heads of various Central Asian republics have expressed their desire to connect their infrastructure networks to the CPEC project via China. Table of projects Edit. A section of the Indian media described it as a counter to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor , 311 although the total monetary value of projects has been noted to be significantly less than that of CPEC. Construction on a 24 kilometer series of bridges and tunnels to Attabad Lake began in 2012 and required 36 months for completion. 147 In addition to the Main Line 1 railway, upgrades and expansions are slated for the Main Line 2 railway, Main Line 3 railway. The CPEC plan also calls for completion of a rail link over the 4,693-meter high Khunjerab Pass. The first part of the expedited first phase of the project will focus on upgrading the Multan to Peshawar section, which will then be followed by the Hyderabad to Multan section, and finally by the Hyderabad to Karachi section. 22 23 24 25 Pakistani officials predict that CPEC will result in the creation of upwards of 2. On 20 April 2015, Pakistan and China signed an agreement to commence work on the 46 billion agreement, which is roughly 20 of Pakistan s annual GDP, 50 with approximately 28 billion worth of fast-tracked Early Harvest projects to be developed by the end of 2018. SK Hydro Consortium is constructing the 870 MW Suki Kinari Hydropower Project in the Kaghan Valley of Pakistan s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province at a cost of 1. Pakistani economy Edit. Although not officially under the scope of CPEC, the 1,223 MW Balloki Power Plant, and the 1,180 MW Bhakki powerplants have both been completed in mid-2018, 227 228 225 229 which along with the 969 MW Neelum Jhelum Hydropower Plant completed in summer 2018 and 1,410 MW Tarbela IV Extension Project, competed in February 2018, 230 will result in an additional 10,000 MW being added to Pakistan s electricity grid by the end of 2018 with a combination of CPEC and non-CPEC projects. At the southern terminus of the new Brahma Bahtar-Yarik motorway, the N50 National Highway will also be upgraded between in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Zhob in neighbouring Balochistan province, with eventual reconstruction between Zhob and Quetta. Renewable-energy Edit. While it is considered to be a crucial part of the route between Gwadar and China, the E35 will not be financed by CPEC funds. In December 2016, the Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry FPCCI released a report that given the rate at which Chinese nationals were migrating to Balochistan for the CPEC project, the Chinese would outnumber the Baloch people by 2048, raising concerns of marginalisation of the Baloch citizens. 27 An estimated 10,400 MW of electricity are slated for generation by March 2018 as part of CPEC s Early Harvest projects. CPEC s potential impact on Pakistan has been compared to that of the Marshall Plan undertaken by the United States in post-war Europe. , energy imports through the Straits of Malacca could be halted, which in turn would paralyse the Chinese economy in a scenario that is frequently referred to as the Malacca Dilemma. India though has denied the claim saying that Yadav had been kidnapped last year from Iran and his subsequent presence in Pakistan has never been explained credibly. 65 billion for the first phase of the project, 89 with the first phase expected to be completed by December 2017. The city of Gwadar is further being developed by the construction of a 300 MW coal power plant, a desalinization plant, and a new 300-bed hospital.

The CPEC plan also calls for completion of a rail link over the 4,693-meter high Khunjerab Pass. The first part of the expedited first phase of the project will focus on upgrading the Multan to Peshawar section, which will then be followed by the Hyderabad to Multan section, and finally by the Hyderabad to Karachi section. 22 23 24 25 Pakistani officials predict that CPEC will result in the creation of upwards of 2. On 20 April 2015, Pakistan and China signed an agreement to commence work on the 46 billion agreement, which is roughly 20 of Pakistan s annual GDP, 50 with approximately 28 billion worth of fast-tracked Early Harvest projects to be developed by the end of 2018. SK Hydro Consortium is constructing the 870 MW Suki Kinari Hydropower Project in the Kaghan Valley of Pakistan s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province at a cost of 1. Pakistani economy Edit. Although not officially under the scope of CPEC, the 1,223 MW Balloki Power Plant, and the 1,180 MW Bhakki powerplants have both been completed in mid-2018, 227 228 225 229 which along with the 969 MW Neelum Jhelum Hydropower Plant completed in summer 2018 and 1,410 MW Tarbela IV Extension Project, competed in February 2018, 230 will result in an additional 10,000 MW being added to Pakistan s electricity grid by the end of 2018 with a combination of CPEC and non-CPEC projects. At the southern terminus of the new Brahma Bahtar-Yarik motorway, the N50 National Highway will also be upgraded between Dera Ismail Khan in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Zhob in neighbouring Balochistan province, with eventual reconstruction between Zhob and Quetta. Renewable-energy Edit. While it is considered to be a crucial part of the route between Gwadar and China, the E35 will not be financed by CPEC funds. In December 2016, the Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry FPCCI released a report that given the rate at which Chinese nationals were migrating to Balochistan for the CPEC project, the Chinese would outnumber the Baloch people by 2048, raising concerns of marginalisation of the Baloch citizens. 27 An estimated 10,400 MW of electricity are slated for generation by March 2018 as part of CPEC s Early Harvest projects. CPEC s potential impact on Pakistan has been compared to that of the Marshall Plan undertaken by the United States in post-war Europe. , energy imports through the Straits of Malacca could be halted, which in turn would paralyse the Chinese economy in a scenario that is frequently referred to as the Malacca Dilemma. India though has denied the claim saying that Yadav had been kidnapped last year from Iran and his subsequent presence in Pakistan has never been explained credibly. 65 billion for the first phase of the project, 89 with the first phase expected to be completed by December 2017. The city of Gwadar is further being developed by the construction of a 300 MW coal power plant, a desalinization plant, and a new 300-bed hospital. The special economic zone will be completed in three phases. 248 The projects which are now to financed by the 0 interest loans include the construction of the 140 million East Bay Expressway project, installation of breakwaters in Gwadar which will cost 130 million, a 360 million coal power plant in Gwadar, a 27 million project to dredge berths in Gwadar harbor, and a 100 million 300-bed hospital in Gwadar. 288 In addition to vulnerabilities faced in the Straits of Malacca region, China is heavily dependent upon sea-routes that pass through the South China Sea, near the disputed Spratly Islands and Paracel Islands, which are currently a source of tension between China, Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, and the United States. 8 mi will be elevated, with the remaining portion to be underground between Jain Mandir and Lakshmi Chowk. In November 2016, China announced an additional 8. The N70 project is not officially a part of CPEC but will connect the

5 CPEC s Western Alignment to the Karachi-Lahore Motorway at Multan. citation needed Further funding comes from an additional 90. Athar Hussain, the director of the Asia Research Centre at London School of Economics, has expressed concerns that the CPEC is likely to bring more development to regions that are already developed, instead of poor areas such as Balochistan. 275 Poor availability of electricity is considered by the World Bank to be a main constraint to both economic growth and investment in Pakistan. 352 353 354 As of August 2015, 8,000 Pakistani security officials were deployed for the protection of over 8,100 Chinese workers in Pakistan. In September and October 2015, the government of the United Kingdom announced two separate grants to the Government of Pakistan for construction of roadways that are complementary to CPEC. 50 371 In 2014, Pakistan launched Operation Zarb-e-Azb to eradicate Tehrik-i-Taliban militants from Pakistani territory, following an attack on Karachi s airport, and the 2014 Peshawar school massacre in which terrorists from Tehrik-i-Taliban killed 148 school children. Concessionary loans Edit. 444 445 India s Foreign Secretary Subrahmanyam Jaishankar also confirmed that the issue had been raised with the Chinese government on the trip. 250 For comparison, loans for previous Pakistani infrastructure projects financed by the World Bank carried an interest rate between 5 and 8. Liquefied natural gas power LNG projects are also considered vital to CPEC. In September 2018, the new government led by Prime Minister reduced the Chinese investment in railways by 2 billion to 6.

