Critical estimate of Cleopatra the woman as seen in plays by Shakespeare, Dryden and Shaw
Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic)
Authors Campbell, Abby Anne, 1932-
Publisher The University of Arizona.
Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author.
Download date 04/10/2021 12:46:45
Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/551397 nBlTlCSL ESTIMATE OF GLEOPATR& THE' WQMM AS SEEM
- a i -BiATS-: bt shseespbahs.,, dbyden ahd s w ? ;
' v..1
A ;AfelDf Anne Campbell
L' r / '% '
' %
A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of.the
: ;; ^: "■ V : v; In Partial FulfIllmeht of • the Bequirements ': For the Degree; of.i.;-. .
. . ; ■ , : : : • .MASTEB: OF ARTS ' • : In,; the' Sra^ Goilege ' .vv;-,
: ... - AHI20MA ;: ’,
: ? 7 9 / 95-9 4, :
sT M Taim T BYymmom
. ■■
This thesis hag been submitted; in partial fu lfill^ ment; of requirements for an advanced degree at the Universi ty of Arizona andls deposited in the University Library to toe made available to borrowers under rules of the ' Libraryo ■ ■ .''• . . ' ■. . ■ ' -' ; . ' Brief quotations from this thesis are allowatole ; without speoial jfermissions provided that accurate aeknow= ladjg^eht'-oT-'-aoureei'ls'made^ Requests for permission for % : extended quotation from or reproduction of this raanu™ ■: : script ;in:' whole :or::'in\part may toe . granted toy the head of : the maior. department or the Dean of the Graduate College when; in their 'judgment the proposed us.e of the material is in the Into re s ts of'scholarshipe in all other instancess ■ how ever5 permission must be obtained, fromthe authoro :
m m s m t Q j ^ M j Q , ^ >. . - . $totoy Anne Camphell . ■
t v; . .y- ; ' TmBis DimcTOE :, . : , ■ : : :
Thi s the sis has been appro ved on the d a te shown he low:
xi)-: ' " ' ' " ' " .. ’ .KiiRFAi:BIMZ; proupfit .mHcW 'h:; >■:~ ^“:vSiDate »Professor of .Drama
. •: .
‘. v : V . :: TABLE OF GOITBETS
■Page i#mo#pTiom ©' O 6 . . © 0 ;; 0 © © © © . O O © 0 © © , ©> i : ;-v" v--' ^ : , . X ^ / Bhapter^'T' ' • '
' I® CLEOPATRA A8 V IE m D AGAIHST THE HISTORICAL : ;■ ■ _ BACKGROUND OF HER TIIffie = 0 . . » , ^ ; ® :e \®
11 o '' SHSEESPEiRE"Ss DSXDEN8 S AID SHAW’ S CLEOPATRA >/ MV;TOliED AGAINST THE; HISTORICAL BACKGROUND;' ; OF 'HER TIMEo O O, O O O .0 . 6 O O U O O O 0 o © .© © 55
Ill© ; ^ CLEOPATRA” S • PERSONAL .^ATTRIBUTES®: » . © 0 .. ©- o e :© ' 65 ■ ■ . IV® , THE ATTITUDE OF CLEOPATRA TOWARDS OTHERS •: AND.: THE. ATTITUDE" OF OTHERS TOWARD GLBOPATR&© © - © l i d
SUMMARY A # CONCLUSIONS© © ©.■ <, © © © © © © © ©: ©, © • © io- 150 BIBLIOGRAPHY© © © © © © © © © .©. © © © © © © © © © © © © 152
: -'v-
v INTRODUCTION '
. The purpose of this.study is to investigate Cleopatra the woman as portrayed in the three plays 9 Ahtohy aad Oleo= :patra b y; Shakespeare^ 'All., for ■; Love by DrydenP and - Cass a r'
and Cleopatra by^: ShawoU. IM s inforraatibn 'w ill be. 'examined ; in the light of available primary source material and also the best secondary mat e r i a 1 a v a il ab le * •" ' ' 1 'In this study of Cleopatra it was necessary to dis=
cover the eirowaslances which led to her prominence In her period of historyo The history of Egypt in the first cen- : tury Bo Co as ■well as the background of Creeoe. and Rome have,
therefore been studiedo It was found that the Greek atmos phere and background influenced to a great degree Cleopatra life and action> more than the Egyptians though the- latter has. tended to color her legendary character^ The reasons for t'his;■ Creek influence.' w ill therefore be <$losely;{examined ■. 'The factual material thus assembled has then been compared and contrasted with the literary material as of
fered in the three plays above mentioned 0 There has been no attempt to make . a oritioal., estimate of the playss but ■ :::©n:iyV:Qf''the character of Cleopatra as she appears the re in o ,. This study has been undertaken with a view to its ; fythre. Utsa ; as .research m aterials not only on •the" spaeifie GharaGter-of Gleo'gatrap but as a guide toward the analyses of other outstanding historieal Ghars'eters who have re- eeiw d varying treatments by different, authors® The editions of the plays used in this thesis art the following: , for. ^Antony and Cleopatra 16 by William : Shake spear© 9 the edition used was entitled Shakespeare > • ' Twenty^three plays and the Sonnets9 edited by Thomas.Mare Parrot^ published in Hew York in 1955s for the play wS il for Love or the World - Well Lost® by' John Dryden $, the edi
tion by William Fr© S t s Seleeted Works of John Dry den 0 was ; cuseds, ■ ■ the •'bookv Issued..ih^Hew^oi^^and:::^ in .vlS'SSi f or % aesar'and Cleopatra® by G©orge,Bernard ShaWj the edition
used was Four Plays by George Bernard Shawa published in Hew York in 1957® . ; , : ; Many people have lent valuable time and ideas to th is' projeet® Foremost .among , them is Professor- .Fairfax 1® Walkup who' has given information and encouragement through
' out the pro jeet o Many thanks 'are due also to.Profesatir . Peter H® Marroneys Head of the Department of Dramatic Arts
A speGial,#o.tG of gratitude is due to my parents^ without whom the pro j e G t might never have been begum and without whose heip its c ompletion would have been most
_ .dlffloult®. /: ''v MAP OF ANCIENT ALEXANDRIA Dtaww bflfr GBOl Ti 1898. Sea/* A*- t CHiPEEa; i '
cmoamm 'fsi: histohical background ; ; OS: HEfi. f i m : ' : :;-v 1 -
2?© mSerstand tile Cleopatra of the three plays of this studys one must know something of the Cleopatra of history and of the environment in which, she lived«, For the Cleopatra of Shakespeares Dryden and Shaw is the Egyptian., the eastern woman@ ’ Bash play indeed features the m eeting, of and friotion between east: and westo:; ' Cleopatra: herself ; / eomibined,. botheast and wests but was primarily a Macedonian Greek in her lineage; and 'life 0 : y 1 : This chapter w ill deal with Alexandria,, named after
its Graeeo^Maoedoaian founder^ the city in whieh Cleopatra was born and die% and where she spent the greater part of her lifeo The historical^ geographical and social signi ficance of the city .will be discusseds in terms of both the world, of its day and of .Its importance t© Cleopatrao . ' ■ .' A 'summary ' of the events which eoneeraed : Cleopatra .
. will, also: be includedo , For although the three, playwrights . dealt with..the Cleopatra of history^ it is hot an historical
picture which they prosento However^ it is important to haW the basic. known facts about Cleopatra in order to see clearly the differeueds in the Cleopatras which the three have presented & ^
H istorical Background
Cleopatra ascended the throne of Egypt in 51 BoCo
At that time the city of Alexandria was almost three hundred years oldo In 3S2 BoCo Alexander the G-reat had conquered ■. Egypts 13o o o the last of the Hedlterranean provinces to be
WOh'0 .0 ;psl:' He had spent the winter, of S32 -BeCc,>=531 BoCo in Egyptduring which period he founded the city of Alexan dria» 33An Egyptian toWnletfl Bhacotis^ already stood on the shore and was a resort of fishermen and pirates c, Perhaps Alexander realised: the great trading potential of the loca= ti©ny or perhaps he saw what Reginald Poole states^ that
^Ho position in Egypt is so good for defense as that of
AlexandriaoSurely he took into account the excellent harboro Be that as it mays by the time that Alexander left
Egypt in 331 BoCos the city of Alexandria had been founded
and 33o. o the taxation of Egypt and the control of its army *•
' i #Aiexander#'y Encyclopaedia Britannica^ 11th edo j ly - Po 5.68, . '; ^Alexandrian Encyclopaedia Britannica^ 11th ed«l - - tv',: • . ' . ■ : ^Reginald Stuart Pooler The C ities o f‘Egypt (Eohdon^ :i88@)^y‘'py/;l810;':- l :. 1 t • ';;' ; ; ■ v \ : and navy/waa - left to^ tlaB Greeks . ;; ' v
IhliLe s till in Alexandria that same winters Alexan
der made an expedition te the temple of Zens Ammono Ale weleomedby the Egyptians"as their tie- - llverer from the Persians 0 In this trip to the temple of
Zeus s Alexander* was „hailed by the priest as- son of the god9o ? To consider their rules of divine descent . was ; an ancient - Egyptian cus tom and.. b e lie f s ; Though the 'Greece seem to have remained for the most part aloof from Egyptian life > the succeeding monarchs kept alive this and nther Egyptian traditions s , ’ . i; ; fv/.v Cirenmstances induced the Egyptians to accept ■ ; y...: ■ ’ ■ -, : /th ese / foreign© rs .....as., the sue c e s s io n ’ o f th e ir , a n c ie n t : ■ v: kings and they gave to the. Ptolemies the '/titles '-'-y. y : that had belonged- to., the Pharaohs g ' they called v: - the Ptolemies 'Image of imo.n® a ’Son of the Sun8 s -y- . and ’The Chosen of Ptah*» In the temples were i -'y y y ; •erected their statues with the Insignia of the ancient Pharaohs = the double crown of Upper and /r' -’ .'y'./. low er E gyp t5 the horns and feathers of Amons their /: ■ - y brows' encircled by . the/ Hoyal. snake 9 In. this dress' •'./ :_ the Ptolemies' paid adoration before the Cow Hatihoiy and bent low before the Crocodile Sebak whilst they /,:',-/ - ' burnt their incense to the Cat Basts the Gods of ' the Egyptian people/that were two thousand and mofe y ea rs ©Ido The Ptolemies were depieted in the arms of Isis, saluted by Gsiris and/receiving the kiss , of .Hut ® mother if the ski® ,6 . -' -/:'-. ' .. Alexandria grew rapidly - and. became one of the great . .©at centers of trad© in the/world o ^Inheriting the throne y
^ E g y p t ,” ilth ©do» fill; /ppo 7 6 -7 7 o .. : './y^_ . - /;/ .y.:. .: • / , ■ ' f y;;.y /:-/'. - / :5®Alexanderss po /S#y.y','/f. ^ . y. ; .' i. -y ' -, f®Carlo Maria Franzeros The Life and Times of Cleo patra (lew York, 1957)^ p® lU® y- ' ;■■■ of ruined Tyre and becoming the center of the new commerce between Europe and the Arabian and Indian 'Eaat,. the city
grew in iess; than a century ;t©. be larger, than Carthage >; and for some Centuries had. to acknowledge ho superior but '
; Alexander died in 323 B0Go The world” which he had conquered was then divided among his three generals® IBgypt was glyen - te Ptolemyy^whO'foundeh t was to rule for the next three hundred years^:ending with the death of Cleopatra the Seventh® Under the reign of the Ptolemies>, Egypt flourished for a while® Then it fe ll under Soman in flu e n c e and f i n a l l y in 80 Bo Cy Egypt came fo r m a lly ■ under Homan jurisdietionoti, Cleopatra 8 s .father^ teletesy the lute players traveled to Some and sought influence with
great Soman leaders for years trying to maintain- his king™ dorao But when Cleopatra came to the throne@ she soon; proved that she was not. a woman to humble herself= Egypt rose to ; v
- 1 be agfin on# Of the .great powers> so great that, both Julius - l '.-'V ^ - i.-> v'.;;'... k i ’ ' Gaesar and Mark Antony sought out, the favor of the .monarchy for both economical and political^ as well as personal
reasonso/'.; states thatk;Fy#.e:it::; was. only under the splendid reign of', Cleopatra' that Egypt for a while re-
covered her greatnessAnd th a t 0 0at the period with. ;
y; tfiAlexandria^s.. p® 579» 8 ”Egypt*\ p® 33® ^Poblei ; po. which we are. now dealings It|^exa;ndria]had become the rival of Rome in magnificence and luxuryo88-^
Geographical Background: ' -ig:'"' : ; :;' ■. ^
In the ancient world Egypt and Alexandria were im portant from a geographical standpoint0 Egypt was the cen ter of the known world® -^Its situation brought it into ; commercial relations with a ll the nations lying around the Mediterranean^ andg at the same timeg rendered it the one communicating link with the wealth and civilization of the-' ';'- Eastci®^- ; I t was a la rg e- ( c 0 586s000 square m iles)!^ country
with many available natural resources> It had. good harbours in the Mediterranean^ had a long sea coast along the Red \
■ ■ , - ; ^ Seas and the River .Niles- the longest natural highway of
ancient times® . . - Ror the most part Egypt is not a land of geograph
ical contras tSo Xt' is a, land dominated by.sung sand and--, g water® ; Xhis: is 'reflected, in the-"faet that the . two great / gods'' of: -the./-Egyptian/'hierarchy/ are Osiris and :Ra^'
■^Arthur Eo P® Brome Weigall^ The Life and Times of Cleopatra®: Queen of Egypt (Mew York® 1914;)? .p® 52®
■ ^Alexandrian School", Encyclopaedia Britannic a, 11th 'ede/j,/ 1,: p®. 5 8 l l /■// :/.//;
; 12*Egypt?', p. 35 . V'' : • / ■ ■/ ■ - /■' - ' ■ '■//•■/ the refpeqtJive gods of the .Siw r ETlle and the 'sum Indeed^ Herodotus called Egypt the gift of the Hilee For Egypt is primarily desert land* Except for :a thin strip of land along 'tiae 'Mediterranean^, Egypt lies in a dry/ almost rain- less area>< with the kind of climate, usually associated with, a desert landq There is little humidity and the heat is rarely oppressive : In summer the nights are c ool; in win ter they are co ld . It is only the Mile that redeems this ; vast stretch of desert into a liyeahle•and productive
countryo - h : / Alexandria lies on the Mediterranean ih the small area where' there is ahundant rMh in' ■the ^wintere The hum,i= . . dity has a modifying effect on the temperature^ -so th a t■ Alexandria is', warmer In the winter^' cooler in the summer0 wThe days are eloudle33$, breezy and brilliant; the nights Cool and even coldo In. August and September it Is some- wha t -■ damps and'; the re f ore' unpleasant; but I t i s . never very ■ -hoto o o . > .f : i i-' , . ' i"''' S©s geographically and Gllmatically Alexandria was a land apart from Egypt proper». The Greeks strove to make
it sOo They imported their own favorite flow ersgreens and vegetables ' f or cultivation^- - It ‘ was met unusual for an Alexandriah to live ,,out his life without ever seeing Egypt . of the mle Talleyo ' '■ -■/■ :
;4^#e;igail.y- Cleopatra^ ps 21 0 ' Mix Alexandrian^ however^ had no need to leave his city to know the worldo; His was a cosmopolitan city with businessmen and tourists from a ll over the world 0 A lexan dria was a large j&ity« HIt was a vast' population; some three hundred thousands whichg together with slaves and - soldiers and foreigners/ made a total of no less than a .
m illlon^^ t ^;, - : ' ■ y.';.';. v;' , / /': r . - Alexandria seems to have been prepared to care for these peopleso ■ It. was divided into three distinct, areas and seems to have been well laid-out geographicallyo ®The Greek 'Alexandria-was divided into three .regionss (1) the Jew’s , qnarterp f orcing theAhorthea^ of the cityj ( 2 )
HhaeotiSs on the west* occupied chiefly by Egyptians; (5) ■ Brueheumy . the #O yai' ©r Greek .'.quarter»:■' f orming the mos t ' mag- - ' '' . 1C- : \ '-V: , hificent portion 'of, thef;eity.6: * &^^-r^-^ t e ‘ $ilth e - c i t y . was l a i d 1 'out as/ a gridiron- of parallel streetss- each of which had
an attendant subterranean- Ganal; and the two main streets o <, oare said to hate been each about 200 f e e t w id e0. 0 What -is mores Monmisen states , that 15Water ran into every house in JlexdndriaVc It must have heen a beautiful cityo Aside from the;
l^Franzer©po 5§c ; - AH; . l^ sM fexandrla#$v.pd':
i^ibido s p 0 578e : '.;y\ ; ; S'/ 17Theodore Mdmmsens The E is to r y o f Rome (Slew Yorkj 1906dp pv ;28§« Bpuehd on We re to be seen the great theatre which was used by Caesar as a fortress to withstand a siege by the Alexan drians after the battle of fharsaias^ and the temple of Poseidon whioh stood close to the theatre 0 tJThe Forum« the theatre>' the Hippodrome or race c oarse s the Symnasium# and the famous 'street., of Ganopuss mere amongst the other archi- tectdral 'maryels; and the public parks and gardens were , '
celebratedo •s,18 . The most. Common• approach to th e c i t y .was by water© 1m nearing Alexandria^ one would have noticed that ®The city was erected on a strip of land having the Mediterranean on one side and the Mareotic lake on.the othere * ■ Slts two sea harbors and One. lake harbor to which ships came from the Wile were crowded.with vessels 0s20 Bat most noticeable
o f.a ll was the Phaross a fine lighthouses which was mo = .an' offering made by Sostratus of Cnidus ©« ofor the safety of .marihenss as the inscription says o»o The Pharos stood
.,on'lthe1 'eastern, tip of an. island which was connected' to the icity'proper by a mole o o oabove-:- ^ree. '’ quarters of a mile, ,
'. ; - I b id . , p . 5 50. 1 -rr' ' ' % -y-' r Po ldo. -^V,.
^Michael I. Eostovzeff^ ; Out of the Past of Greece and Home {Hew Haven9 Londons MPCGCfcCXir)^ p. 1 0 6 . - -
^^StrabOs Geography* tr. by John Bryden (London* Cambridge* MGMmmi.)* p. 25. • g' " • ' .. lo n g and ^ ix Jtoii4rec3 f ee t broad 0 e . ' The Pharos was one of the seven wonders of the ancient worldB It was a series of towers Authorities do not agree on the height of the lighthouse^ but it must, hare been very tallo One authority goes as Par as to state that the white marble monument wsurpassed the pyramids in. height 0 0» This height plus : . the speoulum made its beaeon visible S ,thirty miles out to ssao,’*24
V ' : : A ship following this light might dock in the eastern -.or Royal; Harbour where' ^flights of broad, steps descended : int©; the:.:azure:.watery which at th is point Was so ..deep;that; ;;
.the;.. largest; ygaileys; might. moor against the quaysoSl^ From .
here one ascended into the Bruohe on or Royal ' Quarter ^,; , . .:®Where amid temples and; spacious gardens stood the Palacea the Museum and the libraryg the quarters of the guards the ,
tombs of the Ptolemiess and the' wonderful tomb built for Alexanderis bodyo. The Royal Palace wass in facts' a series of magnificent buildingss each one vying with the . OtherSs for each Ptolemy had built himself a new -palace|
2SP o o le 3 P e ISOo ' John Lo Stoddards Lectures (Chicago & Boston! MGMXX?)>; pp»: :230-231e • ^ ; v ; . " '
l e i g a l l s . s po 3 3 0 o
25, W eig a lls S p d ' 2 7 o W0 Tarns Eellenistic.Givi11nation (London^ 1 9 3 6 )s p= 27= and they were all surrounded by beautiful gardens0 • It is diffiouit to know what Cleopatra’s palaee ac tually looked like1 Since it is no longer standings descrip tions tend to be either very vague or minutely particularg
' . ' . ■ to the; point where each specific description disagrees al most comp lets ly with each other specific desoriptione Cer- talnly the palace was richly adorned with all that wealth
more of less a general:Conception of the' palaoe: The walls were of the finest marbles $ the lofty;; columns were;, of porphyrys a stone that; was found only in Egypt and was called the stone of kings^ forfor itIt was ■purple.'.like purple like their robes and mantlesmantleso0 v::'t:':::f;::'v:;:'.'^he' ctilings were of sculptured woods» g ilt and v colours d, orexquisite ly Iniald. In % fantastic l .• marquetryo . The beams were covered in gold leafe Some rooms had floorings of agate and onyx/ ' ■ . others were of rosy alabastero The doors were encrusted with tortoise-shell with the panels relieved in jasper^ Gornellan or other hard stones o , The furnlture was of ebony inlaid or mixed, with Ivory; some occasional tables were en tirely made of.ivory exquisitely carved»=1 The:cur- . tains had the warm hues of the cloth dipped in Syrian, dyes; the couches, were covered with bre- cades glittering with gold, threads| others had * the unique red of cochinala^B 1 ' . . ' ' " ' . ' . .. • ■ ■ . ■ , , ' '
;166:» 11 Host likely the palace had several openings leading to the water and one can Imagine the residents looking out at. the many birds and hearing w-o a = the sh rill cries of the gwlls which echoed through the rooms e:0 6 It is certain that the gardens of the palace, were heautifulo Ferval says that ^Flowers bloomed la profusion o 0 9 ^ 1 Greeks imported their own favorite plants to cul t iv a t e o From e a r l i e s t days o f t h e i r #©eeupation® th ey had grown Eposes ~ the heloved flowers of Greek banquets sThere may have been magnolia trees ’^ 55 p lu s e 0 = othe j a s mine, narcissus, lily , oleander, chrysanthemum, convolvus,. geranium, dahlia, basil, the henna planto»»the hellanthus and the lily e'S®^ fhese trees may have existed in the gardens ®0'ooa thick f oliaged mimosaa .0 o the weeping willow, myrtle, elm, cypress and eucalyptusThere may have been fruits growing in the palace gardens? ®The best known fruits, besides dates and grapes, are figs, •sycamore- figs and pomegranates, apricots and peaches, oranges and citrons, lemons and limes, bananas, different kinds of • m elonSo0omulberries, Indian figs or priekley pears, the
5% eigallg .Cleopatraa p= 517o s% erval, pe 9o ^ E o s t e v z e f f , p e 123 0 . ^ F e r v a l, go 246<> ' - . .
55I b id ofl Pa 5 5 o ' '' ^ friait of the lotus and ©liweso
• Cl©opatPa probably had many gardeners whose lives were ..spent keeping her grounds, a prof tasion of color and fragrance the year around o Through these gardens may have wandered the Ibis g a: bird sacred ,tp the Egyptians - These tame birds were rose colored and must have added to the already-lovely landsoapeo. - ■EriclOsed within this Royal Area was the Sernas or burial place of Alexander and the Ptolemies 0 ;?iThe mauso= leum-in wtiBh lay the body of Alexander the Greata in a coffin of' gold# was one of antiquity’s most revered monu=. m ehts: and around it were the splendid sepulchres of Cleo= : p a tr a 6 s :royal •aneestprsof T^ first
Alexandrian sights wish Julius Caesar'visits do Alexander was Caesarls great hero and it seems that the sight brought
tears t © his. eyes 0 . He is supppsed to have said# weep be= cause at my age: th is: manyhad already conquered the world Twenty years later Ootavian entered ■ the city In' - triumphs.' ... He was not satisfied to merely view; Alexander's mausoleum#
nor did he weepo He insisted that the coffin be opened and even felt of the face of the dead conqueror® Among the buildings of ■ the palace s Cleopatra had ;56
56I M d o ../p 0' 5 5 o. ,
: ^^#igall« Antony, po 5500 - & Pran ze ro # p = 280 e . eotiStrueted her own mans oleum 0 It was- there that she s tored her treasures when the fahl of Sle±an dr la ; was Impendinge.' It was there that she retreated from Antony’s rage and it was there that Antony died« It was there that she was taken captive and kept prisoner, until her death, . This seems to be the mos t comprehens ible avallable .• deseripti on of this edifice^ '. : ' ' v : Ihe mausoleum was' a building of great beauty^ . ■ and also of great sizei, built of rare marbles and ; Gompri sing several, roomsand chambers. The plan ■ - h f' the ' bui Iding. was '"the. t radi.tlbnal one for tombal ; constructionss a decorated portal of cedarwood; gave - access to a raised hall adorned with columns# • •. . ' from, which one passed to an inner sanctuary# where . the sarcophagus of vivid porphyry was r eady to re-'', ceiye the embalmed body of . the Q,peeno From the > ' . aimarble s taircase led' to an upper f loor# ‘ eOmprising two rooms# the floor of which was formed 'by the polished.blocks of black granite that com posed the ceiling of the hall and sanctuary below 0 Dormer windows cut into the thick htone,. gave light, and air to the upper chambers #, while the hall and -' the sanctuary proper were in true Egyptian style - lit and aired only by slits cut high up in the ; ■ walls# close to the •ceilinge39 • ■ - But greatest of the living monuments was the museum and library# the greates t ' school of the time 0 When C leo - 1 ■' patra:Was■born the library contained seven hundred thousand manuscript books# ^Yoimany unobtainable elsewhere e -- Strabo describes the museums , o,0 i t has a public walk# an Exedra. with seats#, and/ a large house in which is the common hall ©f : the men of leamingo , o $i41 : ; : \ v . 'v; '
59Pranzero# p, 2720 ^O lb ld ,# Po SO, ;;;; .: 4 1 lb id a # Po35o Alexandria was as famous for its museum and -library % as it.was, for its wealth and trades Indeeds the Museum was ■ sThe centre of learning, home of history, philosophy, medi cine; and mathematics,'astw ell;as guardian .of previous manu- , scrip % §, w#s in . very: t ruth. the l ight of the worldsIt : \ is said that "Ihe teaching given at the University, the , /... ,methods employed, the accuracy of the scien tific instruments, even the quality of the papyrus supplied to the students for their notes, a ll were f amous : throughout ,the world 0 S1^ So i t is no wonder that 58 Q o 0 wealthy people; of a ll countries»<> o who had some especially gifted soni, desired to send him there, that he might'bear the Illustrious seal of having been a student at Alexandriao ®44 . ■ ■ ' - 'f' ^
These then were the geographical parts of Alexan dria with which Cleopatra was most fam iliar 0 It is said that wi th Ant ony she, would wander about the more disrepu table parts of totra,. but as a young girl; she was probably ■ acquainted only with thegrand and festive portions of her city,, probably earing little for the rest 0 . -"/A: ; I t ; was-1 Slexandrla: and; not Egypt that Cleopatra knewo As far as is : known, she never, saw the Mile until she and Caesar braveled the Mile during her pregnancyo She was one o f the , sons of the Mediterranean, hot children of the
■ -Eeryals ..p0; :480:>: ; ; ; . . ; ; ; - v :.;■■■ ' 4^Pranzero, ppc -SO-Slo
:;44Eervai^ :;p:o .;.49 of ; , ' ; H ileo *45
} Social Background ,
I t ,has been said that ^Alexandrian where Cleopatra. ■ dwe It> ^ was the nineteenth century Paris of. its time 0 5 8 Th©
city gained this ’reputation honestlyo '..As we have seens it "had a greats if not longfl M storlcai heritage 0 J u st as : f a r ls : ; l8i/centrhlI#.:lpda.hed,_.fpr,;Snrope^;'tna • ■ was centrally located for traw l throughout the whole of the known world» Dike Paris? Alexandria boasted both fa= .mous and beautiful archltecturec, >; Both could : lay:. ©laim ;,$p
being .©enWrs of learningo : And' as .w ill be showns there was , muchin the way. of gay witty life to attract the visitor from afaro ’ \ ' h : • Alexandria was a cosmopolitan eityo Though many Egyptians were to be found therea the city was 33«0 = a t th a t
tim e o o oinore c lo s e l y con n ected in many ways w ith th e •'Medi
terranean. kingdoms than with Egypt propsro®47 it has been •
■called?.. ®-0 o.o a foreign settlem ent, representative of a pro- " gressive civilization, largely dependent on transmarine ^shipping; .'Ion;' At a .prosperity, - ; se t down on the coast of a
.©ouhtfy whose habits' are obsoleteo*34® I t is said, that 4*
4^W:ehaM So Haywood, ®The Heal Cleopatra , 1 Caesar and A n to n y Hew York Times, February 3, 1952, pQ 22= ; v'h . - ; 47W eiR all, C le o p a tra , p.0' ;.18:0 'v • . : \ : 46ibid., p0 1 9 . , . ■.. .;• f pr ptiiqe e s we re Greeks : and Macedonians g5® th is would tend to ,
lim it the influence and .atmosphere of the eity’s Egyptian
elements It Is said that; ‘nQ o o the business language for the intoroourse . o f' the upper posts was •. the . Greek, «r5l. But it is also stated that § ‘^Nearly everybody sppke both Egyptian and-Greeka:and the offioial doouments were set in
both 'i.anguhge^>;o. 6 m^ : . Howevera in ; diseussing the treaty
signed by Antony and Cleopatra in 54 BoCo» it has. been said th a t: v': '^fhe:j treaty--at once in three texts s Eat in® Gfeek and Egyptian^ the Greek text to be Ooasidered as
binding^®®® / \ - T'' : ' t ' / - ' - ; : . The Greek influence in Alexandria is an important factor in attempting to discover Cleopatra 0 It is said that: ®ihe city was Greek in character; the temples and public buildings were constructed in Greek Manner? the art of the period was Greek? the life Of the upper classes was lived acoording to- Greek habits? the. dress of the court and of the
~ Theodore Mommaens ihe. H istory of ' Borne [Hew York^ ■ 1GG6•p^; ;; ' - ' - -z- .1 50Bost© v2e f f s.::'po - i ll » : "-Gy/;. . . :" \ : y 5 ^ffiommsens p» 264= ' - . \ ■ . ^^FfanzerOjy p 0 264 =
libido, p« 197 p v. \ : aristpcraey was Greek; the language spoken by them was
Greeko o The Greeks did not seem to want to assimilate the Igyptian■cnltnre 3 nor to beoome assimilated by lt% '®.For the Greeks^ the Orient With "its gods 9 kings, and priestsw ith its autooaoy, its; exclusively religious con cept of life, its complete auhjaction of the individual to god and king, was an abomination, a negation of civ lll- zed life, barbariamo ", ■ \ ' h. ' : :v . % \#id so they brought their culture with thema They im ported 0 0 their religion and their cult, their habits and mpde;'of' life:,,: their ;iangx^%e and their law, their edu cation and:iiental outlookf®^ r.
