Environmental Impact Assessment

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Impact Assessment September 2019 PAK: Balakot Hydropower Development Project Volume C – Supporting Studies Prepared by Pakhtunkhwa Energy Development Organization (PEDO), with support from Hagler Bailly Pakistan for the Asian Development Bank. This is an updated version of the draft originally posted in December 2018 available on https://www.adb.org/projects/documents/pak-49055-003- eia. This environmental impact assessment is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Balakot Hydropower Development Project Environmental Impact Assessment Volume VI – Supporting Studies Final August 1, 2019 EFlow Assessment Report Balakot Hydropower Development Project Environmental Flow Assessment Final Report HBP Ref.: R9EF6BPK July 31, 2019 Balakot Hydropower Development Project Biodiversity Action Plan Final HBP Ref.: R9BA6BPK July 31, 2019 Biodiversity Action Plan for Balakot Hydropower Development Project Contents 1. Introduction ...................................................................................... 1-8 1.1 Background and Rationale for Developing BAP ..................................... 1-8 1.2 Regional Overview ................................................................................... 1-11 1.3 Project Description .................................................................................. 1-12 1.3.1 Power Generation Capacity ............................................................. 1-12 1.3.2 Land Requirement ........................................................................... 1-12 1.3.3 Main Components of the Project ..................................................... 1-12 1.4 Geographic Scope of the Biodiversity Action Plan .............................. 1-15 1.5 Objectives and Scope of the BAP .......................................................... 1-17 1.5.1 Actions to Mitigate the Impact of Changes in Flow Regime and Barrier Created by the Dam ...................................................... 1-17 1.5.2 Actions Arising out of Cumulative Impact Assessment .................... 1-17 1.6 Outline of BAP .......................................................................................... 1-19 2. Regulatory and Institutional Framework ....................................... 2-1 2.1 National Regulatory Framework ............................................................... 2-1 2.2 Provincial Regulations and Requirements .............................................. 2-2 2.3 Federal and Provincial Conservation Strategies .................................... 2-4 2.4 Obligations under International Treaties ................................................. 2-5 2.5 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) ................................................... 2-7 2.6 ADB's Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 ................................................. 2-7 2.7 IFC’s Requirements ................................................................................... 2-9 2.8 Requirements under the EIA ................................................................... 2-11 2.9 Institutional Framework and Responsibilities ...................................... 2-11 2.9.1 Wildlife Department, KP ................................................................... 2-11 2.9.2 Fisheries Department, KP ................................................................ 2-12 2.9.3 Forest Department ........................................................................... 2-12 3. Summary of Stakeholder Consultations ....................................... 3-1 3.1 Objective of Consultations ....................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Summary of Consultations ....................................................................... 3-2 3.2.1 Government Institutions ..................................................................... 3-2 3.2.2 Non-Government Organizations ........................................................ 3-5 3.2.3 Private Sector .................................................................................... 3-6 3.3 Addressing Stakeholder Concerns .......................................................... 3-6 Hagler Bailly Pakistan Contents R9BA6BPK: 07/31/19 ii Biodiversity Action Plan for Balakot Hydropower Development Project 4. Biodiversity Values ......................................................................... 4-1 4.1 Aquatic Biodiversity .................................................................................. 4-1 4.1.1 Overview of Fish Fauna in Kunhar River ........................................... 4-1 4.1.2 Fish Diversity in Area of Management ............................................... 