The special economic zone will be completed in three phases. 248 The projects which are now to financed by the 0 in- terest loans include the construction of the 140 million East Bay Expressway project, installation of breakwaters in Gwadar which will cost 130 million, a 360 million coal power plant in Gwadar, a 27 million project to dredge berths in Gwadar harbor, and a 100 million 300-bed hospital in Gwadar. 288 In addition to vulnerabilities faced in the Straits of Malacca region, China is heavily dependent upon sea-routes that pass through the South China Sea, near the disputed Spratly Islands and Paracel Islands, which are currently a source of tension between China, Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, and the United States. 8 mi will be elevated, with the remaining portion to be underground between Jain Mandir and Lakshmi Chowk. In November 2016, China announced an additional 8. The N70 project is not officially a part of CPEC but will connect the CPEC s Western Alignment to the Karachi-Lahore Motorway at Multan. citation needed Further funding comes from an additional 90. Athar Hussain, the director of the Asia Research Centre at London School of Economics, has expressed concerns that the CPEC is likely to bring more development to regions that are already developed, instead of poor areas such as Balochistan. 275 Poor availability of electricity is considered by the World Bank to be a main constraint to both economic growth and investment in Pakistan. 352 353 354 As of August 2015, 8,000 Pakistani security officials were deployed for the protection of over 8,100 Chinese workers in Pakistan. In September and October 2015, the government of the United Kingdom announced two separate grants to the Government of Pakistan for construction of roadways that are complementary to CPEC. 50 371 In 2014, Pakistan launched Operation Zarb-e-Azb to eradicate Tehrik-i-Taliban militants from Pakistani territory, following an attack on Karachi s airport, and the 2014 Peshawar school massacre in which terrorists from Tehrik-i-Taliban killed 148 school children. Concessionary loans Edit. 444 445 India s Foreign Secretary Subrahmanyam Jaishankar also confirmed that the issue had been raised with the Chinese government on the trip. 250 For comparison, loans for previous Pakistani infrastructure projects financed by the World Bank carried an interest rate between 5 and 8. Liquefied natural gas power LNG projects are also considered vital to CPEC. In September 2018, the new government led by Prime Minister Imran Khan reduced the Chinese investment in railways by 2 billion to 6. Fully operational. 49 420 421 According to Dr Ahmad Rashid Malik, senior research fellow at the Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad ISSI , the route controversy is baseless and an unfounded reality. 89 The remainder of funds will be allocated when the Pakistani government awards contracts for the construction of road segments which are still in the planning phase. CPEC include establishment of pilot project of Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast for Pakistan Television Corporation through Chinese grant at Rebroadcast Station RBS at Murree. 5 billion on roads, power, hotels and other infrastructure for the industrial zone as well as other projects in Gwadar city. 69 Pakistan aims to produce 25 of its electricity requirements by renewable energy resources by 2030. 452 Chinese companies took part in 14 post-earthquake reconstruction projects in the disputed region, worth 6 billion. In 2013, the then Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari and Chinese Premier Li Keqiang decided to further enhance mutual connectivity. The Chinese government has announced its intention to build a 2. 62 On 2 December 2016, the first cargo train, launching the direct rail route and sea freight service between China and Pakistan, departed from Yunnan. 75 The site will include manufacturing zones, logistics hubs, warehouses, and display centres. 5 off Pakistan s annual gross domestic product. The CPEC is a landmark project 269 in the annals of history of Pakistan. 326 327 Indian goods also can be imported and transited across Iran upon arrival at Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni near the Iraqi border. The first section of the project is providing high-speed road access from the Port of Karachi to the city of Hyderabad and interior Sindh. 93 Construction on the first section between Shinkiari and Thakot commenced in April 2016 jointly with construction of the Havelian to Shinkiari 4-lane dual carriageway further south. 410 Suki Kinari Hydropower Project 870 MW 1,707 US million Under construction, Commercial operation date COD December 2022.

Fully operational. 49 420 421 According to Dr Ahmad Rashid Malik, senior research fellow at the Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad ISSI , the route controversy is baseless and an unfounded reality. 89 The remainder of funds will be allocated when the Pakistani government awards contracts for the construction of road segments which are still in the planning phase. CPEC include establishment of pilot project of Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast for Pakistan Television Corporation through Chinese grant at Rebroadcast Station RBS at Murree. 5 billion on roads, power, hotels and other infrastructure for the industrial zone as well as other projects in Gwadar city. 69 Pakistan aims to produce 25 of its electricity requirements by renewable energy resources by 2030. 452 Chinese companies took part in 14 post-earthquake reconstruction projects in the disputed region, worth 6 billion. In 2013, the then Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari and Chinese Premier Li Keqiang decided to further enhance mutual connectivity. The Chinese government has announced its intention to build a 2. 62 On 2 December 2016, the first cargo train, launching the direct rail route and sea freight service between China and Pakistan, departed from Yunnan. 75 The site will include manufacturing zones, logistics hubs, warehouses, and display centres. 5 off Pakistan s annual gross domestic product. The CPEC is a landmark project 269 in the annals of history of Pakistan. 326 327 Indian goods also can be imported and transited across Iran upon arrival at Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni near the Iraqi border. The first section of the project is providing high-speed road access from the Port of Karachi to the city of Hyderabad and interior Sindh. 93 Construction on the first section between Shinkiari and Thakot commenced in April 2016 jointly with construction of the Havelian to Shinkiari 4-lane dual carriageway further south. 410 Suki Kinari Hydropower Project 870 MW 1,707 US million Under construction, Commercial

6 operation date COD December 2022. 328 Upon completion of Chabahar, Indian exporters will benefit from the potential ability to export goods to Afghanistan, a country with an annual gross domestic product estimated at 60. The first convoy from China arrived in Gwadar on 13 November 2016, thereby formalizing operation of CPEC. Development of Gwadar includes the building of a hospital under a Chinese government grant. At the southern end of the N-35, works are already underway to construct a 59-kilometer-long, 4-lane controlled-access highway between Burhan and Havelian which upon completion will be officially referred to as the E-35 expressway. 386 387 Gwadar-Turbat-Hoshab M-8 193 km Rs. CPEC and the Malacca Dilemma Edit. The expanded port is located near a 2,282-acre free trade area in Gwadar which is being modeled on the lines of the Special Economic Zones of China. India further did not initially object to major Chinese-sponsored upgrade works to the Karakoram Highway after a 2010 earthquake, though it did object the presence of Chinese troops in the region that were sent to guard Chinese workers. 95 per million British Thermal Units offered by Iran. 8 million tons of coal per year as part of the first phase of the project. 396 Orange Line Lahore Metro 1,626 US million Project is completed and inaugurated on Oct 25,2020. 344 In September 2016, Iran s president Hassan Rouhani expressed his country s interest in joining CPEC during a meeting with . 131 The upgraded roadway will consist of a 4 lane dual-carriageway spanning the 205 kilometre distance between the two cities. 205 The Chinese firm argued that coal transportation costs had greatly increased due to the nonavailability of coal from nearby mines which had initially been regarded as the primary coal source for the project. 53 Details of the plan are opaque, 54 but are said to mainly focus on increasing energy generation capacity. 47 Two months later, Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif met with Premier Li Kequiang in China to discuss further plans, 48 resulting in the full scope of the project to be devised under Sharif s tenure. 7 billion, 112 and will provide high-speed road access to interior Sindh especially near the towns of Matiari, Nawabshah, and Khairpur.