Alexandria must have been an exciting and fascinating cityh' It is said that? ®The ; city was- constantly being disttirbed by street rioting; and there was no great regard f o r hsaman life '. *57 This energy also man!feeted itself In . less:,violent, though perhaps no less damaging activitiess ;-sFor' gaiety of all kinds, banquets, dances, races, theatres, orgies of love and wine9 it the clty was without a rival *s58
Evidently the Greek manner was- to be as energetic and as
; 54Weigall; Cleopatras pG 420 /: „ , ■
■ ::'y ,®5Bostovze'ffpp* 96-09.6 : ; 1. V- ®®So A» Cook, Fo Eo Adcock and M» .Po Charlesworth, eds.c * The ' Cambridge Ancient H istory (Hew York, ■Cambridge, 1028);, p® :;14i ' ^ t h \ y;; .;; y ^^Cleopatra 9 p <, 5 9 o ■ . -■/ S8F e r v a l, p* 5lo . ■■ pleasing as possible», It is said about. the Greeks s #iThey had physical vigor and. bigh. spirits and time> tbOj, for fun sooto rejoice in life^ to find the world beautiful- and de lightful to live in# was a mark of the^ Greek sp irit 0»6 ®59
. This energy and love of beauty and Wisdom manifest ed. itseIf in Alexandrla in an uppe r clasawhich li ved , we 11 These people were intelligent and wealthy, and desired that life ;in this world should be as pleasant as possibleG
H ence5, money was f reely spent f or, .good living and- phrases were coined^ for which the people became world-famous» It Is said thati %ere in :Alexandria she^leopatrajwas sur
rounded both by genuine scholars and artists and by fash ionable and wealthy inteliec tuals who seem to have com- hined the art of good living with the rarer accomplishment of clever conversationo^GO Clever conversation was one of
Cleopatrafs main assets g She could.not only converse fluently in several languageSj, but she seemed to have the art of finding.the person8s level to whom she was talkinge She could discuss with intelligence the many difficult problems which concerned' Julius Caesar* and she fascinated the coarser* ::lessilnteliectuU l.. Jnt©ny^ This art was prob ably learned by..,growing' up^. U people.' Who c
./ 59EdIth Hamiltoh* aiThe Greek Way’^^ National Geo graphic Magazinea ' Maroh3 1944* po 1691 : ' ' , .' - \ \
GOwelgall, Antonya Pq 5 5 5 o sidered conversation an art^ not merelya.methed of communi™
•ationo . ■ :■, .. -■ . The Mexandrians. had a reputation as eynies _:and:; w©P6-y: vfaMessy iot-; eenv©rsatlonal w it 0 Authorities state that: > a.A'-.-'v^ =wreTe rehoe -, was unknown to theme" 61 They were w» 0;0 in c lin e d
to witty and biting remarks about everything and everybody^, /to -striking catchwords which 'spread/all' over the Greek / A: / ■ '//"
; ■world°»» ; / Host/ famous were the nicknames planted upon :v;V/:- :; royalty or stateamen« , These nicknames remained permanent^ and .were usually less than; flatteringo Cleopatra 5 s fa th e r was nicknamed ®Auletesws the flute players and was known as ./ smohe ■ ■ ■;■.;■ ■/. ■ / ; . Cleopatra also grew up surrounded by almost unbe lievable wealth and splendor* -All of Egypt was the Pharaoh®s0 All persotis worked f or the Pharaoh0 The; g i f ts w hich C leo- / // patra was abie to bestow at w ill give a small idea of the wealth she must have posse sse d» "The income of the Palace
at Alexandria was reputed to be no less than the total in= / ^
come .of Borneo®®® With wealth like this in her treasury and with the splendid stuffs which arrived daily in Alexan- :/- '"A /', - - -v ../.V-V/vr : ''V. ' ^ V - ' dria from ail parts of the world/ there was nothing which
she could not haveo It is d ifficu lt to grasp even partial *62
G/uy Dickens a H ellenis tic Sculpture (Oxfords, 1920 ) 'Pb- 27< 62Bostovzeffs po i07o ®®Franzeros po 22 0 / : ’/.;
,/V-' be found all the best and most beautiful things of the
earth® This Is probably not an exaggeration, of the facts! \ v 1 1 ''' ^ ; '■ . ■ } : With all the wisdom, #lt and splendor of Alexan= drlag a person brought up In the upper-classes or the
court might live an almost legendary existence» It would seem that Cleopatra not only lived the legends but was the pattern for a legend all her own® '
;> : :::• .Cleopatra8s -Mfe: " V :
Biography is a dangerous field In which to work® :;
'One has great difficu lty knowing even one's own.mechanisms: and,■motivations©■; To attempt, to te ll more than the barest:g of facts about anybody^ let alone a great, and controversial
flgureg is to take on the .tasks of weeding through personal and perhaps p olitical pre judice s a and through legend^ the
most difficult Of all tasks© ; : ' Gleopatra is a woman who9 even today^ i n v i t e s com ment = In her oWn day she was subject to criticism and con troversy®. Se are not even sure of such an obvious fact as what she looked lik ei let in order.to have some idea of the woman herself in comparlsoh with the woman Shakespeare#;
G^Gugllemo Ferraro 9 Characters and Svents of Homan H isto r y '(Hew lo r k , and London:# p© 55® ;; : ^ , ;; PrySen and Shaw show us^ an attempt must be made to know ^ We; neai*est to the true Cleopatra as history knows her® s She was born in 69 B0Co Julius Caesar was then about thirty-nine years Old® 'intony was fourteen® She* : ; was the daughter of Ptolemy Auletes® Her mother5 s name i s .not recorded® Auletes spent most of his reighin Rome .trying' to secure Ms thronee In 59 BoC® •Caesar recognized' Auletes as Eing of; Igyptp but the next year his eldest daughters' BereniGes. drove him from his throne® Mark s
Antony's first, v isit to Alexandria was in 55 BoCOS) .when s
.. ■■■ as a cavalry'officer^ he was sent to help in the rest ora-
tion of Auletes to the throne ®
; ; In 52 BoC® Auletes died and Cleopatra# jointly with he r ten-ye ar-o1d .brother, Ptolemy, ascended to the throne 0
•She was seventeen years Did® •According to custom, she was the bride of her brother, a measure taken to insure the : "pure® Ptolemy strain® : ..: .. As to Cleopatra's personal appearance, there is no
authoritative image of the Queen remaining today® The bas- relief of Cleopatra and Caesarion f ound on the walls of her temple is simply a typically Egyptian representation of the r e 1 gning monarch® The re i s a Creeian he ad in the British ; Museum.reputed to be the head of .Cleopatra® Authorities generally do not agree on her looks, except to say that she was probably small and lithe ® It is also generally agreed that she was not a woman of,exceptional beauty, but.that she liad an air about her that made her very attraetiveo One h;" V :;> authority discusses her appearance from .notes taken by Olympus^ Cleopatra's personal doctors ■ • • ■ At eighteen^ Gleopatra.: had a definite Macedonians not dreolanp but rather the head' and profile of ' ' the very beautiful women of Smyrnao Her skin was . naturali^y/golden^»^Her hair-.was neither fair nor , , dark; a natural burnt-amber^ Her eyes couldj, wlth.f’ b her changeable moodss be grey poolss or turn in ; jaop^nts of passion, to that bluish mauve that is ; ." ''b:\ the blue o f v i o l e t s o - : : \ y \ --y'.; ' . : ; v ; yb: ;; :' She was not very tall; a girlish stature, lithe- v v - and supple obi The features of her face were delicate y - but well-marked, her nose small and; aristocratically 'yy bb'b a q u ilin e 0 c = Her mouth - was sm all, but not too small by;. ' -Vy;0:o.b5 .' y :y ,:y:- . b , : Vy. '' b.:- -r
b i The one aspect on which historians can agree is . : , ■: -.-■■v-; : - v "■ b . ; b'" y .;.■■■ . ^ '' r ' : Oleopatra!s intelligence; ^Historians both ancient and :': modern .are; agreed that Cleopatra was a woman of exceptional mentqi ;powe;re ® ., This seems to haye been the greater part b , ';
of her charm;, It was probably this that was the Impe tus: ' which forced her constant attempts to raise her empire to the position and glory it had known so long ago 0 little or- nothing- is known of the periods of .Cleopatra5 s life when ' .she-'• was, not actively, associated with a- membe r or members ; of ^ ; ;th e : Bomany.Im p ire» y . -b,. ,' . vy-y";. ;-:i: ‘b b-:. b,. b; : The young Ptolemy, ignoring the stipulations of his b f ath e r 8 s wi 11, was se t up in 48 ; Bo C.0 as ■ -the . sole monarch of ,. EgyptB . Probably Pothinus, the Eunuch, was the d riving fOrbe'b - :
®5Pranzerop pa 15o 'b-B6Welgall,.'- Cleopatra, p 0 124o‘
v. -'v te plaq© Ptolemy in this position® He was backed by Theo= . doWs and. by the soldier^ Achillese , \ £ :' / ■ ; . • Cleopatra fled to Syria and war was waged between} the two fdreeSo Caesar was fighting Pompey at this time/ ■ : ^ : , % err P - " ' . ^ % %/' - ^ ' '' ' ' ' . : ^ ■ Pompeya/ fled to Egypt and was slain by Ptolemy8 a fo r e e s e Caesarg in p u r s u it o f Pompey^ a r r iv e d in A lexan d ria and ■: eailed a halt to the Cleopatra-Ptolemy■fightingo He imme diately ealled a meeting of the brother and sister 0 ’ - . Knowing that she would probably be slain on sight by Ptolemyi&rferoes if she were to appear forthright at the palace in Alexandria^ she had her servant^ Appllodoruss .
Garry her in to Caesar concealed in a rugg which was sup- posed tb: be a gifts- Thus the two moharchs first met when
Cleopatra was unrolled from the rug before Caesar8 s e y e s « Pyidently Cleopatra 8 e oharms won Caesar immediately^/ for ■
although Caesar proclaimed the brother and sister joint monarehSg according to A rtistes 8 willg it was obvious that Caesaf:.taeant. Cleopatra to wield: the power0 Ptolemy was -killed shortly thereafter in a skirmish against Caesar8 s tr o o p s Q Prom th a t tim e u n t i l G aesar8 s. deaths Cleopatra ■ was- not ever away: very long from Caesar8 s sid es/' / / • -'//'}/''.' This Union was advantageous to both parties« for: ^Strategically a long stay in Alexandria^, consolidating his ^Caesar5sjposition with Cleopatra^ was a good thing for his
®^Snaeus, Pompe 1 us ■ (106=48 B0C0 ) the tr iu m v ir e career^ for it meant'he had Egypt9s enoraous wealth and
power at M s disposalo1-®® ind for . Cleopa:trai m»® Q since it : was impossible to reign against the w ill of Rome„ one mast eome to an understanding with the "Romanso e 6 And Caesar was th e g r e a te s t o f th e Romanso ' Almost immediately Cleopatra beeame pregnant, and / - soon ”o«,o she had "begun to eireulate ths belief that Julius
Caesar was the great god bf Egypt himself eome to earths . and that, the ehild which was about to make his appearanee
was the offspring of a divine union- ; As a queen^ Cleopatra desired th at.Caesar should stay in Egypt1as long as possiblee One can imagine that ' as a young g irl expe e ting; he r ' fi fst chi lds she would want ' the father with her as much as possiblee To make Caesar8s stay pleasant and interesting^ Cleopatra planned an exten= s 1 we trip up the Hile^ with.many stops along the waym • ' , Sometime in the; year 47 B0C0S either shortly before ■
of shortly after Caesarlon; was born (the time is not certain);/ C aesar retu rn ed to Some^ I t .was C aesar11 s first known son - and accounts say that the resemblance, between father and ., son were ’ amazing from Caesar ion® s earliest days.o ; - ; f \
' ; ' . Emily Hahn a Lowe Conquers- Mothing:(Carden Cityg
69Emil Ludwigs. Cleopatra (New forks 1956), p 0 8 «
^ # e i g a l l . p®;. ;119:®
: 1 \ : lived the re until Caesar8s death In 44 BoCe, One authority > states that ^The Queen’s" sole aim in Heme Is to legltlm lze ' ■ ■ - 'z' .' l ■ - " ■ W:; her sen and to estahlish his succession to the mastery of the ..world#'®, ■ ' This statement is both possible and probahl©0.; Cleepatra was ambitious for herself and especially for her eldest soho : : Caesar set Cleopatra up In a lovely villa across the Tiber from Home propero This vi 11a became a center ■ for the intellectuals 5 espeelally for the statesmen Of the timeo Cloere came to the villa and appreciated Cleopatra8s fine library^ but did not approve of Cleopatral Gleopatra ' also entertained the young writers;* Horace: and Vergil« . ; ' . There are several opinions as to thereactions to h her stay in Romes though she seems to have been generally. unpopular# Authorities vary in their statementsg ”In the two years which she spent in Home * none of the many; le tter- writers and poetmastens who were 111= disp o se d to,: her could ever detect a coquettish look .or gesture», a scandalous actions, or even an indiscreet words which might be regarded- as confirming her bad reputation## # But: 53To some she was a Gourtesan* glittering with pearls and gold; to o th e r e 5 she was a sorceresss whose influence drove to dis~
, :V " !.71Thornton ■ milder#: The Ides o f ;march iHew^YOrk'; hondon* 1048^■: p# ;91#:-; ; Vvv■: V 72Ludwigs, Po.55o ■ :/:v- V - : v- ;v traction a ll those who name. near, hero' For. the majorityg Cleopatra was simply the alive^ the woman from the. East„ " - - ' ■■'■ .■ ■■ ' , :' ■' i ' ' ' " ■ : ■ : ' ''.. that is to says the: thing that the Homan people despised more than ah yth ln g on: ea.rth:<,®^®; , . ■ ■ r; ; i :7?:' 1 " Howevers Caesar openly acknowledged Cleopatra and Caesariono He hah a statue made of her as Venus which was set ,in the Temple of Venus-Genetrl%g he also had coins ; 5 ■ male showing the ^ eeh; and: their son ' h.fact which is usually. only hinted at is that; sThere is a t endency to completely overlook the inf hence which she ewfeised in the polity of Home during the last y ea rs o f Caesar?s-'life, V :. :-.
' ’Caesar1's acknowledgement of Caesarion as his son w asa'd e fin ite .•mark: o f; di Stine t i on for Cleopatra 0 • However^
when Caesar8s ■w ill ■ was opened right after his murder, ho1 . mention was made of the child and Oetavian was ■ named as Caesar9 s.■ [email protected] Cleopatra was lef t with no legal claims ■
■for her soho = She could only flee for safe ty0 . - ; ' . She r eturned to Alexandria early In 44 BeCe . For almost three years little is known of hero She; was husy
■ govefning^her eounfry and'‘educating;'her Soho V C ivil war. v reigned in Home and there was ho pdwerfui enough in
.:: /; ^Franse re a: p* 2$<> - : ;. ' i - /. u u : : ^ ■■ ■•v > ■ . - ■ Weigallg Cleopatra^ p0 1576 . :: the western world with Whom she could form an alliance which would lead to fulfillm ent of her dreams for her soma Them Mark Antony sent a messenger to hers request ing her appearance in Tarsus0 The. second triumvirate had been formed in 45 BSC0 and he was a powerful member« His
/sphere of ipower^w ■the Bast and he set up his he ad quar ters-in Tarsuso He announced that all of the sovereigns : : f: : - ' , ': ■: : : : '"t ' ■ ' under him were to come to him0 Gleepatra decided to dis play evidences of the lim itless wealth of Egypto Prepara tions for her trip ' took a- month and finally twelve triremes v set- sail for Tarsuso . - ’ : ■ / : On the day of Cleopatra Is arrival j, Antony was hold ing forth in the Tarsus Square» Word came to the court that ®o *othe daughter of Zeus was sailing up the-river on a golden galley resounding with musico39^® Quickly the crowd shifted from the square to the waterfront to view the mag- nifieent spectaclee She arriveds . . ; rf v ® in a barge with gilded s tern and outspread pails gf purples while oars of silver beat time to bhe mupic of fifes and harps 0 She herself lay all alone# 'under a canopy of gold# dressed as Venus - in a picture# and beautiful young boys # like painted Cupidsstood on each side to fan her© Her maids were dressed like sea nymphs and Graces# some steering at the rudder# some working at the ropes6 The perfumes diffused themselves from the vessel to - the shore # which was covered with mul t it u d e s o'76 . . ■•;..1 - - - ,
; ■ :: ;, -: p 9 ' . /^Plutarch# Myes# tr® • by John Dry den (Hew York# 1909:)# p® 2g3o ■ . ■ ' ’ ' . - / . ,.- f .. Antony was overcome $ He sent wore? asking Cleopatra to dime with him that evenings. She sent back an invitation lorxhim to join her instead* For the following evenings :GleOBatra entertained 'i#tony and M s ge^
;.nesa- ;;dif flo d ltev en k t 0 ■ ' v ' -. : ■; ■ - - V : .'V :i.: A
a t;;: fhe;:. e'ombinatioB of charm and w ealth proved to be a ' winning one* Antony returned to Alexandria with Cleopatra
, • and she entertainsd him* They played dice p! they hunted 8 they ate and drank what they wished when they wished* > It is" said that they roamed about the towh in disguises and . :once were badly beaten for this activity 0 A group c a lle d : the inim itable Livers was formed for. the purpose of eat« ingj, .drinking and conversing in a lim itless manner0 ' . Cleopatra kept up with Antony in his carousingo .• In the mornings5, however^ while he slept of i ll .effects
and exhaustions she would work with,her ministers in the governing of Egypt8 a offices and she would see to . Caesarlonis.education* All this was done in spite of the fact that she was pregnant- i again by Antony$, this timey
with twins 6 . ;• • ' V; ' . : . /V" • . . In 40 BoCo s before the twins were borng Antony was recalled to Borneo Fulvia,; his wifSc, was waging war against
Oc tavian in Antony8 s name o . Soon the reaf te r .Fulvia died ’and
the" war was ended* ; ': ' v;:'. V' ' \ ; 'AVv, Cleopatra must have awaited news eagerly* Just
before the children’s ,births she received word that Antony was married againo ' To heal the. breach between him and
4n ton ys O otavian had given Oct.avias h is, siste r# ■ to Antony , in marriage 9;, Neither had: been widowed a year» Cleopatra5 s efforts of the past year must have seemed fruitless at that points It was four years before she saw Antony again» In 36 BoCo Antony was waging war unsuocessfullyo He Galled for Cleopatra and she went to him with supples and fund So However Cleopatra was no longer w illing to give in -to Antony with no assurance of gain to her: »>.. she obtained' Antony9s cOnsent to an agreement whieh was in everyway to her ad vantage ooo33^^ The gist of the con- tract be tween the. t Wo was as follows g b-it ■ /: : • ; ; lo A legal, marriage according to Egyptian custome ; Si Antony was named ^Absolute rulett58 of the Bastg not the King of Egypt (the title ^®Aut ©c rat or9®)
Bo Caesarion was named the rightful heir to the . throne of Egypt and Antony* s and Cleopatra9s were given minor kingdoms a
, ': Ao 'Egypt5 a powe r was increased to include Sinai? : : Arabia^ the east coast -of the Be ad Sea $, a part of the Jordan Valley - and Jerichoand . : the Phoenician coast (except Tyre and Sid on) s ; ^Cypraa .* and: ^part' ' o f .C rete«, : / • 5o Cleopatra was to give Antony financial and m ilitary aid when need©do* 78 v :V-;■ After the marriage Antony set forth on the 111- : fated PerSian campaign« He returned to Cleopatra and she
^% eigallg Cleopatra; p6 266e 78lbidog pQ 2669 30 convince<3 Mm that a Persian victory was nearly an iapos- siMXity® He then fought and easily won a campaign against Armenia® His triumph was held in 'Alexandria^ a blow In the face to :Some^ for this was the first Homan triumph ever to be held outside of Home®.Egypt.had seored an additional' • victory# la.that Cleopatra had;convinced Antony to openly turn away.from Octaviao By now the contents of Antony6 s w ill (for Mm to be" burled, in. Alexandria) were also known . In Bom© and Ms reputation was fallin g fast? along with that of the Q.ue@ns who seemed to Instigate all these . ■ v ' ' ' . V ' act!on S o Soon afterward in 33 BoCos Antony and Cleopatra began arming for battle against .Ootaviano Cleopatra had the wealth to undertake,.such civ il war and she loved battl©o So she went with Antony to make preparations in Ephesuso This move, of Cletipatra9s was most unpopular with
Antony!s men® Though Antony saw the wisdom in having Glee- patra return to Alexandria^ she r efused to hear of any such move« i ' 1 '
.In 31 BoC© Oetavian deolared war on Cleopatra# thus avoiding such a declaration against a member.of the triumviratee Cleopatra urged Antony to prepare for.a.sea battle# which he did despite urgings for land battle by him own men# who were, .not'.■■sea-menu As a r e s u lt# , Antony was beaten at the.Battle of Actium® In the midst of the fight- ' ing# Cleopatra9s ship left the fighting and Antony followed® 51 Ee one kaows the motive behind the flighto ^Both Plutareh and Dien Cassius state emphatically that the battle was s till undeeided when she sailed awayoo0M^ This was the absolute turning point of Antonyms fortunes and proved to be the. final real hope for Cleopatrao "However» Cleopatra returned to Alexandra.ass if she were victorious ,and carried on with the government'of' her esuntryo She attempted to arm for the.coming battle with Octavian and sent Caesarion away for safety0 All this time Antony sat secluded in the Timoneum9 a small building for brooding^ which he had erected on his return« He wished to end his days in the manner of Timon of Athens0 The attitudes of Antony and Cleopatra towards each other must have been most defeating at this time l ”He knew now that his love for Cleopatra0 o chad been his ruin eoaa80 %Antony was now a terrible encumbrance0 His pre sence with her endangered her own life , and9 what was more importants imperiled the existence of her royal dynas- ty o 3881 Antony could not remain morbid for longo He re turned to the paldc© and began an orgy of wild livings more mad than that of the Inim itable livers o When Octavian *8081
^W eigalls Antony* p« 4440
80Xbidoa Po 449o
81W eigalls Cleopatra* p0, 550o of 50, Bo.6«g . -both . ton^^ and Gleo» 'patya sent :an: ambassador to hime Antony8 s request to live out his life .as an ordinary citizen was completely diare- , gardedo Cleopatra9s request for/assurance' that Caesarion would retain the throne of Egypt in return for her surrender was granted on the eondition that she have Antony put to - deatho Berhaps Cleopatra realized that the proposal meant nothing; perhaps she saw- that it would be advantageous for Octavian to say that, not he but Cleopatra had been re sponsi ble for Antony9s death; perhaps she loved Antony0 At any rate> she did not. accept Oetavian’sproposalo In July Octavian arrived before the walls of Alexan^ dria9 Antony made a brave attempt to repulse the siege and in his first attempt was successful0 On August first he was fu ll of hope0 That day he saw his army and navy go over to Ootaviam's side without a sign of battle» Enragedp Antony .rushed through the palace> accusing Cleopatra of turning traitoro The Queen fled to her monuments Word . reached Antony'vthat she had committed. suiGide.o Antony decided to die» He asked Er©sa Ms faithful servants to . k ill Mms but Eros took his own life insteado Antony's attempt at suicide was hot immediately successful and there was time for him to be taken to Cleopatra8s monument» where he died in her armso Cleopatra was'taken prisoner theres .: but was allow©d to bury Antony in /great pomp/®'' ,Oe-tavian ' //. made many false promises of leniency to the captive Queen® B'tat ■DollabelXaj, an officer of Ootaviaa^ warned her that Os tavian8 s promises were empty . onea» On August •29 th Cle'o- • ; * •: r v■; '. '' V 7 ■ V v: . : ■ s patra visited Antonym s grave for the last time'o i, She them: wrote to Oetavian asking.to be buried in the same tomb"as i; ‘Vi;,,;/' Antonya - her\two faithful servants^ Iras and Charaions than d r e sse d h er r o y a lly and the th r e e women eeramitted s u io id e 0 ' The method of suieide is not known for certaino I t i s s t a t e d' 'Mo o 0yet there was not so much as' a .spot .' found i, or any symptom of poison upon her body*, nor was the asp found within the monumentIt is known that Gleo~ patra had studied methods of death to find the quickestg
least painful methode The asp is the legendary explana tion of her deaths One explanation is thats aWhen beta- vian celebrated his triumph in Rome s behind his chariot came a statue representing Oleopatra dead upon her couch with a golden asp encircled around her left arm*, and thus the legend arose that Ole©patra had killed herself with the aspVo e”* 83 This manner of death would not have been
Unlikely^ fori v".. • ■ ' /'' /V The bite of the asp? which*, without convulsion or groaning^ brought on a heavy drowsiness and lethargy^ with a, gentle ,sweat on the face*, the senses being stupefied by degrees; the patient*, in appearance.*, being sensible of no pain*, but rather troubled to be disturbed or awakened*, like' those, that are in a profound natural . sle e p o ^ 4 v: . - : ; . ■ "... •. ■ .
°^Plutarch*, p0 402a: 83F ran zero; p® 286® l a g g a r d 9 Po 392o .54 .. ■ •. 'r : ;;. Ootavian acquiesced to Cleopatra8 s re qua s t to be buried with Antonjo However, he had all four of her child ren killedo then, was the end of Cleopatra and her line0 She had fought bravely to the end to keep her kingdom,.even when the eaus® seemed- most hopeless 0 : ^ v.: - : :;Vv v- . Cleopatra was only thirty-nine when she died0 She had lived a fu ll life Her • legendary life is glamorous» Her factual life, as nearly:as can be ^ascertainedshows' •j years ffiled with hard work, large dreams, big:diaappoint- ments and finally, a bitter death0 '-r v' C v; * -
!X • ; ■.
- >;• .
... W ETEB I I
SHJEESPEJBE8S , DBYDEE8S MD SEiW8S CIEOPATBA AS VIEWED .; A&AI1SI' .THE ' EISIOBICAI BACKGBOUWD OF HER TIME ;
■ :Before the Inner qualities of the Cleopatra of the
three plays earn be examined5 i t i s necessary to examine :what the three authors have done with the 'plot and' with V.V the Available; faots^df Cleopatrars.;life : It seems best to follow the chronology of Cleopatra8 s lifeg as shown :f if s t : in Shaw9 s Caeaar and Cleopatra9 then in Shakespeare8's,-' Antony and : Cleopatra3 and lasts in Dryden8 s. All for Love &
. In his notesp Shaw states that;#Cleopatra was only ■ V; '' ' sixteen when Caesar went to Eg-ypto®Ptolemy is ten0 ' His tory tells us that Cleopatra was twenty^one at that time
and had ruled Egypt; jointly with her brother for four "■years:® ': .Ptolemy was fourteen "When he' and; his advisors . : -''I took over the ruling of Egypt and sent Cleopatra fleeing to Syria for safety® ', It is at this point that Shaw begins
his play® : . f t ■ In the Alternative to the Prologue Shaw says that
^George'Bernard Shaw, ^Caesar and Cleopatra", Four Plays by George Bernard Shaw (Hew York, 1957)s p® 3 1 0 G Ptolemy has. ^driven Cleopatra into Syria,a. SB.m2 and th a t mB 6«, Caesar 1 s eomlng also In hot pursuit of Ms foe a and th a t P tolem y has s l a i n Pompey^ whose sev ered head he h o ld s ■. " ' . ■- ' ■ . ■ : . : ■ •: V. in readiness to present., to the conquer or» Maymore.i1 we.
fotmd th a t C aesar i s a lr e a d y eome 9..e; 0, S ■ -- Thns far Shaw, has aet'his scene historically % Then;: he makes two additions^ he adds an event and pervades the? '
scene with an atmosphere of superstitious terror* It is .• revealed that s»»<> the Queen has been missing since an hour past sundownos9 Ftatateeta^ Cleopatra9 s servant> says.; that this is because ■Cleopatra fears me; but she fears the Homans more©38® This news of the Homan advance fills the
outpOft flt|i great fear and paniCo Cleopatra* s fear has been |0 great that she has Hied the Slight protection of the
garrison and soldiers©^': h % : ■ ' t.. ' ? . ' The first view Shaw gives of.' Cleopatra is; that of
a smhll Egyptian-girl sleeping between the paws of a . ■ ,Sphinzo',A mang Julius Caesar^ steps out of the night and
add res s e s . the Sphinx © His soliloquy awakens the young . ; ■ ?%ueenj, who, though frighteneds offers him the protection. . of the Sphinx, especially protection from Caesar and his
: 2I b id o , polGlo ^Ibldo,tpo -191o.;
''''^ I b ld o'flJ'p a.?196I.. ; Homan le.gietis o' Bej,' - in turn.s offers to teaoh Cleopatra the way 1% whloh to prevent the thing she.fearsm osts which is --''r ■Caesar’s eating hero He ■ tells her that 5iCaeaar never eats ' women*oiEhatever dread may be In your soul*„0you nmateon™ . ■ fr@nt him as,,a brave, woman and: a :gre at; % 0 if he thinks ",'yoh:^are^worthy10 rale^ he w ill set yom on the throne by ■'-; .IjhlS'.■sld© ,arid'make you; the real ruler of Egypte”b:, .,.
fhls short act is fiction* History’ s •. Cleopatra was , - /eagerto meet Caesars for she. felt that he would restore - •/-her:to. fher throne* She was a bold person who felt that
she had more to fear from her brothe r $;s foroes than from : i. . ; ; ■■ . I ■■ ^ \ .■ ; C aesar* And so she was carried, to mest Caesar in a rug*. " - , '/ ' . ■ ■'. '■ ' ■ . V;:.’ ■ • v-' ■■ / :V : : ’/’iv ■: Shaw has not ignored this, last, facto He has merely ■ _ placed it further on in the playQ He shows instead a fr ig h te n e d young .d.ueen and a w ise o ld e r gen eral^ who meet in a .place where language and costume barriers seem not \t 6 e x i s t F o r Cleopatra does not recognize Caesar as a vBoman; un til he tells her that h is3Zo 0 d s a Homan nose® 0 o And it Is not until Caesar8 s legions salute him In her
throne room that Cleopatra realizes who he really is® , In Act Two young Ptolemy is shown presenting a prepared speech asserting his right to the throne* He ;tells how B© renid@8 s :oyerthrow of Auletes was punished.by
6 I b i d o a PPo 2 0 4 “ 205 o.' '
a w . v; ■ ■■ 4 ;' th© g6is^:" ■ - t'Glespatra lateir says of ;her father: ”Bmt; he ;wa© a great kimgg and cut off my sister1® head because she rebelled against him and took' the throne from him:**®)- 1 Ptolemy puts forth .the claim that na = 0my sister Gleopatra would- snatch the kingdom from me and reign in my place e - io aecompliih this end he claims that 330 s 0 she hath cast a spell on the Eoman luli^u Caesar to make him uphold her fake, pretence : to rule in Egypt» ■ ■ , . . _ v:: ; ■ ’ ; ' Babbe Ptolemy ean remembe r a ll of his, spe ech,' : . Ca©sar appears on -:the■''loggia ' and takes over the , si tuatibn*■ Be decides to ' settlei the argument oyer the throne immediate- ly s 'and announces that -Ptolemy and Cleopatra shall reign jointly in Egyptooothe little Ptolemy can marry the other sister and we w ill make them both a present of Cyprus0 %
This, custom of brothers, and sisters marrying causes surprise to Caesaro- The reason for this custom^ , dating from earliest Egyptian tim es9:, was, to keep the royal , strain pure® The Ptolemys foilowed this custom for the ■ same,, re as on® Shaw/explains., i t thus-s-.: ^The kings and : queens of Egypt-may not marry except with their own royal :blood® - Ptolemy and Cleopatra are born king_ and consort
o $ p o S29 o -
^Ibido p® 214o
1QIb3,doa p0 214 o .
l lxbid ® g Po 220® as. th e y are born b ro th er a n d s i s t e r o S^^ v Shaw8s third act is a combination of fast and fie- tieho it shows Shaw's version' of Cleopatra8s being taken , to' Caesar ’' in a ■ rugb ■ As:; x t - was ' d iffic u lt' for Cleopatra to',' leave the palac® (history mad© it difficult for her to enter) in order to see Caesar^ she is concealed and ear= " 2?ied;;:©ut{in';;the/-'G-arpef3: "whiph^ a c o n ta in s tso 1 tern precions gohlets of thihne at Iherlan crystalg and a '
hnndred eggs of the. sacred hine pigeon©®^ This. scene is referred t©; in Shakespeare8 s Antony: and. Cleopatrag . A ct, 2P: . : Scene 6s lines S1? and'.'feliewingo '' ' i f ' : Act four takes place in the palace =, Cleopatra 8 s statement; to Pofhinus sets the; scene 0 ^You are no more a prisoner here, than I am = than Caesar is© : These, six ■ . • ' '■ ■ ...... ' ' ■ ' ■ 1 ^ months we have, been besieged in this palace by my subjects^ “ : V'V-':7. V:-. <:i:: 1 ': ,;vV ' But the siege is about to be brokenfor she * warns Pothinus that “o o oMithridates of Pergamos is at hand .with reinforce-. • ■ ments for Caesara. Caesar has held you at bay with two le- gionsi we shall see what he w ill do with twenty ©^3-5 ; \ :' ihen P#thinus finds, that he cannot bribe. Cleopatra# he-goes to Caesar© Cleopatra reta lia tes by having Ptatateeta 12*1415
1 2I b i d o a bo 2 1 9 o
15ib id ©8-. p 0 • 250©
1 4 I b id .og Pc 2 6 8 o'
15Ibid o 3 p . 272© k ill/ PotMnuSs an act which• enrages, the Egyptian people = ■ ’ ■ y; '(Historj says that "The Eunuch Pothlnus was arrested during a banguet' ::for the ■recondlliatlon' of PtoleMy and Cleopatra# and was' beheaded without . delayo 33-®); After Caesar leaves, - to j bln- M ithrldates s' fiufIo learns■from Cleopatra that Ptatateetav1s' the murderess and he k ills hero The act" • . :■ Vv:"'V®: "1-' L: : ;'■: " r v -V.; ends with Cleopatra^ s :discovery of Ftatateeta8 a. body0 . Act five depicts Caesar8s-departureo He leaves Egypt to the .governorship of BufiOo Cleopatra enters in mourning for her dead servant Ptatatee tao She is oom= , forted when Caesar promises to send Mark Antony to hero -.Caesar8 s final words to ..her are "Farewell: I do not think ' ■'■■■VoV/v,- 'A':' ' y ; ^ . . ' we,, sh all meet- againo Farewell» . y ,... \ Shaw calls ..this, play A H istoric Yet is said that ;#Shaw is primarily interested not in events# but in people 8s: reactions thereto.o a 0 This would seem to be the case in - this instance# for though Shaw uses history# he uses it as he seems to see 11 to There appbaifs: to . be no striving for chronological order and the love element between Caesar
- And Cleopatra id; omi ttedo . -. Caesarytreats Cledpatra : W a ; „ child and Cleopatra9s love interests appear to be towards *18
IGpranzero, P 6 ; SC < •^^Caesar and Cleopatra# pe 504* 18i35Shaw:'M# EncycLopaedia B rltah n ioafl 11th edo # ■-XX,:; 4YQo Antonyo Ho mention Is made of Cleopatra1s pregnancy» of her great hopes if or the offspring of this uni on j, hor of her impending two°year v isit to.Borneo • William Shakespeare8 s Antony and Cleopatra was entered in the Stationer8 s register on May 20$ 1608 His source materlai was Horth8s translation of Plutarch* s l ife of Antony0lgu . rfHot only does he take over the whole 'action and a host of minor characters, from Horths but he often turns the .very- words of Horth9 s prose into verseo®^.
