An Evaluation of the Shelter Potential in Mines, Caves, and Tunnels 1965.Pdf

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

An Evaluation of the Shelter Potential in Mines, Caves, and Tunnels 1965.Pdf AN EVALUATION OF THE SHELTER POTENTIAL IN MINES, CAVES AND TUNNELS APPENDICES I, II, III By Robert A. Krupka HI-507-RR/I,II,III June 11, 1965 Prepared under Contract Number OCD-PS-64-l16, Subtask Number 4211-B, for the Office of Civil Defense, Department of the Army, Washington 25, D.C. OCD REVIEW NOTICE This report has been reviewed in the Office of Civil Defense and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Office of Civil Defense. Qualified requestors may obtain copies of this report from Defense Documentation Center, Cameron Station, Alexandria, Virginia 22314. The DDC will make copies of this report avail- able to the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, National Bureau of Standards, Department of Commerce, for sale to the general public. HUDSON INSTITUTE, INC. Quaker Ridge Road Harmon-on-Hud son New York BestA ab I,. ai........ H1-507-RR/i,Il,III I6 * TABLE OF CONTENTS APPENDIX 1: NATIONAL FALLOUT SHELTER SURVEY MINE SPACES . I-1 SUMMARY: Mine Spaces by Region and State .. .. ............. 1-3 LOCATION AND STOCKING INFORMATION .. .. .................. 1-7 REGION I... .......................... ................. 1-7 Connecticut. .. .......................... ........... 1-7 Massachusetts. .. ........................ ........... 1-7 New Jersey. .. ...................................... 1-7 New York. .. ....................................... 7 Vermont. .. ...................... ................... 1-8 REGION 2. .. .................. ....................... 1-9 Kentucky .. ......................... 1-9 Maryland .. .... ................ ..................... 1-12 Ohio................ ....... [.112 Pennsylvania. .. ........... ................. '..'.....1-13 Virginia .. .................... ..................... 1-14 West Virginia. .. ................ ................... 1-15 REGION 3. o.. .......... .......... ........ ........ 1-17 Alabama. .. .................. ................ .. ...- 17 Georgia. .. .................... ..................... 1-18 Tennessee. .. .................... ................... 1-18 REGION 4. .. ................ ........................... 1-20 Illinois .. ........................ ................. 1-20 Indiana. .. .................... ................... 1-21 Michigan .. ...................... ................. 1-21 Minnesota. .. ...................... ............... 1-21 Wisconsin. .. ...................... ............... 1-21 REGION 5.. .. .... .......... .......... ......... I-23 Arkansas .. ...................... ................... 1-23 Louisiana. .. .................... ................... 1-23 Oklahoma .. ...................... ................... 1-23 New Mexico .. .................... ................... 1-23 Texas. .. .................. ......................... 1-24 REGION 6. .. .................. ......................... 1-25 Colorado .. ................ ......................... 1-25 Kansas .. ...................... ..................... 1-27 Iowa .. .................... ......................... 1-28 Missouri .. .................................. ....... 1-28 Nebraska .. ...................... ................... 1-30 South Dakota .. .................... ................. 1-30 Wyoming. .. ........................ .............. 1-31 ii HI-507-RR/I,11,111 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) REGION 7 . .... ..... .... 1-32 Arizona ................... ...................... 1-32 California ............ ............ ........... 1-33 Nevada ....... ....................... 1-37 Utah ............ ... ................ 1-38 REGION 8 ...................... .......... 1-42 Idaho ............. .......................... 1-42 Montana ............. ...... ........... ...... 1-42 Oregon .... ...................... 1-43 Washington .......................................... 1-44 APPENDIX II: NATIONAL FALLOUT SHELTER SURVEY CAVE SPACES . I1-1 SUMMARY: Caves by Region antIState ..... ............ ... 11-3 LOCATION AND STOCKING INFORMATION ...... ............ ... 11-7 REGION 1................... ........................ I-7 Massachusetts ............... .................... I-7 New Jersey .............. .................... ... 