4-2 4.1.3 Fish Migration and Movement Patterns in Kunhar River ................... 4-4 4.1.4 Fish Species Recommended for Consideration in the BAP .............. 4-5 4.1.5 Threats to Fish Fauna ...................................................................... 4-12 4.1.6 Habitat Assessment ......................................................................... 4-20 4.1.7 Macro-invertebrates ......................................................................... 4-24 4.1.8 Riparian Vegetation ......................................................................... 4-24 4.2 Terrestrial Biodiversity ............................................................................ 4-25 4.2.1 Terrestrial Flora ............................................................................... 4-25 4.2.2 Mammals ......................................................................................... 4-27 4.2.3 Birds ................................................................................................ 4-29 4.2.4 Herpetofauna ................................................................................... 4-29 4.2.5 Threats to Terrestrial Biodiversity .................................................... 4-30 4.3 Protected Areas or Areas of Special Importance for Biodiversity ...... 4-31 5. Overview of Impacts on Aquatic Biodiversity .............................. 5-1 5.1 Overview of Impacts of Hydropower Development in Kunhar River .... 5-1 5.2 Construction and Selection of Scenarios for Environmental Flow Assessment ............................................................. 5-3 5.2.1 Conclusions of Environmental Flow Assessment .............................. 5-5 6. Proposed Conservation Measures ................................................ 6-1 6.1 Protection of Biodiversity ......................................................................... 6-1 6.1.1 Measures for Control and Management of Fishing ............................ 6-2 6.1.2 Measures for Regulation of Sediment Mining .................................... 6-3 6.1.3 Awareness and Education ................................................................. 6-4 6.1.4 Requirements for Protection .............................................................. 6-6 6.2 Structures to Assist Fish Passage across the Dam ............................. 6-10 6.3 Other Actions and Measures to Protect and Enhance the Biodiversity in the Kunhar Basin ........................................................... 6-12 6.4 Contributions to Institute for Research on River Ecology ................... 6-13 6.4.1 Management Approach ................................................................... 6-14 6.4.2 Design and Requirements ............................................................... 6-15 6.5 Watershed Management Program .......................................................... 6-16 6.5.1 Management Approach ................................................................... 6-17 6.5.2 Design and Requirements ............................................................... 6-18 Hagler Bailly Pakistan Contents R9BA6BPK: 07/31/19 iii Biodiversity Action Plan for Balakot Hydropower Development Project 7. Institutional Arrangements for Implementation of BAP .............. 7-1 7.1 Institutional Arrangement for Management of Protection ..................... 7-1 7.1.1 Implementation Arrangement ............................................................ 7-2 7.1.2 Management Committee ................................................................... 7-2 7.1.3 KP Wildlife Department / KP Fisheries Department .......................... 7-3 7.1.4 Implementation Organization ............................................................. 7-4 7.1.5 M&E Consultant ................................................................................. 7-4 7.1.6 The KP Biodiversity and Wildlife Board ............................................. 7-5 7.2 Institutional Arrangements for Institute for Research on River Ecology ............................................................................................. 7-5 7.3 Institutional Arrangements for Watershed Management ....................... 7-6 7.4 Review of BAP Implementation ................................................................ 7-8 7.5 Capacity Building of the KP Wildlife Department and KP Fisheries Department
Recommended publications
  • China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) a Strategic Overview