;She;'play' has; heen divided by its editors Into five acts and forty-two scenes ,5 the latter 'of:which shift from one • - 'part to' another of the known world with great rapiditye
, i:' The p la y ppensi;in.i 46'":C-q ■ shfen years ■ after Caesar had sailed from Alexandria leaving Cleopatra behindo Caesar v was murdered in 44 Bo Co vatid:-' fhr- three years Cleopatra had. ruled alone in Egypt' in 41 B0C0 she had been summoned to
meet Antony at. Tarsusand had returned to Alexandria with him at her side© In 40 B0C0. Antony received news that his , wife j, Fulviag was -waging war • against Oetayian in his name©
Shortly after he returned to Home> 'Fulvia died 5, and with ' her .the revolt© It is at this time that Shakespeare opens
“^William Shakespeares Twenty^three Plays and the S o n n e tss ed© w ith am In tr o d u c tio n by Thomas Mare P a rro tt T^w fo rk ^ 1953), p©; 859© ;
■ ^ I b l d e s p© 859© f : ' ;:•' ' ' 21iMd08, p© 859© f.' ::; .;, y" : y ' : h is p la y e Howe top s he makes an alteratiozio Antony is in Alexandria when he receives news of Fulvla1s deatho Theplay covers a time spati from 40 BoCe to Cleo= pat ra8 s. de a th in., 30 Bo Co^almos t . the' whole of - Antony8 s ; ■ •' and;: S le e p a tr A 5 # /Many o f the. e v e n ts which v , ©c ear red during thistime are accurately describe do , .. Howeyer^ possibly the most famous description in / \ the play is of an event which took place before the play be«= ginso This is Enobarbus8 description of the meeting of Antony .and Cleopatra: ' ■ i : : - j : , : :'y. . ' . V . ' ElOBAlBtfS S' -The . barge she sat in a like a burnished : , 'throne,/''yV1'/" v': ' ' . .■ : Burned on: the waters. the poop Ms; beaten goldy Purple the sails,, and so perfumed, that ; . i : ■ The winds were -'love-sick with them; the oars were , . • silver, . • "Which to the tune of flutes kept strokeo o 6For her ■ /■./i ” ' / /bwn/pers'bn,;;:-':' ■■ ■■ : : ■: It beggarl d all descriptionj: she did lie ' . In her pavilion - cloth«of=gold of tissue ~ , 0 8e r p ic tu r in g th a t Venus where.' wO sea" /t : \ ^ : : • ' The; f ancy outwork nature = On each: side* her. • •, Stood pretty dimpled boys, like smiling Cupids, With divers=colotir8d fans, whose wind did seem To glow the . delicate cheeks which they did 'cool, , - And what-they undid dido- Aettwoy therv relates Shakespeare8 s account of / Antony9s marriage and of Cleopatfa8 s reaction to that newsa (lo. mention'of . thi^ made' in Plutarch) 0 .The his toric scene aboard Pompey8s ship is shown, when Menas of fers to slay tM trituavif ate and Pompey replies: jlIn me ,81 is villainy|/In thee11 had been good service 0 According
^Antony and Cleopatra3 ll, 11, 195=109, 201=209, 85Ib id e ^ I I , v i l , 80=81 o . ■ : ; '
to Pitatareh. this is an- accurate account0 ; /. r ^ ;.: , r; ;,' ''' ' : ;-V:-T3ao- next h istorical mention, of Cleopatra is In Aet three/ soene siXo It is set in Borne three years latere -in tony has returned to Alexandria^ leaving Got a via behind e Antony’s return to Cleopatra widens the rift between the two-:WenAntony’ s - Alexandrian triumph makes war inevitable^ i'as^is-'iho^-in Sct:^ ; _ CAESARo I -8 th! market-places on a tribunal silver 8ds Cleopatra and himself in chairs of gold . 1' • , ■, : Sere publiely enthronedo At the feet sat Caesarioh^ whom they call my father 8 s son^ : ^ind all the unlawful is sue .that* their lust • Since then hath made between - theiQo Unto her . ' ;i / He :gave the^ stablishmeht of Egypt5 made h er / :' - ' ■ Oflower Syria^ Cyprus5, . ■ Absolute Queeno • • ..... ' . - . His sons he there proclaimed the. kings of kings/• ■ Great Media^ Parthia., and Armenias ■ • . / ; - He gave to Alexander; to Ptolemy he .'assign’ d . Syrian Cilicia^ and Phoenicia 0 ' - ■ In the same scene^ (lines 68 and following) Shake speare
tells that M taxes to pay -for' the comingywar :and the ; 11 s t . of the -kings8 .forces . ; \ which they have gathered is given 0 \ . '\ ..:.:;The- next scene takes place in Egypt0 l Antony is- i ' seen brooding to him self* When the Queen appearsft this is . '
• "" - his reactions ®0P whither hast thou led me, Egypt? See/ v ■■ :;'v; V-'' .HA- . ' ‘ '-l V' How. I convey my shame out of thine aye s/By - looking , back what I have left behind/8Stroy’d in dishonourCleopatra
; . . - : " . - . . ■; '•/. . .: y • ^ answers hims 320 my lord* my lord*/Forgive my fearful sails!
W i d ^, III*: xl, 51-54< X little thought/You would have .f ollowedBut I t I s jBntohY who has lost and must make Ms peace with Octavians <®l'ow;:'X; ;mus::t/ f o the youhg man send "humble t-r e a tle s j, d od ge/ ■ ■ ■ 'y:';/ - , ■ . .. . r ' ■ ' . And palteu in/the shifts of lowness| who/With half the bulk
© * th ® world play5 d as I pie as8 d/lfaking and marring for- tuneso^^6 .Antony sends-his message with his ambassador : v' V- '. : i';': V : l. V / v / 1 '. to Octaviuss . . '3,Lord of his fortunes he . saM es them and/MeQuires to live in Egypt| which not grantsd^,/He lessens his requests^ and to thee sues/Xo let: him breath© between the. heavens and earthy/A private man in Athens 0 e =33^ The ambassador also, ''i . ' ' ' ' ' , ■ ■ V - ' ■ : - 1 : . l l " 1 - 1 ' , ■ ' ' . ' . brings a request from Gleopatrai . •®6Eext5, Cleopatra does confess thy greatnessj/Submits her to thy might| and of thee craves/Xhe circle of the ..Ptolemies for her heirsg/
. ;ldw hazarded -to thy graces , Octaviarfs -repile s to the , two are as follows: : ■" 1: . - . : ■ OC.TAVIMo • ; ‘ For Antony ' ; I have, no' ears to his request® The Queen . ' ; . . . • Of audience nor desire shall failg : so she ; f : . -: From: Egyp^ her; .ail^dls..grac®..d -.'f.riendV Or take his life there.® This is she -perform, : i / She shall not; sue unheard, . Scene thirteen shows Cleopatra and Enobarbus worrying over Antony®- Oetavianls reply is given and An tony retaliates by - ehallehgihg' the young man to ! a' :due l®1VV - •,
25Ibido s III, ii, 54-56® 28I b id o. III, xii, 1649
2% b id ® ® :,XXI> ' x i , 61-65 ® . 29Ibids, Illy x ii, 19-24■ 27Ibido, H I, xii, 11-15® sword; a g a ia st:'swe.sd,y^Wrsel’ri9s alone0 Cleopatra .: 1 ne^nsee ',%l3: request: ssTell hlms, from. his all-obeying r . brentii I hear/The doom ©f Egypt Ss3^ Th@ns having thus - sealed their doomss Mtbny and Cleopatra decide to have - one last eostatio nighti y AETOEYo L et's have one other 1 gaudy nightQ Call to tie. All my sad eaptalnsi f111 our howls ones more5 Let's mock the midnight hello :;:v v.r ^ . ■■ y;, CLBOPATBAo ', , ,y -y,.vIt Is my blrthdayi fit was notA y: ':y.:; I had thought t 8 have it held poor £she dlgg butg since my lord I s Antony a g a in •w ill be C laopatrao 'y y:-y\y: ^.■•y-.-y'-y (This is from Act III, x lii, 185-187.} ■ %s Antony watches the sea'yfight, he sees his sailors, join- ;
Ing the Roman fleet with no- attempt at a battle engage ments . : %Iy fleet hath yielded to the foe, and yonder/They
east their caps up and carouse together/Llke friends long X osto13®^2 Antony immediately thinks that it is Cleopatra ywho ,hasbetrayed ■ him. - ^Triple-tum 8 d: whore I Tls thou/ • • y
Hast sold me to this novice.=.”33 (Ho historian lays the blame on any head for this mass^de'sertion..) . Cleopatra ' y enters almost immediately. Antony, in a rage, threatens > y'. | her with a fate which the Queen feared greatly: . ;y." AHTOHY. Vanish, or I shall give thee thy deserving, ; • And blemish Caesar's triumph= Let him take thee, / ' : .yyf And hoist thee up to the shouting plebians. : ; y y:; ; Follow his chariot, like the greatest .spot ' . y-v'' Of all thy sexj most monster-like, be shown For poor'st diminutives, for dolts 5 and l e t :-y:. ■ . ■ '-y.;' P a tie n t Get av ia p lou gh th y v isa g e up y • ,y-;y
: ■ . ■
.: 5QIhido , III, xill-r II. 27°28.5gibid^ IV, all, 11-15 . 51l b i d . ,y XIX, ' ■ki l l , 7 7 -7 8 . 33X bld. , IV,xii, 1 3 -1 4 her prepared nails® ' 1 -.. Gleopatrap raizing' the dreaded possibility of Antony8s ■ words: and fearful of Oet a viands rages seeks flight* Gharmion, advises hens "To ths monument 1/ The re 1 oek your se lf $, and send him; word you are d ead®Cleopatra f o l lows her servantrs advioe9 v ^: v\' ,. '' : When Antony receives news of Cleopatra^ s deaths.
' he.feels that there i s :h© Way■ to go oh:ai©he © - He'resolves: ■ to ;dip also: 81 w ill o8 er= take thee $^Cleopatra; and/Weep • for my pardon®0®® He .asks Eros to k ill Mm5 a task Eros is sworn to do® Eros fakes his own life insteado Antony realizes the worthinesa o f,Eros * act s "Thrloe-nobler than myselfi/Thou teaGhest me, 0 valiant Erosp what I should^ and thou eouldst hot0 Antony stabs himself s but. does not die immediately^ Word is sent to him that Cleopatra fhas feared just this,re:aetion ■ from Antony® When Cleopatra 'hears that' :Ant©ny';:still:iiv9s.s/ he:;begsfo fe be carried to ' the monument to die - in her arms Q Cleopatra and her two womens Ir a s and Charm!ondraw Antony into the monument© Ih h is la s t few m inutess Antony warns the Queens :liHone about 5455*
V ? . > 54Ibido S lVs.:-'xii^^&2-S9^ \
55Ibid=» IVs xiii, 4-5o
36Ibid o s . lVs:. ziv, 44-45© , '
l ibidos IVa xiv, 95-97o - ■' ■ 38shakepeare uses sCharmian0» Dryden uses wChar= m ioh0 ® Caesar trust but Proouleius0:is3® He dies and Ms body is
G arried out from the monuments, _ : . Until this last seene> Aet four is a factual ae=- oount aGeording to Plutarch of Antony8s last days0; Plu= ■ tarch then relates that.at this point-PrWeuleius eame in ' /. ~~'C the guise of friendship and captured Cleopatra/ after which she was allowed to give Antony a sumptuous burials Set five is eenoerned with Oleopahaf s- last ‘daySo i ?.; Seen© one shows Caesar8s attempt to dupe Cleopatra into : thinking that she is in safe hand So y, Soene two depicts Proculeius5 treaoheryo (In % . ■ ■■ V : ■ v ; : -AX: i ' ■ historynthis seene .followed Shakespeare ®s last soene of , Aet' fouro)' Cleopatra^ remembering Antony’s last words'^ ' trusts this m&ri* She begs him to plead her eause'hefore Caesar;: ” 0., oif he please/Te give me conquer’d,Egypt for my son^/He gives so, mueh of mine own as l/V ill kneel to him w ith thanksProculeius promises to do soa but : turns ©a the Queene The dismayed Charmien states s0 ^ ' G ledp atra I; Thou, a r t ^ ak en8 queen.o-®^^: ■ C leopatra' s tr u g g le s for her daggers but Is disarmed@ - ' ; Then .Shakespeare telesGbpes1 his time 0 S till in ' Soene tw 08- foiabelia enters and warns Cleopatra that 59
59jntony and Cleopatraj ; 48 =
lib id o r. v;8.. i i s 18-21. ^ I b id o g- : Va: i i a : 58= . •
"I::'.' Octavius does intend to lead her in his triumph= And Octavius threatens hen , 6:6 ohut if you seek To lay on me a erueltya by taking . Antony5s course^, you shall bereave yourself Of my good purposes^ and put your childreh To that destruction whioh I 511 guard them from If thereon you relyo CV9 i l 9 128=-135o ) Oetavius then demands Cleopatra’s treasures«, Seleucus^ her servants tells that she is keeping back a - few jewels e Oleopafra replies: 83Some nobler token 1 have kept apart/ For Livia and Oetavias. to induee/Thelr med i t a t i o n 0
Oetavian allows her these jewels and exits? Then begins the preparation for suieldev Cleopatra asks her servants to $,Show mes my' womens I lk a a queens go fetch /M y b e s t attires| I am again for Cydnus/To meet’ lark Antony®5*4®
The clow n e n te r s w ith the aspo The women d r e ss C leop atra and when she is ready she takes the asp to' her =>. She . kisses her women farewell and Iras dies immediately®; Cleopatra dies and Oharmien dies adjusting her crown<> '
Octavius and his guards enter as. Charmion dies sayings ^Your crown5s awry;/i511 mend its and then play =^44
detaviue is not unaware of Cleopatra,9 s interest, in an
easy means of death® ; He sayss • 0p ® Afor her physician tellsm e/She hath pursued cohclusions infinite/df easy
4% bid®s:V , 168-1 7 0 ®: lib id o s ::f/'ii:s 227- 2:29® > 44IbIdos Vs iis 521- 5 2 2 ®':;: ■ways to dieoBut he cannot help admiring her courage and orders a royal funeral for the Queens ®She shall be
burled by her intony^/No grave upon earth shall clip in
■ ity '^ ^ p a ir ■ 'S;© .:fa i Q O U S o : ; Thus ends the mosb W the three drama= tic 1acGounts-herediscussedo Except for the time elements . • ■ ■ ' • :; Shakespeare h^S foliw ed the most complete primary • source available bn the life of Cleopatrae f-; ■; vv' •"Vy": bryden1 s A ll for Love was written in 16771 He '
patterhed his play on Shakespearers intony and Cleopatra and on Horth9s translation of Plutarch's Livese Following
the heo=GlassiG seventeenth century tradition of the unities^ bryden eompresses his action into a very full twenty-four hoprs and sets the scene in a single setting in Alexandriae M :opposed to Shakespear©8s play which shows a panoramic view of history# sbryd@n chooses o„» , a fragment, of a historical actione 554 ' The play d epicts y th e ystru ggie 'betw een '#oW; and Ole^ s Z ■ V,; /
lo y a lty » Home conquers ln \A b b bne@-. : -'.lb'-'' y. ' As the play openss the situatlon is set: v . ALEXIS^. .All southern# from yon hills# the Roman camp
4^ Ib id o # V#. 11 # 557-359 o '
46I b id o # V# 11#: 361-S63f.: y ^ y..; f ^
4^38brydenws Encyclopaedia Brltannioa.a 11th ed VII# 687, ■ '*y.:
bbbyy . y'7■ ■ ■' . . . . ■ . 50 Hangs ©9ep ns blaek and thpeatenlngs like a st©m J n st b reak in g on ©nr heads® SEEfePIOHe, Our faint Egyptians pray for Antony; But in their servile hearts they own Oetaviuso- The fate of Egypt is already deeid6ds whatever Antony8s fates for Serapion saysV slf he be vanqulshed/Or make his peae® !, Egypt is doomed to be/A Roman province«, 0 0 Howevers
Serapion states that this was not always sos. wlhile Antony' stood firm^ our Alexandra.a/Rivailed proud Berne.»« . .
It is. stated that Oetavlus9 message has reaohed Gleopatra and has been refused9 as she loves Antony stills AIE^Sa- Ohg she d©t9:ss She dotes^ Serapion;s on this 'vanquished mans: She winds.herself, about his mighty.ruins| Shorn would she yet f©rsak©# yet yield hi.m ups _ This . hinted preys, to Ms pursuer’s hands^, She. might preserve us alls but Btis in vain ~ 1
Drydea eh©ose s Antony9 s birthday (X,-. lo 2050) as an oeeasion for cslehration by Cleepafras although Ailexas says ■ that ®Her own.birthday/Our queen neglected like a vulgar - fate./That passed ©bseurely by®”52 Cleopatra uses the
©eeasion to brighten Antony9 s morose moods, brought on; by his defeat- at Aetiws; - - . . . ■ - ■ OEHTEEMM'® He eats not* dr-inks nofc9 - sleeps nots has ... . no use . Of anythings but thoughtg or if he talkss
^Johm Dryden5 13All for hove88a Selected Works of John Dry den (Hew Yorks,.: Toront ©g 195'5) j, X» 42=46 o
49 Ib id 1> 64-66® - 52IbidoS. -I, 160-162® 50I M d ., 1> 68-69 a ■.- ;' , ■ ■ ■ . / 51I b id 0> Ij, 77-82o V ? Tis t© him self 2 arid, .then 8 tis perfect ravings fhen he defies the,worlds and bids it pass; Sometimes he gnaws his lip s and curses loud Ihe boy: Oc tavius I then , he d raws his mouth into a scornful.smile 5 and cries 9Take a l l fl The w o rld 8 a not worth my bare 8 '
Ifentidius trie 3 to break his general8 s ill humor bv stlrrihg him to battle s - lso ot twelve legions wai t yous/ , • And long to call you chief : But 5,1 They said they would hot fig h t!.for Gie opatrao®55' i .Cleopatra is not seen in Act one and as the cur=- ■talh;.cl©se.sV::yetit.idiM has ::W©n^'to the military mood and to Borne® Act two,.however* depicts Cleopatra’s victory® As ■ the act opens Cleopatra is bemoaning her loss® She decides ,1b: send Aiez&s to Antony with jewels, for. him® Finally the..,;- two meet face to face and Antony relates the history of their
love, a love which led him to Aotium and defeat® These are h is%speeehesg abridged? When I beheld you first, it was in Egypt® ' Ere Caesar saw your eyes, you gave me love ® ® ® I left the acknowledgement for time to ripen, ; Caesar slept in, and, with a greedy hand, Elucked the. green fruit® ® ® - ' _ ; Be. was m y,.lord , ^ \".-i And: was, beside*, too great for me to . rival; B u t, 1 deserved you fir st, though he enjoyed you® ®® 1 loved you still, and took your weak excuses, lo o k you to my bosom, s ta in e d by Caesar®®®
55Ib ld o *.. 1,. 115-123® ^ & bia®-, .1, 227-228 ® : ^^libld® 1 , ' 360® :. 52 ■' ’ v / I went, to Egypt with y©y5 : ’ ' /, ■ ' : ; Snd hid me from the business of the worIdo»e.:: ■ . ; - . Fm lvlag mgr mif@^- gremr j-aaloh s- \ \ - i CM she indeed had reason) s raised a war In Italys to ©all me haeko o * , While within yoiir arms X lay^ The world f e ll mouldering from my hands each hour<3 @ o . Puivia died. A : ., ■ ■v - ;1:' / To set: the world at peace^ I took Ootavia^ , , , ;.y: T This: -Gaesar8 8; sistero/.. ^ ^ : ;-'Xou c a lle d ; my lo v e obeyed the f a t a l summons g ' J This raised the Homan, arms; ; the cause was yours. X would have fought, by land^ where I was stronger; You hindered its yetg when I fought at sea^ Forso ok me fightings and (0 stain to honour! r,::.;.,;: G lasting shame) I knew not that I fled; ■ But fl@d to follow y©Uo56. ■,; /■ : ■ ^
■ Cleopatra replies by claiming that it 'was fe.ars not betrayal^ that made her flee, at Actium0 Her- winning e ard is played when she shows Antony the message from Octavius of fering Syria and .Egypt in return for :Mtony;8;S murdere . An- .. tony 'goes' to ' battle to revenge this insult; and Cleopatra is
filled■ with triumphant joy. , ',: : : - Act three leaves Cleopatra desolate againp for Dryden brings in tm nlflfld her case with Antnmr and againSt d le o p a tr a Antony returns vie tori©us from battlee Dolabella (whom Drydenaakes a close friend to Antony) enters to plead in Rome Is behalf. Antony reminds Bolabella of Cleopatra ' s vcharme';' ;;TM is his speech (abridged ) of the meeting at ;i
Tarsus!. - Her galley down the silver Cnidus roweds , 'The:taokling silk s the streamers waved with gold| / v % gehtle # were lodged in purple sails; Her h^mphs> l ik e HeraldSj, round her couch were i placed^' #here she, ahother sea«horm Vernas^ layo . ; ' :;.;v r' , :/■ c,-h©ys> l i k e CapidSg , v . • Stbdd vfarihing^ with their painted wings$, the winds# ' ' : That played about her iace0 ■':: ; : - ; ' ' ' sdft fidtes ; :®ae silver oars ,kept time; and while they played^ " Tto; ..hearing' gave new. pleasure to the sighto5^.
\'$hLS:.d-Sse.'l,ipM'©h»' o f c o u r se s a ls o , c lo s e l y f ollo w s P lu ta r c h 9 s description'of the scene o', With the urging of Venfcidiusg Dolabe11a remains firm in his advice to Antony, Ootavia and .J. the' ■ children enter, Antony is able to withstand a ll this
/'pres sure nnt i 11.: > - VENT I PIUS a. '.Was ever sight so moving? • Emperor1 ; : •. Friend I y i ; ; . QGTAYIAt, : Husband i-:. ' : BOTH GHILDEEHo . f a t h e r !;: .. . , ■ _ AHTOBITI I. am vanquished: take m e,,,,&8
Then follows the vital scene between Cleopatra and Octavia*.. at the end of whiohs Cleopatra feels defeated. This scene : is entirely a creation of Dryden9 s imagination^ as the two women never.met in Alexandria^ and it is not known if they met during Cleopatra8s stay in:Home, ^ -
Act four is almost completely fiction, Antony sends Dolabe11a to tell Cleopatra that they must part/ but ®Tell herj though'we should never meet agains/lf I should hear '
she took, soa ©the r love s/The news would, break my he art o®359 57
57Ibide« I I I 3 ' 162-166, 171-173, 176-178, ' : :;#Ibld, / III, 360-364= % bid, ,17,' 37-39, in'tony cannot te ll her himself ^ for he says s wly dare not trust my tongue to tell her so.s/Ohe look of hers would thaw me into tears0/And I should melt# till X were lost
againo®60' ' ' , ■: ■ ... : Though Bolahella would not5. Antony 'insists ; th a t he v: is the person 'tp';relate:;thehad news to Cleopatrao Cleopatra is advised by Ale%as to feign love for Dolabella in order to
make Antony jealous^, thus causing Ms return« ;Antony is in deed roused to jealous rages but denounces both Ms friend
and.his mistress^ instead of returning to Cleopatrao The historic fact is that Ddlabella was one of
Octavius' officers and did not enter Alexandria un til.after' Antony9 s dea.th>: at whloh time he warned .Cleopatra of pc- ' taviu s1: • intentions'tow ard ■ hero' Dry den8 suse o f Antony9 s - ,. ■ f:.:
. : i. jealousy may have been founded on the fact that the two , had quarreled jealously in the Homan Forum years before .(when Julius Caesar was s till alive) over Antony's first wifeo However^: it does not seem likely that the t wo met at - this time in Alexandriae ■ - ;; ' • ; Act five deals with the desertion of Antony's forces
and with .the d eath'' of the two- lovers o Dryden . is accurate in most of/his details o^'b element' of'time,'': in -order to •obey the unity of tim e0 ■ He.also bows\to,the unity ': of place and has Cleopatra come to the dying Antonys in s-
6-8 4'.'
-v ;.A : tea d o f tr a n s p e r tin g Mm to tiae mon'maento ' 1 Serapion relates the desertion of the fleet s - - • ■ -i'
,Vv"< v • I '.saw -■ ■ ; ' - v’lEtii: SBt6nyS'.-yeW:wellv-a ■ - / Row out | and, thriee. he waved his hand on hi ghs And thrice with cheerful cries they shouted back:«o= .'.'v : s 6 othe- well^tliaed. oarSs,: . '< Mow dipt f rom every bankg now smoothly hun^ j To meet the foe) and soon Indeed they metg , ■ v.. B ut not, as, foe So . In fews we „saw: their caps \ - On either side thrown up; the Egyptian galleyss Received like friendsy passed through^ and fe ll be- v,:-.,., f MW:;/, ■■ The Roman rears And now# th e y a l l come fo rw a rd / ; , And ride within the portohl
■ : Serapion then relates Antony9 s reactions 33His fury cannot be expressed by mrordss/Thriee he attempted headlong to have falleh/Full on his foes# and aimed at Caesar’s galleys/W ithheld» he; raves ' on you| ■ dries He8 s betrayed =5,62
Alexas advises Cleopatra to flee to her monument .
while he goes to Odtavian,to plead her causeo Cleopatra is furious with ,Slexas :at this suggestibho ; She insists that he be her ambassador to &ntonys atthe chance of the slave’s
lifev Alexas then tells Antony tin order to save his own :
'life) that Cleopatra has killed herself® In his griefs ; •' Antony asks Ventidius (not BrQss as in Antony and Cleopatra and in history) to k ill him« Ventidius kills himself ins tead and Antony falls on his sword 0 Cleopatraa fearing Antony's reaction to Alexas’ false tale>; enters to find f
' ^Ibidla T i; 81-84s 88-95'. : ^2lbid«,r 100-105 o
!I;-1, Amtoiiy dying»• : -She e xplalns that she did hot know of the. v: .fleet6 s in tent ion -to.. desert and clears hi ns© If . of this and amorous d© alings with Doiabe1la c To prove her love and fidelity - she tells Antony that she w ill die with him* She ' : ^ : \ : ^ \ '' ^ ' - .: / - / u" ' " - ' -.:/;" ' V : orders Gharmion to: bring her crown and jew els 0 I r a s i s tpld 'to . bring the : a:^ ;As...Octavlan anters the ci ty# -she V ' snbm its h er arm to th e asp* Her two se r v in g women a p p ly ' ' the asp to their arms and die with their queen * It is Se'rapion who eulogizes the pair, closing. wi th the line $ -Eo lovers lived ao/great, or died So 'well*.?®® '- .1- :
Here we see a play lying between the poles of fact;' and fancy* It is based on more fact than Shawls play# on. - less than Shakespeare's* Dry den uses a minimum of charae=. tars (i,se ® 3 Ventidius seems to be a oembination of the:r • ■ . characters of Eros^. Bnobarbua and Ventidius from Shakespeare’s play*1 He adds scenes withOctaviaand omits scenes with- ■ Octavius*; He .compresses time mbre than Shakespeare d©es> , ^ in order to follow the ®unities® stressed in the dramatle>: tradition of the time*:i - : ' The three. authors se t their plays against an M s- 'l ■
torical backgrounds but handle them in three d 1 f fe ren t ways *',
Shakespeare transports his action from one location to another, with great speedy but. does not say much about these places* Dryden places his first act In a specific locations,
e% bid e ^ f > : 516* tmt gives no location and little description thereaftaro : Perhaps it is because he is specifically making
Cleopatra an Egyptiah that »Shw Is so particular about the surroundings for his queeno For instance-) M s Prologue35 is not-placed in Alexandria^ but "In the doorway, of the t; temple of Ba in Memphiso ®64 . Although Shaiur gives .no further :
■deserlptloh..of the teaple It is pro^ ' mind the - gre.at;-'temples■■■'hui It; :tpi Amon=Ea ®Chie f among ' /; Egyptian D eities e Q»and MsV temples toowere the largest and most
important in the e ountry0;M®^ The two most famous of his temples are the temples at Karnak and at Luxoro -These two temples have large hypostyle halls.a the hall at Karnak . having a- Glares tory» These temples show examples of two -popular: ;types:. of*'^Egyptian;columnsa Earnakla-:being the papy- .,; 1 . ru's. flower column5 Luxor9 s being the papyrus cluster
Shaw8 s . ^Alternative to the Prologue18 is set in 1- :V Syria-o The palaceM n^exlle is described as 310 o .o an olds
low> Syrian building of whitened mudo o o whlch .'is ®o.o o not so ugly as Buckingham Palace> o 0 S68 and \fnl ch Shaw con-
- ^Shaw>: ;p k ; ;18l: : ^^Davld Eo-iBobba; .lo; S 0 Carrlson^:Art-iiin the Western i World-.: CMeW York, 1942), pc 35o -. : ; ■ 66Helen Gardner, Art Through the Ages.. (Hew York, 1948) PP° 6 6 , 6 7 / . jhnV v ....- : ; ^^Shaw, po 187e . " - ;v -/■7;'’.;-;. . 6^ibids Po 1871 :' v; /■. aiders one of m0 <, 0 two notable drawbacks of civilization i ' o o o f 69 It seems that this deseription is detailed more for the present-day English^ than for first century - Bo C0 ' ' Egyptian exiles-j, for there is; no existing record of Cleo p a tr a 8 s Camp1 In Syria s : nor' o f, her palae®'r;the:re 0; v ;.- ,■ . v> ■. This. Is a walled encampments ’sClose to the gateway^ against the walls is a stone block high enough to enable.a hubian sentinel; standing on it 9 to. look over the walliS0 ^
Finallys ^The yard is lighted by a torch stuck in the . w a iio ?571 - v.;/ \ : :;' ' •
Whichever prologue should be used in Egyptian or ,: Syrian se tting j,:: OleOpatra f: s Actual introduo tio n : to - the ; , : , • audience ties her firm ly to Sgypfev':In.;Act one» , v>;a huge , • ' shape which s odn re reals it s e If 0 0 s as a Sphinx ( tiTMs monster ; whdse human head and lion8 s body, typified a union of in tel ligence and strengtho o o-)7^ pedestalled in the sandso®7^ die opatra lie s be tween its paws asleepo • Though Cleopatra States that: this isn’t the great SphinXj,337^ it is large enough tp hide. heh from Caesar^ so that he 0.»omust 6970
6 9 ibia.» p. i8 V? .