328 Upon completion of Chabahar, Indian exporters will benefit from the potential ability to export goods to Afghanistan, a country with an annual gross domestic product estimated at 60. The first convoy from China arrived in Gwadar on 13 November 2016, thereby formalizing operation of CPEC. Development of Gwadar includes the building of a hospital under a Chinese government grant. At the southern end of the N-35, works are already underway to construct a 59-kilometer-long, 4-lane controlled-access highway between Burhan and Havelian which upon completion will be officially referred to as the E-35 expressway. 386 387 Gwadar-Turbat-Hoshab M-8 193 km Rs. CPEC and the Malacca Dilemma Edit. The expanded port is located near a 2,282-acre free trade area in Gwadar which is being modeled on the lines of the Special Economic Zones of China. India further did not initially object to major Chinese-sponsored upgrade works to the Karakoram Highway after a 2010 earthquake, though it did object the presence of Chinese troops in the region that were sent to guard Chinese workers. 95 per million British Thermal Units offered by Iran. 8 million tons of coal per year as part of the first phase of the project. 396 Orange Line Lahore Metro 1,626 US million Project is completed and inaugurated on Oct 25,2020. 344 In September 2016, Iran s president Hassan Rouhani expressed his country s interest in joining CPEC during a meeting with Nawaz Sharif. 131 The upgraded roadway will consist of a 4 lane dual-carriageway spanning the 205 kilometre distance between the two cities. 205 The Chinese firm argued that coal transportation costs had greatly increased due to the nonavailability of coal from nearby mines which had initially been regarded as the primary coal source for the project. 53 Details of the plan are opaque, 54 but are said to mainly focus on increasing energy generation capacity. 47 Two months later, Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif met with Premier Li Kequiang in China to discuss further plans, 48 resulting in the full scope of the project to be devised under Sharif s tenure. 7 billion, 112 and will provide high-speed road access to interior Sindh especially near the towns of Matiari, Nawabshah, and Khairpur. A large earthquake rocked the region nearest to the China-Pakistan border in 2010, triggering massive landslides that dammed the , resulting in the formation of the Attabad Lake. As part of the twelve memorandums of understanding signed by Indian and Iranian delegations as per text released by India s Ministry of External Affairs, India will offer a 150 million line of credit extended by the Exim Bank of India, 313 while India Ports Global also signed a contract with Iran s Aria Banader to develop berths at the port, 314 at a cost of 85 million 315 over the course of 18 months. 152 The second phase of the ML-1 overhaul project is expected to be completed in 2021. 270 CPEC is considered economically vital to Pakistan in helping it drive economic growth. Approximately 11 billion worth of infrastructure projects being developed by the Pakistani government will be financed at an interest rate of 1. These crossings complement the CPEC project to provide Central Asian states access to Pakistan s deepwater ports by completely bypassing Afghanistan a country which has been ravaged by civil war and political instability since the late 1970s. 5 billion worth of energy projects are to be constructed by joint Chinese-Pakistani firms, rather than by the governments of either China or Pakistan. Projects in Gwadar city Edit. 5 in comparison, and have strings attached. Long-term plans for a Central Alignment of the CPEC consist of a network of roads which is shortest route of CPEC and will commence in Gwadar and travel upcountry via the cities of Basima, Khuzdar, Sukkur, Rajanpur, Layyah, Muzaffargarh, and terminating in Dera Ismail Khan, with onward connections to Karakoram Highway via the Brahma Bahtar Yarik Motorway. 6 ; 72 conversely previous Pakistani infrastructure projects financed by the World Bank carried an interest rate between 5 and 8. 291 However, there is evidence to suggest that any pipelines from Gwadar up to China would be very expensive, would encounter numerous logistical difficulties including difficult terrain and potential terrorism, and would barely make any impact on China s overall energy security. According to Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying, the corridor will serve as a driver for connectivity between South Asia and East Asia. The project should not be confused with the 2 billion 1,100 kilometre North-South Pipeline liquified natural gas pipeline which is to be constructed with Russian assistance between Karachi and Lahore with anticipated completion by 2018. 120 121 The portion of motorway between Abdul Hakeem and Lahore that is under construction as part of CPEC will consist of the remaining 231 kilometers. 296 Indian maritime surveillance in the Andaman Sea could possibly enhance Chinese interest in Pakistan s Gwadar Port the Kyaukpyu Port, which is currently being developed in Myanmar by the Chinese government as another alternate route around the Straits of Malacca, will likely be vulnerable to similar advances by the Indian Navy. 47 When fully built, the corri- dor is expected to generate significant revenue from transit fees levied on Chinese goods to the tune of several billion dollars per annum.

A large earthquake rocked the region nearest to the China-Pakistan border in 2010, triggering massive landslides that dammed the Indus River, resulting in the formation of the Attabad Lake. As part of the twelve memorandums of understanding signed by Indian and Iranian delegations as per text released by India s Ministry of External Affairs, India will offer a 150 million line of credit extended by the Exim Bank of India, 313 while India Ports Global also signed a contract with Iran s Aria Banader to develop berths at the port, 314 at a cost of 85 million 315 over the course of 18 months. 152 The second phase of the ML-1 overhaul

