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Cultivating Gender ‘The husband ploughs, the wife transplants, the buffalo CECILIA BERGSTEDT harrows.’ In rural Vietnam, this ancient saying has survived communist revolution, land reforms and the recent rise of market-oriented household farming. And yet, even if this trinity still pictures the ideal essence of farming life, the reality is that urbanization, la- bour migration and economic change in the Vietnamese country- side are leading to a feminization of farming. This transformation has profound implications not just for the agricultural sector and the individual women themselves but also for fundamental social structures and relations. By exploring in detail the lived reality of GENDER CULTIVATING rural life in a northern wet-rice village, the author offers important insights into place, work and (not least) what constitutes feminin- ity and masculinity in Vietnam today. ‘Dr Bergstedt’s book examines in greater depth and more system- atically than most anthropological studies in Southeast Asia how farming is an integral part of the gendering process. This is a key contribution of her work to gender studies and the anthropology of Southeast Asia.’ – Hy Van Luong, University of Toronto GENDERING ASIA a series on gender intersections CULTIVATING GENDER Meanings of Place and Work in Rural Vietnam ISBN 978-87-7694-180-2 CECILIA BERGSTEDT www.niaspress.dk Bergstedt-pbk-cover cloud.indd 1 15/12/2015 14:23 CULTIVATING GENDER Bergstedt-book.indd 1 14/12/2015 08:54 GENDERING ASIA A Series on Gender Intersections Gendering Asia is a well-established and exciting series addressing the ways in which power and constructions of gender, sex, sexuality and the body intersect with one another and pervade contemporary Asian societies. The series invites discussion of how people shape their identities as females or males and, at the same time, become shaped by the very societies in which they live. The series is concerned with the region as a whole in order to capture the wide range of understandings and practices that are found in East, Southeast and South Asian societies with respect to gendered roles and relations in various social, political, religious, and economic contexts. As a multidisciplinary series, Gendering Asia explores theoretical, empirical and methodological issues in the social sciences. Series Editors: Wil Burghoorn, Gothenburg University; Monica Lindberg Falk, Lund University; Cecilia Milwertz, NIAS; and Pauline Stoltz, Aalborg University (contact details at: http://www.niaspress.dk). 1. Working and Mothering in Asia. Images, Ideologies and Identities, edited by Theresa W. Devasahayam and Brenda S.A. Yeoh 2. Making Fields of Merit. Buddhist Female Ascetics and Gendered Orders in Thailand, by Monica Lindberg Falk 3. Gender Politics in Asia. Women Manoeuvring within Dominant Gender Orders, edited by Wil Burghoorn, Kazuki Iwanaga, Cecilia Milwertz and Qi Wang 4. Lost Goddesses. The Denial of Female Power in Cambodian History, by Trudy Jacobsen 5 Gendered Inequalities in Asia. Configuring, Contesting and Recognizing Women and Men, edited by Helle Rydstrøm 6. Submitting to God. Women and Islam in Urban Malaysia, by Sylva Frisk 7. The Authority of Influence. Women and Power in Burmese History, by Jessica Harriden 8. Beyond the Singapore Girl. Discourses of Gender and Nation in Singapore, by Chris Hudson 9. Vietnam’s New Middle Classes: Gender, Career, City by Catherine Earl 10. Gendered Entanglements: Revisiting Gender in Rapidly Changing Asia, edited by Ragnhild Lund, Philippe Doneys and Bernadette P. Resurrección 11. Queer/Tongzhi China: New Perspectives on Research, Activism and Media Cultures, edited by Elisabeth L. Engebretsen and William F. Schroeder (with Hongwei Bao) 12. Cultivating Gender: Meanings of Place and Work in Rural Vietnam, by Cecilia Bergstedt NIAS Press is the autonomous publishing arm of NIAS – Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, a research institute located at the University of Copenhagen. NIAS is partially funded by the governments of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden via the Nordic Council of Ministers, and works to encourage and support Asian studies in the Nordic countries. In so doing, NIAS has been publishing books since 1969, with more than two hundred titles produced in the past few years. UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN Nordic Council of Ministers Bergstedt-book.indd 2 14/12/2015 08:54 CULTIVATING GENDER Meanings of Place and Work in Rural Vietnam Cecilia Bergstedt Bergstedt-book.indd 3 14/12/2015 08:54 Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Gendering Asia series, no. 12 First published in 2016 by NIAS Press NIAS – Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark Tel: +45 3532 9501 • Fax: +45 3532 9549 E-mail: [email protected] • Online: www.niaspress.dk © Cecilia Bergstedt 2016 A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-87-7694-179-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-87-7694-180-2 (pbk) Typeset in Arno Pro 12/14.4 Typesetting by Lene Jakobsen Cover concept/illustration: Sara Forsberg Printed in Great Britain by Marston Book Services Limited, Oxfordshire Bergstedt-book.indd 4 14/12/2015 08:54 Contents Preface vii Introduction 1 1. ‘Women’, ‘peasants’ and land – ideological and historical contexts 15 2. The village of Lang Xanh 47 3. Continuity and change – gender and land access 83 4. ‘Big work’ and ‘small work’ – gender and labour division 129 5. Cultivating community – gender and labour organisation 169 Conclusions 195 References 207 Index 217 Bergstedt-book.indd 5 14/12/2015 08:54 List of Figures 1. The Harvesters by Pieter Bruegel the Elder 7 2. Old women on their way to the pagoda 81 3. The ancestor altar in my host family’s house 88 4. Ritual offerings 93 5. Summer transplanting 131 6. Harvesting the first rice crop of the year 135 All photographs (figs 2–6) by the author. vi Bergstedt-book.indd 6 14/12/2015 08:54 Preface This is a book about the work and everyday life of the villagers in Lang Xanh, and it required the collaboration of many persons. A couple of weeks before the fieldwork was about to commence, Phuong, my inter- preter, and I visited the People’s Committee in the commune to discuss the practical arrangements of our stay. I had all along imagined and hoped that we would find a family to stay with, but at first, the persons from the People’s Committee held another opinion. Luckily, after I had nearly exhausted my reservoir of reasons why I preferred a family’s home to commuting back and forth from the nearest town, or staying at the healthcare station, a family was suggested as a possible host for us. After visits and negotiations, it was decided that we could come and stay with them. The family consisted of Minh, a schoolteacher, Lan, a fulltime farmer, their teenage daughter, and Minh’s widowed mother. Minh and Lan also had two older sons who had left the home to work in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. In their absence Phuong and I could occupy one of the large beds in the main room, while Minh and Lan slept in the other. Minh’s mother and the daughter shared the smaller room. This came to be the arrangement for the entire year of the fieldwork. Because we lived with a family, every day and almost every hour was fieldwork time. This was what I had hoped for. I wanted to be present and participate as much as possible in everyday life. Therefore, it was a great privilege to be able to live with the same family and be accompa- nied by Phuong as my interpreter throughout the whole stay. My host family’s house was my home and point of departure and the place from where I connected with the other persons, households and places of the village. Naturally, I came to know my host family best and some of their friends and relatives became my first acquaintances. With them I almost daily discussed all kinds of matters and, through them, I got as vii Bergstedt-book.indd 7 14/12/2015 08:54 Cultivating Gender much of an inside view as was possible. As my social network gradually expanded, I met persons who became invaluable to my study but who also warmed my heart because their kind treatment made my time in the village enjoyable. Through these encounters with the people in Lang Xanh, I learnt not only about their lives but also quite a bit more about my own. This book fully depends on the cooperation and patience that the villagers of Lang Xanh showed. I am deeply grateful for all the time they spent with me and for sharing their thoughts and places with me. I am also most thankful to Luong Thi Kim Phuong, who was my interpreter, but also my companion and partner in discussions about a myriad of topics that concerns our human condition. She contributed greatly to my fieldwork, and her family sometimes offered appreciated little pauses from fieldwork. This book, which started out as a doctoral project, was made possible through the founding by Sida/SAREC. I was also the grateful recipient of a grant from the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education (STINT), which made it possible for me to spend an academic year at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) in London. And I thank Adlerbertska Stiftelsen for financial support. The Centre for East and South-East Asian Studies at Lund University, with Professor Roger Greatrex as the Director, granted me a much appreciated Short-term Research Fellowship. I am also in- debted to the Nordic Institute for Asian Studies (NIAS) in Copenhagen, for giving me a NIAS SUPRA Nordic scholarship. Professor Khong Dien, the Director of the Institute of Anthropology at the National Centre for Social Sciences and Humanities in Hanoi at the time of this fieldwork, and his staff, provided me with vital support and assistance, not least with acquiring the permissions necessary for conducting fieldwork in Vietnam.
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