7 0 IbidoS p o , 1 8 8 o-
V t 71Ibid3 a P o 188.0 ' . . t ' v/;:V ;■
' 7 %toaaard, Po ‘ 332s y ;
V-. 7 5 Shaw, P o 1 9 9 o . - • •, ' ■ h / I t : ; .. ' • : • ■ ■ " : ■ ;;r i : • ■ get. up at its side and oreep1 around j, ;H75: to reaoh Cleopatra9 s : cradleo This beast offers not only architectural but spirit ual protection^ for Cleopatra believes that "It Is very - - : v
powerful and will protect uso-8,7.® . ■ ■ ' ■ . However# : Caesar 'offers his protection to the young queen and takes her back to : her own. ©amp> Though the building from without is 13old'33 and y1ow:J1, the intorior is
revealed as 9great Egyptian pillars supporting the roof of a majestic corridor0 The pillars are; decorated .thusi 'e^-efl gure a of men with .'wings and hawks8 heads-, and vast black- 'marble: eatsj, seem to f lit in and .out of ambush6s^® . - ; .Then: “Further alonga: the 'wall, turns a /oorner and makes a - spacious' transcept in whlcho o c ( is )' a thrones and behind : the throne a door« On.each side, of the throne is a slender pillar with a lamp on ito 11^® lying on the throne is .a snake-skin# perhaps for decorative purposes^ Cleopatra seems to prefer .^b oowhirling it like a scourge in the airp ®^0 The ,: r ' ' ' '■ ' ' . i. ' y X'; l., y'.y v;" i t f r f / l : palace, is evidently dark# f or “The: slave holds his': torch to
''y:#lbidli' po ::S01i;
^Slbido p pi 201b';
?^lbidl# p^ 206 o 78lbido# 206o
79lb id o #: p 0 206 o '• . ■' : V' :l ’ SQl b l d o.p p a 208o Gllbido, p,206o 60 lamps within theyhalls for the slave is ordered to "Light all
the lamps : s 82 Ihdleating that there are more than just the ' two''lamips. oh either-side: of the^ thronec ' . ' - ; : : Set two is set in Slexandriao JIS hall on the first floor of the Palace » ending in a loggia approached by two ■ steps o, Through, the arches of the loggia the Mediterranean
can be seenO o = In one corner is 0»o = an image of the godp ; ''h' -. represented as a seated man with the head of a hawk0 • Before the image is a bronze tripods about as large'as a three-legged stooli with a stick of incense burning in it »
This room' proves: to be- the' council chamber of the king* s
■ treasury o y.-t;'- y ■ y- 1 V v':'''';f' V'' - i' • "Set - three has two . settings o--' The fir s t is i : ■ The edge of the quay in front of the palace', looking out west over the east harbor of Alexandria to Paros island^ just off the end of which^ and con- neeted with It by a narrow mole, is the famous lighthouse, 'a gigantic square tower of white marble, vi diminishing in size storey by storey to the top, ; y oh which stands a cresset beacon^ The island is joined to the main land by.a causeway five miles : ' ' y: long.'bounding the; harbor on the southoSB
For comparison, this scene is described on page.7 and a map may be f ound on page ill 0 i. boat may pull into, this harbor y and.ht's bccupants ygain. the ,qu a y .flight of steps y.y,
8gIbidoa p0 207o ..
85Ib ld s, po ^ 212.:.;;;
■^ I b i d^g. 2 1 6 '
; # ib ld ^h P«" 24#«y: 61 from the watero» , . The second setting Is at the Pharos ’
;lig h th o u s e .0 ^ /' '.^ '/'L '" V-' ' Act four takes place In the palace at Cleopatra9 s boudoire No description is given of this chambero A hhange of soehe is soon shown before the eyes of the audience? ifThe t able is laid -in the roof of the palace 0 0 o a slave
(carried) an inlaid stoolo After many stairs they emerge at last into a massive colonnade on the roof0. Light cur=
tains are drawn botween the Golumns on the north and
e a s t »o,0 ■■' Vv'' .• ; -.V. :
When the curtains, are d rawn ? a o =, o the roof garden ' with a banqueting tab lel«, e13 is revealed» On the table are §
o0golden wine vessels and basins1 088 The colonnade g o es round the garden at both sides to the further end, where a ‘gap in its like a great gateway/.leaves the view open to ■ the sky ? ^so o o except in . the middle s where a life size image of Has seated on a huge plinths towers up9 with hawk head and crown of asp and disk. His. altars which stands at his fpets is a single white stone0089 Shaw does not provide
the table with silver (0O o = and they ate their food with their fingers0)s90 but places napkins thereon®9^ It,is a
8 8 lb id 33-!po:gAi#: ,9^Weigaillsv; Cleopatrai p0.247«
:8 ?I b id a3. po> -87fet' ' ;91shaWs::p» 295® 88I b id os p o■ 275® 89'Ibido, Po 275, matter for speGmlation to know whether Shaw would have these ■ ^ : ■ /- V'-; ' v ■ diners sit or reelinef f0r it is said, that ^The Egyptians : : sat on chairs, and never reelined.at mealss as the Greeks ; and Eomahs did ■w9B Shaw's Cleopatra is. Egypt!an« ■ There- ■‘'v! • fore she would s it0 However,, in deference to her Boman : : guests s she might prefer to r ecline.o It has been s aid that? • wThe diners lay. upon couoheSo»0 M93 .../'v:.
Act five shows the same scene as Act three $ It is se t? ” 0 6 „ on the: esplanade before the palace* In the east harbor^ Caesar*s galley, so elaborately d eeorated that it ■ seems to be rigged with flowers, is alongside the quay0 e 0 a red floorcloth is laid down the middle of the esplanade n94' •;r.r , Dryden does not say much about the setting for Ms playe He does make one comment oh the clty of Alexandria, quite different from Shaw's final complimentary commento ■ Ventidius speaks to Antony about Octavius? -But still you draw supplies from one poor town,/And of Egyptians ? he has a l l th e worldOf course, Ventidius takes the soldier's viewpoint while Apollodorus::^:'takesv: that, of the artisan,
:: wMch make.s > :.differenceo . " ... : vi . : 92
92Bgy£t, p» 53o
■Weigalls Ole o p a tr a , p* 2 7 4 s 94Shaw, p 0 297e . • . /'A- ' / ^Dryden, III, 81~820 .; Bryden sets only one scene.specifically in the whole
playV This is the first acts whieh^ like SMwss play^ is set
in a temple« The curtain rises on the Temple of Isis* where
ilntohy has retired to,he alones Serapion speaks of: ■**«<>;*&■.
lone aisle of the templee » ^ ge aays: the doors ’
around me clapt;/The 1ron wicketg that defends the vault*/
Where the long, race of Ptolem ies is', laid*/B urst ' openo c = uQ'7
This is a vague description which hardly sets' the scene* ,
hut;which is the only mention of placement of a scene in the
p lay. ■; , ' V;"Vv Vv ; - ' - ' ' , '
■ : Shakespeare wrote for a stage eonstrueted and uti
lized in a different manner from elthen Dryden? s or Shaw1s stagese His stage allowed for a fast, pace, and quick changes . , ■ :■ ■ '''■. ■ : ••. of s qehe * hut for little seeneryo Therefore* Shakespeare * s soens-setting is done mostly through his characters 8 con vert
sations and , word pie turds 0 v : ' T -' -
^though Shakespeare gives no detoriptlon of his ■
seenes* It seems that he tries to make Cleopatra an Egypt
ian «othe seductive East incarnate in Cleopatra0. «3*)98
so that an Egyptian setting for her palace would probably
he appropriate for today1s' stage. , As for the mausoleum* ;
a: desoriptidn is given on page 10 which would deem to be the
96Ibidoa p0 18* lot^ 9^Ihido * la 20?2g e :
9®Parrott *: pe 859 e '• ' ' M:- '' ' ' - ' ' ' ' aeareat to an aGograte aeaGription aval%#blee ' ': TIras. Shakespeare> Dryden and Shaw deal M th th e/h ls- ",jr?.y. torloa:! and: physlm l settings of the plays, . By examining I,?:.':' what settings each anthor has chosen, in which to place his play, a fonhdation is fphnd from which a picture of Cleo= . . patna the woman eine.rges6 . v ■: v „ ;
: . CHIMES I I I
c m o p im w S ' PEBSOEto AIIHIBUEgS . , .
Shakeapeareji Dryden and Shaw created in these three plays more than just a figure s et into an historio background0 Their Cleopatra figures were not neutral stick- line personagesa but warm live women who have done much to create and keep alive the Cleopatra so widely known todaye Each author endowed his queen with personal attributesj with titles; with some hints as to dress and personal appearance; and with inner qualities j, both good and bade As Queen of Egyptg Cleopatra was entitled to the use of the title s #PharaohSj, an Egyptian term springing from hieroglyphics meaning 33great houseas y/hich had become as sociated with the monarch8s mansion# therefore with the monarchy She was also entitled to the god-related names which the Egyptians had handed from their own monarchs to the Ptolemieso (See Page 5o) Cleopatra was the seventh queen to bear her name# thus becoming ^Cleopatra the
'Seventh®'. .... The three authors are not satisfied to refer to her merely as ^the queen” or sCleopatra#0 They endow her with
65. t i t l e s Vgood and"' "baciv : : v. V ; Vv ' ; Shaw treats Cleopatra a sa queenwho is not really a queeno In his ^Alternative. to the Prologue^ he speaks of the palace as ^oeothe House of Cleopatra the Q,ueeno0otsls hut has the same j&am: (BeIzanor) say: 82At Memphis ye deem her a Queens here we know hetter»,@® •. , To become quean is Cleopatra' s desireo iihen. Caesar instructs Cleopatra to order her servants to do her will,, instead of howing to them, she shouts: WI am a real Queen at last = a real, real Queen I Cleopatra, the Queen She
’believes' that her robes, orown and title w ill make her queen9 But Caesar tells her that 2sHe[gaesarjwill know Cleo patra by her pride, her courage, her majesty and her
b e a u ty 0s4: , ; ' : ’ ■ / l .t h;; \ k . " . .. Caesar8s first impression of Cleopatra is not an >■' admirable en©> f or when 'she Id en tifies herself as ;'S2Cie 0'f■ ;'t 0 patra, Queen of Egypt33,'®; his reto rtis, ,,,iQueen of the ' ■ ‘ gypsies, you mean®*® He oalls hbr an Mo oh impossible1 little . dream witch®
^Caesar and Cleopatra, pv 189 o
2 Ibidoa Pa 195® ’ ^ 5I b id a, p® 208® ^
4Ibidoa p® 210®
5I b id o , p® 201® 6Ibido« p® 201o 7Ibid®,;p® 202® There is one parson^ .howevers who finds Cleopatra irresi:Atibl@^'\: This is Ipollodorasv, r He addresses her as sFea:r.l of Queenso»® and when he presents her (rolled in a ruig) to Caesars: he speaks of her as the 55Queen of Queens 0 Shaw's opinion of Cleopatra does not seem to be a high: one o' He much preferred Caesar to the young queene Perhaps, t h is i s /why C leop atra n ever .r e a lly seem s to heoOme , / a great woman in his phy0 She seems to. remain the oharalng child she was when Caesar found here . She does absorb some of Caesar5s wisdom and cleverness^ hut all that is forgotten when Cleopatra’s esteem is endangered: or when she is en gu lf= ;ed .in a; fit of pas si on o In his ^Hote Shaw says? \ -The v.; childishness I have ascribed to hers as far as it is; child ishness of character and not lack of experience # i s n ot a matter of years<,. It may be observedo.= »In many women of flftyo-^O Thiss. no doubt? is ;why Shaw has Caesar leave , \ Egypt to Sufio 5 not to Cleopatras to govern =, Alsoj, it may be because Cleopatra to him was not really a queen yet 0 ":V/1; Shakespeare3s Cleopatra is not only older than; ; Shaw8 s» but she is nobler 0 Shakespeare even attributes to her a title she does not:.deserve's ‘ he- has Iras address Cleopatras ■ ',?Madams 0 good empress. 1*1^. and "Royal Egypts/
1QI b i d o 9 P o 310c - v;_ ^
li-Antony and Cleopatra, III, xP' 346 Empress1 Cleopatra herself says s "e.»I am Egypt's queeno W . This title is shortened to "Egypt" and as such she is referred to several times: ®0 whither hast thou led me s E g y#14, p t .
wSays the f irm Soman, to great •Egypt sends»»«1 «j am dyings,
Egypt g dyinge o j ”1 pray your rises Egypt o®3-7 She is also V/n' called ^B&re Egyptian®3-8 and ^Sovereign of EgyptLess: official soundings but more exotic are. the statements:
Vlhere”s',seg)ent of old Bile and “0 eastern star l m^ s ^
stateW hts made: hy Antony and Charmlah = feapec 11 vely « . : - :::.. ,:E ;. ;• So Shakespeare11 s Cleopatra Is a queen great enough to he referred to as ®Egypt*% not just as the Queen of " : Egypto It would 'seem that Shakespeare, felt that Cleopatra was., woman enough to he monarch In her' righto: Though her . sway over Antony Is questioned# her rule over Egypt Is note Dryden seems to find the matter of title of small
consequence g. for there are few references: to Cleopatra in this manner in his, play0 Perhaps this is because he is more ^ A
interested in Cleopatra^ the eastern loverj, than in Cleopatra
I b id o 3 IVg XV# 70-71o x s3$ldo , 1 , ; i , :. 29 o -■14: Wdo.s. Ill# xs 511: , 5Ih id o $ ~ $ 54 o 16lbld»s IV, xv# 186 -L/lbido, V, 11, 115o
X8Ibldo i: II, 11, 285 0 19Ibido, I, v, 43o
^hid^ , I> Vo 250 S llb id o , V, ii> 511. the qTaeeKU Shaw Is ' interested in Cleopatra8 s queenly quali ties ^ though he. finds fewe Shakespeare is portraying his tory® Therefores -CXeopatra6s roles stature and power as the
queen of Egypt are important® Dryden seems to bypass these elementso- Antony refers to Cleopatra as "My brighter
Yenus • as 11 ® o o goddess®^3 ailC3 as sone dear jewelc «24
Yentidius ealls .her. -e»9Syr6n> Syren Is25 The f alse Alexaa 5
in speaking to Antonys refers to her as ®The queeng my mis
tress g sir g and yours - There seems, to be no. c le a r - e p t examples of any title being used in deference or praise| this, is perhaps a deliberate action on Dryden8 s p a rts When one turns to the personal appearance of the queen si there • is no authentic image or description of her '■"viv : 'Which, has'-been presented® ' it- is said .that fY ergile e <=,$aakes - ;
her s trong and ambitious,, but bmlts to clothe her in -■; .; . .. ;irV:;:.; ' : '• - ; i ■: : t i beauty9 41 ^ and that although she • was not unbellevably ••: ;■ v
beautifuls 0® «'■ ®the contact of her presence 2%11 for h oves ' I l l s 11« - : . ’ . gSIbidos 11I»:16® 24lbido0 V0 565® : 25XbidVs H 9 558o ' 26Ibido 371® : . i Alvin S« lohnsdns Cleopatra and the Eoman Chamber o f Comme r ce s The Arne r ic a n S ch o la r a Au tumn» 19.49*. p o 4IS ® . 2% lu ta ro h s jp®- 554®:: ■: ; ■ •" ■ equally vague concerning their heroine1s physical character- isV i:os>;\t;labugli they cannot neglect her. appearance completely Shaw <3e scritoed the queen as a child * As- he f irst introduces Cleopatras he calls her ®a girl®- and speaks of her toraided hair*^ in speaking of her hair; Cleopatra says that she Is desoended from the Mile and 93That, is why my hair . :Vh; : - 7 . ■ ''7' v.'\ t ;7 7'% v;: : 7lv ;IS"so wavyo®*^ IRJhen Caesar first spies Oleopatra he calls ;7 her a divine childp having taken her to toe related in serne manner to the Sphinx, Chly Apollodorus-i refers to 7 7: her. toeauty$.\:7 ^Beautiful .queeno ,:,Ahd since Shaw does not refer to the romance toetween'Caesar -and Cleopatra^ it may to© that he wi she s to deemphasi ze. Cleopatra'® s toeauty to the point where her physical appearance.is almost that of a selfish but yeharifeing' ehildo-:\\:l,.-7: .. .. .7. :A7- y ,77‘ v: . : ’ ■' ' :.y 77 • ' -77 It seems that Shakespeare does not say much about ; Cleopatra8 s physical appearahee;s although one authority states that: "in one respect Shakespeare differs from , Plutarch;■ he bestows on her, surpassing and unmatcliable . '' ' ' - 7'"-y 7V' : l ' 7" , 7 7 7 7 - - 7 l. -- , -7' - 7: 7 7; '' -.' 7 toeautyo 6 o'”®'® (Ihis author here refers to Bnobarbus! de- 7 77 :7" 7;; ^ Caesar and . Cleopatra^>‘pi 199o;; '-7.7 .■717-: ,:7:-:7' 7 ,:7 ::,.' .:7,: ;:->7;::: : : 7.: ®1rbido$ p0 201 o .' 7/ ■ - ; 7 ■ . : 1 . v ; ' • ; 771 5 2I b id o 3 p 0 2440 '77':., ,7' ;7.7 '■ :/7. - ' . , , - 7 ’^®Ko ,W0 7MapCallum; Shakespeare9 s Roman Plays and Their Background C Bond on p 195S), p« ilTo 7 ^ - 7 - 71: . serlptloB of Cleopatra and her barge Q ) It is also said of this play that - ^Cleopatra,Is introdneed to us'as a beauty of a somewhat dusky-African type in the fu ll maturity^ or perhaps a little past the maturity of her full hlodm ' Ms Shaw does j, ,Shakespeare calls tier a gipsy^, but this does not sesm justification for thinking of her as a dusky ■ Africano V't y-;;v ■ ' :' l - ' > -yi-i/-l' 'h-i' -- ' ; '■ • - v, Bompey90 speaks of her thus s aIat witehdraft join with beauty^ lust with both!®3^ And Enobarbus; speaks o f' ; -Antony's reaction to her outer beautys "And being b a rb er8 d ten times p 8 er, i gbe a to the;: feasts /And for his-■ ; ordinary pays, M s heart/POr what his eyes. eat onlyo "38 ' Enobarbus cannot; conceal the fact that although he dlsap- • p roves of her actions and of what. Cleopatra has done to Antony^ he too finds her charmingi • ®I saw her ©nc©/Hop forty paces, through the: publiP etre©t;/And having lost her breathy -she spoke; and panted 5/M at she^: make defect p e r f©e 11 ©n = y ; ' 1 ' ' -;'v !■ 'Z'; :■ ; r:-;; Mxitonj once: rdfers ,tp Cleopatra as nl l j nightin=» 34rlM de» p® 4l4o - 1 - ;v- : lv- . ' ; 35Antony and Cleopatra,,- I 3-1^ lQa. - - 33Sextus Pompeya 75=56 BoC0^ youngest son of.trium virc 37Antony and Gleopatra 3 1 I S i 9 22 0 58I b id o 9r I I I S i i s ; 229 = 231o 59Ib id o ^ 1 I > . :1I> ' 235=235 .; 72 galeooo®^® He may not be referring solely to the queen6s voice^ but it is saids ®Xt was a pleasure merely to bear the sound of her voicej, with which like an instrument of many strings $ she could pass from one language to another^33^ and ®Her voice is said to have been her most powerful weapon^ for by the perfection of its modulations it was at all times wonderfully persuasive and seductive Evidently Cleopatra does not trust her mn p h y s ic a l attrib u tesfor when the news comes of Antony's marriage to Octaviaj, it is for a physical description that Cleopatra first asksg him/Beport the feature of Oetavia, her yearSg/Eer inclination; let him not leave out/The colour of her hair6®^®. When the messenger is brought to her^ Cleo» patra puts these several queries g ®Is she as tall as me 0»0 Is she shrill=>tongu8d or loWo»*lhat majesty is in her gait o 0 o Guess at her yearso o0Bear6st thou her face in mind? Is 61 long or roundo o oHer hair.s shat colourThe m essenger answers truthfully but cleverly to Cleopatra and iS; rewarded# although it is said thati s0 = = those ?/ho had seen Cleopatraa whom they could report to have In no way the advantage of , -*44 4QIbido.# :iV# vii, 18. . ' - . \41piutarehg Antony# Po 4% elgall# Gle opatra# p# 71 \ 4^ln,tony and Cleopatra# II9 v# 11-140 ; 44Ibido, III# ill, 14, 15, 20, 29, 52, 55a 73 Oetavla in either youth or beauty Dryden8 s Cleopatra seems to be.the most beautiful of the three Cleopatras her© disousseeL He. he-ightens the Illu sion of her beauty by having Oetavia and Cleopatra meet# and by showing the mistress triumphant over the wife* Dryden himself says of this encounter! ®0oofor I judged it both natural and probable that Oetaviaoo°would search out Cleopatra to triumph over hen and that Cleopatra thus at tacked P was not of a spirit to shun the encounterIt is said of Cleopatra's victory that: m»Q oher attractions= 0 day in her beautiful voice, her graces her elegance, her brilliance, her brains, her wit, and her general charm; and with these the unfashionable Oetavia8s good looks and docile nature could not compete Dryden has Sntony say of Cleopatrag Sisnd should 1 / Forsake this beauty? This all-perfect creature? He speaks of 39o o <, those white arms-0 0 Q'l349 and. saysr ”But if she smiledg^A darting glory seemed to blase abroad,/That man9 s . . d esirin g eyes were never w earied,/B ut hung upon the objecto.®®® 4647*49 ^Plutarch, Antony, p* 380o 46John Dryden, ¥, 11, edo George Saintsbury (Hew York 1 9 5 0 ), p 0 ip* . ; - : . . 47W elgall,.Jntony, p 0 4 1 6 0 : # m i for Love, IV, 4, 5* 49 Ibid o . I ll, lo. > ■ 5QIbido, 111, 172-1750 ' - 74 Octavla speaks of Cleopatra 8 s &0 = obaaghty carriage =,«, which Cleopatra saysg wShows I am a queeno o = Sven Yen- tidlnSs who dislikes her so^, says of herg sHer eyes do Caesar’s COctavius Caesar’s) work,”®®-aads Her eyes have power beyond Thessalian charmss To draw the moon from heaven? for eloquence# The sea-green Syrens taught her voice their flattery; J&nds while she speaks $, night steals upon the day# . Wnmarked of those that hears Then she’s so charming# .- Age Duds at the sight of her# and swells to youth: The holy priests gaze on her where she smiles; And with heaved hands# forgetting gravity# They bless her wanton eyesg Even 1# who hate her# With a malignant joy beheld such beauty; And# while 1 curse It# desire itj^i ' . Sven her slaves speak of her beautyc At one point Iras states that she # Charmion and Dolabella have been talkingo The topic# she says# 1s% ®Such praises of your beautyiw55 Alexas speaks of the power,of Cleopatra9s charms# this time to Antony:; ®Her beauty’s charms alone# without her crowno/Erom Ind and Mereo chew the distant vows/df sighing kings; and at her feet were lald/The seeptress of the earth# exposed on heaps#/To choose where she would reigno ®®6 Cleopatra#, however# is not so certain of her beautyo H 5 l i b i d o # III# - o 5 gibi.do# III# 16 e. ' 55I b id o # II# 228 o ^ 4 Ib id o' # ■ IT# 52S#54S 55Ibido # IV#, So' ; 56I b ld o # I.Y# 342=552 ; ' ■■■ ; . ■; ; • ■ : .75 She asks Alexasi- , ; . / But thoy has seen mj rim l| speaks Does she deserve this blessingf Is she fair? . Bright as a goddess? and is all_perfeGtion Confined to her? It.is* Poor i was made . . Of that coarse matter/ whiohg when she was finished, the gods threw away for ruhMsho JffiEX&So She is indeed a very miracle I CLB0PATR4 S Death to my hopes, a miracle l ‘ . : • AIEmSo A miracle I : I mean o f g o o d n ess| fo r in b e a u ty , madam, ; ; Toy make a l l wonders cease®®? 'y:, fhls,. then is the be ay ty given to the three Cleo- ' ; : ■ ;patraa® . : •Shaw clothes' her 'in childish charm, and makes her ■’ heaytifyl to the doting' Apollodoruso • Shakespeare and Dry- den make her e xtrernely heaytifyl, yet not heaytifyl enough to let her toss Octavia aside. as an yhworthy rival 6 Byt there is more to Cleopatra8s outward attractions than the charm with which she was horn® It has.been said that clothes make the man® It has also been said that 3Jlhere is a distinct psychology in ■ Clothese This statement holds true for Cleopatra, for /although-*It is probable that no -one of the Ptolemies ever worn Egyptian costume, except possibly for ceremonial purposes* ®. ”57 *59 on these becasions Cleopatra seems to have appeared In the finest attire s 53She was wont to. dress herself on gala occa- x''-' ::v' ■ ^ ■, t y v ; . sions in the robes of Isis, or Aphrodite, and to act the part of 57I b id S8 1 1 1 , 599- 408® ■ ^Fairfax Proudflt Walkup, Dressing the Part (Hew York, 1 9 5 8 ) , p® x® ' .y " ;; - , ■■ 59Weigall,. Cleopatra, p® 4 2 ® go Goioreh. the historical picture of Cleopatra 0 It would seem that Cleopatra is, usually thought of in typical Egyptian . dress | the re fore the ■ whole background ' ■=>' archi teeture g, p er-' sonal■,acce.s.sories and ■ customs -1 w ith w h ic h 'h er image i s , - surrounded is Egyptian:.: It is the' Egyptian woman that the three authors seem to wi sh to port ray 0 ■ : ; ,,, : lone of the.three.authors is extremely specific ab out Cle ©pat ras s d res a» Only once; is Bhaw specific Q Ini So.t -;five Cleopatra enters - in d.eep mourning , f or her servant ^ , . , ' . ' ■■ ^ 5:-vv - ; ^ y t a t a t e e t a i ;ShaW'.s t a t e s i ; 530 0 o Cleopatras cold and tragic ^ ■ cunningly dressed in black, without ornaments or decoration of any kinda ? 0 other times Shaw ref ers to ® s o o her silk en v@sto o.o **®^, to s 0 = = a hare armlo e to 0 0 a p in .from. her: hairo ® In Ecfc four Claopatra Mo»oin gorgeous - raimentg .enters .In Ect one Caesar orders _ Etatateeta to ®Bring the Queen8 s robes, and her crown® ® .*”66 '.C r y - . - 6^Caesar and Cleopatra^ pi ’SOI®' - " t " ■ ; p--. i a c i 1 ; ^3Ibida , p.: 259 . 64I b id 0, p 0 2Q56 65I b id 9S Po. 277 e 66IM d o s p 0 2O90 These i^oyai aeemtrements are brought but never describe do It Is possible that the orown was to be the m00 opschente or Grown of Upper and Lower Egypts worn by the Pharaohs 0 I t c o n s is te d o f the Bed Crown o f Lower E gypt9 with a long point on the back:5 and th e S h ite Crown o f Upper Egypt^ resem b lin g a fat tenpin on tope The tendril (lituus) protruding In front was re d g. and belonged . to; the Bed Grown* The- uraeus* o f se r p e n t5, : poised over the , foreheads was always: a. symbol of royaltyo s67 At the end of the play Cleopatra wares her handkerchief to Caesar as: the - ship sails from the 'harbor o: The only mention that Dryden makes of Cleopatfats 'dress::'rof#fs;:fb'lj'bWels0:- Says::^ ,?Then she new™; ; napes: her jewelSg/Snd calls this diamond sueh or such A ;' ' tax;/Each pendant In her ear shall be a province o-® /It;- is'saidVof Egyptian jewelry that s sThe jewels:consisted , of necklaces.i. braceletss amulets>: rings and earrings = ,s69 and w je w e lr y :1 s of gold* electrumf and silver molded and chased with mieroseopic accuracy and cunningly inlaid with :: blue and green paste-s earnsIIan^ lapis lazuli s turquoise ^ amethyst and garnetDryden” s mention of a pendant in Cleopatra”s: ear: brings to mind the s tory of Cleopatra”s ^^Wdlkups po - Be: ■ ;: - : :: 68M1 - fo r Love a I 3 565-5650 ; , ■ . - : ©^cdnnt Byron de 'Por©kg ^Exploring Egypt.” s Treasure Tombs0* Popular Mechanics Magazine a September^ :1945j, - po 79o ;: ;^Oe veryday Life in Incient Times* po 119G wager‘ to hold a very expensive banquet= Her banquet was low ly,: but in no way extravagant or extraordinary by Cleo patra 1s s tandards Q When Antony fao@d her with her' wager, Cleopatra called for a eup of winee She then removed one of the large pearl earrings she was wearing, dissolved it in the wine and. swallowed the liquide Antony e ons traine d her froa doing the same with the matching earringo 8lt was said,e »®Cleopatra always wore ■ the odd pearl in her bosom® • . < Qetarius found ..it there after her deaths It was in the shape of'a tear, an enormous tear a $ @ Dryden also mentions § - - S$hls imby bracelet, .set with bleeding h e a r t s .the ' ^ gift that Cleopatra sends' t o. tetony before he ..departs^ ; ; Shakespeare refers only Indirectly to oostumes, but he seems to picture Cleopatra as a Atypical* ancient Egyptian queen®' Even the g ift that Antony sends her: ®This orient: pearlo.e®,*^5' is .mindful, of her eastern heritage® : ■ : • One of Caesar' s most uneasy moments, comes when he hears of Antony8 s• Alexandrian triumph® .As he describes it he says: ^She/ln th8'habiliments of the goddess Isis/That day appearldi ^and oftvbef oref :gawe :audlence:.®/As;:' l t Is; ■ ported>.s©» Shake'speare-' never' has Cle opatra appear ©n 8 ^ E e r v a i o::;/136e 8'; - —^All f or hove;, 11,: 199 ® V, '17^Antony and Cleopatra,:: 1 , ■ 41 ©. ■ 74i.b id 0s- mi,;::vii;'i c r n g t ; : ■ 79 the stage as Isis 0 However, many authors have described her in this parte One author states? oVofor she was, and intended to be, the divine re- inearnation of IsisG She wore the robe consecrated to Isis, a multi-coloured dress> signifying that Isis was the Queen, of all worlds* This .gown was attached to the queena s waist by a girdle, and two broad ribbons supported it over her bosom, leaving her painted breasts uncovered® The skirt = as it can be seen in the murals of the temple of Hather Eugertes II in the Island of Philae ■=> was very tight, revealing the beautiful lines of the queen9s bodyo With this tight skirt the queen could not walk, but could only advance in short steps, which gave a hieratic ap pearance to her progresso Her head was covered by a dark-hlue peruke, from which rose two straight yellow feathers,w hile the brow was encircled by a narrow red ribbon, bearing in front the golden uraeus with its darting asp’s head, that was the ornament of Isis, while the two feathers were the symbols of the highest sovreignltyp , - The two feathers were held by two red, disks, like , two sunsets,, from which arose two green'rams/horns', emblems of generative ardour<> The fingers of her • right hand, stained red, held the ankh, cross, symbol of divine life, and in the left hand she heId' the sceptre, which was a rod five feet long topped by a lotus flowero ” 5 : \ ^ ' . ' . ’ : The next mention of Cleopatra’s clothing is in the death scene when she bids her. womens ®Show me, my women, like a queens go f @ t oh/Wbe s t at 11 re s $ I am again for Cnidus/To meet lark Antonyo GoBring our crown and a lio ”’76 So Shakespeare hints that Cleopatra died In the garments which she wore when she met mtonyo ■ The best available . authori ty, states simplys w0 0 o they saw her stone-dead, ly- ing upon a bed of gold, set out in all her royal ornaments®” 7 5 p ra n sero , ppo 2 2 .2 - 2 2 5 .S Antony and Cleopatra, IT, 11, 227-229, 2520 ^^Flutareh, Antony, p.