    CHINA-PAKISTAN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR (CPEC): A STRATEGIC OVERVIEW SYED WAQAS HAIDER BUKHARI 01 A Strategic Overview China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): A Strategic Overview Syed Waqas Haider Bukhari1 “If One Belt, One Road is like a Symphony Involving and Beneting Every Country, then Construction of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is the Sweet Melody of the Symphony’s First Movement” Wang Yi Abstract In 21st century, international relations are multipolar in which states are interdependent. There are factors which inuence the behavior of states about mutual relations. In this modern world, states compete through, instead of geopolitical, geo-economic means. These means are inuencing Pak-China relations. Through Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China is strengthening its relations with Asia, Europe and Africa. BRI is an investment of about $4-8 trillion and would cover two-third land mass of the world, across 65 countries with 4.4 billion population. Under BRI, China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a $62 billion investment which is divided mainly into four sections which are: development of Gwadar port, Energy, industrial development and road infrastructure. Energy is the major component and $34 billion are being invested to generate 10,000MW of electricity by utilizing diverse options. Under CPEC, there is a cooperation for the development of railways and infrastructure of roads. Similarly, $622 million are allocated for the development of Gwadar port. Recently, the, care taker, Prime Minister of Pakistan inaugurated a ber optic project as an essential part of CPEC. It was completed in $44 million by Special Communication Organization (SCO). 1 Syed Waqas Haider Bukhari is Assistant Professor in the Department of Interna�onal Rela�ons, Lahore Garrison University (LGU) 02 A Strategic Overview Introduction In International system, the end of Cold War brought enormous changes in states’ relations.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 Policy Brief
    Global Development Policy Center GCI POLICY BRIEF 001 • 02/2019 GLOBAL CHINA INITIATIVE Global Risks and Investment Uncertainty: Chinese Global Energy Finance in 2018 Xinyue Ma is the China Research XINYUE MA, KEVIN P. GALLAGHER, XINTONG BU and Project Leader at the Global Development Policy Center (GDP In 2018, overseas energy financing by China’s two global policy banks—the China Development Center) at Boston University. Before Bank and the Export-Import Bank of China—was at its lowest level since 2013. These two banks joining the GDP Center, she worked provided just $8.62 billion to foreign countries in financing for energy sector activity overseas in with the New Climate Economy (NCE) 2018, down 69 percent from the $28.04 billion in lending to foreign governments in 2017. In 2018, Initiative at the World Resources 93 percent of China’s energy loans went to BRI countries. While annual flows of energy finance by Institute in Washington D.C. China’s policy banks since 2000 now sum to 244.2 billion, it is clear that the five-year anniversary of the Belt and Road Initiative is marked by a significant dip downward.1 Figure 1 shows annual Kevin Gallagher is Professor energy finance by China Development Bank (CDB) and the Export-Import Bank of China (CHEXIM) of Global Development Policy at since 2000 according to our database. Boston University’s Pardee School of Global Studies and directs the Global Development Policy Center. Gallagher According to our research the slowdown in overseas policy lending is due to an increase in also serves on the United Nations’ uncertainty and risk in China, in host countries, and in the broader world economy.
    [Show full text]
  • F Feasibi Ility St Tage Ta Ariff Pr Roposa Al
    MAHL POWER C OMPANY LIMITED Feasibility Stage Tariff Proposal 640 MW Capacity Mahl HyH dropower Prooject SPONSORS: China Three Gorges South Asia Investments Limited February 2018 1 Page FEASIBILITY STAGE TARIFF PROPOSAL MAHL POWER C OMPANY LIMITED List of Abbreviations: ACE Associated Consultancy Engineer BOQs Bill of Quantities COD Commercial Operations Date CPP Capacity Purchase Price CPPA Central Power Purchasing Agency (Guarantee) Limited CSAIL China South Asia Investments Limited CTGHG China Three Gorges Hong Kong Investment Company Ltd. CTG China Three Gorges Corporation CTGI China Three Gorges International Corporation EPC Engineering, Procurement & Construction Contract EPP Energy Purchase Price GOAJK Government of Azad State of Jammu and Kashmir GOP Government of Pakistan GW Gigawatt GWh Gigawatt hours HPP Hydro Power Project Hrs. Hours IA Implementation Agreement IDC Interest During Construction (Capitalized) IFC International Finance Corporation IPR NEPRA (Import of Electric Power) Regulations, 2017 IRR Internal Rate of Return KW Kilowatt (kWh: Kilowatt hours) kWh Kilowatt hours m meter(s) MPCL Mahl Power Company (Pvt) Limited MW Megawatt (MWh: Megawatt hours) MWh Megawatt hours NEPRA National Electric Power Regulatory Authority No. Number PKR Pakistan Rupee POE Panel of Experts PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPIB Private Power Infrastructure Board ROE Return on Equity SIDRI Shanghai Investigation, Design & Research Institute, Co. Ltd. SRF Silk Road Fund US¢ United States cent USD United States Dollar WHT Withholding Tax 2 Page