7 project is expected to be completed in 2021. 270 CPEC is considered economically vital to Pakistan in helping it drive economic growth. Approximately 11 billion worth of infrastructure projects being developed by the Pakistani government will be financed at an interest rate of 1. These crossings complement the CPEC project to provide Central Asian states access to Pakistan s deepwater ports by completely bypassing Afghanistan a country which has been ravaged by civil war and political instability since the late 1970s. 5 billion worth of energy projects are to be constructed by joint Chinese-Pakistani firms, rather than by the governments of either China or Pakistan. Projects in Gwadar city Edit. 5 in comparison, and have strings attached. Long-term plans for a Central Alignment of the CPEC consist of a network of roads which is shortest route of CPEC and will commence in Gwadar and travel upcountry via the cities of Basima, Khuzdar, Sukkur, Rajanpur, Layyah, Muzaffargarh, and terminating in Dera Ismail Khan, with onward connections to Karakoram Highway via the Brahma Bahtar Yarik Motorway. 6 ; 72 conversely previous Pakistani infrastructure projects financed by the World Bank carried an interest rate between 5 and 8. 291 However, there is evidence to suggest that any pipelines from Gwadar up to China would be very expensive, would encounter numerous logistical difficulties including difficult terrain and potential terrorism, and would barely make any impact on China s overall energy security. According to Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying, the corridor will serve as a driver for connectivity between South Asia and East Asia. The project should not be confused with the 2 billion 1,100 kilometre North-South Pipeline liquified natural gas pipeline which is to be constructed with Russian assistance between Karachi and Lahore with anticipated completion by 2018. 120 121 The portion of motorway between Abdul Hakeem and Lahore that is under construction as part of CPEC will consist of the remaining 231 kilometers. 296 Indian maritime surveillance in the Andaman Sea could possibly enhance Chinese interest in Pakistan s Gwadar Port the Kyaukpyu Port, which is currently being developed in Myanmar by the Chinese government as another alternate route around the Straits of Malacca, will likely be vulnerable to similar advances by the Indian Navy. 47 When fully built, the corridor is expected to generate significant revenue from transit fees levied on Chinese goods to the tune of several billion dollars per annum. In May 2016, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his counterpart, Iranian President Hassan Rouhani, signed a series of twelve agreements in Tehran, in which India offered to refurbish one of Chabahar s ten existing berths, and reconstruct another berth the Port of Chabahar, 308 in order to allow Indian goods to be exported to Iran, with the possibility of onward connections to Afghanistan and Central Asia. 9 billion phase which will connect the city of Multan to the city of Sukkur over a distance of 392 kilometres has also been approved, 254 with 90 of costs to be financed by the Chinese government at concessionary interest rates, while the remaining 10 is to be financed by the Public Sector Development Programme of the Pakistani government. Under CPEC agreement, Gwadar Port will initially be expanded and upgraded to allow for docking of larger ships with deadweight tonnage of up to 70,000. 365 Balakh Sher Badini, a senior militant commander of the Balochistan Liberation Army, surrendered to Pakistani forces in January 2017. 288 As a result of CPEC, Chinese imports and exports to the Middle East, Africa, and Europe would require much shorter shipment times and distances. 14 Modern transportation networks built under CPEC will link seaports in Gwadar and Karachi with northern Pakistan, as well as points further north in western China and Central Asia. 110 In February 2017, a completed 75 kilometer stretch of the motorway was opened for public use by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. 1 billion have been allocated for constructing Early Harvest roadway projects at an interest rate of 1. Baloch Nationalists Edit. 35 In March 2018, Pakistan announced that following the completion of under-construction energy projects, future CPEC energy projects would be geared towards hydropower projects. Initial infrastructure works at Gwadar Port commenced in 2002 and were completed in 2007, 44 however plans to upgrade and expand Gwadar s port stalled. 71 Business established in the special economic zone will be exempt from Pakistani income, sales, and federal excise taxes for 23 years. 83 Development of Gwadar also include a 132 KV AIS Grid Station along with associated D C Transmission line at Down Town, Gwadar along with other 132 KV Sub Stations at Deep Sea Port Gwadar. 6 interest rate. The federal Minister of Planning Development and Reform Ahsan Iqbal formally denied any change in the alignment. Other LNG projects are currently under construction with Chinese assistance and financing that will augment the scope of CPEC, but are neither funded by nor officially considered a part of CPEC. During the visit of Afghan President Ashraf Ghani to India in April 2015, he stated We will not provide equal transit access to Central Asia for Pakistani trucks unless the Pakistani government included India as part of the 2010 Afghanistan Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement.

In May 2016, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his counterpart, Iranian President Hassan Rouhani, signed a series of twelve agreements in Tehran, in which India offered to refurbish one of Chabahar s ten existing berths, and reconstruct another berth the Port of Chabahar, 308 in order to allow Indian goods to be exported to Iran, with the possibility of onward connections to Afghanistan and Central Asia. 9 billion phase which will connect the city of Multan to the city of Sukkur over a distance of 392 kilometres has also been approved, 254 with 90 of costs to be financed by the Chinese government at concessionary interest rates, while the remaining 10 is to be financed by the Public Sector Development Programme of the Pakistani government. Under CPEC agreement, Gwadar Port will initially be expanded and upgraded to allow for docking of larger ships with deadweight tonnage of up to 70,000. 365 Balakh Sher Badini, a senior militant commander of the Balochistan Liberation Army, surrendered to Pakistani forces in January 2017. 288 As a result of CPEC, Chinese imports and exports to the Middle East, Africa, and Europe would require much shorter shipment times and distances. 14 Modern transportation networks built under CPEC will link seaports in Gwadar and Karachi with northern Pakistan, as well as points further north in western China and Central Asia. 110 In February 2017, a completed 75 kilometer stretch of the motorway was opened for public use by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. 1 billion have been allocated for constructing Early Harvest roadway projects at an interest rate of 1. Baloch Nationalists Edit. 35 In March 2018, Pakistan announced that following the completion of under-construction energy projects, future CPEC energy projects would be geared towards hydropower projects. Initial infrastructure works at Gwadar Port commenced in 2002 and were completed in 2007, 44 however plans to upgrade and expand Gwadar s port stalled. 71 Business established in the special economic zone will be exempt from Pakistani income, sales, and federal excise taxes for 23 years. 83 Development of Gwadar also include a 132 KV AIS Grid Station along with associated D C Transmission line at Down Town, Gwadar along with other 132 KV Sub Stations at Deep Sea Port Gwadar. 6 interest rate. The federal Minister of Planning Development and Reform Ahsan Iqbal formally denied any change in the alignment. Other LNG projects are currently under construction with Chinese assistance and financing that will augment the scope of CPEC, but are neither funded by nor officially considered a part of CPEC. During the visit of Afghan President Ashraf Ghani to India in April 2015, he stated We will not provide equal transit access to Central Asia for Pakistani trucks unless the Pakistani government included India as part of the 2010 Afghanistan Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement. The Pakistani government reported that over 800 Baloch militants surrendered to security forces in 2016 after the

8 launch of a reconciliation programme, 364 including over 200 at a single ceremony in November 2016. 7 million grant announced in October 2015 by the government of the United Kingdom towards the construction of a portion of the M4 Motorway project. Despite this, Pakistan still alleges that India is supporting anti-CPEC agenda, and the Pakistani government often points to such evidence as the alleged Indian spy Kulbhushan Jadhav, who was caught in the Baluchistan province on 3 March 2016. On returning from China, all the Senators issued press statements and unequivocally claimed that Balochistan would not get anything from the CPEC. In the same month a seven-member delegation of Senators visited China. Security Issues Edit. 34 CPEC is seen as the main plank of China s . The CPEC projects call for reconstruction and upgrade works on National Highway 35 N-35 , which forms the Pakistani portion of the Karakoram Highway KKH. 432 Others have alleged that CPEC is a conspiracy meant to stimulate the settlement of migrants from other regions of Pakistan in order to render ethnic Baloch a minority in the province. Eastern Alignment Edit. 381 Former Chief of Army Staff General Raheel Sharif in April 2016 accused India s Research and Analysis Wing of destabilizing Pakistan in an attempt to disrupt and stymie implementation of various CPEC projects. The two nations also pledged co-operation in field ranging from anti-narcotic efforts, 240 to co-operation in an effort to reduce climate change. 176 In April 2020, hit by the COVID-19 pandemic, Pakistan asked China to ease repayment terms on 30bn worth of power projects. The project will be financed as part of a 195 million package by the Asian Development Bank announced in May 2015 to upgrade the N70 National Highway and N50 National Highway. 2 billion will be open to traffic in June 2021. The former Chief Minister did, however, clarify that he would not oppose development projects in the province that he believed would uplift the plight of local residents. 8 Mtpa SEC Mine Mouth Power Plant 2 660 MW 1,912 US million First Unit 660 MW is targeted by Aug 2022.