11-7 New York .................. ...................... I-7 Vermont ........... .................... I1-7 REGION 2 ............... ....................... .11-8 Kentucky ........................ 11-8 Maryland ... ...................... 11-10 Ohio .................... ....................... 11-10 Pennsylvania ................ ................... 11-10 Virginia . I . .l-I West Virginia ..... .... .......... ...... 11-13 REGION 3 ........ ........................ .. 11-14 Alabama ............... .............. ....... .. 11-14 Florida ............. ....................... ... 11-17 Georgia ............... ..................... ... 11-18 Tennessee ................. ..................... 11-19 REGION 4 ............. ..................... 11-23 Illinois ...... ........ ...................... ... 11-23 Indiana ......... .... ...................... .. 11-23 Minnesota ........... ..................... 11-23 Wisconsin ........... ............. ......... 11-24 REGION 5. ........................... .11-26 Arkansas ............................ o... .. 11-26 New Mexico ............ ..................... ... 11-28 Texas. ............ ........................ ... 11-28 HI-507-RR/l,II,III iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) REGION 6. ........................... 11-30 Colorado...................................... 11-30 Iowa ............................................ 11-30 Missouri ............... ...................... .. 11-30 Nebraska ........................................ 11-33 South Dakota..................... 11-33 Wyoming ...................................... 11-33 REGION 7 .-............................................ 1134 Arizona ........... ....................... 11-34 California .......... .................... ... 11-34 Nevada ......................................... 11-34 Utah ............................................ 11-34 REGION 8 ........... ...................... 11-35 Idaho ........................................... 11-35 Montana ......................................... 11-35 Oregon . ......................................... 11-35 APPENDIX III: RAILROAD AND VEHICULAR TUNNELS ..... ......... I11-1 SUMMARY: Railroad Tunnels by Region and State ........ .. 111-3 LOCATION AND PHYSICAL INFORMATION ..... ............. 111-5 REGION I... .......... .I......................... 111-5 Connecticut . .................. ................. 111-5 Maine . .I......................................... 111-5 Massachusetts ............ .................... 111-5 New Hampshire ............ .................... 111-5 New Jersey ............... ................... .111-5 New York .................. ...................... 111-6 Rhode Island ............. .................... 111-7 Vermont........................ 111-7 REGION 2 .................... ....................... Ill-8 Delaware. ................ ............... l -B Washington, D.C. .. ................ ................111-8 Kentucky ............... .... ................ l-B Maryland. ............... ..... III-8 Ohio . .-.........................................111-0 Pennsylvania ...................... ....... I-Il Virginia ............... ...................... 111-16 West Virginia .............. .................. I1-17 THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINED BLANK PAGES THAT HAVE BEEN DELETED iv HI-507-RR/I, II, III TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) REG ION 3 . *. .. 11 -23 Alabama ......... ....................... .. 111-23 Florida ......... ....................... .. 111-23 Georgia ........................... 111-23 Mississippi ........................ 111-23 North & So-th %r- na. ..................... Tennessee ......... ......................... 111-23 REGION 4................ ........................ .. 111-24 Illinois . 111-24 Indiana ......... ....................... .. 111-24 Michigan ........... ..................... .. 111-24 Minnesota ......... ...................... .. 111-24 Wisconsin ......... ...................... .. 111-25 REGION 5. ..................................... 111-26 Arkansas ............. ................... .. 111-26 Louisiana ......... ...................... .. 111-26 New Mexico ........ ..................... 11-26 Olkahoma ............. .................... .. 111-26 Texas ................ .................... ... 111-26 REGION 6 ............................ 111-27 Colorado .............. ...................... ... 