® 402.0 , So it would seem that of the three authors# Shaw wishes to give an extremely Egyptian picture# though ger« haps a simple one# while Dryden. and Shakespeare aim for a swptuous atmosphere0 Shakespeare’s mention of costumes seems to bend toward, the eoneeption'of Gleopatra as the.re ligious as well as the poli tical head of the s tate # while Dryden’s all-over picture is mainly of richnesso . • . Not much mention Is made of her amusement in any of the playSo Shawls play seems to be too much taken up with the making of a queen to have room for mentlon: of amusements» fhere; ;is 'a mention Of Cleopatra 8 s. listening to music« : A s : Ac t f our opens.# Cle opatra is f 0 ® ^passing the af ter-noone G e ■: listening to a slave girl who is pldying the harp© o ©1,178 ;.d^e;;:iharpiSt;.'''standS:;:in.-: ord er -to p la y : - ^Except the harp ; player# a ll are ' seated ©»0 8s79 " At times: cruelty seems to • prove /amusing to Cleopatra,, , At one point she states: ^Iheh. I ' am old enough 1 shall-dp, ,jus t:;/what, X like # I ? shall be able to poison the slaves and seez them w riggleand pre tend to Ftatateeta that she is going to be put into the Zv - ' T: .fiery ' furnace 0” 88 This seems to: give" Gleopatra satlsfa.ctidh. : aS " reven ge # but /also-; as':, pure .afflusementi ' f .-v- ' ' ■; ' /■':;• /;-/ : :/v; Dryden8s allusions to amusement are hot. vsp speeifie ^ Caesar - andv Dleppatraafpo --205« # X bld© # -P© :8 Dlh i d ©^;Zp>::-202:©:v,:f;: , " 81 M'tony speaks of the wild pleasure he and Cleopatra knew ;lo n g ago? Witnesss, ye days and nightssland a ll y® hourss . That daneed away with down upon your feets ' As a ll your 'business- were to count my passions ! One day passed bys and nothing was but love; Another same and s till t rwas only loWo The suns were wearied with looking ©ns And 1 .untired, with l©vi-ng091 Several times Drydem mentions that the day is Antony6 s b ir t h day and is to be celebrated^ . SERilflQMo Thus Cleopatra bidsg Let labour cease| To pomp and triumph give this happy day*, That gave the world a lord»-o» . Set Out before' your doors The Images of all your sleeping fathers^ With laurels crownedj with laurels wreathing your , : p o s t s r And strew with flowers the pavement; let the priests- ■ Do present.sacrifice| pour'out the wine, ' ' And call the gods to join with you in gladness 081 82 8384 The:celebration is to be partly religious in nature# but it does not seem that this means it is to .be a mild affaire ¥entidluss eager to incite Antony to battle^ saysi sLet your Egyptian ttiarels play alonej/lor mix effeminate sounds with Soman trumpetso-*18®; Once in- a f it of joy-, Cleopatra says'.s mMj h e a r t 8 s fu ll of joys/That I shall do some wild :@xtravaganee/Of love in public; and the foolish worldo.o G '; w ill think me madIn this we feel that Cleopatra seems 81Mi- f or ,Dove II,; 281-287o 8 2I b i d o I , 138-140, 144-149 „ ■ 83Ibldos I s 19 4 -1 9 5 e 84IMd o , III, 447-450 to be used to festivalss festivaIs that are held frequently^ that are extravagant and that are ' wlld^ V Shake ape are refers to the amusements that Jin tony and Cleopatra are said by.?Plutareh to have knowne The weak intonjj, sensing that the end is - at hands says s ® The re rs not a minute of our lives should streteh/without some pleasure, nbWo What sp o r t to n ig h t? js85 He suggests that s m a l l alone/To-hight w eill wander through the streets and note/ The qualities of the peopleO o oLast night you did desire Ito 83®® Caesar reports on Antony8 s Egyptian revels in whiGh Cleopatra is said to have joineds 15<=,»she fishes^ he drinks^ and' w a s t e s / The lamps of night in revelooo 33867 Enobarbuss reporting bn these festivities 5, statesg ,8o00we did sleep the dayVout of eountenaneeg and made the night light with drinkingo * 51®8 . And when drinking is well along at theimeetin^ pn';Fqimpey?a ; vessels the chaos is likened to festivities in Egypt® ;; EIOBARBUSo Drink thou; inerease the .reels o ® 0i " ■ ■7 Pompey0 This is not yet an Alexandrian feasts AHTQHYs 7 It .ripens towards its Strike the vessels^; * • llO I o © o'. - "r ;■ ?: 7:t'7* ’/ . “ £_’: EHOB&HBUSo Shall we danee now the Egyptian Bacchanals^ ■. ■ and celebrate our.drinkfo oe AITOHYs Com©^ l e t ’ s a l l tak e hands5 ^ T ill that the Gonquering win© hath steep’d .; 7''./ ■ our sense':. : Qrv ; ;' 7 V: - ■ , . In soft and delicate Lethe&89 : ::' 7 \.7 Antony and Cleopatra^ l s t 0: 46=47 < 88lbid» s. I> ig 52=55o 7 - 7;. ' - :..7-:7l 8?I b id o^; : Xs ' iv ,' --2=4o 7' /:.:. " / 88Ibidi>, II,';li> 7i81-lS2e ^ ^ - '7' 7 ' ^Ibido p II, v ii, ; 100,102= 103, 111, ,112^ 1 1 3 ,:"115>.: .,vr ’ Ills pe lap os a ll join hands and shout a song to Baeohuse . While Antony is revelling in Bornes Cleopatra is agi= tating in Egypto First she tries to forgets $Give me to drink mandragorao»o That I, might sleep out this great gap of time/My Antony is awayos9° -Later she•tries to busy herself and finds- herself^ re Galling happier times when she and in- tony were togethers/ . y': ■ ; v: ' : '' : o o o l e t 93 to billiardseee- i 9l l none nowo . : - W.Vv; Give me • mine . angles we 8i l to the r ite r | thereg ■ ;g My music •playing far offg I w ill betray • ' .y -. :y Tawny^finned f 1 shes '$ ■■ My bended hook sh all pieree Thdr •_ slim y jaws) ; and as • 1 draw • them up9 ; . . <' I 911 th in k / them.: e t e r y one'.an Jlntonya; .8 'i And sayg :9 Ahg ha.|. ypu 9 re c a u g h t8 \y'diyi , 8Twas m erry 'wheh idy-"-' on y^ wham 4lver ■:• . .■ lid hang a sa lt-fish bn/ his hooks which- he r;.: : With/ferveneydrew npi'y ^'7' y . v ; - CIEdPAim, :yy;y .; : ■' That time >= 0 times 1: V : y I laughed him put of patience| and that might <-;i/ laughed him into patience; and next morn» 1 ' y : Sre the ninth houry i drunk him..to/ his //bedt ■ ’. y.; '■^■Then^ put ;my: tie s and m antles on • him) w h ilst /v /5 - I wore his ..sword -Phillippano- : ' y ■ ;y; / , . % : . But while she is unhappy» it seems that she mus t. make her y y ' .own diversion^ f or she- censures Mardion who would please y y;: yy: ;;•''■■/ ■■• ' y . :' •' / ' . ' " w hen ®Wpt now to hear thee singo o>®y2 • . After Antony8 s forces have deserted him he means that Cleopatra has "Packed cards with Caesaro © « But fchis . 9QIbido a ig v, 9* " 91ib id a^ riy- va 25 o 9 gX bide^ - ly Vo 9 o 95Ibidog IVg xiVg'19, ' . ■ ; 84 is an idiomatio expression and does not mean that Cleopatra and.Caesar were engaged in eard playingo . Food and dining onstoms are discussed by Shakespeare and hy Shaw^ but Dryden omits any sueh mentions Shaw pre= seats a swptuoms banquet on the roof of the palaces at which the diners call- for peacocks5 hrains^ nightingales 8 tongue Sj, roast boar s sea hedge hogs * black and white sea a c o r n s8 sea nettles^ beecafieoes^®^ purple'shellfish* British oysters^ fieldfares^® with asparagus and fattened fowls®®® There are Sicilian* Lesbian* Chianti and Paler- miam wines from which to choose It may be that Shaw was drawing on the reports of the Inimitable Liwers and their sumptuous feasts 0 This group* however* was formed to please Antony and Shake= spear© takes note of their activitiesi sBight wild boars roasted wholees = and but twelve persons thereeoo®®® This is from a report given by one of Cleopatra6s cooks who explained that the extravagance lay in the fact that the meat had to be just right when it was served* but there was no way of knowing when the diners, would call for it s so it was 97 ®% teb ster8 a Collegiate Diotionary {Massaehuse tts* ' 1947)* beccafiooeg any of various', songbirds* esteemed by Italians as a delicacy® ' . 4 ■ QSifebster* field fare: a .medium-sized European thrush® ®®Caesar and Cleopatra* pp® 281-282® 97L bid®* p® 282® ^ Antony and Cleopatra* II* 11* 184=185© . 85 [email protected]; ■te have p le n ty of m eat' Cooking a t a l l s t a g e s 9 \::. Porapey mentions food as one of' the forces he hopes w ill keep ' Antony in Egypt? -”Tie up the libertine in -a'field of feasts- - e o 0Epicurean eooks/Sharpen. with cloyness sane© his appetite -; - These plays seem to show prodigal living .-as expressed in excessive eating and drinkings It seems certain that such meals were extravagant whether or'not there was an excess in intake of food and liquor 0 ; Cleopatra’s ootward appearances her habits and her appetite seem to be important to the three authors o However^ a person is more than a blending of these«, The inner quail= ties of Cleopatra appear to be of great interest also to the three playwrightso These include both good and bad quail- tiesg duly set forth in the plays 0 Of her good qualities® there is her capaoity for lo v e 0 her capacity for friendship^ her wisdom® a ll of which seem to add up to the quality of eham 0 Whether these au thors may have liked or disliked Cleopatra® they seemed to find her possessed of definite charms ; - Shaw ascribes to Cleopatra, a Childish ungoverned air» He statesi wBut I do not feel bound to believe that Cleo- pat ra was w ell- e duo ate d» 0 the rs ; no te that i . “The re 1 s' , ■ " ibid«s ;n®; 1® 83-85o ';: ■ . ' y IQGOaesar and Cleopatra® Ps 311« . little doubt■ that she was capable of showing great se,rious- , '.ness of mind when occasion demandedj, and that her demeanor^ ; ao,' freq'Uehtly tumultuous^ was often thoughtful and quietv”^®^* Shaw himself seems in agreement. with th is 9 for Ghartoion says;: , of ' Cleopatra§■ - ■,**.»,o o Cleopatra is- no ' longer a c h ild 0 e ® Cshe hast / ; henome )' much older and muchs much wiser0 0 Gleopatra ; explains; this; changes “Do you speak with Caesar every day f or six months: and you, w ill be changedo For a moment she sees greatness and her relation to greatness § “When 1 was foolish^ I did what I liked0 o =>Bow that Caesar has made. me • wises it is no use my liking or dislikings I do what- must be donee o 0 That is not happlness| but it is greatnesso Shaw seems to think that this change is not permanent^ for a t;the end of the play Caesar says to Cleopatrai “As much - a child as evers Cleopatra 1 Have X not made a woman of you ; after allfa,^G5 i . i' -,;. / . - Whether she is wise or nota she seems to be attract- iv e to men9 for early in the play it is said of her thats -C leo p a tra i s n ot y e t a womans n e it h e r i s she wise® But ■ v ■. '• . I:. '' "'- . 1 . . ^ v - ' ■ : . . . : . ■ ■ . ;■ she alriady troubles men9s wisdom®5 8 And she realizes ■ • i^ileigallj,- Cleopatra^ p® IS® : IQ^Caesar and Cleopatra 9 p® 269® lQ5I b ld ® a p® 269®; 270® ; ' i # ib id ® :® p'® sm®' . ^ X bld® ® p® 194® the possible advantage of an appeal to one8 s vanitjo Bufio tries t© silenee Caesar from going into a discours© he fre= quenily delivers» But Cleopatra^, who has heard the tale be= foreg. sayss" wPeaGei,. Hmfios 1 desire to. hear Gaesaro"®^^ It seems> therefores that although Shaw does not give .to Cleopatra the credit that seems to he her dues and though he gives others the opportunity to belittle and laugh at her childishnesss there Is something most appealing about Gleov patras even to 8haw@ v i It is said of Shakes pea re'8s Cleopatra that: ^goc she is his supreme portrayal, of the eternal femininee Ho . other of his women cools, so fully realized, or approaches her infinite varietyo it is said that i ®4ntony® e. .f a lls a victim to the seductive Bast inGarnate In Cleopatra ,. In this play Cleopatra 8 s charms, are very sim ilarly , . portrayed by two men; by An tony.9 who adores he r>. and by Bhobarbus* who dislikea her#■ Antony says: ”Bie? wrangling., queen l/#hom everything bee omea^ - W ' t@ /. laughg/io .. ■ 'weep;i'idlese every passion fu lly ,strlve-s/To make "Itself ^ in . ■ th e e : fa ir ' and; admire<,*13-10, Almost more Interesting is the testimony of a man who would net praise Cleopatra if he *109 1 0 >^Ibld.a^ "p'o 5 7 8 ® .. 108parrotts p 0 861® 1 0 9 I b id og p , 8 5 9 o ;; .. i:iQMtony and Cleopatra^ i ? 48=510 could keIp himself: EUOBAEBUS0 fee. cannot wither he-rs nor custom stale Her, infinite variety; other women cloy . The appetites they feeds hut she makes hungry . : : ' -Ehere most: she satisfies j, for vilest things • Beeerne fchemseIves in herg that_the holy priests S le s s her: wheh; she i s ^ ig g is h o 1-1* , / She- is . shown ' as -,a\woman . of wisdom and strengtho Antony 'Says;i' ■ 11 She is cunning past men8s thoughtShe says o f ; herself to Antony: I/would I had thy inches thou should si t knowo/There were a: heart; in Egypt 0 She knows what . •. ■ ; , ■ women5 s wiles 'will: work, on Antony: ' ®If you find him sad g ■ Say :1.:'am dancingi if: ih;afhth»:report/That; X am sudden '■;, -; ■■ ■ sicko5^^ . and; m0 most false lovei/o o oHow I see, T se©s/ : 11K- In Fhlvia^S'rdeathg how mine' receiy8:d : shall, be e i?ii° ;■ ' : Yet even" in this play there .are ■ scenes where Antony : rails againsf .Cle opatras scenes where he is shown to be . ■ ■' callous about' herg- or sent by her into a raging furyo .in All for love there seems to be a sense of absolute devotion on Antony9s part toward Gleopatrao Even in his anger towards herg, it is the anger of disillusionmentg hurtg jealousy that spurs him on0 There is never a moment when'he: ; i:L1Ibido g ilig 11 g 240-245 o . ' r 112IMdo g ig. i i g ' 150 c 115^ Ib ld eg I 3: iiig :40-4lc 114^Ibids.g lig iig.' 5-5e: 11® lbid 11 g ilig 62g 64-650 would, voluntarilyv.turn f rom-Cleopatra to Oetavla as he does in Am tony and Cleopatra when he agrees: to marry Gaesar's ,:' sist©r.o * Antony8 s attraction to Cleopatra seems to, be ;summed Up in the line .which explains the title s' Antony says ;‘to- Oetevlai: ”For I can ne 9er be oonquered hut. by love;/And " you do a ll for dutyG^^®; ' ^ It is easy for Antony t© turn from Oetavla 0 But strength to eombat Cleopatrars charm comes only when she is n o t n e a r 0 Antony recognizes this weakness in himself when he sends Dolabella to bid Cleopatra farewell instead of going himself: **I dare not trust my■tongue to tell her sot/ One look of hers would throw me into tearsa/and 1 should melt till I were lost - againe Others see the hold that Cleopatra; has on -Antony® ■ . Alexas t e lls ; th e. distraught queens >^Xf you pursue him^/My life : phi I t a -he-: s t i l l drags: a chain ' along/That needs mnst ciog M s: flight® At one point ; :Antony, is resolute :'. sHeavenknpwsi;:7'!.:; love>/Beyond life // . conquest^ empirea alls but.honor;/But'I w ill leave hef ®®* 119 A second time he attempts to' le.ave hers . - /■, ' ■ '' fell hers'though We shall never meet agains If I should hear she took another loves The news would break - my: heart ® :r low I must go; For every time I have returneda I feel My soul more tender; and my next command 11®All for Loves Ills 515-51|® l l ^ I b ld es ‘XV, 6- 8 * . A' //;/ llGlbld®s iXs 90-92® 119Ibidoa Ip 424-426* Wotal^- Ta© ^ t © bid her stay^ ' and ruin botho^-^® It;is :as ,lf Cleopatra appeared, faultless to ■ Sntony® 1 # bays:' s Sh9 deserwes/More. words than; I can loosep and e.ofbrf ; she has truth/Beyotid her beautye ®12S jSiCost of a lls her eharm seems lastingo Three times Antony speaks■of■this: ®T;saw yon every,days and all the day|/And every day was still-b at as the firsts/So eager .was I s till to see you moreo:K123 sThere1 a no satiety of. love in thee:/Enjoyed,, thou still art new5perpetual spring/ls in thy arms 1 the ripened fru it. hut falls-p/And biossoms rise to f ill its empty place|//ind grow rich by givingi ®12^ and as Antony' dies he says: : BTen years' love>/And not a moment lo sts but all. Improved/To the utmost joyse 333-25 ' , l . 'v ' , Dolabella too adores Cleopatrao Although he Gen- , : sures Antony for giving up, all for love, his lines, reveal th at-h e. can; understand':;Jht© Shat charms have sorrow on that facei/§orrow seems pleased to dw ell■with so much sweetness^/Yefc, ndwand then,.a melah- eholy sm ile/Breaks lo o se, lik e ligh ten in g in .a w in ter's ' • :*121124125 l g®Ib id 6 y IV,, 57-A2.s;;.:' , , ; 121Ibido, 19 569-570o ; ' V .I22lbl(a. 1 1 %/ 233=254. ' 125Ibide, II, 288-2900 124Ibido,, 111, 21-28e ' ' : V '-1' 125Ibid o, V, 589-39 0 nightf/And shows a moment’s day0 31126 “Thus I discovered^/ : And blamed the;.loW of rhlned Antony^/Yet I wish that I were’ he g to be so rnlhedo: - ; v ’ ': In looking at the eharaoter Of Cleopatra herself* mueh of her eham Is revealedo She says of 1 herself s “Nature meant aie/A wife; asilly^ harmless5, household dovep/Fond with- out art* and kind without deceit;/But' Fortune * that has made a mixture of me */Has thrust me out ■ to .the wide world=o o . She seems/ to wish t^ should see her in tears of f ., . grie vlng over him*, for., she knows that this is 'her s trength ; * . o y er him 0 Charmlon tells Cleopatra how she related' one of ; i '' the: # e eu »s me usage s: f 01 M tonyi - ^1 ' told my mess age/Just as ... you gave it* broken and disordered;/ ; 1.,^' f '''. . Y - ' o o c straight your brow clears up* . y,. :: . As if I had. never beeno-3-29 ' . .Pheh Antony threatens to banish both.her and Dolabella* she v ' p lea d s : / - y / / y v: : v -■/ , ': / . : leannot go one moment from, your sight* - And-mus t go forevefl y, ;■ : : r- ' . 'My joys* my only joys* are centered heres What place have I to goto? My own kingdom?. ■ .v fhat l/have lost for you.« « \ / . / ■■ ■ y -,'//\ . . And if i have not offended you* then k ill me* : But dp n o ty b a n ish meoiSC) . But Antony is reso lu te» . So Cleopatra renews her plea': 127*129 127I b id o3 IT* 50“52o fB Slbld p * i f y- 9 1 -9 5 0 129 I b id 6>:11* 411-414* 417-418 o -^Qlblda' * '17*; 547* 551* 557-558 = f-r: 9 2 Then must we part? Farewells my cruel lord 0 . The appearance is against me; and I gos Unjustified 5, for ever from your sight 6 How.I have loved* you.know; how yet 1 love* My only comfort is* I know myselfi I love you mores even now you are unkind* . Than when, you loved, me most; so well* so truly* I'll never strive agahst it; hut die pieased* To think you once were m ine' One seemingly unusual.argument that Cleopatra uses is that she never really loved Julius Caesar* but had been true always to Antony* She says t . But Caesar, first* . You say possessed my love 0 10 so* my lords; He first possessed my person; you my loves Caesar loved me; bpt I loved = Antony6 If I endured, him after* t'was because I judged it due to the first name of men; ^ : And* half constrained* I gave* as; to a tyrant* • What he ,would take by fo rceo * * ;. - ; How often have 1 wished some other Caesar Oreat as the first* and as the second young*_ Would court my love* to be refused for yoUo1 And so a picture of Cleopatra as' a charming and ap= pealing woman is showno But the authors do not show just this side of her characters They show her;as a jealous woman® They expose a cruel streak in her* : ; Shaw shows:Cleopatra as jealous for Caesar®s approval; and jealous of her brother# The following is the first meet ing of the .brother and sister showns . Cledpatra Immediately comes down to the chair of : state; seizes Btolemy; drags him out of his seat; ' :; ; then takes his place in the chair# 0 0 ; ' v ; •L^§ibld»:* " If *■:575=5e5» • ',' •. , ;1^6& l d #:a;;II*::;35a~55B* 370-372* s. PTQLEMYo o 0 e Caesars this is how she treats me alw ays = ... I f I am King why is she allowed to take everything from ChS0PATR4e ■ You are not to he kings you little cry-baby« Yon are to tie . e a te n tiy the Eornanso ; -t' , " , ' . CiESiBo: ' Come he3% my tiojj, anti stand tiy meQ " . ;t:, ' ; Ptolemy/ Roes : oyer to Caesar., takes the boy 8 s . ' t ■ hand,:tti enoonra#. him* Cleopatra,, furiously .jealous^ rises anti -glare.s.' at theme \ ChEOPATR&o Take your .throne I 1 tionf t < w ant i t o. (She flings away from the ohalri anti approaohes Ptolemy a who : shrinks‘from hero) 137 ■ ■ • . . 7' . . ' Immetiiately she goes and sits beside Caesar0 Yftien he a ttem p ts to address the young king* Cleopatra interrupts.: aAre you not going to speak to me?®!®-. Caesar replies tiy telling her to tie quiete . ■ ' ; ^/i" Later* after he has cleared the court room* Caesar attempts to worke Cleopatra is offended and jealous that he would choose to work rather than to amuse hers tiWorkeso . You are tired of talking to.mej and that is your excuse to get away from me0*31S 9; gg_r ’g 00thes her* but ;thl.s .:sense , o f • jeh iousy ■ ■ greatly" adds,.to {C 1@©patra:9.s' childish* spoiled liV- eharacter^. 1 1 :::: v: v ;:;-v '. ;. 'li:--; ; Shakespeare shows-'Cleopatra jealous' of: two ■womens ': Fultia and Oct a via* in tony 9 s: wives i ■Before she learns of Fulvia’s death* Cleopatra rages at Antony: - . , - What says the married woman FUlvia ? You may g©e Would she had n ever g iv en you le a v e to come I , Let her not say ? t. is r that keep you here| sar anti Cleopatra* ppo 218-2190 l ^ Ltiido* p e 219© V ’ ^ I t i i d o * p e 229®. .: '1:/ \ : -. 1 ' ■ I have no power upon yowi Mers yoiA are o o o . . O0 never was there queen- , So mightily betrayed,I Set at first : I saw the treasons planted 6 = q \ ■ - ' Shy should I think you ean be mine and true »9 o . - Who have been false to Pul via S’ But It is when she hears that Antony has married Octavia that she rises to highest jealousyo In the. scene above . Cleopatra; .. displays; a obld semi«=ealm mannePo.flpweyery her composure is shattered when' she receives word of Antony*s marriage to ■ ' .'Octavlao' ‘She alternately threatens and bribes the messenger who bears the hews <3 She sends him away to be beaten» On . his return the slave is clever enough to tell Ole©patra the truth in a manner that makes Oet&via not appear too attract^ ive.o The jealous Cleopatra attempts to soothe herself by describing Octavia8s short stature and.low voice as beings -Dull of tongue and dwarfisho^^^^ •' Dryden8s .Cleopatra too finds herself deserted by An-, tony® Her first pangs of jealousy are shown in a tirade , against Antony^ a . tirade softened,, however^ by the fact that she cannot but: admit her love for him: ^Faithless* ungrate- • lu ll:cruel though he be>/l still Must•love him, ■m148'-: But her; anger . is. aimed . at Cctavla.; - • I ' I s th a t a word . ■ • For Antony to use to Cleepatra? 0 that fain t words respect I How I disdain it 1 *141 An tony and Cle opatra^. -xy 111^. 20-26^ 27 > 291 141Ibido s iiis 19,v - 142mi for Doves II s 34-55® • \ :3 '/■Vi ■ y' " , : Disdain myseIfs for loving after It* He should have kept that word for cold Oetaviao Eespect. is for a wife t M I that things - That du ll/ Insipid lump» without deslresg , • . Snd without power to give them? 1^5 v ' '■ - S id .when the two women m eet fa c e to f a c e $ C le o p a tr a ’s barbed -words ' seem me ant to: hu2?t s .i--'.. ■ ; Peace I, :ypeace5 'my: lo v e r 8 s ; , When he grew weary of that; household clogs He chose my easier bonds»0 e o o ohe whom, law c a lls yourSg made mine.o o ® ' • ' o».for had you known . , ■ i a .a > But; half , 'these charms, you had not los t ■ his heart • ■ : ; Gleopatra loses this;battle with Oetaviao But in her next eneounter with Sntony# .Cleopatra defeats her rival# . a sign that Cleopatra8s evaluation of her and Ocfcavia8 s charms is not a m isoalctilatione C le o p a tra 5 s cruelty is dealt with by all three authors# but most particularly by Shakespeare and Shaw<> Per haps this is because much of her cruelty is directed towards her-servants and Dryden deals less with servants than the other two authors 0 Mexas is the mos t outstanding servant ,. ; in All for Love and it is towards him that Cleopatra's rage ■hs'; directedo.: She: .accuses: him of bringing her personal af- ■'fairs;^©;'ruin' and orders him to go to. Antony with the truths, fhe following scene ensues^ . ^ .AIE]CA8 o 0 heavens i I dare net s . • ' . . / \ - i •meet my certain deaths CISbPASHAo' ; S la v e # thou de s e r v e s t it<> e e :143144 143IMdo.# II# 77-840 t : ; 144Ibid0# III# ;422-424# 452-453# 457-438. 96 ALE XUSs 0 pity, meg and.let me follow youe GLEOPATHA.b To deaths if thou stir henceo Speaks if thou eansta „ How for thy life # which barely thou wouldst savea a a145 ^ : . : HowefBEj) the- other two plays demonstrate several oe™ casions of her cruelty<> of her resorting to physical violence and of her relieh or callousness at the admlhistration of , corporal punishments V" f-, ' . ' h . Shawls Cleopatra is. often childishly fiendish in ' ;:- ideas: of rioience»' She. wants to' he old enough to order ' (V punishment f or her slaves; ...It - se eras that It has 1 ohg ■ h een ^ . the custom - for the. monarch to punish'freely^-Tor- Cleopatra. saysi :I*£t•-wi 11 ^he• a:-had day for you. a ll when he I Caesar7 gOes* Ohj; if I were hot ashamed to let him see. that "I am as' cruel at hearf as my.' fathere G Once Cleopatra is seen to flog a slaveo Several :■ :;r 1 ■■ -rf: v . i, ... i - : times she threatens it-i ■■ ^ClEQPhT'RAo . Give me something to , ' heat. her withe . CShe snatches a snake-skin from the throne. and dashes after Etatateeta* whirling it like a scourge In ': the air) @1@1 w ill he at somehody« I w ill beat him* (She attacks the siave ) There@ there# there She tells Caesari: ®I -will have many young kings$, with round strong arms j and when 1 am tired of thema I w ill whip them to ' : 146lh id * 127-129 *. Caesar and Cleopatra* p* 268« ' ^ Ihld*^ -fe 2 0 8 o V ; : ' . . deathe o 0*3-48 she threatens the old musician whom she has . erUered to teach her t o play the harp s MYou shall gi ve me - a less on every day for a fortnight 00 te r thats whenever l strike a false note yon . shall be flogged; and if 1 s t r ik e so many that there is ho time to flog' yous you Shall he thrown into the Mile to feed the crocodilesShe seems'' not a t all. to- loathe to threaten deaths ^Ftatateetas must I ' saori- ■fice yon to your father8s gods to teaeh you that l am queen:, rof. .%ypt>; and h o t you?#^5® and. $,I w i l l make C aesar 'have ynu.; - k illed if - you do not obey me; ®-i-hl ^nd t orture's :MThe re are ■ v^: ig i' ^ ; y - - : means of making you speako Take: ' care 0 1' ' ' v:- ;; ' : V : It seems that death is a common order in the palace^ the monarch^s family not excludeds . ‘ '-v": CliSOPATR&o Won81 you ' cu t t h e ir heads o f f ? CAESARo lhat4 Cut off your brother's head? ChBOPATRAo Why not? He would cut off mines if he got the ohanee^ Wouldn’t you Ptolemy? ___ PTOLBMYo ; 1 would =. X: w ill too $ when I grow upo* 151153 • Cleopatra does not like insubordination 0 She does - net like insolence' toward Caesar from his troopsi sYou can .have their heads cut off 5 can you uot? 19-8-54 She will not . 148IMdo S . pp. , 208=209 o ' > 149lMdo s po 206o - 'I5QIbido a p0 269o ' v.v-' ''Sv-'-; ' : - ; X 151IbldoS p= 244o. : 15gI.bid0 s p9 278o : : ' ' ' ^ S l b l d o l . . po: 822o- ' - 154Ibido9 p'o 260o ' :: atand f or her will W be d ahe^eah .help. ,it": he IPothirmsI leaves the palace allnever see my,face . 1 .hghiho^ ..‘Strike his . life out as I strike: Ms name from your v lipso' Dash him down from the wallo Break him on the s tones. Kill^ kills k ill him »0 ®Fai1 in thia s and you go out f rom ^ b e fo re me fo r e v e r .S o her cruelty pours in all diree- tionSs aimed at-anyone'who would stand in her waye :Shakespeare1s Cleopatra has a cruel streaks but it concerns Antony. Any who would speak against Antonyg or who bring bad news concerning him are apt to be severely threat ened and punished? ; CLBOPATEAe - ■ : Did X^ '-Charmions . - Ever love Caesar soi - - . . " • , , . • . CHAHMIOH. ; : , C Xhat- brave C a esa r!V : ; - : CLSQPATEiio Be ehok5 d with such another emphasis I Say the brave Antony.. - CmmiOEo The valiant Caesar I ■ . ■ ChBOPATRAo Bylslsg I w ill give thee bloody ■ . - teethg If' thou with Cae sar paragon again ■ , ..'■v ly.man-■bfVmen»:; v vv'V '' .. ■ / ■: ' CEAEKlOEo : s: : By your.mos t ' gracioUs pardons ., ■ ' :.:v' ;I sing but after yoUe155 156 157 -.y ; V- ■ ' v-' ",; : ' - ' , ' ' V; ■. ■ '. , : /: - h She is roused, to vibience - when, the messenger brings news of ' A ntony8 s marriage,,. At. first', she. fears he is, dead ? “Bring it to thats/The gold I give thee vXH I melt and pour/Down thy Ill-uttering throatBut later her threats turn to actions • . /y: ‘ A- - . 