The Pakistani government reported that over 800 Baloch militants surrendered to security forces in 2016 after the launch of a reconciliation programme, 364 including over 200 at a single ceremony in November 2016. 7 million grant announced in October 2015 by the government of the United Kingdom towards the construction of a portion of the M4 Motorway project. Despite this, Pakistan still alleges that India is supporting anti-CPEC agenda, and the Pakistani government often points to such evidence as the alleged Indian spy Kulbhushan Jadhav, who was caught in the Baluchistan province on 3 March 2016. On returning from China, all the Senators issued press statements and unequivocally claimed that Balochistan would not get anything from the CPEC. In the same month a seven-member delegation of Senators visited China. Security Issues Edit. 34 CPEC is seen as the main plank of China s Belt and Road Initiative. The CPEC projects call for reconstruction and upgrade works on National Highway 35 N-35 , which forms the Pakistani portion of the Karakoram Highway KKH. 432 Others have alleged that CPEC is a conspiracy meant to stimulate the settlement of migrants from other regions of Pakistan in order to render ethnic Baloch a minority in the province. Eastern Alignment Edit. 381 Former Chief of Army Staff General Raheel Sharif in April 2016 accused India s Research and Analysis Wing of destabilizing Pakistan in an attempt to disrupt and stymie implementation of various CPEC projects. The two nations also pledged co-operation in field ranging from anti-narcotic efforts, 240 to co-operation in an effort to reduce climate change. 176 In April 2020, hit by the COVID-19 pandemic, Pakistan asked China to ease repayment terms on 30bn worth of power projects. The project will be financed as part of a 195 million package by the Asian Development Bank announced in May 2015 to upgrade the N70 National Highway and N50 National Highway. 2 billion will be open to traffic in June 2021. The former Chief Minister did, however, clarify that he would not oppose development projects in the province that he believed would uplift the plight of local residents. 8 Mtpa SEC Mine Mouth Power Plant 2 660 MW 1,912 US million First Unit 660 MW is targeted by Aug 2022. In addition to the aforementioned infrastructure works, the Pakistani government announced in September 2015 its intention to establish a training institute named Pak-China Technical and Vocational Institute at Gwadar, 44 which is to be developed by the Gwadar Port Authority at the cost of 943 million rupees, 44 and is designed to impart to residents the skills required to operate and work at the expanded Gwadar Port. The Exim Bank of China will finance those investments at 5 6 interest rates, while the government of Pakistan will be contractually obliged to purchase electricity from those firms at pre-negotiated rates. 6 7 8 9 On 13 November 2016, CPEC became partly operational when Chinese cargo was transported overland to Gwadar Port for onward maritime shipment to Africa and West Asia, 10 while some major power projects were commissioned by late 2017. Announcement of CPEC Edit. 208 As part of infrastructure required for electricity distribution from the Thar l and ll Projects, the 2. In addition to the aforementioned issues, some sources have suggested that the interest rate for CPEC related loans would be high, with India s Daily News and Analysis paper suggesting that Pakistan had unwittingly accepted loans that would be offered at very high rates of interest , 424 although the actual interest rates were negotiated prior to acceptance, and for most projects will be 1. 45 A memorandum of understanding on cooperation for long-term plan on China Pakistan Economic Corridor between the two governments was inked by Xu Shao Shi and Shahid Amjad Chaudhry. According to China s prime minister, Li Keqiang, Pakistan s development through the project might wean the populace from fundamentalism. In July 2020, Pakistani media The News International reported that the Iranian government has dropped India from a long stalled rail project and has instead signed a comprehensive deal with China. The company argued that coal would instead have to be transported from distant Sindh province, which along with inefficiencies in mining procedures, increased the cost of fuel by 30. 306 Numerous land crossings already exist between Kazakhstan and China as well. 5 billion pipeline between Gwadar and Nawabshah to eventually transport gas from Iran. It will instead by financed at a 2. The Quadrilateral Agreement on Traffic in Transit QATT was first devised in 1995, and signed in 2004 by the governments of China, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan to facilitate transit trade between the various countries, with no inclusion of Afghanistan. 44 On 10 April 2016, Zhang Baozhong, chairman of China Overseas Port Holding Company said in a conversation with The Washington Post that his company planned to spend 4. The long-planned 27. 139 The Western Alignment will be flanked by special economic zones along its route, 140 with at least seven special economic zones planned to be established in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

In addition to the aforementioned infrastructure works, the Pakistani government announced in September 2015 its in- tention to establish a training institute named Pak-China Technical and Vocational Institute at Gwadar, 44 which is to be developed by the Gwadar Port Authority at the cost of 943 million rupees, 44 and is designed to impart to residents the skills required to operate and work at the expanded Gwadar Port. The Exim Bank of China will finance those investments at 5 6 interest rates, while the government of Pakistan will be contractually obliged to purchase electricity from those firms at pre-negotiated rates. 6 7 8 9 On 13 November 2016, CPEC became partly operational when Chinese cargo was transported overland to Gwadar Port for onward maritime shipment to Africa and West Asia, 10 while some major power projects were commissioned by late 2017. Announcement of CPEC Edit. 208 As part of infrastructure required for electricity distribution from the Thar l and ll Projects, the

9 2. In addition to the aforementioned issues, some sources have suggested that the interest rate for CPEC related loans would be high, with India s Daily News and Analysis paper suggesting that Pakistan had unwittingly accepted loans that would be offered at very high rates of interest , 424 although the actual interest rates were negotiated prior to acceptance, and for most projects will be 1. 45 A memorandum of understanding on cooperation for long-term plan on China Pakistan Economic Corridor between the two governments was inked by Xu Shao Shi and Shahid Amjad Chaudhry. According to China s prime minister, Li Keqiang, Pakistan s development through the project might wean the populace from fundamentalism. In July 2020, Pakistani media The News International reported that the Iranian government has dropped India from a long stalled rail project and has instead signed a comprehensive deal with China. The company argued that coal would instead have to be transported from distant Sindh province, which along with inefficiencies in mining procedures, increased the cost of fuel by 30. 306 Numerous land crossings already exist between Kazakhstan and China as well. 5 billion pipeline between Gwadar and Nawabshah to eventually transport gas from Iran. It will instead by financed at a 2. The Quadrilateral Agreement on Traffic in Transit QATT was first devised in 1995, and signed in 2004 by the governments of China, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan to facilitate transit trade between the various countries, with no inclusion of Afghanistan. 44 On 10 April 2016, Zhang Baozhong, chairman of China Overseas Port Holding Company said in a conversation with The Washington Post that his company planned to spend 4. The long-planned 27. 139 The Western Alignment will be flanked by special economic zones along its route, 140 with at least seven special economic zones planned to be established in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The project will instead be financed by the Asian Development Bank. 287 CPEC is considered central to China Pakistan relations; its central importance is reflected by China s inclusion of the project as part of its 13th five-year development plan. Indian objections Edit. China Pakistan Economic Corridor. 71 Improvement plans also include construction of a 130 million breakwater around the port, 72 as well as the construction of a floating liquefied natural gas facility that will have a capacity of 500 million cubic feet of liquefied natural gas per day and will be connected to the Gwadar-Nawabshah segment of the Iran Pakistan gas pipeline. Moody s Investors Service has described the project as a credit positive for Pakistan. 246 ZTE Corporation will provide Pakistan Television Corporation collaboration across R D of digital terrestrial television technologies, staff training and content creation including partnerships with Chinese multinational companies in multiple areas including television sets and set top boxes as international Cooperation. 418 The Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province adopted a resolution against the alleged decision of the central government to change the multibillion route of the proposed project by diverting it away from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The entire Eastern Alignment motorway project is divided into four sections a 136-kilometer long section between Karachi and Hyderabad also known as the M9 motorway, a 345-kilometer long section between Hyderabad and Sukkur, a 392-kilometer long section between Sukkur, and Multan, 108 and a 333-kilometer section between Multan and Lahore via the town of Abdul Hakeem. The 392 kilometers Sukkur to Multan section of the motorway is estimated to cost 2. The Pakistani portion of the pipeline is to be constructed by the state-owned China Petroleum Pipeline Bureau. The impact of Chinese investments in Energy sector was soon visible as in December 2017, Pakistan succeeded in producing surplus electricity. In operation. Expansion of Gwadar Port then ceased thereafter owing to political instability in Pakistan following the fall of General Pervez Musharraf and subsequent conflict between the Pakistani state and Taliban militants. 1,320 MW 2 x 660 MW plants Sindh Thar-l Project 1,320 MW 4 x 330 MW plants Sindh Thar-ll Project and coal mine 1,320 MW 2 x 660 MW plants Sindh Sahiwal Coal Power Project 1,320 MW 2 x 660 MW plants Punjab Rahimyar Khan coal power project 1,320 MW 2 x 660 MW plants Punjab Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park 1,000 MW Punjab Suki Kinari Hydropower Project 870 MW expected completion in 2020 234 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 720 MW expected completion in 2021 235 236 Punjab China Power Hub Generation Company 2X660 MW Balochistan Thar Engro Coal Power Project 660 MW 2 x 330 MW plants Sindh Gwadar coal power project 300 MW Balochistan UEP Windfarm 100 MW Sindh Dawood wind power project 50 MW Sindh Sachal Windfarm 50 MW Sindh Sunnec Windfarm 50 MW Sindh Matiari to Lahore Transmission Line 660 kilovolt Sindh and Punjab. The cost of the entire project is estimated to be approximately 12 billion, and will require 5 years for com- pletion. 226 It is expected to be Pakistan s most efficient power plant, and will provide enough power for an estimated 6 million homes.