    [Show full text]
  • Repaving the Ancient Silk Routes
    PwC Growth Markets Centre – Realising opportunities along the Belt and Road June 2017 Repaving the ancient Silk Routes In this report 1 Foreword 2 Chapter 1: Belt and Road – A global game changer 8 Chapter 2: China’s goals for the Belt and Road 14 Chapter 3: Key sectors and economic corridors 28 Chapter 4: Opportunities for foreign companies 34 Chapter 5: Unique Belt and Road considerations 44 Chapter 6: Strategies to evaluate and select projects 56 Chapter 7: Positioning for success 66 Chapter 8: Leveraging international platforms 72 Conclusion Foreword Belt and Road – a unique trans-national opportunity Not your typical infrastructure projects Few people could have envisaged what the Belt and Road However, despite the vast range and number of B&R (B&R) entailed when President Xi of China first announced opportunities, many of these are developed in complex the concept back in 2013. However, four years later, the B&R conditions, not least because they are located in growth initiative has amassed a huge amount of economic markets where institutional voids can prove to be hard to momentum.The B&R initiative refers to the Silk Road navigate. Inconsistencies in regulatory regimes and Economic Belt and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road underdeveloped credit markets, together with weak existing initiatives. The network connects Asia, Europe and Africa, infrastructure and a maturing talent market all combine to and passes through more than 65 countries and regions with add further complexity for companies trying to deliver and a population of about 4.4 billion and a third of the global manage these projects.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case Study of Gilgit-Baltistan
    The Role of Geography in Human Security: A Case Study of Gilgit-Baltistan PhD Thesis Submitted by Ehsan Mehmood Khan, PhD Scholar Regn. No. NDU-PCS/PhD-13/F-017 Supervisor Dr Muhammad Khan Department of Peace and Conflict Studies (PCS) Faculties of Contemporary Studies (FCS) National Defence University (NDU) Islamabad 2017 ii The Role of Geography in Human Security: A Case Study of Gilgit-Baltistan PhD Thesis Submitted by Ehsan Mehmood Khan, PhD Scholar Regn. No. NDU-PCS/PhD-13/F-017 Supervisor Dr Muhammad Khan This Dissertation is submitted to National Defence University, Islamabad in fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Peace and Conflict Studies Department of Peace and Conflict Studies (PCS) Faculties of Contemporary Studies (FCS) National Defence University (NDU) Islamabad 2017 iii Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for Doctor of Philosophy in Peace and Conflict Studies (PCS) Peace and Conflict Studies (PCS) Department NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY Islamabad- Pakistan 2017 iv CERTIFICATE OF COMPLETION It is certified that the dissertation titled “The Role of Geography in Human Security: A Case Study of Gilgit-Baltistan” written by Ehsan Mehmood Khan is based on original research and may be accepted towards the fulfilment of PhD Degree in Peace and Conflict Studies (PCS). ____________________ (Supervisor) ____________________ (External Examiner) Countersigned By ______________________ ____________________ (Controller of Examinations) (Head of the Department) v AUTHOR’S DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis titled “The Role of Geography in Human Security: A Case Study of Gilgit-Baltistan” is based on my own research work. Sources of information have been acknowledged and a reference list has been appended.
    [Show full text]
  • 51036-002: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Cities Improvement Project
    Environmental Management Plan Project Number: 51036-002 August 2021 Pakistan: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Cities Improvement Project Development of Bagh-e-Naran Park, Peshawar Prepared by Project Management Unit, Local Government, Elections and Rural Development Department, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa for the Asian Development Bank. This environmental management plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. GOVERNMENT OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIT KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA CITIES IMPROVEMENT PROJECT LOCAL GOVERNMENT, ELECTIONS & RURAL DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT, PESHAWAR Ground Floor, Afzal Apartments, Jamrud Road, Phase-3 Chowk, Hayatabad Peshawar, +92 91 5854555 [email protected] No: LGE&RD/KPCIP/2021/712-713 Dated: 24 August 2021 To: Mr. Kiyoshi O. Nakamitsu Principal Urban Development Specialist CWRD, ADB, 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel: +63-2-632-4444 Manila, Philippines. Subject: 51036-002-PAK: KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA CITIES IMPROVEMENT PROJECT - ENDORSEMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS DOCUMENTS