155lMdo / p0 28Q An tony and Cleopatra^ 1^ vy 66-?74o 157Ibids s-' . yi. 55-55 i' 99 MESSBBJBRo Madsms h e 8 s married to Ootaviao CBEOfATEA.o The most infectious pestilence upon thee I S t r ik e him down MESSEkGERe Good madam# p a t ie n c e » ■ GhBOPATRAc What say you? Hence# Strikes him again ■ ■ Horrible . villain ! Or f ll. spurn thine eyes 0 Lilee balls, before me; I 611 unhair thy head® ■ . , She halls him up and down . . : Thou shall be shipp 6d with wire ® and stew’d: in brine# Smarting in lin s '8 ring pickle.e,158 . . She soon regrets her actions# but not because of any unfair . pain im fllctW : #ThOse hands d© lack nobility, •that. they strike/A. meaner than myself o 0 %ls may be' •understood when one reads that $ ®0»o.Cleopatra would kick her# for she had never soiled her hands by beating a; slavee:ti 60 . It seems#, therefore# that Cleopatra is shown as a woman with small regard for the lives of others = that is# for others who stood between her and her goals# whether or not a person meant to be in the way0 It seems that here was a world filled with violence and bloodshed and that for the most part she# as queen of Egypt# was able to in flict what punishment she wished, at will* - Perhaps this cruelty, could be condoned in part by . realizing-that the Egyptians were a very religious people and that part of the worship consisted of live animal sac rifices to the godSo It is probable that Cleopatra herself . participated in- these sacrifices on festival days# so.that - 1-58IMda'# II# v# 60-66. ' : v ' 159Ibido# II# v# 82-85= : • ^®9I«dW$g# Po 14S® . ■ . ' ■ .•.:■ llniy,- pf..Ar.i2ona4ibraff 1 0 0 the sights ©£ "blood, and death were not new to hero Cleopatra9a superstitions bearing is aeoentnated in Shaw’s play 0 . A s a o r if io e o f in c e n se i s shown in t h is play.® Caesar has told Cleopatra that he w ill.build her a holy elty 0 But the city needs a namei CAESAEo Ihy not simply the ■Cradle of the Hile? CLEOBATItAo lo t the 'Nile is my ancestor; and he is a gods Qhl I have thought of somethings The Nile shall name it himselfoooSend for hia0oo A priest enters carrying a miniature sphinx with a tiny ... tripod before It* A morsel of incense is smoking in the tr ip o d s 0 o " , CiffiSAEo ,#hat hocus-pocus is this? CliBOPATlAs Yon shall see o And it is- not hocus pocuSo .To do it properly^ we should k ill something to please him; but perhaps he w ill answer to Caesar if we sp ill a little wine to him o / APPOhODQ'BUSo (Turaing his head to looko«o at Ba) Why not ■ appeal to our hawkheaded friend here? - - - ChSQIMTIAo Shi He w ill hear you and be- angfyo o ol w ill have my city named by nobody but my dear little sphinx^ because it was in his arms that Caesar found me asleep« («o e to the priest)' Gos I am a •priestess, and have power to take your charge from you©©. 0 Nowlet us call on the Nile all to gether e Perhaps he w ill rap on the table 0ooYou must say. . with me 8Send us thy voices Father Nile „ 8 At this point the ceremony is broken up and not resumed© But Cleopatra has great faith in the power of this sphinx© Ptatatesta says of Cleopatra: ®There■ is but one power greater in her eyes than the wrath of the Queen’s nurse and the cruelty of Caesarj and. that is the power of the Sphinx that sits in the desert, watching the way to the sea© lhat she would have it;knows she te lls Into the ears: of the sacred eats; and on her birthday she sacrifices, to it and ^Caesar and Cleopatras pp0 285=-285® decks it witfci poppiesCleopatra seems to have im plicit faith in the sphinx® She says to Caesars sYou must-not be disrespectful to me^ or the Sphinx w ill let the Homans-eat yphc d olt is'; very powerful and w ill protect . us => But im- .. mediately she reveals that,she is worried: ^Did you happen ' :t# see a white eat anywhere e 6 0 the sacred white/ pato e-e.l: ; brought him here to sacrifice to the Sphinx $ but when we-» - ;g&t;:a;vlittle-' way from the g i ty , he 0 oo- ran-; a way® ° 0 I’tata.teeta. is angry because of the way Cleopatra treats these catss *1 chid her for bringing evil days upon us by talking to, the. sacred cats of the priests@ and. carrying them; in her arms omlb’3 This atti tude would be understandable if it is true that: ®The cat was so sacreds that to k ill one c me ant instant death to , the of fender . . Cleopatra has rather unusual ideas about her■: ( and Caesar ” a) ances tors.® Of herself she says g ^Ky great- ; . grandmother’s great-grandmother whs a black kitten; of the sacred white eat; and the river Eile made, her his seventh wifei®1®^ of Caesars ’“His father was a tiger and his ■ 162Ibidoa: ppc 197-198® 1 : ' 'i 165lbido 9: p® 201® ■ ; 164ib id ® g bo ;2o i ’ i i l 65I b id ®a p® 197® ■ I.i- ■ . : ; ' / . ISSporothy M illss The Book of the Ancient World for Younger Headers';(New York & London^ 1929)^ p® 62® IQ^Caesar and Cleopatra^ p® 202® , : 1 ■% : v i e s : mother a' burning momtaini. anti his nose is like an "elephant9 s vV ' r:'V ./ V'.; ■ : '.■.r' -V" V-": 4'' \ - .% ' :v .V,'/;- ' ■ ■ ' ■ • . ■': ■trunks o-».They .it h e ' 'RomansJ a ll have long noses# anti ivory V tusks^ anti little ta ilss and sex/en arms with a hundred ar rows in e s e h f and t h e y . l i v e ; on human flesh ® ' When she diseovers, that Caesar is a Homan9 she .first turns to the sphinx for protection: s Bit ©Mm in two^ 3 p h in x s h i t e Mm i n 1 two0^16d Then she tries bribery: iSI 1 - .v" i - - i - ^ v v v w ill steal Ftatateetag s jewels . anti giv© them to you' 0 i: w ill make the river Nile water. your lands twiee a yeMa'9>T w ill give him jcaesari a cake with my magic opal and: several.v . v';::.'/' ^ 'v:: ■ ■■'. ■ v: :■ :: hairs of the wMte cat haketi in ito ®1?0 Although Cleopatra learns some things from Cae sari it seems that this superstitious nature is a part of her that has nots (anti prohahly w ill not) changetio This naive belief in the supernatural is reflecteti g in her attitude toward deaths Only twice does the young- queen mention deaths but both times she speaks in great fear® The first time is when she must he thrown from the Pharos i . V v g wSOi, no N0 a I - shall be tirowneti = M^l . The second time is af ter P o th in u s8 death when the Egyptians are mobbing the palace gate si ®But X tidn81 want to die» 168Ibidoa p® 205o iQ^Ibid ® 3- p® 2Q40 V ;;VV l ibido , pp. 204=205o ■" 171IM d0^ p0 262a ^y^ib id o 8 p= 2920 : v' ■ Whys . th e n 5 we k i l l a l l . ou,r womeno . ; ; Wv see how mortal an unkindness is to the% . If they / : , / ' ” ) suffer our departure^ death9.# the; wordo = 6Under a • ■ co m p ellin g o cca sio n s l e t women dle«> I t were: -a , ;; pity to cast them away for nothing»o"»Cleopatra^; . , ; oatchihg but the ,least noise of thisj, diesinstantly . . ' ■ .; '',1 '; have seen her die twenty times upon far poorer moments s i, do not think there is mettle in Deaths which .commits some loving act upon her, she hath , such a celerity in dying Since she oamnot diey she wishes to produce sleep with man- dragoras sThat I might sleep out this great gap of time/ My Antony is away0:”i^^ During this absence Cleopatra is - hungry for news of Antonya yet fears evil newss "Antoniora dead 1 # If thou say so^ vIllains/Thou kill8 st feymistress A more real attitude towards death is shown as the - situation becomes more.serious 0 When the dying Antony is brought to the monuments he begs Cleopatra to come down to him 0 She replies: MI dare n o t $ /L a s t X be taken e lot th 9 imperious show/Of the full=fortuned Caesa brooch9d with me; if knifeg drugeserpen stingy or operation, I am safe 6 She : i ^Antony and Cleopatra, I, 11, ■ 137=139, 141=149e l^ % b id o, I,- v , 5»6o.. 176Ibido, If,; 'xy,' ;2B=We . ' ; V-:. . : r ■ y : ; .: 104' s there are things, to be feared more than deatho' When she iS : oaptureds she attempts suicides ' - Qnlckg qpick j, good hands« ' Drawing a da^^ert e o ; .Where are thon-g / Death? ■ Come h ith erj, come o e e ...... : .yy v" '/v . vSir/ I w ill eat no meats I 811 not. drinks sira @ o ■ 1 811 not sleep neither^ this mortal house 'I s 11 m ln ^ Do- Caesar what he cans knoWj, sir* that i / Will not wait pinion’d at yohr master8s court| . Nor once be chastis'd with the sober eye Of dull Qntaviaoo a ; '-y' . . . Bather a ditch in Egypt ■ : ; ;'' : Be gentle grave unto me 1 Bather on Nilus 8 mud Lay me stark nak’ds and let the waterflies \ Blow me into abhorring l. ,- Bather make • •; ■' My country’s high pyramids my gibbetg ■ ■ v ■ . %d hang me up in Ghainso«o - y- ;,y ; : Say I would diey01^*7 -- ' It is as if she has no fear'of deaths for she knows what is . in s tore for her. if she lives i :r: :: 1 - ,-y_\y/y/i -'-y t NOs. Iras» what think! st thou? .... : Thous an Egyptiah puppets shall be shown . i g . ’ Ih- Some3 as well as li Mechanie slaves ’ With ..greasy aprons^, ruless and hammers/ shall \ ■ Uplift us to the view; in their thick -breaths^ ' . Bank of gross dirt/; shall We be enclouded# ^ ■ i o o o sauoy lictors . ^ ’ v : : ; Will Gatch at us 3 like a trumpets % and scald •. ' - rhymers ; ' y y^' -i' ::'y-:'; Ballad us out o 8 tuneo The quick comedians ' Extemporally will stage,-us and present . ; Out Mexandrian revelsjAntony Shall be brought drunken forth 9 and 1 ghall see Some squeaking Cleopatra;boy my greatness 1 8 t h 8 posture of a whore y - She: th en a sk s h er womens "Show me l ik e a queens go f e t c h / -;v; . . v " l i b i d o 3 V3 1 1 3 39 , 46-47, 49 = 55, 57-62170 = ^ Ibid.i VI ii a 207-2159 214, 2211 ' ; • ■: . y : ■ '.'■-i y . y 'l.; /': y -y:: V ; V l;. ' : " ■ . - .V„-.y..ly v v ’ ;.V / " - - ; • . -y/C', '-"'.1 1 0 5 My best attires, i am again for Cydnus/To meet Mark Am- tonye ,s1^9,. . - ^ ■ lihen the el own enters with the baske t and asps, 1 1 is as, if the clown were afraid and Cleopatra were consoling him: ' ’ , , ■ ' , What poor an in stru m en t May do a noble deed I . He brings me liberty* My resolution’s placid, and I have nothing Of woman in mej now from head to f o o t X am marble eons tant 90 * Hast thon the pretty worm of HiIns there. That k ills and pains nottlSO When the women return she is eager to finish her prepara tion for deaths - (Jive me my ,robe, put on my erown$ I have . Immortal longings in me® How no more : ■ ' The juice of Egypt,8 s graps shall moist this lip a Tare , yare, good Iras; quick* Me thinks I hear Antony calls 1 see Mm rouse himself . To praise my noble a c t;! hear him mock 'The luck -of Caesar 6 ® \ - .. ,, Husband, 1 come I ' How- to that name :my courage prove my title l ■;': ' X am fire and air; my other elements ; . - ' ' ,, , X give to baser life » So; have you done? , : Come then, and take the last warmth of my.lips e Farewe11, kind Gharmion; Iras, long farew ell*^82 She takes the asps ■13Come, th o u m ortal w r etc h ,/W ith th y sharp teeth this knot intritis 1 cate/Qf life at once untie® Foor venomous fool,/B e angry, and dispatch® *183 Thus - 179Ibide, ¥, 11, 227-229o 18QIbid0, V, 11, 236-241,'242-243, /'■ *■' V, .11/ -282= 295® . 182I b id o , V, 1 1 , 506-509® 106 Shake spear©6s Cleopatra dies a noble deaths a death It seems v -dlff IhBlt v tp: imagine for Shaw’s quaeru - This Cle opatra has ' bedpme a-:w death is sidra than a swoonlng-=feellng . .whbn;;ay 1^ . one is away«,; Dea.tih is a means of rejoining Antohj;' and a-waytof becoming the tidtor over a : life of ; v degradation^ - Death is met proudly and unflinchinglys as becomes a queen of Cleopatra’s greatness 0 - ‘ D fyden5 s play opens in a temple with Serapion 9 s . enumerating ev il omens which have occurred? 1 Portents aud prodigies have: grown so frequent^ 'That they have lost their name? Our fruitful Nile V Plow ed 'are .;the, wonted' 'SBasphfc Wo, : ; -'h 1 ' Men 'and beasts. . ' ^ .Pere'* bofne above the to p s o f t r e e s e o 0 : ■ r :' .: " ' :;v. ' o o (.monstrous phoeae panted on the shore j "I 'I’ohaaken dolphins there with their broad tails^ ; Day lashing the, departing waves ?: hard by them# Sea horseSs ■ f lounderirig®»«, •; ; , ;,h:;Dast.-night«o ?■: :< 1; V.' *1: ' / ■■ In a lone aisle of the templeoe o A 'whirlwind rose, that, with a violent blast Shook a ll the dome ? the doors around me olapt; / The iron wicketp that defends the vault 9 Where the long race of Ptolemies is laid/ Bnrst opens and disclosed the mighty dead0 Fnbm out- each monwehto e o • _ An armed ghost starts ups' the boy=kind las to 0 = " '.6 peal of - groans Then f dllowe d s and a lamentable voice C iled s S gyp t i s no more:e i 85 : . 'This would not be welobme news to Cleopatra^, for it Is said that she s -Fo 0 =was alw ays lo o k in g f o r omens0»0^185 184,A ll --for Dover fv 1-5,. 6-7, 11-14, 17-28 = ■ < ' ■ V'-,: ' y ^DUdwiS'-po 620 Bpyden$s Cleopatra matures in her outlook on death as tlie play progresses» As has been shown5, Cleopatra uses ; her deatla as a threat to Antony^ ' There are other examples of th is: "Here let me breathe my lasts envy me not/TMs mlntite in your armss l 8ll die apaces/As fast as e 8er I can. and end your trouble and 1 .'MSo would I feed a while my famished eyes/Before we part; for I have far to gog/lf death - ' herfar>: and never must, return^^l®^ ,V ■ ' : ■ ; : ;' •When Cleopatra learns that Antony really means, to • ; :: she" a ttem p ts sta ie id e 5 ^l811 die; I will not bear i to/You may. hold, me = She pulla out her dagger and they , - hold hero But I .ban keep my breath; I can. die Inward#/ , y And choke this love0,,18S ; When Antony dies» Cleopatra decides to die with him: . ^ % t . dull, Cctavla/Sur ^ to mourn him dead: Hy nobler/fate/ ■■ '. Shall' knlt^ a tie ^ too s trong/For Roman laws ::.•/- ■ > : , • . ; •:' . : . .t ; r ', - to break' She also considers death a better ehblee- than : v. vlivlngt • Yield me to Caesar’s pride? , : ; V '; What I to be led in triumph, through the streetsj, : A spectacle to base plebian eyes; • ^'.While some dejected friend of Antony8s> / Close In a corners shakes his head =, and mutterss A s e c r e t cu rse on h er who ru in ed him I 186All for Love/ IIS 421-423< 187Ib ld o fl. •TV, 2 1 3 -2 1 5 o 188- 3IM d o y ¥0 10=»13o 189 Ibldoy V# 413-416, If 11 none of thatol&O Death Is a eleagr mlon .wltfa .totenjs , ‘i:,- . i'fls ^ sweet to dl8 g v/hen they would force life on me $ y ' To rush. Into the' dark abode of deaths . ■ ,;V , And seize him firstj. if he be like my loves ' . ■He’s not frightful# sure 0 : : ::vv.v': :;Whtre; .nbw';alone>.#'o;: . \ X - v , ■ " /■' ' . "-I may k i s s \ :: .v-, ■':; These, cold pale lip s| Octavia does not see me % ‘i " • And#; o h l ’ tis better far to have him thus# ' Than see him in her"armS oi®l Like Shakespeare’s Cleopatra# Dryden’s queen wishess l h- ' ; o o e to meet my love; ' As when l saw him first on Qydnug* 1 * bank# : . ' . // All sparkling# Ilka a goddess: .so adorned# 11 find him once againg: my second spousals h Hhall match my f1rst in gldry» Haste# haste# both# •i■ y^'Andf-.'.dr^ b r id e o f A n ton y<> : She is seated beside Antony and asksfor the basket with the asps;?. . . •" Welcome# thou kind deceiver I :.;.'Tho:u' :hest^ of thieves; . who# with an easy key# ,. Dost open ' life#:; and unperceived' by us# Even steal up from ourselves; discharging so Death’s dreadful office # better than himself; ‘ ' TouGhing our limbs so gently into slumber# ■. That Death stands .by# deceived by his own Image# And thinks himself but asleepo e c Haste# bare my are# and rouse the serpent’s furye : ■ ' (Holds bnt her arm# and draws it , : ; ' V . ' ' ■ ; _ = ■ Gpward F le sh# .; ■ ; . i ; : : ; : -Woulds81 thou conspire with Caesar to betray me#. ■; '. As thou wert none. of mine? I’ll force thee to it » 6 o Already death# I feel thee- in my veins? i go with such a w ill to find my lord#. ■ That We shall qdckly meet# ;Vt. =: v';,V ;ti;' ; I- : 190Ib id o V# 421=427, 1 ;OT '■ = ^91Ib ido# 440=448,' ' V-T ■ . . 192lMd.o # J#: 456=461o :;'4 . lieav-y numbness creeps % through e very limb, : , , : h;. : v ihd now: 8 til:\at- my ^ . eyelids’fall ; And my dear love is Vanquished in a misto ^^3 ' ' : : ' She turns her .head, to Antony8s breast and dies, seemingly a" nobler person than the woman who promised to die before An^- tony was a day away from Alexandria» ' • - ' Thus Shakespeare and Dryden show queens who threaten death from lovei but who grow to know the reality of death# yet prefer death to a lonely shameful life a Shaw shows a ■ ©hi Id who' seems more ,e one © rned with sup© fs ti tion than with ;:de.ath#:;. b u t; ,whO'' i s;.f i ll e d ; , w ith :.feah^ f o r h er own l i f e :, : Cleopatra# therefore# seemsto be shown as a woman about whom much can be saids describe her thus and ; ' ,■ \ : '■ you have captured hers describe. her in the opposite manner and you may also, be aceurates combine the two and you are more nearly correcto Much of her charm seems to lie in her variety and especially in the knowledge of when and in which direction to changeo -V-. '' 195Ibido# V# 470=477s 480-483# 490-4960 CHSPTBB IV • THE ATTITUDE OB CIEOPATM TOWARD OTHE1S , AID THE ATTITUDE OF OTBBBS TOWABD CIEOPATBA Th© pp#viovs ehapters have attempteia t© deal with Cleopatra as set Into history and with Cleopatra as a person 0 This, chapter is meant to deal with: personal relationships? with Cleopatra as she saw the sitnatiohs and people with whom she dealt? and with the attitudes toward her of those V "■ ' .■;: •. ■ / ' ...y :' .'. .: ■ persons whom her life touched» , . • It, has been' said that Cleopatra se e-ewas deeply con-' cerned In the advancement of her own and her dynasty8s for tune s o 0 o i f this were trueg it would have been Impossible for Cleopatra not to form some alliance with Someo : She was ; not in a position to become an isolationist^ to sit at home safe and sounds growing more and more: prosperouse Some was a power with which Cleopatra was almost forced to conte.nd^. toward which she had to .f orm an attitude o ■; : The three playwrights saw that a relationship with Caesar or Antony meant some relation., to Rome6 At one .point- Shaw has Cleopatra almost turn against her Egyptian vherltage&' IWeigalls Cleopatra* pe 123e ,Ftatateefca says g “Enough of your godsl Caesar8s gods are ■ all powerful here. It Is no use you coming to Gleopat'rai you are only an Egyptian 9 She will not listen to any of her own race» she treats us as cMldren 0 Pothinus says of the . queen: ^Better me« «= than a woman with a Soman heart| and that is what Cieopatra has now becomeo33'® However^ when Cleopatra's path is crossed and she hurls, at Caesar the; statement already quotedg • 11 What. can Borne give me that Egypt cannot give me? ^ it is as if Cleopatra were a creature of - the windsj, blowing one way when she has her way® . the other when she does not (which is* perhaps * a very human reactione ) Shakespeare is .Cleopatra makes several statements about Borne* most of them making her appear to have an oppor tunist's attitude toward that powere First seen 'is a statement of. Octavia's concerning . civil war between intony and Gctaviant “Wars ’ twixt you ' / v twain would be/As if the world should cleave * .and that v •slain men/Should shoulder up the riftIt is thought that■ ■Cleopatra advocated the opposite opInione If Antony could M have won such a. war * he would have : been master of the world : .'V:: . V ; -v ' . : /' '‘'Vi and it 'seemed likely' that Cleopatra would have sat at his ■ • side. In this case* her a ttitude' would have been to spilt . 4 : . . V V ^CkeSar and C le o p a tra * p 0 272a -:%bid'a/i '#. -'#36: ^Antony and Cleopatra* III* iv , 30-32 1 1 2 Some In half in order to conquer the worlds When war does comes Enobarbus warns the queen that her presence in the battle camp is unpopular in Borne0 She retorts s sSink Homes and their tongues rot/That speak against us !#6 , Ms it becomes obvious that Alexandria w ill fall to Octavians both Antony and Cleopatra send pleas for safety to him 0 Cleopatra abases herselfg m00 oCleopatra does confess thy;, greatness|/Submits her to thy mighty and of thee craves/The circle of the Ptolemies for her heirs#/ low hazarded to thy grace®®® Cleopatra cannot agree to the terms of Octavian8s reply to her re quest« So Caesar conquers Alexandria,. Antony k ills himself and Cleopatra is taken prisoner 0 Still fight" ing for her heirs> Cleopatra prostrates herself before 0c«= tavian on their first meetingo He tells her to rise, but she repliesg ®Sir, the gods/Will have it thus 5 my m aster and my lordo/l must obeyoShe addresses hlmg sSole sir o ’ t h 8 w o r l d o ■ So it would seem that Shakespeare8s Cleopatra'is . somewhat like a mature version of Shaw8 s queen, only in re- *• 5lbidVs III, viis 16-17 o ; . ' ■ ' ■ Qlbldo, III, xiifl 16-19o ■' :.- -; libido, V, ii, 115-117.0 ' < • : Sibidofl ii, laOo' ( ve r se. When Shakespeare ! a Ole opat ra * s f or tune i s risin g high she has naught but abuse for Borne@ But when she is brought lbws she has high praise for Borne ;ahS its head of state© DrySen’s Cleopatra is again a reversal© When she realizes .that Oetavian will, eonquer the City 9 she says: . Sls this to be a queens, to be be siege.d/By you insulting ■ Homans, and to wait/Each hour the victory's, ehain?®^ But when her fortunes were highs, she aimed high and that aim was .toward Homes fShe thought only a Homan could deserve, •herc o*”10 ; ■; . : : So it ban only be said of- Cleopatra 8 a attitude to ward Home that' it ehanged with her situation and with the person who wielded the most power in Borne at a given time©; it any rate/ It would be hard to dlseount the faet that Cleopatra did realize her chancea for advancing her cause in her alliances with Home through Caesar and Antony© A great deal is said in the three plays about Cleo p a tr a 9 s attitude toward other people© Strangely enough^, the persons least touched upon by the three authors are the members of. Cleopatrars family© Cleopatra had two brothers and a, sister for whom it seems she felt no particular at--, tachment© They were threats to . her hold on the throne^ but all died fairly young from bn® cause or another, and there- ■ 9All for: hove^ I I ,.. 8-10© IQlb id ©©'ly^'SS© f ore : b:eaaed; bp toe bhre.atae-. ■ . • ■ : ;' . - Cleopatra had four children,, Caesariony Caesar's :Soh> and t children by Antonjo It appears she .was ex= ,:' tremely fond of all. of them and- had great ambitions for 'them. , alio / She hoped to make Caesarlon ruler of the worlds;,as! he "tvas' the offspring of the mightie s t rulers of the east and; ■ ' westo,;: tey agreement with Antony clearly stated • that .: hh Caesarionp. not one of Antony's children# was to be the 'all-' powerfnl ruler of any world-wide area they might eonquere Yet Shakespeare and Dryden make hardly any mention of these ohildren» One Shakespearean authbrity states'? ^There is me reference to the children that sprang from her union with Antony# indeed their existence is by implication denied®of the tragic stories, of Antony's son Antyllus and of Cleo patra's son Caesarion are left unusedThe same author goes on to states "Indeed# she shows more sense of mother- hood in Mr dying reference to the asp as 'her baby at her breast * # than in, a ll the . previous play Shaw's references to Cleopatra8s relations with her brother have.been mentioned in the previous chapters? .the facts that he took her throne# was overthrown and finally killed; that the two were brother and sister and husband : and wife; $, that she was jealous of any attention given him; ^^leCallum#- p .6 558< P p . 359 e . , ■ v \ o -V: ■ . .: . : ■; m and that they felt a mutual dislike and distrust of each o th e r 0 Since Shaw neglects any mention of the love affair between Caesar and Cleopatrathere is . no mention of the expected birth of the child Caeaarlom to Cleopatrao Much more atfetitibn is given to Cleopatra’s slaves than to her familyo Shaw? a Cleopatra has a head slavej, Ftatateeta huge womans, her face covered with a network She rules Cleopatra with an iron handi 15Cleopatra is as yet r ■, ’ - ; ; i - . ' , ' ' * ■ ■ ■ .. : '• -- ; ; . ' ' ' . bat a child that :is whipped by her nurse.6 The f i r s t meeting-.of the two which Shaw shows is in the Syrian palace i - : \ ^ V A ' ; . ;..X : ' ' , ■: : . ' ' ' . . v X ^ ^ j,Ftatateetao Q a turns sternly to Cleopatra^ who quails like a naughty chiIdoooand how dare you order the lamps to be lighted without my permission? : Cleopatra is dumb with apprehensionots^ llihen Caesar orders: Cleopatra to send the slave away^ she does s© very meekly: ^Ftatateeta^ dear: you must go away = just for a little while But Caesar w ill not have this insubordination^ He threatens to cut ■ off Ftatateeta8s heads which produces this reaction? 160 ; Queens: forget not thy servant In the' days of thy greet” *15 15Caesar and Cleopatra^ pi 1950 ^ I b ld o s Pa I 860 ^ 15i b i d o ^ p» ■ 207o ,: 1: y . . - 16lb id o s p 0 207= 116 n e s s o * ^ . Ftatateeta1’ s sternness hides a devotion to the queeno There seems to he nothing she would not do - for her mistresso At one point to make a brave queen out of the. young girl she joins foroes •with Caesar0 Cleopatra attempts to flee at the sound of Caesar8 s legions approach? '^Ftatateeta stops her ruthlesslyo You are my nurslings You have said 8so be it JS| and if you die for itg you must, make the Queen9 s word good® Cleopatra'is very attached to this strange womano Though they threaten each other brutally^ there seems to be a very special understanding between the two® an understand ing which sometimes borders on savagerye When Cleopatra ■; orders Pothinus killed,, she does so with dire threatss but when Ftatateeta returns, af ter the murders Cleopatra ”o,e @ flings her arms around her; kisses her repeatedly and savagely: and tears off her jewels and heaps them on her® Cleopatra'1 s final show of devotion appears in the last act when she appears in mourningj, not for Caesar8s de parture j, not for the death of her brother9 but for Ftatateetho Among - Cleopatra?:s; other slaves is a Nubian slave who seems to be an expert at the art of decapitation®* 20 . 17IMd ° i pe 208 o - ; 18£5M » > P e p i l e ‘ Po 286® ' ' : 20n ) l d eV Pe 20 7 . ' 1 1 7 ; : The re I'B;: meat lorn ofs- who have not ran from the ■ S yrian voampi$.; '^ tif; a l l ;:f h Queen9 s ’ womens th e se th ree alon e . are left> The rest are ,fleSo#^l One scene shows Gleopatrai o » passing the afW In her boudoir in the palace 5 ' among a bevy of her lad ies0 0 o 'M22 Howevers there is no men- . tion of Cleopatra8s relation to any of her slaves but . Ftatateeta# who is a fietitious character0 'It is said of Cleopatra that she .was the most pampered woman of her age» She did not know the numbers of slaves and eunuchs who served her in silence„ It i s also said: ^She makes slaves of her servants 5, but she jokes and sports .with thems too $, and opens her heart to them in ' anger or in joy; 'so they adore hero. ., . ; ; v " ....Of these myriad :slaves^ several of them stand out : • .' ' ' ' .. ■ ■ : ' ' ::' ■ ' ; ;■ ’ ... : in ■reports of :Glebpatra® s "lifeo- ■ There are 1. i3Mardian the ©unucho o qlrasp Cleopatra’s hair-dressing girl,, and Char- :v’ , mieho o-o :. The twowith; whom: Shakespeare deals most are :: •V . Q v Iras and Charmiano Iras has been described thus: ^The dresser had ohte-from Persia, Iras bynameo»olras invented • " v - :\ . gllbide^ pt ■ '. ■ - ' ; - / '■ T ' .v'';;' .:' ' : 22I b id 0 9 Po 264o ' 7/ ^hudw ig:,7;pe 144© :/ ■' ' " • . O' : ' : ^^Harley Granville-Barker, Prefaces to Shakespeare (Princeton, hew Jersey, 1946), pa .4406 ; ^^Piutarch, Antony, p0 3820 ' t 118 a different Hair style each day and the change always made a subject of conversation between the queen and her favorite IrascIt Is said of Charmians MShe had been associated with Cieopatra from, the latter*a early childhood5 when Ptolemy. Aulefes had chosen her from all the nobility of Ithens’j, that his adored daughter might have always near her > an agreeable end cultured companion0 Together th ey are :.h- spoken o f as:.' . oo-.o Cleopatra6 a maids ^ a compdund of wanton gaiety and whole -he arte d d e vo t i on to their m istress 0'ir28 ■ ... Shake spe are characterizes , them^ gene rally 5 as gay and light-hearted« in one scene.they are shown bantering with the soothsayer who ominously tells the carefree v /i Chahalano yYour fortunes are alikeCleopatra i s seen to confide in h e r slaveso ; - She te lls.Charm!an that her way ■ is .to be'' ever-changing, with Antony0 ..Ihe® ;he. suddenly.ap- pears $, Cleopatra affects a swoon % ^E elpm e away^ ' dear Char- miani I shall fa llS/1t cannot be thus iong> the. sides of nature/Will not sustain It And after in tony goes> it is again to Chamian that Cleopatra turnsi 310 Charm!an/ Where think*St he is now?s^^ It is with her slaves that *89 .' 