The project will instead be financed by the Asian Development Bank. 287 CPEC is considered central to China Pak- istan relations; its central importance is reflected by China s inclusion of the project as part of its 13th five-year development plan. Indian objections Edit. China Pakistan Economic Corridor. 71 Improvement plans also include construction of a 130 million breakwater around the port, 72 as well as the construction of a floating liquefied natural gas facility that will have a capacity of 500 million cubic feet of liquefied natural gas per day and will be connected to the Gwadar-Nawabshah segment of the Iran Pakistan gas pipeline. Moody s Investors Service has described the project as a credit positive for Pakistan. 246 ZTE Corporation will provide Pakistan Television Corporation collaboration across R D of digital terrestrial television technologies, staff training and content creation including partnerships with Chinese multinational companies in multiple areas including television sets and set top boxes as international Cooperation. 418 The Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province adopted a resolution against the alleged decision of the central government to change the multibillion route of the proposed project by diverting it away from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The entire Eastern Alignment motorway project is divided into four sections a 136-kilometer long section between Karachi and Hyderabad also known as the M9 motorway, a 345-kilometer long section between Hyderabad and Sukkur, a 392-kilometer long section between Sukkur, and Multan, 108 and a 333-kilometer section between Multan and Lahore via the town of Abdul Hakeem. The 392 kilometers Sukkur to Multan section of the motorway is estimated to cost 2. The Pakistani portion of the pipeline is to be constructed by the state-owned China Petroleum Pipeline Bureau. The impact of Chinese investments in Energy sector was soon visible as in December 2017, Pakistan succeeded in producing surplus electricity. In operation. Expansion of Gwadar Port then ceased thereafter owing to political instability in Pakistan following the fall of General Pervez Musharraf and subsequent conflict between the Pakistani state and Taliban militants. 1,320 MW 2 x 660 MW plants Sindh Thar-l Project 1,320 MW 4 x 330 MW plants Sindh Thar-ll Project and coal mine 1,320 MW 2 x 660 MW plants Sindh Sahiwal Coal Power Project 1,320 MW 2 x 660 MW plants Punjab Rahimyar Khan coal power project 1,320 MW 2 x 660 MW plants Punjab Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park 1,000 MW Punjab Suki Kinari Hydropower Project 870 MW expected completion in 2020 234 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Karot Hydropower Project 720 MW expected completion in 2021 235 236 Punjab China Power Hub Generation Company 2X660 MW Balochistan Thar Engro Coal Power Project 660 MW 2 x 330 MW plants Sindh Gwadar coal power project 300 MW Balochistan UEP Windfarm 100 MW Sindh Dawood wind power project 50 MW Sindh Sachal Windfarm 50 MW Sindh Sunnec Windfarm 50 MW Sindh Matiari to Lahore Transmission Line 660 kilovolt Sindh and Punjab. The cost

10 of the entire project is estimated to be approximately 12 billion, and will require 5 years for completion. 226 It is expected to be Pakistan s most efficient power plant, and will provide enough power for an estimated 6 million homes. 411 SSRL Thar Coal Block-I 6. Pakistan s large textile industry has also been negatively affected by several-hour long power cuts, with almost 20 of textile factories in the city of Faisalabad shutting down on account of power shortages. 99 US cents kWh for the next 1,099 MW as further phases are developed. The project will require the construction of seven interchanges, and 25 bridges on the Indus river and irrigation canals. Baloch militants Edit. It is the largest investment Pakistan has attracted since independence and largest by China in any foreign country. 446 Swaraj reiterated this stance during a meeting in August 2016 with Chinese foreign minister Wang Yi, stating India would resolutely oppose the corridor in Kashmir. The KKH spans the 887-kilometer long distance between the China-Pakistan border and the town of Burhan, near Hasan Abdal. 128 The motorway will traverse the Sindh Sagar Doab region, and cross the Indus River at before entering into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. 215 Subsequent phases will eventually generate an additional 3,960 MW of electricity over the course of ten years. 129 Total costs for the project are expected to be 1. Medium term plans for the Main Line 3 ML-3 railway line will also include construction of a 560 kilometer long railway line between Bostan near Quetta, to Kotla Jam in Bhakkar District near the city of Dera Ismail Khan, 165 which will provide access to southern Afghanistan. 220 The pipeline is designed to be a part of the 2,775 kilometre long Iran Pakistan gas pipeline, with the 80 kilometre portion between Gwadar and the Iranian border to be connected when sanctions against Tehran are eased; Iran has already completed a 900 kilometre long portion of the pipeline on its side of the border. 191 On 14 November 2017, Pakistan dropped its bid to have Diamer-Bhasha Dam financed under the CPEC framework. 372 2016 saw the lowest number of deaths from acts of violence since the current wave of violence began in 2007, 373 with total fatalities dropping nearly 66 compared to 2014. 435 The resident cards measure would require any non-resident visitor to the city to register at designated security checkpoints prior to entering the city by road, 434 without any reference to ethnicity. The 676 kilometer portion between Lalamusa, north of Lahore, and Peshawar will require complete reconstruction with the addition of tunnels, culverts, and bridges, while over 900 kilometers south of Lalamusa towards Karachi will be upgraded to handle cars with a 25-ton axle load capacity.