    [Show full text]
  • Redd+Pes Design Document for Temperate Forest Ecosystem Kaghan Valley
    FINAL REPORT REDD+PES DESIGN DOCUMENT FOR TEMPERATE FOREST ECOSYSTEM KAGHAN VALLEY ii FINAL REPORT REDD+PES DESIGN DOCUMENT FOR TEMPERATE FOREST ECOSYSTEM KAGHAN VALLEY iii Table of Contents LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS....................................................................................................................xii PREFACE ......................................................................................................................................... xvi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... xvii CHAPTER-1 .........................................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Physical Context of Kaghan Valley ................................................................................. 1 1.2 Geology, Rock and Soil ................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Climate ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.4 Surface Water and Flooding............................................................................................. 2 1.5 Forests and other Natural Resources ................................................................................ 2 1.6
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Impact Assessment Pakistan: Balakot Hydropower
    Environmental Impact Assessment November 2019 Pakistan: Balakot Hydropower Development Project Volume B – Appendices Prepared by Pakhtunkhwa Energy Development Organization (PEDO), with support from Hagler Bailly Pakistan for the Asian Development Bank. This is the updated version of the final draft originally posted in September 2019 available on https://www.adb.org/projects/documents/pak- 49055-007-eia. This environmental impact assessment is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. EIA of Balakot Hydropower Development Project Table of Contents Appendix A Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) Appendix B Physical Environment Survey Plan Appendix C Soil Quality Appendix D Hydro-census Field Data Appendix E Water Analysis Results Appendix F Air Quality Appendix G Traffic Survey Appendix H Ecology Field Survey Plan Appendix I Game Reserves and Breeding of Pheasants Appendix J Ecology Field Data Appendix K Species List Appendix L Socioeconomic Survey Plan Appendix M Background Information Document: English Appendix N Background Information
    [Show full text]
  • Of Indus River at Darband
    RESTRICTED For official use only Not for . UNN42 Vol. 6 Public Disclosure Authorized REPORT TO THE PRESIDENT OF THF, INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT AS ADMINISTRATOR OF THE INDUS BASIN DEVELOPMENT FUND STUDY OF THIE WATER AND POWER RESOURCES OF WEST PAKISI AN Public Disclosure Authorized VOLUME III Program for the Development of Surface Water Storage Public Disclosure Authorized Prepared by a Group of the World Barnk Staff Headed by Dr. P. Lieftinck July 28, 1967 Public Disclosure Authorized i R0C FPU-F ClJRRENCY EQUIVALENTS 4.76 rupees = U.S. $1.00 1 rupee = U.S. $0. 21 1 millior rupees = U. S. $210, 000 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. I, INTRODUCTION 11..........- II-.. SURFACE. WATER HYDROLOGY. .3 .. .. , 3 Meteorological and GeographicalI Factors, .................... 3 Discharge- Measurement and River. F-lows- ... ....... .. ,44... Sediment-.Movement ..... v...............8....... 8. Floods-.JO,:,. ,10: III.. HISTORICAL. USE OF SURFACE WATER, . 12 Development of- the. System ....... ... 12 IV.. THE IACA APPROACH ..... 17 Method- of Analysis. ........... v.. 17 Surface. Water Re.quirements;. ........ r19. Integration, of.Surface and Groundwater Supplies' .. 22 Storable. Water. 23 Balancng- of Irrigation and Power..-Requi:rements.. 25 Future. River Regime ... .. 27 Accuracy- of Basic. Data . ....................... , ,,.. 27 Vt., IDENTIFICATION OF DAM'SITES AND, COMPARISON OF. PROJECTS' 29: S'cope of-the Studies ... 29. A. The Valley of the Indus,.......... 31 Suitability of the- Valley, for: Reservoir' Storagel 31 A(l.) The Middle Indus-. ...........-.. 31 Tarbela.Projject- . .. 32 Side Valley- ProjS'ectsi Associatedt w-ith Tar.bela ... 36 The Gariala' Site......... 36 The. Dhok Pathan S.te . ... ... 39 The Sanjwal-Akhori S'ites -.- , ... 40- The Attock Site .