111-27 Iowa .................. ...................... ... 111-28 Kansas ...........................................* 111-28 Missouri .................. ..................... 111-29 Nebraska .................. ..................... 111-29 North Dakota ............ .................... 111-29 South Dakota ............ .................... ... 111-29 REGION 7 ............. ........................ ... 111-31 Arizona ............. ....................... ... 111-31 California ................ .................. ... 111-31 Nevada .................. .................... ... 111-38 Utah ................ ........................ ... 111-39 REGION 8 ............. ........................ ... 111-40 Idaho ............... ....................... ... 111-40 Montana ............. ....................... ... 111-41 Oregon ................ ...................... .. 111-42 Washington ............ ..................... ... 11-44 HI-507-RR/I,11,111 v TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) SUMMARY: Vehicular Tunnels by Region and State
Recommended publications
  • By Beth Wolff
    PUBLISHED BY THE OREGON GROTTO OF THE NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY vol. 19, no.11 & 12 November/December, 1983 by Beth Wolff. Carbide Cremation" and "Caver's Conservation" Page The Speleograph, vol. 19, no.9 & 10 Oregon Grotto general MEETINGS are held on the 3rd Friday of The SPELEOGRAPH is a monthly publication every month, at 7:30 P.M., and until further notice, will be held of the OREGON GROTTO (a local chapter) of at the Southwest Washington Research Unit, 1918 N.E. 78th St., the NATIONAL SPELEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. OROTTO Vancouver, Washington. (% mile east of lnterstate-5 on 78th St.) OREGON GROTTO OFFICERS Opinions expressed herein are not neccessarily those of O.G.Pressman:Roger H.Silver either of the above organizations. The SPELEOGRAPH is Assistant: Patty Silver CHAIRMAN VICE-CHAIRMAN SECRETARY distributed free of charge to Oregon Grotto members and Patty Silver Rick Pope Becky Taylor is exchanged for the publications of other organizations Copyright, 1983, Oregon 912 N. W. 50th Street 3539 S.W. Nevada Ct. 3539 S.W. Nevada Ct. with interests similar to those of the Oregon Grotto. Grotto of the National Vancouver, Wash.98663 Portland, Oregon 97219 Portland, Oregon 97219 SUBSCRIPTIONS are; $6.00/vear, plus $2.00/vear if Speleological Society (206) 693-3800 (503) 244-0908 (503) 244-0908 mailed outside the U.S. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEMBERS: Please send EXCHANGE TREASURER Roger Silver (206) 693-3600 EDITORS: Charlie Larson publications to: Jo Larson (206) 573-1782 Charlie and Jo Larson 13402 N.E. Clark Rd. 13402 N.E. Clark Road Oregon Grotto Library Vancouver, Wash.
    [Show full text]
  • Plains Anthropologist Author Index
    Author Index AUTHOR INDEX Aaberg, Stephen A. (see Shelley, Phillip H. and George A. Agogino) 1983 Plant Gathering as a Settlement Determinant at the Pilgrim Stone Circle Site. In: Memoir 19. Vol. 28, No. (see Smith, Calvin, John Runyon, and George A. Agogino) 102, pp. 279-303. (see Smith, Shirley and George A. Agogino) Abbott, James T. Agogino, George A. and Al Parrish 1988 A Re-Evaluation of Boulderflow as a Relative Dating 1971 The Fowler-Parrish Site: A Folsom Campsite in Eastern Technique for Surficial Boulder Features. Vol. 33, No. Colorado. Vol. 16, No. 52, pp. 111-114. 119, pp. 113-118. Agogino, George A. and Eugene Galloway Abbott, Jane P. 1963 Osteology of the Four Bear Burials. Vol. 8, No. 19, pp. (see Martin, James E., Robert A. Alex, Lynn M. Alex, Jane P. 57-60. Abbott, Rachel C. Benton, and Louise F. Miller) 1965 The Sister’s Hill Site: A Hell Gap Site in North-Central Adams, Gary Wyoming. Vol. 10, No. 29, pp. 190-195. 1983 Tipi Rings at York Factory: An Archaeological- Ethnographic Interface. In: Memoir 19. Vol. 28, No. Agogino, George A. and Sally K. Sachs 102, pp. 7-15. 1960 Criticism of the Museum Orientation of Existing Antiquity Laws. Vol. 5, No. 9, pp. 31-35. Adovasio, James M. (see Frison, George C., James M. Adovasio, and Ronald C. Agogino, George A. and William Sweetland Carlisle) 1985 The Stolle Mammoth: A Possible Clovis Kill-Site. Vol. 30, No. 107, pp. 73-76. Adovasio, James M., R. L. Andrews, and C. S. Fowler 1982 Some Observations on the Putative Fremont Agogino, George A., David K.