411 SSRL Thar Coal Block-I 6. Pakistan s large textile industry has also been negatively affected by several-hour long power cuts, with almost 20 of textile factories in the city of Faisalabad shutting down on account of power shortages. 99 US cents kWh for the next 1,099 MW as further phases are developed. The project will require the construction of seven interchanges, and 25 bridges on the Indus river and irrigation canals. Baloch militants Edit. It is the largest investment Pakistan has attracted since independence and largest by China in any foreign country. 446 Swaraj reiterated this stance during a meeting in August 2016 with Chinese foreign minister Wang Yi, stating India would resolutely oppose the corridor in Kashmir. The KKH spans the 887-kilometer long distance between the China-Pakistan border and the town of Burhan, near Hasan Abdal. 128 The motorway will traverse the Sindh Sagar Doab region, and cross the Indus River at Mianwali before entering into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. 215 Subsequent phases will eventually generate an additional 3,960 MW of electricity over the course of ten years. 129 Total costs for the project are expected to be 1. Medium term plans for the Main Line 3 ML-3 railway line will also include construction of a 560 kilometer long railway line between Bostan near Quetta, to Kotla Jam in Bhakkar District near the city of Dera Ismail Khan, 165 which will provide access to southern Afghanistan. 220 The pipeline is designed to be a part of the 2,775 kilometre long Iran Pakistan gas pipeline, with the 80 kilometre portion between Gwadar and the Iranian border to be connected when sanctions against Tehran are eased; Iran has already completed a 900 kilometre long portion of the pipeline on its side of the border. 191 On 14 November 2017, Pakistan dropped its bid to have Diamer-Bhasha Dam financed under the CPEC framework. 372 2016 saw the lowest number of deaths from acts of violence since the current wave of violence began in 2007, 373 with total fatalities dropping nearly 66 compared to 2014. 435 The resident cards measure would require any non-resident visitor to the city to register at designated security checkpoints prior to entering the city by road, 434 without any reference to ethnicity. The 676 kilometer portion between Lalamusa, north of Lahore, and Peshawar will require complete reconstruction with the addition of tunnels, culverts, and bridges, while over 900 kilometers south of Lalamusa towards Karachi will be upgraded to handle cars with a 25-ton axle load capacity. Karakoram Highway Edit. 65 US million Commercial operation date COD 5 April 2017. 453 India did not object to these works, despite the fact that infrastructure near the militarily sensitive Line of Control were upgraded. In the event that China were to face hostile actions from a state or non-state actor who. 288 As the world s biggest oil importer, 50 energy security is a key concern for China while current sea routes used to import Middle Eastern oil are frequently patrolled by the United States Navy. 41 However, the Pakistani government stated that most of the project consists of equity finance such as joint ventures instead of debt finance, giving Pakistan alternative means of raising capital for the project. 97 Billion Completed. 63 billion worth of transportation infrastructure so far; 6. Interest-free loans Edit. 391 Abdul Hakeem-Lahore Motorway M-3 230 km Project has been completed and inaugurated on 30 March 2019 Hakla D. 25 US cents kWH in 2014. 343 Also in August 2016, the Taliban claimed responsibility for an attack which left twelve foreign tourists dead as they were traveling on an alternative route to the Afghan Ring Road, between Kabul and Herat. Portions of the approximately 6. Security Forces Edit. At the terminus of the M9 motorway in Hyderabad, the Karachi-Lahore Motorway will continue onwards to Sukkur as a six-lane controlled-access motorway known also as M6 motorway that will be 345 kilometers long, 108 The planned cost for this project is 1. 160 A spur from Taxila to Havelian will also be constructed, with a dry port to be established near the city of Havelian. 200 Pakistan-China Fiber Optic Project 37.

Karakoram Highway Edit. 65 US million Commercial operation date COD 5 April 2017. 453 India did not object to these works, despite the fact that infrastructure near the militarily sensitive Line of Control were upgraded. In the event that China were to face hostile actions from a state or non-state actor who. 288 As the world s biggest oil importer, 50 energy security is a key concern for China while current sea routes used to import Middle Eastern oil are frequently patrolled by the United States Navy. 41 However, the Pakistani government stated that most of the project consists of equity finance such as joint ventures instead of debt finance, giving Pakistan alternative means of raising capital for the project. 97 Billion Completed. 63 billion worth of transportation infrastructure so far; 6. Interest-free loans Edit. 391 Abdul Hakeem-Lahore Motorway M-3 230 km Project has been completed and inaugurated on 30 March 2019 Hakla D. 25 US cents kWH in 2014. 343 Also in August 2016, the Taliban claimed responsibility for an attack which left twelve foreign tourists dead as they were traveling on an alternative route to the Afghan Ring Road, between Kabul and Herat. Portions of the approximately 6. Security Forces Edit. At the terminus of the M9 motorway in Hyderabad, the Karachi-Lahore Motorway will continue onwards to Sukkur as a six-lane controlled-access motorway known also as

11 M6 motorway that will be 345 kilometers long, 108 The planned cost for this project is 1. 160 A spur from Taxila to Havelian will also be constructed, with a dry port to be established near the city of Havelian. 200 Pakistan-China Fiber Optic Project 37. 132 The first portion of the N50 to be upgraded will be the 81 kilometre portion of the N50 between Zhob and Mughal Kot, with construction works having begun in January 2016.

Under the agreement, India Ports Global will refurbish a 640 meter long container handling facility, and reconstruct a 600 meter long berth at the port. From there, access onwards to Islamabad and Lahore continues as part of the existing M1 and M2 motorways. 57 58 In November 2015, China included the CPEC into its 13th five-year development plan, 59 while in December 2015, China and Pakistan agreed on a further 1. 5 CPEC is intended to rapidly upgrade Pakistan s required infrastructure and strengthen its economy by the construction of modern transportation networks, numerous energy projects, and special economic zones. 7 million grant announced in October 2015 by the government of the United Kingdom towards the construction of the Gojra-Shorkot section of the M4 Motorway project. The funds were also to be used in the expansion of the optical fiber network in Gwadar. Information regarding Jadhav was then presented to the United Nations. Science and technology Edit. 116 Construction on this segment is expected to last 36 months. Background Edit. It will consist of 11 interchanges, 74 culverts, and 3 major bridges spanning the Indus, Soan, and Kurram Rivers. 135 In January 2016, The United Kingdom s Department for International Development announced a 72. 197 Moreover, Rashakai Special Economic Zone on M1 Highway a motorway junction near Nowshehra is planned as well. 274 Approximately 1 year after the announcement of CPEC, Zhang Baozhong, chairman of China Overseas Port Holding Company told The Washington Post that his company planned to spend an additional 4. 63 The new rail, sea freight will cut logistics cost, includ- ing that of transport, by 50 per cent. 249 Loans will be dispersed by the Exim Bank of China, China Development Bank, and the ICBC.

132 The first portion of the N50 to be upgraded will be the 81 kilometre portion of the N50 between Zhob and Mughal Kot, with construction works having begun in January 2016.