26P e r v a ls - p 0 141 e v.. , : ' P8:' - 89Antony and Cleopatra^ I 9 i i a §6© : - 5QI b id oa. I fl i i i i, 15-17 o -Ibid« P Is v, 18-19 o 119 she attempts to raile m her boreddms GhBQR&TBAo hoelet’s to billiardsp Come^ Charmiane GHMXMS My,arm is sore; but. play with $lardiane ; v CmOBATme- As.well a woman with a eunuch play'd As with a woman» •Come; you'll play'with me# sir? xM m iiio■ A s .w e ll as 1 ean 5 Madam0^^ - Charmian is .close enough to Cleopatra so that she feels that she can' censure, heri ' . ' CHM^lIAMo Good Madam# keep y o u r s e lf w ith in y o u r s e lf : , . Ihe man i s In n ocen t o CLEOPATRAc. Some innocents scape not the thunderbolto Melt Egypt into Nile I And kindly creatures "; .yx -. ■ Turn allto serpents I Call the slave again: • Though I am mad,. I will not bite him; call I OEAmlmo - He is afeared to come« CISQgATRfc - / ' -1 w i l l n ot h u r t . h im ^ S . 1 Cleopatra is not ashamed' to admit that Charmian is right s CHAHElAEa y-. i A .proper man* . , \ ChEOR&TR&A'A'...... Indeed, he is sd; - I repent me much tVThat i o-h TI so.ssri ViQT5r>Tharried ArS him®3< Tn1m - O 4 . the defeat- at Actium, it is her servants who. : bring about the reconciliation between'Cleopatra and Antony: lR 0S a\ # ay,- g e h tle madam,, to him , com fort' him® ' ' ■ . i)o, most dear queeno , - % - ;; ;! CgAfflOANl' E Dd, why what els© ,, 0 0" ; ' ; , ' - ■lBA3V'..'-'.-.tt;t,'''..',0d' t o h im , madam, speak to him; ■ ,' . He's-unqualitied with very shame 0 CLBOPATRAs ' ^Well, - th e h j s u s ta in me e Ohi35 " • A reeonciliation is formeds But: when Antony's troops desert: him, he; blames Cleopatra and rages through the palacee • S^Ibld., II, v, 5=86 ■33rbidV, 11# v, 75-81* ' g4lb id e , III, 111:, ' 41-45 s .1 55IMdo, III, zi, 25-27, 45-45< 120 " Cleopatra turns to her slaves for aid and advices G iM G Bm m o Help me r ray women I 0 S; he 8 s ®«, »mado * ° ' CH&HEIMo ; To t h ! raonuraent 1 , There lock yourseIf> and send him word you .are . . . " dead®.® o ■ .. ■ .v-"^ G m o m T m * To ths monument ! - ■ . '• , ' . . . Mardians go. tell him I have slain myself; ; '. Say -that the last I spoke was ! Antony} 9 : ind word x t s pritheepiteously® Henceg Mardianf- : Snd bring me how he takes ray death® f:?. To t h ? monument i. 36 , • ' . ./ ; .: They go: to the monument and .Cleopatra turns to Charrai'an s . ; ChBOPAT'I#®:. 0 Charm!ans I. w i l l n ev er go f rom hence ® ' ; :v.v ' .' CHiiBiaijlHe :' Be comf or te d s dear madam® ■ • • CLEQPATm. . i o 9 I w ill, not® ' ' All strange and terrible events are welcome. But comforts we despise; our size of sorrow#■ ■ Proportion’d to our cause#, must be so great ; ' As that which makes ito^? Antony is . brought t o the monument and die s, C leop atra faints# .much to her women’s concern: . CHABttlAH® 0# quietness# lady 1 IBASo She.is dead too# our soyreign» c m m i m o : L ad yi • :I:BASe . Madam! ' , - c m m im ® 0 madam# madam#: madam I ; IBAS® :- . ■ Eoyal Egypt® :p , r j " Impress! ■ ' . CH&HElWO Peace# peace# Iraso58 Cleopatra is taken prisoner® Caesar visits her and asks .for ; her complete store of valuables® Her reaction is more of hurt than anger# a s’ was s een in previous s cenes with slavesi .^Shakespeare 0 = ® gives her a new d ig n ity and strength In this® ® ® 56758 56Zbido# iv# ziii# 1# :3- 4 , 6-10® S7I b id c s IV# xv# 1 - 6 o ' • . . 58I b id o # IV# xv# 68-72® . sceneo o o ”39 Cleopatra says ? : ■ '■ Th8 Ingratitude of this Seleucus does Even make me wildo 0 slaves of no more trust v Than love that’ s M r8d I Ihat^ goest thou.baok ! - ■:,, . .. Thou s h a lt / ; , , : ■ \ t Cp;,baOk ^ \ l- warrant the-ej but I s 11 eat oh thine eyes. Though they had'.wings o Slave, soulless villain, dogl . : . v :v 0 rarely base0 =« " ;v: ;; ;-v .0 Caesar, what a wounding shame is th iss oV / - ■ ^ e o o that mine own servant should ‘ , " Parcel the sum of my disgraces hy -/ ■/:; " ; M d it io h o f h is ehvy-I^O ' .1 It is as if in this time of need, Cleopatra expects loyalty - and devotion from those servants who have remained with her© Disappointment and:defeat seem to combine in this speech© However, Cleopatra8 s plan for death is a plan of v victory© Iras and Ghanaian join her without a word of pro- * test© Iras' dies immediately from, a kiss0 Charmian lives long enough to praise her mistress and adjust her crown® 'V lust as the guards enter,.she applies an asp, and dies sayings •’’It is well done, and fittin g for a princess/Da- scended of so many kings ©1641 - v : - ■ '< v ■ It has been said of Iras and Charmian in their easy-: ...vgv./': w acceptance of deaths . ■ s3lfflho would have given the frivolous l waiting-women of the earlier scenes credit for devotion and heroism?”^ It is true that the first glimpses of them make ; 59MacCallums po 451© ■ , <40Ibido V V, ii, 153-158, 159, 162-164© : ' 'V- v ; '-'V- /I : .' . ' 4 i l h i d e>.' V, 11*: .329,;. ;:350» ' 1 ' I.""" 48 48MacCallum, pp© 437-458© . .iv.i 122 them seem almost to© gay for•a serious thought« However# the two, Charmian in particular, develop constantly from then on* •Though '.Ghanaian is frank and sometimes flippant with her mis tress, it is an attitude which springs from a solid friend ship, so that by the end of the play, it does not seem incon gruous or inconsistent to see the extreme loyalty shown by the women® • Dryden makes more of Cleopatra1s relation to Slexas than to her women because it Is Alexas on whom much of the plot pivotso Until Cleopatra banishes ilexas in the scene described on page 95, most of the scenes involving slaves concern Iras, Ghanaian and Alexas& The first scene in Act two (the first 110 lines) shows these three servants trying to comfort their m istresss The following lines express their attempts to helps ChSQPATRI.o lhat shall I do, or whither shall I turn? Ventldlus has overcome, and he w ill go® AUBXiSo He goes to fight for yoU@ CLBOPATRAo . Then he would see me, ere he went to fights Flatter me nets If once he goes, he9s lost, And a ll my hopes destroyed® MIMSMSo Does this weak passion Become a mighty queenQ.eo IBASp Let it be past with you: F orget him , mad am e CLEQPATBiko le v e r , n e v e r , Iras® . . He once was mine$ and once, though how *tls gone. Leaves a faint image of possession still® ALS3AS® Think him in c o n s ta n t, c r u e l and un grateful® GLEOFATM® • I cannot® ® ® 45 Finally she is convinced that Alexas is right: 45 45All for Love, II, 1-8, 28-32. OlEOPATEA-o You s h a ll r u le mes \ v But a l l fl; X f e g r fl in v a in B (E x it w ith Gharmiam aW ' , ■ '■ : x^asg) ■ ,;, MslMX&So .. r, : I fear so too; V ' 'v -x:- '; X 1 Though I concealed my thoughtss to make her bold: ' But ? tis. our utmost means» and fate bef riend it In the last act Cleopatra threatens suicide„ Iras is' with T: : her and calls for; help$ #Help9 0 Sle^cas» help l/The dueen-' ■: grows desperate^ her soul struggles in her/With all the -: agonies of love and rageo/Jind strives to force its passagew18^® Finally Cleopatra decides that she w ill join Antony in d eath :-; . ■ .-x -X, ; : , : - X -'-' : o rWIll you then diet CLEOPATMo Why shouldst thou make that question? IBA Se' ' ' : Caesar is mere if ule , Xt':/" X CLEQBATRAo let him be so. To those that want his mercyeo® '; /i : ', XX; CHAMIOh^,' X' - Whatever you resolves • X' X ; XX ; -'X: ... I'll foll©ws even to deatho X IlASo X I only feared : ‘ -X - ; X . r ■ ■ ■ ; X .XXX X, For you| but more should fear to live-without yoUe CLBOPATPuio Whyg noWg rt i s a s I t sh ould be 6 Q uiok/ my f r ie n d s e ■'.■''t:.;-''MspatOhi';'ere-' th iS s the . tow n’ s in C aesar’s hands : ; : v,.46: : X/'XXX Cleopatra then applies the: asps.s f ollowed by Charmions1 ®The n ex t i s oursgand Iras? mHowa Charmions to be worthy/ Of our great queen and mistresse Serapion enters to find ; only Charmion alive = She breathes her last breath in praise of her m istress : f3Tes$:: ;{ tis .well done s and like a queezis the :44lbid_0.g I I S 106=109 < 45Ibid< Vs 12=15, X 46Ibid.s' 415-419s 426=431, X ^ _Ib___ id4 :o0 £s Xv3X ; V :p. 487 X , ^Ibldl s Vp 488=489 : v ■ ■ y : . : ::y. ■ 124 last/Of her great races I follow he.r0w^ ^ y . r v >- 7 - Thus each play shows an example of the greatest de^. votion a slave can show a masters This is the willingness to follow that master, even to deaths Ftatateeta dies for r:4:y^v>'v: - y-:::;:v y: :>.y '■ ■■■•.y- ■ ■.-.7' y- ;7-i follow ing Cle opatra1 s c ommands = Iras and Charm!on volun«*. tarily commit suiGlde with the queeno These'plays depict Cleopatra as -.'a: harsh ;miatr@ss> jhut ^one'; who Is capable of !%«- spiring faith and unquestioning- loyaltya y ■;:y:^’i:'r'ry->^^-:;;77.v . ; According. to history Iras and Charmion seem.t© he the : = only' two women to whom Cle opatra was eve r e lose „ Howe veri ; : V it would seem that she would have had opinions on her re lations with other women, women of her own station» ■ r g Shaw does not disouss her; attitude toward other y womeno Her sister, Berenice, had been decapitated by Aulefcese Sinee Antony had not Vet come into her life as a •lover at the time of the play, she: was not concerned with either Fulvia - . dr Octaviao Since Shaw does not make a love, s tory out of the play, Cleopatra is not : G0UGerne..d about "Caesar! s w ife o ;Itv seems th a t’When the play becomes a love story, Cleopatra. must become npneerheSVabput 7^®se vv^ eni> ' : . ' g' ' : Shakespeare hever shows a meeting between Cleopatra ,and either Fulvia or Oe tavia® Howe Ve r, he makes it quite clear that Cleopatra has definite opinions about the two womeno Of Antony8 s fir st wife, Clebpatra says s i50 0 o sh rill : 49 49Ibid..,• Vs 501-502, tong9 d Fulvlgu e» and tauntingly: wCan Fulvia dia?®51 . Of Oetavia it is iaids ®>e eOetavia is of a holys G©ld>. and still: oonwpsation'isHowever^ Shakespeare never lets Oleogatra see Ootayia# s© she never forms a personal opin ion » Cleopatra,9 s;, wrathfn with the . messenger who bears news of the:marriage reveal her jealousy of Oetavial but it is likely that, she would have displayed this emotion over any woman who might eaptnre Antony9s faney® She does tell the dying ^atonys^Tour wifes Qetavias with her modest eyes/And s till eonolusions shall acquire no honor demurring upon mee®* 55 Ind so Cleopatra dless having triumphed over the shrewish Fulvia.and the dutiful 0etaviao Dryden9 s play takes place long after Fulvia9s death* Therefore«, she does not play-a part .in the narra tive o Howeverj, Dryden has Oetavia come to Alexandria in an attempt, to regain tint 0nye Delabel la de scribes Oetavia9 s . virtues i '®ei eshe9s. neither tod: submissive#/Hor yet too haughty• but just a mean/Shows7r ;■ as it: oughts a Wife and Homan a tope' i"; ' ..' Despite; the fact that stioh a description makes Oetavia sound rather insipidg the fact that she is wa wife ^OAntony 'and Cleopatra^ Tt i , ..32., ' ;1 51I b id o 3 I s iia 58O ; : 5% bldb a 11^ 'vi# 1315 . h i J .55I b id a 8 IVj,- x v g 27-29 e , ^4I b ld a> l l l f o r Love, I I I,, 267-269 0. and Homan too” are arguments too great for Antony to fight® Cleopatra realizes this and puts her loss of Antony ahead of the lead of her Gountry: ' . - 0 madamj, I have seen what blasts my eyes i ' - O G tavla's here®®® - V . ChBCPJZPHAo I know i t to o ; and now am in ; . '' > fhe pangs of. death®V ' ; , , V- ' • : MLMXA&p . ' You are no, more a Queen: , . ' > Sgypt is loats : r ' . : ' . ; . : ; - vy! ,cm.OPmHA.®.. 1 What te 1 1 's t thou me o f Egypt? -V'v;:; ■ " '1 •: ' My life ^ my soul is lost I • Oct avia has him! v'-:- A 0 f a t a l name to C le o p a tra ’ s lo v e !^5 ; • ' : follows! the scene between Cleopatra and Octavia ' -y:: ... • : . y ; .M y , y y .:y : . ; M in, /WhichMthey hitter epithets at one anothero. Cleopatra - ' ' -■ puts up a brave fronts claiming that her charms far outweigh ' those of Cotavia® Octavia, ever the lady, repliesi - ; ; y- f Far -beJ. their knowled ge.. from a Roman lady® y- Far from a modest wife 1 Shame of our sex, .. . '■■y:• Dost thou not blush to:, own those black endearments, r:: .I 'TM t'm s in p le a s in g ? : ' :,.::y::;^y:':::''yy : CtgOFA$BS.o: : You.. may... b lu sh who - want them® ■ . ^.y... y, : y ’ ' ' : ty '; ' If bounteous nature, if ; indulgent Heaven. . ^ y .:: y:.y Have given me charms to please the bravest man, y ly .Should I not thank them? Should I be ashamed, : ; And h o t be proud?b6 . . ■• " " •- :. ■ V vr , - y - . . v' M My-'. : : ' , y :, ' y ' y • ■ ' - M y : $his would sdem to be a good Indication of what- the two : . Women thiof each other® However, Cleopatra is not as ;/:yy '.: y’r " ■ ", "' ' ; ' ; ' . ' ■ , . , : ■ ■ •. . ■ . • - . . . . ■ y certain : of herself as. she seemsi ®My spirits, while they ywefe opposed, kept up;/They could not sink heneath a rival’s seorha/But now she’s gone,.they faint®However, C leo p a tra y /y ' 55Ibxdoy III, 1-7-o - ■ • y y 56Ibldo,9 111, 439-446® 57lhldft, .Ill, ;470-473o ao on regains Antony8 a allegianoe and fin ally s e es.him die In her dhms swearing his love for her0 She then dies with hirns leaving *dnll Octavia” behind to mourns but to mourn alone» So she dies triumphantj triumphant over Caesars triumphant Over Oct avia o - ' "'-'y-.y,'. Theseg then^ are the women in Cleopatra's life as mentioned by the three•playwrightso Ms nearly as can be as- Gertaineds theys with the exception of the fictitious Ftatateeta and the addition of Calpurnias Caesar's last . w ifS s were the women who m ost a ff e c t e d C le o p a tr a 's l i f e «- It may seem strange that the women closest to such a queen would be her servantse It seems obvious that her lover's ' wives would not be he r friends > though they ■would, have . an ■. influence on her own life o Perhaps there were no women inr :• the Egyptian Gburt of sufficient rank to be"her intimate acquaintances« Most likely in her position of monarch much time was spent with men in an official capac11y« M11le is known of her leisure ,time ac tiv ities $ except f or the periods in her life which were spent with Julius Caesar and A ntony0 At. any rat@;>. i t i s th e two- s l a v e . g i r ls ; who ; remained with the queen throughout: her imprisonment^ and' who chose to die with here •: .■ y : '' y •: , Cleopatra seemed to attract men .from all walks of lif e o Caesar and Antony were her lovers * Shakespeare shows, inobarbus -.aftracted .to'-/though he disapproyee lationship with Antony .youngo ' Cleopatra replies.i S1 wish you were; only I think Should"h© titore .hfrald;;{of ,y©u@.:' I: .like men, especially, young men with round strong arms s but I., am afraid of them o You are old,and rather thin and stringy; but you have a nice Voice I and I like, to have somebody to talk to«, though 1 think you are a little mad»”59 She then says to Caesar that she tires of young mens ®o 0 obut you shall always be my king| my: niee> ;klnd>': wises good old kinge^60 61 Later.!, after she has discovered who this old/ gentleman , is s she / . wishes to help don his armoro In so doing# she removes his laurel wreath* She bursts, into laughter at the real!za» tion that he is bald and tells him:. wYou should rub your head with strong spirits of sugars Caesar» That w ill make it grewo^Gl Then after she puts the helmet on him# she s a y s s ®0h YHow n ic e I /You look o n ly about 50 in i t i®62 ■ ' ^Bpaesar and Cleopatra# p« 200® ; ' 59l b i d o a p* 2Q2® ' ' ' ' . ; ; : " ; 6QI b id 09 p® 209 o /: 61lbldo9 p* 25Ye 6gI b ld *s p . 257® /; At one point Cleopatra even says to Caesars mQ yess yeso ' Yon.are very sentimental# Caesari but you are clever; and if yon do as I tell yon® yon w ill soon learn to governG136® However^ Cleopatra soon learns from Caesar that there is ■ ,■ more than child’s play to being a qneeno As she matures ' she: he ldnger :makes refefenees t© Gabsar^s age®. Even in . . ■: ;their first meeting she relies on his strength^ and when she does' discover that he is Caesars the stage directions state,'_ ;th a t 1 ' q':dWlth a great sob of relie:f 3 C she ) falls into his :: a r m s Early in the second act in a realization of his . ■ strength^, she tells Caesars Bnt if yon go aways I shall not be qneenos • To her servants9 later she states angrilys but seemlhgl# somewhat w lstfullys • .wYon laughs'but take care» I w ill find out some day how to make myself served as Caesar is seryedo^®® In. a statement whieh is quite an admission for a. .young girl who is aspiring to queenhood she states s : 18 0 0 0 we . . are. all: C = all we in this land of Egypt » whether we w ill or noo 8°/ : Clebpatra' seems certain that ■ .: : C W str.lS : mb o rd in ary 'manp= ' 8he^^ s ; .. I' Caesar has. spoiled me for talking to weak things like yoUo^®8 ■ * 6465 6667l b i d B^ Po 2880 64 I b id ofl Po' 211o ^ ib id o x, p0 221o 66Ibidol Po 267g 67I b id 0s p= 270c lib id o, Pe 272e Amd later she indies,tea to Caesar himself that he is son apart from the multitudes| ■^hever mind® To-day you are to .be like other peoples idle, luxurious, and kind0 8,69 • Most'of the time Cleopatra tries mightily to please Cae.sar s ®1. want, t o learn to play the harp wi th my own hands® Caesar loves music0:3 3 However, she claims not to be in love with him s' "Infatuated? What does that mean?' - Made foolish, .. is it not? Oh hot I■ wish I were o o = Love me»0 ®Caesar loves no oneo Who are- those we loveo Only those whom we do not hate oo®He has no hatred in him: he makes friends with everyone oa oHis kindness to me is: a wonderi neither mother, father, nor nurse have ever taken so much care, for me, or thrown ■ open their thoughts to me so freely® Once she tells Caesars "1 w ill do whatever you ask me, Caesar, always, > . because 1 love you®"^^ - . But Cleopatra does not love Caesar always® Tt is only minutes later that a difference of opinion is brought into the open® She turns on him with scorns 811 am not Julius Caesar the dreamer, who allows every slave to insult him®" This argument concerns her ordering Pothinus8 mur der® Cleopatra sees th is with no, horror® But when Caesar 69*71 4 - 69Ib id = , p® 282® fOibid®, p® 265o ; ;■ /' ■ '1., ^ _ v, ' ' 71Ibide, pp® 269, 27O-27Is : 79i b i d ® ^ Pe 289®. : ■ -views the murder of Ft at a tee ta with the same Gdolness« she r e t o r t s i "Eos n o t when a Roman s la y s an Egyptian^ A ll the world w i l l now. see how u n ju st and corru p t Caesar 18.6.^74; Caesar then tries to tease Cleopatra out of her angers But she w ill hot he reconei-ledi MOti> it is you who are a great baby? you make me seem silly because you w ill not behave seriously® But you have treated me badly; and I do.not for* give you®3'1''® Howevers Caesar knows he has one inducement - that Cleopatra cannot- resist! this is lark Joattony#. whom Caesar promises to send to her® Cleopatra is overjoyed at the news$, but not so overjoyed- as not to shed a tear at. Caesar’s departure® ..As the ship moves out of the -harbor#. Apollodorus tells Cleopatra not to weep# that Caesar w ill return some day® The young queen tearfully replies i ’®I hope not® But 1 can’t help crying# all the same0 It is almost as if Caesar is a second father to Cleopatra® He loves her like a kitten# but is hot blind to her faults® Cleopatra adores the "old gentleman15# tries to please him# flies into violent rages toward him and is quickly reconciled with him© ' - "'j' " ' - Apollodorus figures in this play as an adoring ser«= vant who can see no wrong in Cleopatra® For this devotion# *75 ^4i b l d ©# p© 503® 75S i d ?# p® 305© 7 6Ibid®:# p©: 304© .152 Cleopatra states! ^Apollodorus? you are my.perfec t knight 0 : The re is s however# another man.who figures heavily In the plays::- hut who is never seen> This is Antony. . Cleopatra 1 #an.,hard^r. keep him off her mind. She tells Caesar about how they met: . 33A beautiful young man5, with strong round arms.. name over the deserto 0 =and gave my father hack his throneo . T was only, twelve then 0 : Ohp I w ish he would come a g a in / g . how that I am a queeno I would make him my husbandei oIf only I: were, a little olderj so that he might not think me a m" mere kitten^ as you do 1 But perhaps that is because you are so old/ . He . Is many many years younger than yOu^ is he not?3i78 She eontlnuesi %ould he he my husbands do you thinks if 1 asked hinu BABut I should hot like to ask hlme Could you not persuade: him to ask me - without knowing that I wanted him to?^9 She then returns immediately to his appearance s ®Tell mej is he still beautiful? Do his strong round arms shine in the sun like marble Bufio once tells Cleopatra: -You are a bad hand at a bargains mis tress # if you w ill swop Caesar for Antony c,^81 • But Cleopatra has made a vary shrewd comparison between the two men: 33Can one love a god? ,Besidess I love another l i b i d o A Po 244.0. , TSl b l d o s ppo 2 2 9 -2 5 0 o ' lib id o s pu,250o : ■' ' ' - , • . ' . . 8 QIb id ofl Po 2500 : ' ..•••■ Homanj one whom 2 saw long before Caesar = no god$ but a man - one who. can love and hate = one whom I can hurt and who' -y')''::/'': would h u rt me8 *5®2 ■ . . \\ ' ' % ; ' Thua Shaw le a v e s C leop atra weeping: a t C aesar1s de parture # but awaiting Antony’s arrival» History tells us that Antony did eventually send for Cleopatra and' a relationship ; which covered twelve years followed^ V; The picture that Shakespeare paints seems to be the >r. y ; embodiment of the man Shaw describes0 .He is somewhat, older and more debauched than the Antony\Shawls Cleopatra had :S: ■seeh twelve years prior to this play# but he seems to be no -■ less a man's man nor the man whom Cleopatra adored. He seems tto%have an. aura: which is catching^ for when Cleopatra greets a 'messenger bringing word’ from Antony> she says t "how much ■jv; u n lik ea rt,thou to .lark Antony i/Yet.eoming from him^ ;that- great medicihe hath/With Ms tinct gilded thee 6s83 ■*’- . : .' It. is a howevers on Antony' S death that Cleopatra' s ' praises are highestp. She wishes she could keep death away: , ' : ^Die: where thou hast liv ' dj/Quicken with kissing? had my lips ■ that power,/Thus I would we ar them out 0 '3J84 ^ he die s» she /, says i lohlest of mens woo11 die? ° 2lb id p / p. ; 2.7 lo- - . ^Antony and Cleopatraa Ip v# 35-37. ®4Ibide ^ IV, XV, .38-40c ■ 1 5 4 Has thorn no care o f me? S h a ll I ab id e In this dull world whieh in thy absence is Ho b e t t e r than a sty ? 0 # s e e 5 my womens The crown o* the earth doth melts My lord 1 Oj, wither’d is the garland- of the wars The soldiers! pie1 is falls’p i Young boys and girls Mas le w l now with men; the odds is gone^ And there is nothing left remarkable Beneath the visiting mo ©Be,Vo , This ease of that huge spirit now is eold^®5 Her final great praise of Antony,just before she dies seems to leave no doubt of her love for him? I dream’d there was an Emperor Antony,-, Oj suoh another sleeps that I might see But such-another man«.oo His. .face was as the heavens/ and therein stuck S sun and mo on i, which kept their course and lighted The little 0 9 the earthoee IH.S legs best rid the ocean; his rear’d am Created the world; his voice was propertied As a l l th e tuned sphereSs, and th a t to fr ie n d s ; But when he meant to quail and shake the orbs He was as rattling thundero For his bounty^ There was no winter In 81; an autumn 81 was That grew the more by reaping: Ms delights Were dolphin=llke$ they show8d his back above The element they liv ’d ins in. his livery Walk’d crowns-and downsts; realms and islands were As plates dropp’d from his pockets, But if there be or were one such# I t8 s past the size of dreaming: nature w ants stuff T© vie strange forms with fancys yet^ t ’ imagine : . Ah Antonyg were nature’s piece ’gainst fancy# V /.. . V Condemning^shadows quite o'B6 In this .play Cleopatra refers to both the Caesarse fihen An tony is aways she becomes aware of her ageand remembers her youthfulness when she and Caesar were lovers: ^Broad- fronted Caesaro/When thou wast here above the ground# I was/ 8586 85I b id o # IVg x v , 5 9 -6 8 , 89,, 86Ibida 3 V-, il# 76-92# .96-100$ ■ ■■; ;■ ;."v v ; '" . - :, ^ y J. mppgel/f or a rnonaroho After she learns of Antony8 s ;marriage;.'to , Optayl;a she has cause to remember Caesar with remorse : p r a is in g Antonym I have d is p r a is ’d C aesar0 o o X am' paid f o r :}'fc now»®C51s’ ^ h'v V Ih face; to faoe edtitaet: with Oetarins Caeshrj, Cleo- : patra is meek and kmmbXey almost ,a'model, prisonero \ To his , baeka':'howeyerg' she?rsye:alS':?hsr true opinion of the unattrac- ■: tiye ybtihg:; general?;;;; ®Tis .pal|ry?t© be Caesar/Hot being ' ;.’f:dfthne.>; he is but: Fortune’s knave m inister of her w ill , ??'?'; ooo«90 As she takes up the asp she says: 110 oouldst thou speak0/$hat I might hear thee call great Caesar all/Un= • • ? polieedl”®^ It would seem that Cleopatra’s oontempt for Ogtavian is fully expressed when she defies his soft state<= ments and commits suicide 0. In this a et she displays contempt for his word of honor and shows;a'personal Gourage which places her victorious, over hlnu '; :, ? ?'- in All for love Cleopatra seems to hold these opinions: ’ that ’ she:never really loved Julius Caesarj and that Antony 1st; the love of her life 0 She states § ”1 loved not'Caesars ’twas \but' §ratltude^l’''paid?hls :love^ She also says to -Antonyr?h. *9091 ’^She was 50 at the times Antony and .Cle opatr.aa X'a ? v> 29=31, 89ibido3 ir 9: v9 .iD?=i08o 90I M d o / Y:s iij, 2-4, - 91Ibidc,^. Vp lip 309-311»:? • ' . 92A11 for Love„ III, 428=429, ' You seem grievedo? => : d Oo that Caesar first . Enjoyed rny love^, thmS^yon deserv’d it betters : ' : 1 griv© for thatj, my lords ^ much more than yous V For9 had I first been,yourss it would have saved ; ■ ■ My'second choicei I never had been hiss And ne'er had been but yburst^^ Alenas has. this to, say . about Cleopatra9 a love for ; Antony? ®A love which knows ho bounds to Antonys/Would mark the day with honourss when all heaven/Labnured for him> when ; eabh propitious - star/Stood wakeful ,,in his orbs, to watch that ; ■ hour s/And': shed'' his; bet ter influence o3394;; G le opa t ra hers e I f : ' is shown to bemoan the loss of Antony:more than the loss of a her country? *These ills are smalli/For Antony is lost, and I. can mourn/For nothing else but him .' Now come, Octavius,/ ' 1 have no more to lose rj395 • 'tthen the triumphant Antony re turns from battle she greets him? if;; :- • ’ ' ' , ’ ■ Come to me, come, my s o l d ie r , t © my arms I ,v ' ' been too long away from my embrades i • ■ v , 1 But,;, when; I have you fast, and a ll my own, _ ^ \ '■ ■■ 11 th broken murmurs, and with amorous sighs, . : ^ /'.'A 11 say, you were unkind, and punish you,A ; And mark you red with many am eager k iss093 94*96 v Later when Antony refuses to see her, she makes this pathetic plea to Dolabellas ' - . ' : ■; . :. ■ : . An , : . A A , : a ' a ' / ' ^ Could you hot beg ; Ah hour’s admittance to his private ear? . ; 93IMdo, II, 545-5510 94Ibld^ . X, 156-160 o • 95lbido ,II, 10-15o 96Ibido, III, 5=10o 157 Like - oneV who wanders through long barren wilds And yet foreknows no hospitable inn Is near to succour hunger5, eats his fills Before Ms painful march; Sd would T feed a while my famished eyes Before we part =o 0^7 She also expresses the extent of her love to Ootavias If you have suffered, I have suffered more» '■■'■./Ton''tieajr: .tbie' a p e e ie u S ;t itle , o f a w if e , ; To gild your causes and draw the pitying world. To favour its the world condemns poor mes - v '-Eor'I/have- lost my honour, lost my fame, : , . '.And, stalhe d. the . glory bf #y royal house, % branded name of mistress.-, v ' There wants but 11 fe, and that too 1 would lose' , : For him X . :l©ve.e98 ^ : Thus it is that Cleopatra's opinion of the men with t whom she was assoei a ted are alxao at completely c onfined Julius Caesar and Antony© In the three plays the love which she is believed to have held for Caesar is played down^ •Shaw almost ignores the subject® Shakespeare and Dryden are outright in denying suehlovso. in all three plays it is Antony who is. the great love of Cleopatra's life® Oct avian The people whose lives Cleopatra touched could, hard-* fheing affected by her® The three authors give their - characters things to say about Cleopatra, some good, some bad® patra's childishnesso Bufi© is especially vocal in his de- nunelation of her childish manner® Caesar is more under- ': Q^Ibido .r il, 456-465® : ; ^8lb ld ®:, III, 456-465® -s:1iand:i:ng-d . ■ Qri&e; stien . Btafio d is m is s e s C leop atra as o n ly a oMldj, Caesar states? 