    [Show full text]
  • China's Belt and Road Initiative in the Global Trade, Investment and Finance Landscape
    China's Belt and Road Initiative in the Global Trade, Investment and Finance Landscape │ 3 China’s Belt and Road Initiative in the global trade, investment and finance landscape China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) development strategy aims to build connectivity and co-operation across six main economic corridors encompassing China and: Mongolia and Russia; Eurasian countries; Central and West Asia; Pakistan; other countries of the Indian sub-continent; and Indochina. Asia needs USD 26 trillion in infrastructure investment to 2030 (Asian Development Bank, 2017), and China can certainly help to provide some of this. Its investments, by building infrastructure, have positive impacts on countries involved. Mutual benefit is a feature of the BRI which will also help to develop markets for China’s products in the long term and to alleviate industrial excess capacity in the short term. The BRI prioritises hardware (infrastructure) and funding first. This report explores and quantifies parts of the BRI strategy, the impact on other BRI-participating economies and some of the implications for OECD countries. It reproduces Chapter 2 from the 2018 edition of the OECD Business and Financial Outlook. 1. Introduction The world has a large infrastructure gap constraining trade, openness and future prosperity. Multilateral development banks (MDBs) are working hard to help close this gap. Most recently China has commenced a major global effort to bolster this trend, a plan known as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). China and economies that have signed co-operation agreements with China on the BRI (henceforth BRI-participating economies1) have been rising as a share of the world economy.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of Medicinal Plants of Siran Valley, Mansehra, Pakistan
    Ethnobotanical Leaflets 10: 63-71. 2006. Check List of Medicinal Plants of Siran Valley Mansehra-Pakistan Ghulam Mujtaba Shah And Mir Ajab Khan* Department of Botany, Govt Post Graduate College, Abbottabad *Department Of Plants Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad-Pakistan Issued 27 February 2006 ABSTRACT This study was carried in Siran Valley district Mansehra. (Pakistan). The method adopted for documentation of indigenous knowledge was based on questionnaire consisting of semi-structured interviews employing a checklist of questions and direct observations. The aim of the study was to collect indigenous knowledge of local inhabitants about the use of native plants, which were being utilized by the people for the treatment of different diseases. The ethnomedicinal uses of 80 plant species belonging to 49 families were recorded during field trips from the research area. The cultivated medicinal plants consists of 21 species. The check list and ethnomedicinal inventory was developed alphabetically by botanical name, followed by local name, family, part used and ethnomedicinal uses. Plant specimens were collected, identified, preserved, mounted and voucher was deposited in the Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad for future references. Key words: Medicinal plants, ethnomedicinal uses, Siran Valley-Pakistan. INTRODUCTION The study area is located in the Hazara Civil Division of the North West Frontier Province, (NWFP), Pakistan. Mansehra district was formed on 1st of October 1976. It consists of three tehsils viz. Balakot, Mansehra and Oghi. Mansehra district is located between 340-15/ to 350-12/ North latitudes and 720–50/ to 740-07/ East longitudes. Total area of the district is 5957 Sq km.
    [Show full text]
  • The Contribution of Sustainable Tourism to Economic Growth and Employment in Pakistan
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article The Contribution of Sustainable Tourism to Economic Growth and Employment in Pakistan Faiza Manzoor 1 , Longbao Wei 1,* , Muhammad Asif 2 , Muhammad Zia ul Haq 3 and Hafiz ur Rehman 4 1 Department of Agricultural Economics and Management, School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; [email protected] or [email protected] 2 School of Public Affairs, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; [email protected] or [email protected] 3 School of Management, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; [email protected] 4 Department of Economics, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan; hafi[email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 8 September 2019; Accepted: 4 October 2019; Published: 8 October 2019 Abstract: In the global economy, tourism is one of the most noticeable and growing sectors. This sector plays an important role in boosting a nation’s economy. An increase in tourism flow can bring positive economic outcomes to the nations, especially in gross domestic product (GDP) and employment opportunities. In South Asian countries, the tourism industry is an engine of economic development and GDP growth. This study investigates the impact of tourism on Pakistan’s economic growth and employment. The period under study was from 1990 to 2015. To check whether the variables under study were stationary, augmented Dickey–Fuller and Phillips–Perron unit root tests were applied. A regression technique and Johansen cointegration approach were employed for the analysis of data. The key finding of this study shows that there is a positive and significant impact of tourism on Pakistan’s economic growth as well as employment sector and there is also a long-run relationship among the variables under study.
    [Show full text]