Under the agreement, India Ports Global will refurbish a 640 meter long container handling facility, and reconstruct a 600 meter long berth at the port. From there, access onwards to Islamabad and Lahore continues as part of the existing M1 and M2 motorways. 57 58 In November 2015, China included the CPEC into its 13th five-year development plan, 59 while in December 2015, China and Pakistan agreed on a further 1. 5 CPEC is intended to rapidly upgrade Pakistan s required infrastructure and strengthen its economy by the construction of modern transportation networks, numerous energy projects, and special economic zones. 7 million grant announced in October 2015 by the government of the United Kingdom towards the construction of the Gojra-Shorkot section of the M4 Motorway project. The funds were also to be used in the expansion of the optical fiber network in Gwadar. Information regarding Jadhav was then presented to the United Nations. Science and technology Edit. 116 Construction on this segment is expected to last 36 months. Background Edit. It will consist of 11 interchanges, 74 culverts, and 3 major bridges spanning the Indus, Soan, and Kurram Rivers. 135 In January 2016, The United Kingdom s Department for International Development announced a 72. 197 Moreover, Rashakai Special Economic Zone on M1 Highway a motorway junction near Nowshehra is planned as well. 274 Approximately 1 year after the announcement of CPEC, Zhang Baozhong, chairman of China Overseas Port Holding Company told The Washington Post that his company planned to spend an additional 4. 63 The new rail, sea freight will cut logistics cost, including that of transport, by 50 per cent. 249 Loans will be dispersed by the Exim Bank of China, China Development Bank, and the ICBC. 341 By August 2016, the Taliban was noted to have captured large swathes of land in Helmand Province, and threatened to capture the provincial capital of Lashkar Gah, 342 which lies on the portion of the Afghan Ring Road connecting Chabahar to Kandahar and Kabul. 426 The Private Power and Infrastructure Board has also been accused of irregularities in the approval process for coal power plants and the tariffs at which Pakistan is contractually obliged to purchase electricity from those plants, 427 with special concern regarding potential irregularities in the tariff approved for the 300 MW coal power plant to be built in Pind Dadan Khan by China Machinery Engineering Corporation. 105 As part of the Eastern Alignment, a 1,152 km long motorway will connect Pakistan s two largest cities, Karachi and Lahore with 6-lane controlled access highway designed for travel speeds up to 120 kilometres per hour. Over 33 billion worth of energy infrastructure are to be constructed by private consortia to help alleviate Pakistan s chronic energy shortages, 27 which regularly amount to over 4,500MW, 28 and have shed an estimated 2 2. In early March 2016, the Afghan government reportedly acquiesced to Pakistani requests to use Afghanistan as a corridor to Tajikistan, after having dropped demands from reciprocal access to India via Pakistan. 281 According to The Guardian , The Chinese are not just offering to build much-needed infrastructure but also make Pakistan a key partner in its grand economic and strategic ambitions. 6 billion 107 Karachi Lahore Motorway are already under construction. 284 On 14 November 2016, Hyatt Hotels Corporation announced plan s to open four properties in Pakistan, in partnership with Bahria Town Group, citing the investment of CPEC as the reason behind the 600 million investment. Procurement of an initial 250 new passenger coaches, and reconstruction of 21 train stations are also planned as part of the first phase of the project bringing the total investment in Pakistan s railway system to approximately 5 billion by the end of 2019. 5 billion allocated to upgrade Pakistan s main railway line from Karachi to Peshawar including tracks, speed, and signaling, and 4 billion toward an LNG terminal and transmission lines to help alleviate energy shortages. While nationalists openly oppose CPEC, some local leaders and residents of Gwadar city have also expressed concern in regards to the project the head of Gwadar s local fisherman association stated in an interview with NBC News that Development is good, China is our great friend, this CPEC thing sounds amazing, but don t forget that this is our land, first.

274 Approximately 1 year after the announcement of CPEC, Zhang Baozhong, chairman of China Overseas Port Hold- ing Company told The Washington Post that his company planned to spend an additional 4. 63 The new rail, sea freight will cut logistics cost, including that of transport, by 50 per cent. 249 Loans will be dispersed by the Exim Bank of China, China Development Bank, and the ICBC. 341 By August 2016, the Taliban was noted to have captured large swathes of land in Helmand Province, and threatened to capture the provincial capital of Lashkar Gah, 342 which lies on the portion of the Afghan Ring Road connecting Chabahar to Kandahar and Kabul. 426 The Private Power and Infrastructure Board has also been accused of irregularities in the approval process for coal power plants and the tariffs at which Pakistan is contractually obliged to purchase electricity from those plants, 427 with special concern regarding potential irregularities in the tariff approved for the 300 MW coal power plant to be built in Pind Dadan Khan by China Machinery Engineering Corporation. 105 As part of the Eastern Alignment,

12 a 1,152 km long motorway will connect Pakistan s two largest cities, Karachi and Lahore with 6-lane controlled access highway designed for travel speeds up to 120 kilometres per hour. Over 33 billion worth of energy infrastructure are to be constructed by private consortia to help alleviate Pakistan s chronic energy shortages, 27 which regularly amount to over 4,500MW, 28 and have shed an estimated 2 2. In early March 2016, the Afghan government reportedly acquiesced to Pakistani requests to use Afghanistan as a corridor to Tajikistan, after having dropped demands from reciprocal access to India via Pakistan. 281 According to The Guardian , The Chinese are not just offering to build much-needed infrastructure but also make Pakistan a key partner in its grand economic and strategic ambitions. 6 billion 107 Karachi Lahore Motorway are already under construction. 284 On 14 November 2016, Hyatt Hotels Corporation announced plan s to open four properties in Pakistan, in partnership with Bahria Town Group, citing the investment of CPEC as the reason behind the 600 million investment. Procurement of an initial 250 new passenger coaches, and reconstruction of 21 train stations are also planned as part of the first phase of the project bringing the total investment in Pakistan s railway system to approximately 5 billion by the end of 2019. 5 billion allocated to upgrade Pakistan s main railway line from Karachi to Peshawar including tracks, speed, and signaling, and 4 billion toward an LNG terminal and transmission lines to help alleviate energy shortages. While nationalists openly oppose CPEC, some local leaders and residents of Gwadar city have also expressed concern in regards to the project the head of Gwadar s local fisherman association stated in an interview with NBC News that Development is good, China is our great friend, this CPEC thing sounds amazing, but don t forget that this is our land, first.

In early March 2016, the Afghan government reportedly acquiesced to Pakistani requests to use Afghanistan as a corri- dor to Tajikistan, after having dropped demands from reciprocal access to India via Pakistan. 281 According to The Guardian , The Chinese are not just offering to build much-needed infrastructure but also make Pakistan a key partner in its grand economic and strategic ambitions. 6 billion 107 Karachi Lahore Motorway are already under construction. 284 On 14 November 2016, Hyatt Hotels Corporation announced plan s to open four properties in Pakistan, in partnership with Bahria Town Group, citing the investment of CPEC as the reason behind the 600 million investment. Procurement of an initial 250 new passenger coaches, and reconstruction of 21 train stations are also planned as part of the first phase of the project bringing the total investment in Pakistan s railway system to approximately 5 billion by the end of 2019. 5 billion allocated to upgrade Pakistan s main railway line from Karachi to Peshawar including tracks, speed, and signaling, and 4 billion toward an LNG terminal and transmission lines to help alleviate energy shortages. While nationalists openly oppose CPEC, some local leaders and residents of Gwadar city have also expressed concern in regards to the project the head of Gwadar s local fisherman association stated in an interview with NBC News that Development is good, China is our great friend, this CPEC thing sounds amazing, but don t forget that this is our land, first.

355 As part of CPEC, Pakistan has boosted its international engagement in terms of foreign policy with China, Iran, USA, Turkey and Malaysia are to be engaged for the maritime economy related to CPEC. The CPEC project envisages major upgrades and overhauls to Pakistan s transportation infrastructure. India s Highways and Shipping Minister, Nitin Gadkari suggested that the free trade zone in Chabahar had the potential to attract upwards of 15 billion worth of investment in the fu- ture, 319 although he stated that such investments are predicated upon Iran offering India natural gas at a rate of 1. 973 cents per unit.

India s Highways and Shipping Minister, Nitin Gadkari suggested that the free trade zone in Chabahar had the poten- tial to attract upwards of 15 billion worth of investment in the future, 319 although he stated that such investments are predicated upon Iran offering India natural gas at a rate of 1. 973 cents per unit.

973 cents per unit. Essay About Time Sense

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