58Just so? that is why we must not disappoint iae r<.;lM99 Howe ver^ Caesar ' reall ze s that e ven his patlenGe eannot, make Cleopatra mature: permanentlye He fl=- nally. states: ^#iat i As much a child as ever> Cleopatra I . Have 1 not made a woman of yoh after allfw^OO . ApoliodoruS. is a constant 'admirer and tells his ‘queen§ ^Cleopatra grows- more womanly beautiful from week _ to week/oooFrlend Eufio threw a pearl in to;the sea? Caesar fished up a diamond e"101 ' '; Even Pothlnus must admit*, that momentarily at leastj, Cleopatra- has grown up=> MM. the beginning of one conversa tion he states? . “You are hut a child# Cleopatras and do not understand these m attersHis ideas are soon changed i •Cleopatra? what they tell me is :trues You are changed Cleopatra is surrounded by persons who hold eonfliet ing opinions of her0 Xt seems/.that most people find them- selves changing their.minds:about her as situations ehange« One of her sbldlers states almost in fear? sFe dare noto We are descended from1the gods; but Cleopatra is descended :from the;'Hiver.' Ml©f and the lands of our fathers.-will' grow *102 99 Caesar and Cleopatra^ po. 257o 1QQlb id o a po 305o: , lalIbido , po - 280o : j 102Ibid»s Po ,268» ; . - .g ■ lOSihid.p Po 269b . ' ;-i5 9 no grain if the Wile 'rises not water on theme Almost in •the next hreath, ho wave rs . he states t s Faugh I This rule of .■ women will be the ruin of Egypt I1f105 ■ g; ;• • ;v;iufiorsv;op£nienSof Cleopatra seems quite Gonsistento ■He calls' her: lathis piece-of goodsp11-®-0® and i-0you: ' ". 1' fiIthy little Egyptian rato.ot,®-1-07 Another consistent view-' point is that of Apollodorus = He adores Cleopatra: ^Royalty eo®lies not in the barge but In the Queen® The touch of your majesty8 s foot on the gunwale of the meanest boat in the har bour w ill make it royalc15^08 Later he s tates: ’3STes$ I con fess myself a converted man® When Cleopatra is a priestess * : Apbllodorus is a devoteee-^lC© ■ . Once Fothinus sees .that Cleopatra has changed# he re a ll ze s in her a powe rful .enemy 0 When he speaks of Cleo patra thereafter s it ;is no longer in reference to a child: 33The curse, of a ll the gods of Egypt be upon her I She has sold :her 'Country,to-: the that she may buy it back from him with her kisses®38110 He confronts Caesar with accusations 107 : IQ^lbl-d:®-^^ p^ ' " ' " " : % ' •' !• v , 105Ib id p e. 194® :- 1Q6Ib id 8 i, p G 227® 107IM deS-ps 291o >; : ^08Ib ido S. p® 244o 109I b i d Po 2 8 5 o '-"i ; UIh ld e , Po 272. 14©:; against ,Cleopatra t Caesar: yon have tarnght Cleopatra the arts by whioh the Bomans govern the world»3®Are you so besotted with her 'beauty that you do not see that she is impatient' to reign in Egypt alones an<3 that her heart is set on your departure Q0.Prom her omn lip s I have heard itw You are to be her catspaws you are to tear the crown from her brother* s head and set it on her owns da- v live ring us all into her hand - delivering yourself also®, j&id then Caesar ean return to Borne/ or depart, through the gate of death,;-which Is nearer and , , sure r e 111 ■■■■ ' ; . :''";,-.',Eveh'' Caesarj, who can be so kind to. her, tellA her in a moment of danger: mMxid of my soldiers who have trusted me - .: .there i s not one whose hand I shall not hold more sacred; . : ; than your head® ® 0My poor child: your life matters: ..little ;; •■here .to anyone but yours©lfv8,^®^ : • it 1s Ftatateeta who seems to change most in her • ' opinion of Cleopatra® At.the beginning of the play she seems to love Cleopatra, but has no respect for her and treats her just as one would treat a youngster® .However, ; ‘ once Cleopatra.stands up to face Caesar, Ftatateeta dons an air of complete servitude® She becomes both protective of ," and obedient to Cleopatra: ®Peace, thou I The Queen- • . ' •• _, ;.....' . / , ; - . ^:8peaks//:i'td . lihen Cleopatra orders 'the death of Bthinus» .'F ta ta te eta obeys e: •• As sbe,:,aw aits, he r n ex t command,' .she s a y s :- : ;®lTh6: ?%iieenr-s word is; my, will® I , sh all be .at.'hand . for the - t l l lb ld o a PP® 278-279® . ^ ^ ib ld ®, p.® 260® l l s IM d o , p® 265® 141 . ' v.V ' Her© then are seen many opinions of Cleopatrac Per- . haps 11 • is hecause Cleopatra was a creature: of varie ty.8 a : ...woiaan who was constantly ehanglng's ' Toward such a person it : ■ would seem difficult to form a single impression^ Shakespeare shoTifa strong anti=Gleopatra sentiment among the Bomans o Enobarbus cannot help hut admire here Jtaiony cannot help but love herBv Oetavian recognized her as a f ©rmidable f oes ,th eief ore : one worthy of admiration^ ; tonyls:: f riends and s oldi ers': dp not- ap^ of., Cleopat ra».y, In the opening lines, of the play Philo statesi °Look, where they eome l/Take but good note# and you shall see. In him/The tMpie pillar of the world transf orm9 d/Into a strumpet f s • . . fooles^® Searus speaks thus of her: ^Ton ribald nag of Egypt =>/®hom leprosy, o1 ertake>: 6» The cynical Enobarbus . has this to say.to Antonyt , EEQBAHBUSo Alack# sir# no; her passions are made of noth= ; ing but the finest part of pure lovee We cannot . ‘ call her winds and waters sighs and tearsj - they , ’ / : y • ■ x. ; are, greater a torms and tempests than almanacs can ; . • ::. reporfco ■ This cannot be ounning in her 5 i f i t ^he# "-y : - : ' she makes a shower: of -rain as well as lovee , , ; : . Would ! had, never seen her l , ■ -y i f :::yf;; BMPBARBUS0 0# sir# you had' then left unseen a wonderful ' . Piece of work,. 0117 . " .. • ' :) - H ^ I b id o# po 287o ' ' ; ■' ' / vi 11^Antony and Glcopatra# 1# 1 0 - iS . ' 116Ibldo # ill#: .X#; lO -llo. 'Viy.y;:' . 117lbid o a X# 11* 160-161. Enebarbus loves his master and tries, tie protect hiiru He goes to Cleopatra asking her to leave the field of battlei v ■ vl Your presence needs must puzzle Antony; ; v , - . What should mot then be spars do:' He is already : . ; vlraauo/84';,: for letlty-| and 51 is said in Rome ■ • That Porthinus an eunuch and your maids. ■ Manage this wartfl'18 ' -yvvh:/;: v \ . Qctavian in Ms anger denounces Cleopatra: MHo^ m# .,; most wronged sister) Cleopatra/Hath nodded him to hero He • hath giren: h is empire/Hp to a whore a 6 0 S?119 HoweWr> he /re^ • alizes that in capturing her he has gained'a prize s sCive her what oomforts/The quality of her passion shall require#/ Lest, in her ■greatness by some mortal stroke/She do defeat uss: rfor .'her :life^ ^ in our triumphs5”120 l^t itiaen she dbest and triumphs, in death#' 'Caesar - states: ^Bravest at the last^/She levelled at our purposes# and# being royal#/Took her own ways^^1 ■ , ■ / ■ : , .: . ■It' is be cause Lolabe 11a forewarns, her that Cleopatra knows of Caesar’s treacherous plans® The officer seemed,to fall under Cleopatra’s spells ”Your load is as yourself# greatI and you bear it/As answering to the weight® Would 1 might never# never/O’ertake success# but Id o feel#/By the rebound'ol-yourd# a grief that smites/My very heart at r o o t A . He' r ■ Caesar’.s ^ ”Madam# as' liS iw . ,; iti, vii,. ii-i6w: :: iaga ia.. y/ ti, 101- 5 ;'. '119Ibldo y111#; vi p 65-67,/ lgQIbidoS V# i i # 62-66» 121Ibido ® 358-340s the re to a wo rn by your e ommand p /Whle-h. my love make a re liglon to obeys/l tell you-thiss Caesar through Syria/Intends his .journey) and ,withlh three days/You with your children w ill be sent before I t i s M itonys ■ howevera who speaks;of Cleopatra with . highest praise - and also with most furious rage o When he . ■ love a . herl therey seemst to; be hardly enough words With % loh ;to praise' heriv t. ; - V V ... \ y '. let: Some in Tiber ^elt» and the wide arch . . Of the ranged empire fa ll 1 ’. Here' Is my spaceooo g ’ fe othe nobleness in life . . ■ Is to do thusi, when such a mutual pair : ‘ ' ;; ' . Embracing . ‘ tod 'suoh a. twain can do81# in which I blnd^ ■ On pain of punishment» the world to wit .r: We stan d up. p e e r l e s s" \ , ■ ' ; : : : It is to Cleopatra3 s credit that Antony finds it difficult to leave.- hern: mThese strong- Egyptian fetters 1 must break/:. Or lose myself in dotageAfter his marriage to' Ootavias totony states: i3I w ill to Egypt)/tod though I make this marriage, for my peace*/in th9 - last my pleasure lies o”126 ■■ He returns and the- defeat of Sotium follow s» In the reeon= oiliation scene* totony chides‘Cleopatrai. • : .-Egypt/ thou knewsst too well , '■ My heart .was to thy rudder tied, by th5 strings* lg5Ibid0,V 3 ii>* 198-202oJ .S > <->■=• , 124Ib id *. 1* i* 33-34, 56=4Qo ; 125;Ibide, .... 1, lii, 1 2 0 -1 2 1 o 126 Ibid., 11, iil> 38-40o 1 4 4 - thou shoBlds?t tow me after® 0$er my spirit Thy fu ll supremaey thou knew6 sfcs and that Thy beck might from the bidding of the gods • ... Command me®®,e . . , „ , ' You did know ‘ How rnueh you were my conqueror; and that : ; My swords made weak by my affections would ' Obey it, oh all oause®]'^ ■ ':: But he loves her0 In almost the same breath he tells heri. :: lsF ali not. a tie ary 1 ; sayi-■; one of them, rate s/lill .that-.is won.': 'r and lost:- give me a kisse/Bven this repays m e«^^ iater he . is not io kind when..he thinks she is making a pact with O etavians 1 found you as a morsel cold upon Dead Caesar8s trencher; naya you were a fragment Of Cneius Pompeyis| besides# what hotter hours# Hn,register's in vulgar famSg you have Luxuriously pick®d out; for X am sure@ Though you can guess what temperance should be$ You know not what it i s 6 L29; His anger is even greater when he sees his forces turn from y.: i: ' '■ ; - ■■■ - ' ' . ' ' ■ ' : . ' ' ' him:/ : v i • ■ ■ ., ; ^ This foul Egyptian hath betrayed me0 =» ■ . ; Triple-turned whore I 91 is thou . 'Hast sold me to this novice®®:®.- .' v . ;.: v - - : .:Betray9d'' l ::am®■■ - .. 0 this false soul of Egypt! this grave charm,. - UShose eye .back’d forth my wars, and c a ll’d them home; Whose bosom .was, my crow n et, my c h ie f end® - ' ’ Like ■ a right .gipsy,. hath;> at. fast and loose, ' Beguil’d me. to the very heart of losSoL5^ He b ares.his grief to his servant, Eros: 1 made these wars for Egypt; and the Q,ueen, ■= *128 IBTibido# III, xi, 56-61, 6 5 -6 8 0 128roido# 111, xi, 69-71® ' 129Ibid® 3 111, x iil, 116-122s . ISQlbide, IV, x ii, 10, 13-14, 24-29® 145 . Whose heart 1 thought I, hads f or she had mines . „■ Which whilst it was mine* .had ahnex’d onto 81 & million more* how lost^, she* Eros* has . ; • Pack8d cards with Caesar, and false-play9d my glory Unto an enemy8s triumphs 131 , But when he learns of her death, Antony is overcome with ' g r ie f : ; y\y/ h 1 I w ill o8ertake thee* Cleopatras and ' Weep for my pardon* e6- ' ' Whe re souls, do c ouch on flowers * we811 hand in hand *. J And with our sprightly port make•the ghosts gaze* . - .- Dido and her Aeneas shall want troops* . ^ ' . And at 1 the haunt; be oursoi^^ " It is touching that his-last thoughts are for Cleopatra8 s safety: sOne word* sweet Queen:/Of Caesar seek your honour* w ith your s a f e t y - •. - . . So it seems that Shakespeare is kinder to Cleopatra than Shaw is 0 Shaw :leaves. Caesar thinking that Cleopatra is % s till a child* Shakespeare shows Cleopatra redeemed in. Antonyms eyes* great in Caesar8 s eyes* Shaw8s Hufio is un- • kindly toward Cleopatra* Shakespeare8s Enobarbus must ad- v mlt that Cleopatra has attractions, to which even he•is not immune*' ' ' : ' . ' , - , - ' •. / .. , In All for Dove the person who speaks most eonsistent- ly against Cleopatra Is Ventidiuso . One of his first 'statew^' v:: : ' ■ • : ■ V ; ; w- :; • . ^ 134 ments ooncerns Antony and her: /"Would- he had never seen her/* 151Ib id * * -IV; Vaiv* 15—£0 ".vi ■ V - - 152lbid oIV, x iv , • 44-45, 51-5 4 * ’■ , • /:.://■ -• : Ibido, IV, xv, 45“46o ; : ;;t^ A i l 'fdr Dove* I, .1160 /.V- :::: : When he hears. that she has ordered a celebration f or Antonyms birthdayj, he says s 91 Curse on the tongue that bids -this general joyi/Can they be friends of Antonyg who revel/When intony’s in Vdangeri®-5-^6 When he te lls Antony that there are troops for him to 'leadr he makes one condition: 91 They said they would’ not fight for Cleopatrao/lhy should they fight indeed a to make' her eonguery/And make you more a: slave f. To i f ,v'h-:vh.' gain your kingdoms^/Which^ for a kiss s at your next midnight: feast>/you9ll sell-hero9**1"3® He rages on: 5iBeholds you hhowers^y^To..ihiom: you have in tru sted : humankind t/See Europes Africa, Asia, put in balance,/And all weighed down by one - : lig h t,:>w orthless:hromah I®1®17; ':'ihen dieopatra argues*: to Antony that Caesar never, was her love, Ventldlus states s ti0 Syren I. ■ , Syren !/Tet grant that a ll the love she boas ts were true ,/Has ; • She n o t ru in ed . you?B And not knowing of Octavianrs offer .of-her; safe;ty in return for Antony.8 s' life , Ventldlus taunts i'; ^Mee- now the effects of her so boasted lovel/She strives to : hrag: you' down to - ruin with her 5/But could she 8 scape without you, oh, how soon/Would she let go her hold, and. haste to shore,/And. never look behind I0159 At one. point Ventldlus ,' f p 15^ Ib id o , 1 ,. 150”152o ; ./ - f 'V:.; 156Ibid.oa I, 360“364o ' . ; ' , - l/' /' ^ 15?ibidV , I , 370”573a ; ' ; ; 158IM d<>, II, 358-360. 159Ibido, II, 385-389 0 ealls her: *%mr Oieopatrag/Dolabe 11a8a Cleopatra; every m ania CieopatraoAfter Antony's troops desert* he says: The n a tio n I s . One universal traitor; and their queen : The very spirit and extracts of them alle-= = : 1 :'t, \ Enter Alenas * trembling0 ,' tS ee* see;, th a t v i l l a i n i -; . • See Cleopatra stamped upon that face * . ; • With all her cunning,, all. her arts of falsehood i '..v How she works out. through those dissembling eyes! '.::/;;. ..v.:..ip*:he seta,'his oountenance for deceit^. , ' p : ■ ' ; And promises a lie* before-he speaks . . ; : ; i 'vi.; ;■ ■■■;. Oct a via has : s ome. comments about Ole opatra e: When' they meet. she. says $ 3*i would view n©arer/That face* which has so long usurped my right*/To find the inevitable charms* that Gatch/Mankihd so sure* that ruined my dear lord» She sums up her opinion of Cleopatra: • . You have been his ruin„ , V made him cheap at Home* but Cleopatra? . Who made him scorned abroad* but Cleopatra? . ■ vV;At Actiurn* who b etrayed him?- Cleopatra® ■ ‘ Kho made his children orphans * and poor me .. ' -'A wretched widow? . Only Cleopatra® 145 Wheh Antony grieves at the news of Cleopatra9® infidelity* ‘. . Ootavia says i ®o»»5 tis much unkind to me/To show this passion®,oEor an abandoned* faithless prostityteWell Oetavia knows Cleopatra8s hold on Antony: W l b l d a , XV* 396-397o ■ ' ' ;■ * -. 141Ib id e. , IV* 157-159* 1 8 8 -1 9 3 , 142Ib ido* III* 433-436, •^ ^ Ib id e.* III* 450-455, . ' - ■ : .. V 144I b id o * IV* 384-386e . Iherein have I offended yous my lord5 That I am bid to leave you? Jim I false.^ ■ ; ^ v "J . ' , , Or Infamous? Jm l a Cleopatra? J :' . J-- . , / J J Were 1 she , ‘ ; '.' ' - -, - : \ % :/:% .J / ;0. - Base as she is # you would not bid me leave you, • But hang upon my neck, take slight excuses, : . ,#nd fawn;, upon,.my fa lse h o o d = 1^#::r ' ' Octavla is right & % /it takes a great deal to show Jkn tony, that Cleopatra is false s' J,My queen’s not only Innocent, but loves . meo13-*-'*® Later he -statess ^Though heaven and eaAh/Should witness it, I811 not believe her taintedo But when he believes her falser his anger is, mightys ■" ; J ; i; W g r a te fu l Womani i -"i;' ;'j' ; ' ■Who followed me, but as the swallow summer, ; ■.' _ '; • : Hatching her young one a in my kindly , beams , , : ..Singing her flatteries to my morning wake: v , -BUt, now my winter comes, she spreads her wings, ■ : ' . - . Snd seek s the sp rin g o f C aesar=1,48 ^ : However, as soon as Antony hears of Cleopatra8 s death, his : y" . -- ■/ ' ' ' ' - : , - ; ' \ ■ /, ■' ^ , ■ . y . , - : - ■/'- desire to live is gone® He resolves to die: v . ; ;;’yj y : : . y ji i I wiil? but not by fightings 0 Ventidlus I / ■ What should I fight for now? = my queen is dead, ' "y;.,: I was but great for her; my power, my empire, Were but merchandise to buy her love j ■ ;;':y Md conquered■ kings, my factorso How she’s dead, , Let-Caesar take the world, - ’ y - ' .iy ‘ , An empty circle, since the jewel’s gone ; h yJ Which made it worth my strifei my being’s nauseous| . • For all the bribes of life are gone awayyl4^ . ' .A final tribute to the pair is paid by Serapioh, the priests ^Bleep, blest pair,/Secure from human chance, long ' ' 145Ibid o, IV, 5 9 2 -5 9 8 o -y . y : ' 146i:bldo-, .1 1 , 451 o V';/ y ; . . . ; 14%bido , IV, 514-515* ■ 148Ibido, V, 207-212p '■ V, 867-='275 o. ■ '■ \' ,' ■. >v ages oytj,/W hile a l l the storms o f f a t e f l y o»©3?- your tom b ;/ jgud fame to late posterity, shall tellg/Wo lovers, lived so’, 'great, or died 'so-wello^1^ " : : ' ■ ; . ^ : ■ ■ ■ Cleopatra was a vital womans She had a keen mind-e She: was 'ihterested in people and thingso Because she was this way> she. had opinions about people and things e Because o f ; this, people held opinions about, hero It would seem that Cleopatra is often shown acting, in a manner which would •attract adverse criticism , yet at the same time she is shown, -v as a woman to whom such criticism matterede It would be d lf-, fleult to say just why she felt so affected by these attacks., but there may have been many reasons» More important, she is shown to be of a spirit that raised itself above opinione She is shown to believe in herself and to act eventually as if she were righto The three authors, in showing Cleopatra to be this kind of woman, leave her in each play victorious, victorious in situations which could appear maudlin, lu d i--^ crons or hopeless* Because she is shown as she is, the reader or the viewer is able tp form an opinion of Cleopatrae It Is probable that •reactions would be much the same as those of characters in the play =■ there would be times of dislike and., times of ilking and times of admiration for Cle©» patra» Perhaps this is because, it Is difficult to imagine , Cleopatra -except as extraordinary, but also as a very human being®. ' : ■ ■ i .v :l5QIbid, V$ 512-516< SUMMARY :AM> CONCLUSIONS To conclude, t h i s stu d y o f CLEOPATRA THE WOMAN i t i s . necessary to summarize objectively the various aspects of Cieopatra which the three authors have presented0 Generally speakings Shakespeare and Dryden presented Cleopatra as a woman of infinite charms deep emotional powersP of queenly stature and endowed with definite powers of rulershipo On the other ‘-hand^ Shaw seems to. have delighted in presenting . Cleopatra as youngs petulant and superstltious to a marked de gfee> v •? He -has endowed her with charm and, emotional quall=:' k ,tiesg^': h : h er 'quehnly^ q t p a te n tly unde velop ed and he r ab ility■" * S- to rule /ri: , is< in largelyT In addition© her personal endowments and attributes and opiiaionsy as well as the opinions of others towards here, have' been considered in arriving at a complete pietyre of Cleo p a tra the woman» . : ; ; Shakespeare5 Dryden and Shaw included these elements in their plays in brder to complete the picture each was - making :of Gl@spa;6ra,e' ;Yet • each, p la y i s d iffe r e n t^ each con - ; eept of Cleopatra the woman differs from the other .two„ ;'.'.'■•■r In-''Seme a s p e c ts th e C letip atras o f the. th r ee p la y s are alikeo She energes in all three as a woman of great passions* of great variety and with a strong personal appeal* though -she is obnoxious to certain persons» In all three plays she clearly acknowledges Mark Antony to be the great love of her s'5 life* while her ,love for Julius Caesar is Incidental0 ' In.' - each play her attitude towards childreh is scarcely touched 'vupoh* though Shaw-shows her actively opposed to her brothers and sister* , Cleopatra emerges most emphatically as a thor- ; bughly feminine woman| in all three plays she is shown to use womanly wiles* to be adept at employing tearss anger and smiles with great dexterity and with general successo - Although it 1s not possible with, finality to label the concepts bf Cleopatra as - presented, in the three plays* it would seem that Shakesp s Clebpatra is the most historic* Dryden1"s the most romantic ' and id ea listic* while Shaw* by.y:;'■ ::,- giving her the immature and often pe tulant; quail ties of a child * makes the -greatest departure from' the- historic account and therefore presents her almost entirely as a flotional characters •:: ■ BIBLIOGR&PHY , *Alexaitder%, Eacyolopaadia Britanalea (1945)r 11th ed»,• Is 566»572o . v - - : . • , ; '. ' ; ^ Emoyolopaedla Bri tannic a (1945).», 11th ed** vi> - v. W 7 » ^ ; \ ' ' - - ^ v A lexand3?iah Sehdolfis Bnoyc lopaedla Brltam le a (1945) g. 1 1 th • _ :;8do ^ 'I g' p» 581#-' BeIjames Alexander^ Men of Letters and the English Bahlie In the Eighteenth Century9 Translated by Ea OoLorimer® Lozadons Eegans Paul# Trenehs ^rubner & Go® s Ltd® ,■ 1948., 1 -1 5 6 ° ' . Breasted» James Henry0 Ancient Times9 Bostona Hew York, Chicagd, London, itlan ta, Dallas, Columbus,, .San Fran c is c o s Ginn and Company^ 19 44$, 50=128@ Bucknillj, John Charless The Wedloal Knowledge of Shakespeareg v , v 1 London i Longman &lCo®, ISCO, 217-222® u \. ' , - : Burton, Bioharda:-'Bernard Shaw = The Man and the Mode 9 Hew ' York: henry Holt & Companys 1916# 95-200 6 , ; Campbell^ John Lord, Shakespeare8 a L egal A cquirem ents Con sid ered ,, London: John Murray® 1859 9 94=96B. ' Chanler, Beatricea Cleopatra'e Daughter@ Hew York: Liveright Publishing Gompany, 1954, 5=60o Clements Clara Ersklne.s Egypt, Chicago: E® A® Seeks & Company« . . 1895, 218-262* : ... . ; . ^Cleopatra^s Enbygldpaedia Brltannlea (1945)9 11th ed®„ 7 , .• : p.e ;8 0 i;»;;:r : :'Cook, 6 ® Als jE® .# A Adcock, and Z®' E®.: Charlesworth, ' eds®, The Cambridge % AnGlent Eistory, Volo 711, Hew York1 T he■ MacMillan dompany, "Cambridge, England1 at the University Press, 1928#; 142wi54'e ; 1 ' Dickens, Guy, H ellenistic Sculpture; Oxford: . At the Clarendon Press, 19201 19-35® , , ®Dryden? Jotm”s Ineyclopaedla Brltannica C1945)g 11th adf,d S _ viiV 686-6880 ':^ . Drydeny John, SIA11 for Xdveas Selected Works of John Drydens Bdl ted by ffi 111am Frosty Sew York and • Toronto s Bine hart : CooS- ine^ 1955,- : ■ Dryderij, John# fCha Works o f John Dryden9 Vole I I 9. Hew Yorks / ; Se . 4o: Wn> : .InGl^ :; 1950,..; 9-19 9.; : ' ' ^Egypt% moylGOhaedla Britannica;(1945)s 11th eds, V III, : . 33-109 0 - .. ; ■ ' ■. Eve ryd ay Life in Ancient Time a £ ■ fas hingt on Da Co s Hational '' , Geographid^Soolety^ 1951o '1' / ; : ^ Be rre roa Guglislmo s Characters and Events of Boman Hiatoryg .' • I1 •Hew York and Londons Go ;B. Putnam8 s. Sons j, 19095 39=680 Bervalg Claude s The Private L ife,of.Cleopatra; Londons William Helnemann Ltd® s 1950=, Fieidingv: Sarahs IPhe lives of Cleopatra and Ootavia^ Edited : hy Bo Brimley: John son The Scholastic Press / 19 28=, Fox $ Penelope» Tutankhaffiun8 s Treasure j, Lonobn NeWj, York and if", - Torontds Oxford Uhlverslty Press s:19516 - • '; ■ , , Branzero. Carlo’Maria, The Life and Times of Cleopatra, New Yonki: ■’ PhllosdphlGal Yihraryjx : 1957e/ ; . Breut, .Henry 0= , A. Table of the Birds of Shakespeare, Washington, DoCoS The Washington Planograph Company, Inc©-, ' 1959o :• Y.Y , Gardner,. Helen>: Art Through the A ges, Hew York's H areourt, Y 1948, 42=810 . • , Gerwigs George W illia m , S h ak esp eare8 s Id eals, o f Womanhood, .: East, Boyer oft Shops, 1929, 151=171 e ; G lanville, So^ ;Bo: EL , Daily Life; in:,Ancient- Egypt, Londons.; ,v George Bo.utledge;:& SonsLtd®, 1930.e. Granville-Barker, Harley, Prefaces to - Shakespeare, Volo 1» Prineeton, New Jerseys Princeton University Press, 1946, Haggards h0 Eiders Cleopatra, . New Yorks The Be view of . Re views Company, 1889 6 . ' • ’ ' : . • ' ^ 154' Hahiij, Bmllyj, Love Conquers lothings Garden C ity 1® Y% t Doubleday & Company5 Inc»s .1952^ 57"590 Hawood s El chard 11= ’The Seal Cleopatra, Caesar and intony® lew York Times Sunday Magazines February 5, 1952, ppc 22= 23,. 52=55® : : , ; ... H azlitt, William, Characters of Shakespeare9 s Plays, bondon: ■ . 'Printed for Taylor and ' Hessey, 1818, 95-103o >./ • Henderson, Archibald,. George ^Bernard Shai^g Man of the Century»:'' , Hew York: ippleton^Century-Crofts,: Ine», 1956, 552=»5590: . . Jameson, ’ inna> \ Shake ape areT s . Heroines:, Londons George B ell & , Sons , 1898', ■219=245 o ; : . v, Jane way, Ellzabe th, ®Pemmes Fatales'®, lew York Time s Sunday ■ Magagine, iprii '18, 1954, p<> 240. . .. ' . • Johnson, Alvin S0, ^Cleopatra and the Eoman Chamber of Com= merce®. The American Scholar, Autumn, 1949, 417^424» Ludwig, Emil, Cleopatra8 Translated by Bernard M lall,; lew . York: Bantam Books, Ihco^ 19560 '. : . ' . ' Mac Gal 1dm, M6. S h ak esp eare9 s Eoman P la y s and Thei r ■ Baok=: . ground, Londorn Macmillan and . Co® , 1935, 300=453o Mac Car th y s Desmonds, Shaw ,1 London 1 Mac Gibbon # Eee^ 1951, 93= Mahaffy, Ja , The Empire of the Ptolemies, London and lew' '• : Yorks. Macmillan and Co,, 1895$ 445-486Q. :' • ; " M ills,. Dorothy, ' The Book of the .Ancient World for Younger Headers, lew York and London: Gg P;» Putnam8s Sons, 1929> ; li-VS.-.' ; ; '• vl.., ' - ' . ■ r Mommsen, The od ore, The H isto r y o f Rome $ T ra n sla ted by W illiam Fa Dickson, lew York: Charles Scribnerrs Sons, 1902, ' ;202“329:o : ' 1 . ' : ■' le t h e r e 0 1 ,■ Arthur ■Ho ,. -Men, .and Supermen, Cambridge $: Harvard , Hhlyersity- Press;' 1954 0 , . . V . ■ lehby, P® ::Ho ^ of a Lady of •Mystery®, le w; York Time s ■ ■' ' Sunday M agazine, .. Septem ber 18$ 1949.$ ;ppc, 24= 25, 64, 6 6 o: -■ .■:; Plutarch, Lives,: Translated by John Dryden, lew York: P 0 F 0 C ollier & Son, 1909', pp® 274^334, 304=4036. Pollard, Edwards Women in All Ages arid .in All Com trleas ' Philadelphia! The Eifctenhouae Press^ 1907-=1908s 117-152e ®P©alpeius Gnaeus:1% Encyelopaedia Brltannlca (1945) @ 11th edS5 204*%: : / .■■■■'■■ V . ; sPompeiu3 Sextus® ^ Bnoyc lopae dla Brl tannlea-i C 1945).s 11th < r /e d e ,. "m il*, pa 2 0 4 . ■; , Poole$, leginald ;Stu,art> The Gitlea of Egypt^ Londons Smithy Elder &'COoS 188 25 ppo. l^l4> 178-209® ' Bohh@; David Mo a- and' Je J» Garrlspm» fc?t in the Western World* 'V lew -Xorki' Harper; & Brothers Publishers # 1942s pp® 22-45,' ;. ;;578-594s; 5^2-585 s ; 85.6-862o' ; : . ' . " \ \\. " : : ' #ohinson.»vMnrrayg:' ^Everybody8s Making Like Cleopatra®^ 'Xyh : GollierSa lovember 26s 1954^, 21=25 = _ . : ' ^ : Bostovtzeffy Michael Iv $ Out o f th e P a st o f Greeoe' and Home# : ‘lew HavenI Yale University Press^ London: Humphrey Milford ; Oxford University Press, MDGCCXXXII^ 93-129* / \ ' ' ^Shakespeare g W illi am^j, Bnoyc lopaedla Brl t amnio a (1945),' 11th ed® XX, 455-455® Shakespeare, William, ^Antony and. Cleopatra®^ Shakespeare - Twenty -th r e e p la y s and the S o n n e ts9 E d ited by Thomas - . : Mare Parrott, lew York: Charles- Soribner9s Sons, 1955® *?-Shaw, George Bernard0, Enoyclopaedia Briatannioa (1945.)» 11th ede , XX, . 469 -471 o Shaw, George Bernard, ”Caesar and Cleopatra0, Four Plays By Shaw, lew. York: D e ll P u b lish in g Company, .1957®, Stoddard, John L®, Lectures, Vole XI, Ghioago and Boston: George L® Sherman & Coe-, MB1XX7, 225-558® Strabo, Geography, Edited by T® E-e Page, E® Capps, and W® H® Do House, Translated by Horace Leonard Jones, London: William Heinemann Ltd®, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard U niversity : Press, MCM'XXXVI, 23-49 ® Tam, 1® W®, H ellenistic C ivilizations8 London: Edward Arnold . & Go®, 1936, 155-181® v: - ' Van Doren, Mark, -Antony and Cleopatra0, Shakespeare:. Modern Essays in Criticism , Edited by Leonard P® Dean, lew York: Oxford .Uhiversity Press, 1957, 345-360.® 156 ffa^Qnkne chtjs, Edward % A Guide to Bernard Shaw9 Sew Yorks Londom I)o A ppleton aad Company^. MCMXXTX^, 29=40« Walkup.g Fairfax Pretadflt^ Pres sing the Part a New Yorks F0 Se -Crofts: .& O0 e ^ 19;58> 1=19o ' . ' ■ /, ; ' -C T ':^ r ^ ' ' Ward s ■ Ao C<, g Bernard Sfaaw a Ion don s Hew York 9 T oron to; Long-? . mansu Green & Cdo .1951^ 78-81o ; ■ ■ Welgall): l&rthnr EV ;P@ Brome ^ Hie Life and Times of Cleopatra: . ; : / ihaeen of Egypti iNew ^Ydrk: Go Pa, Putnam8 s Sons $ 1914e' Weigall^ Arthura The Life and Times of Mark ilntony9 Garden . Citys New. Yorks Garden City: Publishing Company^ Ino0 @ 1951 Wilder^ Thorn tons %s Ides of liarehg New Yorks Londons Harper & Brothers Publlshers^ 1948s 91=246 0 .v,