    [Show full text]
  • Annotated Atlatl Bibliography John Whittaker Grinnell College Version June 20, 2012
    1 Annotated Atlatl Bibliography John Whittaker Grinnell College version June 20, 2012 Introduction I began accumulating this bibliography around 1996, making notes for my own uses. Since I have access to some obscure articles, I thought it might be useful to put this information where others can get at it. Comments in brackets [ ] are my own comments, opinions, and critiques, and not everyone will agree with them. The thoroughness of the annotation varies depending on when I read the piece and what my interests were at the time. The many articles from atlatl newsletters describing contests and scores are not included. I try to find news media mentions of atlatls, but many have little useful info. There are a few peripheral items, relating to topics like the dating of the introduction of the bow, archery, primitive hunting, projectile points, and skeletal anatomy. Through the kindness of Lorenz Bruchert and Bill Tate, in 2008 I inherited the articles accumulated for Bruchert’s extensive atlatl bibliography (Bruchert 2000), and have been incorporating those I did not have in mine. Many previously hard to get articles are now available on the web - see for instance postings on the Atlatl Forum at the Paleoplanet webpage http://paleoplanet69529.yuku.com/forums/26/t/WAA-Links-References.html and on the World Atlatl Association pages at http://www.worldatlatl.org/ If I know about it, I will sometimes indicate such an electronic source as well as the original citation. The articles use a variety of measurements. Some useful conversions: 1”=2.54
    [Show full text]
  • Archeology Inventory Table of Contents
    National Historic Landmarks--Archaeology Inventory Theresa E. Solury, 1999 Updated and Revised, 2003 Caridad de la Vega National Historic Landmarks-Archeology Inventory Table of Contents Review Methods and Processes Property Name ..........................................................1 Cultural Affiliation .......................................................1 Time Period .......................................................... 1-2 Property Type ...........................................................2 Significance .......................................................... 2-3 Theme ................................................................3 Restricted Address .......................................................3 Format Explanation .................................................... 3-4 Key to the Data Table ........................................................ 4-6 Data Set Alabama ...............................................................7 Alaska .............................................................. 7-9 Arizona ............................................................. 9-10 Arkansas ..............................................................10 California .............................................................11 Colorado ..............................................................11 Connecticut ........................................................ 11-12 District of Columbia ....................................................12 Florida ...........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter III Affected Environment/Consequences
    III-1 Chapter III Affected Environment/Consequences This chapter provides a description of the existing social, economic and natural environmental characteristics present in SIU 6. This inventory serves as a baseline for assessing the possible impacts of the proposed actions. In addition, this chapter describes the potential environmental consequences of the No-Build and Build Alternatives described in Chapter II. A. Social and Economic Setting Social and economic data were collected for both Montgomery and Callaway Counties to provide insight into the study corridor population. Such insights may reveal populations that are at risk for impacts by the proposed action and allow comparisons among different population groups both within and outside the study corridor. Data were collected from the 1990 and 2000 United States Census of Population and Housing to establish current conditions and to determine population characteristic trends. 1. Demographic Conditions a. Population According to the 2000 U.S. Census, Callaway County has a population of 40,766. This represents a 24 percent increase from the 1990 population of 32,809. Nearly 30 percent (12,128) of the county’s residents live in Fulton, located about 15 miles south of Kingdom City. Callaway County is one of the largest counties in the state, consisting of 839 square miles. Population density in the county is 48.6 persons per square mile. The county is approximately 52 percent male and 48 percent female, while 92 percent of the inhabitants are white. The median age in Callaway County is 34.7 years old and 74.6 percent of the population is over 18 years old.
    [Show full text]
  • Christmas Valley
    I D -1 P" Fort Rock State Park £D • O Q} Oregon's Back Country XT O O PT Fort Rock was formed some 5 to 6 million years CD • O <D Byways ago when volcanic material erupted through an S. 03 — < Bureau of Land Management The BLM's Back Country Byway program resulted existing lake in an explosive burst of steam and I 8 | | from a Presidential Commission study which molten rock, leaving behind a ring of material, or showed that 43 percent of Americans regard maar, as evidence of the initial explosive event. driving for pleasure as their favorite recreation CQ CD </) activity. For those with the time and desire to turn Town of Fort Rock O CD ^ Christmas off the beaten track onto a country road, Oregon's First settlement in the Ft. Rock area traces to CD GO 2. Back Country Byways provide access to a 1905. Basic travel services are provided. The -si diversity of landscapes and attractions just waiting Fort Rock Historical Society began work in 1989 O CO Valley to be discovered. BLM's byways will meet this on a museum to relate the history of the area. O demand for pleasure driving, enhance recreation Guide Supplement - Six miles east of Ft. Rock experiences, and better inform visitors about the the Byway continues due east on Lake County values of public lands. Road 5-12. Road 5-10 turns south toward Christmas Valley. At the end of the blacktop Christmas Valley Back paving the route turns north to follow road 5-12 as National Back a gravel road.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the 1997 Karst and Cave Management Symposium 13Th National Cave Management Symposium
    Proceedings of the 1997 Karst and Cave Management Symposium 13th National Cave Management Symposium Bellingham, Washington and Chilliwack and Vancouver Island, BC, Canada October 7-10, 1997 Symposium Organizers Robert R. Stitt and Paul Griffiths, Co-Chairs Proceedings Editor Robert R. Stitt Layout and Design by Robert R. Stitt Our Sponsors HOSTS: National Speleological Society American Cave Conservation Association Cave Research Foundation The Karst Waters Institute National Caves Association The Nature Conservancy U. S. Forest Service U. S. National Park Service U.S. Bureau of Land Management U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service CO-SPONSORS: British Columbia Speleological Federation British Columbia Ministry of Forests Northwest Caving Association Oregon Grotto of the NSS Northwest Chapter of the ACCA Northwest Cave Research Institute BC Parks Bat Conservation International Washington Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Richmond Area Speleological Society Terra Associates Western Forest Products Limited MacMillan Bloedel Limited Canadian Forest Products Limited The Record (Gold River) Mount Tahoma Chapter of the American Association of Zoo Keepers National Cave Management Symposium Steering Committee David Foster, American Cave Conservation Association Jennifer Jinx Fox, U. S. Bureau of Land Management Roger McClure, Cave Research Foundation Robert R. Currie, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Jim Miller, U. S. Forest Service Dr. Rane L. Curl, The Karst Waters Institute Gordon L. Smith, Jr., National Caves Association Ronal Kerbo, U. S. National Park Service Janet B. Thorne, National Speleological Society Gabby Call, The Nature Conservancy, Tennessee Chapter Steering Committee Coordinator Janet Thorne Organizing Committee Rob Stitt, U.S. Co-Chair; Paul Griffiths, Canadian Co-Chair; Libby Nieland, Treasurer; Tom Strong, Program Chair; Dick Garnick, Local Arrangements; Dave Klinger, Sponsorship and Volunteers; Mark Sherman, Publicity; Jim Nieland, Mt.
    [Show full text]
  • Middle to Late Holocene (7200-2900 Cal
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Anthropology Anthropology 2019 MIDDLE TO LATE HOLOCENE (7200-2900 CAL. BP) ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE FORMATION PROCESSES AT CRUMPS SINK AND THE ORIGINS OF ANTHROPOGENIC ENVIRONMENTS IN CENTRAL KENTUCKY, USA Justin Nels Carlson University of Kentucky, [email protected] Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.13023/etd.2019.159 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Carlson, Justin Nels, "MIDDLE TO LATE HOLOCENE (7200-2900 CAL. BP) ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE FORMATION PROCESSES AT CRUMPS SINK AND THE ORIGINS OF ANTHROPOGENIC ENVIRONMENTS IN CENTRAL KENTUCKY, USA" (2019). Theses and Dissertations--Anthropology. 40. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/anthro_etds/40 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Anthropology at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Anthropology by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known.
    [Show full text]
  • Michelle C. Langley Editor
    Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series Michelle C. Langley Editor Osseous Projectile Weaponry Towards an Understanding of Pleistocene Cultural Variability Osseous Projectile Weaponry Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series Edited by Eric Delson Vertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History New York, NY 10024,USA [email protected] Eric J. Sargis Anthropology, Yale University New Haven, CT 06520,USA [email protected] Focal topics for volumes in the series will include systematic paleontology of all vertebrates (from agnathans to humans), phylogeny reconstruction, functional morphology, Paleolithic archaeology, taphonomy, geochronology, historical biogeography, and biostratigraphy. Other fields (e.g., paleoclimatology, paleoecology, ancient DNA, total organismal community structure) may be considered if the volume theme emphasizes paleobiology (or archaeology). Fields such as modeling of physical processes, genetic methodology, nonvertebrates or neontology are out of our scope. Volumes in the series may either be monographic treatments (including unpublished but fully revised dissertations) or edited col- lections, especially those focusing on problem-oriented issues, with multidisciplinary coverage where possible. Editorial Advisory Board Ross D. E. MacPhee (American Museum of Natural History), Peter Makovicky (The Field Museum), Sally McBrearty (University of Connecticut), Jin Meng (American Museum of Natural History), Tom Plummer (Queens College/CUNY). More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/6978
    [Show full text]
  • Lakeview Resource Management Plan Amendment Scoping Report Table of Contents
    Lakeview District - Lakeview Resource Area Lakeview District - Resource BLM Lakeview Resource Area Resource Management Plan Amendment Scoping Report October 2012 October 2012 BLM/OR/WA/AE-12/026+1792 As the Nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure that their development is in the best interest of all our people. The Department also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in Island Territories under U.S. administration. U.S. Bureau of Land Management Lakeview Resource Area 1301 S. “G” Street Lakeview, OR 97630 (541) 947-2177 Cover Picture is BLM Picture of Warner wetlands with Warner Mountains in Background Lakeview Resource Area Resource Management Plan Amendment Scoping Report October 2012 For information about this report contact Paul Whitman, Planning and Environmental Coordinator, Lakeview Resource Area at (541) 947-6110 Bureau of Land Management 1301 S. “G” Street Lakeview, OR 97630 (541) 947-2177 A detailed spreadsheet of all scoping comments received and BLM’s response is available at http://www.blm.gov/or/districts/lakeview/plans/rmp-amendment/index.php
    [Show full text]
  • Gender, Education and Development - a Partially Annotated and Selective Bibliography - Education Research Paper No
    Education research gender, education and development - A partially annotated and selective bibliography - Education Research Paper No. 19, 1997, 250 p. Table of Contents Colin Brock (University of Oxford) Nadine Cammish (University of Hull) with Ruth Aedo- Richmond, Aparna Narayanan and Rose Njoroge January 1997 Reprinted January 1999 Serial No. 19 ISBN: 0902500767 Department For International Development Table of Contents Department for International Development - Education papers Acknowledgements Introduction Global Annotations Sub-Saharan Africa Individual countries Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Congo Eritrea Ethiopia Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zaire Zambia Zimbabwe Annotations - Sub-Saharan Africa Individual countries Zimbabwe Sudan Niger Nigeria Ivory Coast Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe North Africa and Middle East Individual Countries Algeria Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Iran Iraq Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Morocco Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Tunisia Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Annotations Individual countries Bahrain Saudi Arabia Asia Annotation South Asia Individual countries Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Annotations Individual countries Bangladesh India Pakistan Sri Lanka South East Asia Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Papua New Guinea Phillipines Singapore Thailand
    [Show full text]
  • The Importance of Cave Exploration to Scientific Research
    Patricia Kambesis – The importance of cave exploration to scientific research. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, v. 69, no. 1, p. 46–58. THE IMPORTANCE OF CAVE EXPLORATION TO SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PATRICIA KAMBESIS 1906 College Heights Blvd, Hoffman Environmental Research Institute, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101, [email protected] Abstract: Of the many objects of scientific interest, caves present a unique challenge because, except for entrance areas, caves are largely hidden from view. As a consequence, caves have not generally attracted the attention of mainstream scientists. With the exception of cave entrances noted on some topographic maps, most caves are not apparent from topographic maps, satellite and LANDSAT imagery, or aerial photographs. Caves and their features exist in an environment with no natural light and contain a myriad of physical and psychological obstacles. It is the cave explorer who ventures past these obstacles, motivated by curiosity and the desire to find and document places previously unknown. Systematic cave exploration is a two-fold process that involves the physical pursuit and discovery of caves and cave systems, and field documentation that provides baseline data in the form of cave survey data and notes, cave entrance and cave/karst feature locations and inventories, written observations, and photo-documentation. These data are synthesized into cave maps, topographic overlays, narrative descriptions, and reports that serve as exploration tools for finding more passages and caves. Systematic documentation and its derivative products also bring the hidden nature of caves and their features to the attention of scientists and provide a basis not only for cave-related research but for a wide range of related scientific endeavors.
    [Show full text]