Land Reform in Central and Eastern Europe After 1989 and Its Outcome in the Form of Farm Structures and Land Fragmentation
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Land Inequality and Rural Unrest: Theory and Evidence from Brazil
Land Inequality and Rural Unrest: Theory and Evidence from Brazil Michael Albertus∗ Thomas Brambor† Ricardo Ceneviva‡ Abstract What is the relationship between landholding inequality and rural unrest? And why does land reform that ostensibly addresses rural grievances sometimes exacerbate unrest? We advance the understanding of these longstanding questions by shifting the emphasis from how landholding inequality fuels rural grievances to how it captures the collective action capacity of landowners. Using municipal-level data from Brazil’s large land reform program from 1988 – 2013, we demonstrate that the relationship between landholding inequality and unrest is conditional. Isolated threats to landed elites in the form of land invasions are difficult to repel, generating a positive relationship between landholding inequality and one- off land invasions. By contrast, sustained, broader local threats triggered by nearby land reforms catalyze landowner organization to repel land invasions, leading to the reverse rela- tionship. The findings provide a novel answer for why a straightforward link between land inequality and rural unrest is elusive, and may generalize to a broad range of similar cases. Word count: 10,991 ∗Department of Political Science, University of Chicago, 5828 S. University Avenue, Pick Hall 426, Chicago, IL 60637, phone: (773) 702-8056, email: [email protected]. †Department of Political Science, Lund University, PO Box 52221 00 Lund, Sweden. Phone: +46 (0)46-2224554. Email: [email protected]. ‡Departamento de Ciˆencia Pol´ıtica, Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Pol´ıticos, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua da Matriz, 82, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22260-100, Brazil. Phone: +55 21 2266-8300. -
Ernesto 'Che' Guevara: the Existing Literature
Ernesto ‘Che’ Guevara: socialist political economy and economic management in Cuba, 1959-1965 Helen Yaffe London School of Economics and Political Science Doctor of Philosophy 1 UMI Number: U615258 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615258 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 I, Helen Yaffe, assert that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Helen Yaffe Date: 2 Iritish Library of Political nrjPr v . # ^pc £ i ! Abstract The problem facing the Cuban Revolution after 1959 was how to increase productive capacity and labour productivity, in conditions of underdevelopment and in transition to socialism, without relying on capitalist mechanisms that would undermine the formation of new consciousness and social relations integral to communism. Locating Guevara’s economic analysis at the heart of the research, the thesis examines policies and development strategies formulated to meet this challenge, thereby refuting the mainstream view that his emphasis on consciousness was idealist. Rather, it was intrinsic and instrumental to the economic philosophy and strategy for social change advocated. -
Land Reform in Eastern Europe
Land Reform in Eastern Europe Western CIS, Transcaucuses, Balkans, and EU Accession Countries Renee Giovarelli David Bledsoe Seattle, Washington October 2001 This paper was prepared under contract with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The positions and opinions presented are those of the author alone, and are not intended to represent the views of FAO. The Rural Development Institute (RDI), located in Seattle, Washington, USA, is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation. RDI is a unique organization of lawyers devoted to problems of land reform and related issues in less developed countries and transitional economies. RDI’s goal is to assist in alleviating world poverty and instability through land reform and rural development. RDI staff have conducted field research and advised on land reform issues in 35 countries in Asia, Latin America, Eastern Europe and the Middle East. For more information about RDI, visit the RDI web site at <www.rdiland.org>. Renee Giovarelli is a staff attorney at RDI and the Director of RDI’s Kyrgyzstan and Women & Land Programs. David Bledsoe is a staff attorney and Deputy Director of Administration at RDI. This report was prepared for submission to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The authors express their appreciation for the valuable input provided by Roy Prosterman, Leonard Rolfes, and Robert Mitchell. The authors would also like to acknowledge the important contributions of the following RDI Research Assistants to the preparation of this report: Laura Gerber, Oesa Glick, Devon Shannon, Kallie Szczepanski, and Alethea Williams. i Executive Summary The former socialist countries of Eastern Europe (that is, Europe east of Germany and west of the Urals, but including all of Russia) began a transition to a market economy in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s. -
The Economic Effects of Land Reform in Tajikistan
FAO Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia Policy Studies on Rural Transition No. 2008-1 The Economic Effects of Land Reform in Tajikistan Zvi Lerman and David Sedik October 2008 The Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia of the Food and Agriculture Organization distributes this policy study to disseminate findings of work in progress and to encourage the exchange of ideas within FAO and all others interested in development issues. This paper carries the name of the authors and should be used and cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations and conclusions are the authors’ own and should not be attributed to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, its management, or any member countries. Zvi Lerman is Sir Henry d’Avigdor Goldsmid Professor of Agricultural Economics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel David Sedik is the Senior Agricultural Policy Officer in the FAO Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia. Contents Executive summary . 1 1. Introduction: purpose of the study. 5 2. Agriculture in Tajikistan. 7 2.1. Geography of agriculture in Tajikistan. 8 Agro-climatic zones of Tajikistan. 10 Regional structure of agriculture. 13 2.2. Agricultural transition in Tajikistan: changes in output and inputs. 15 Agricultural land. 16 Agricultural labor. 17 Livestock. 17 Farm machinery. 19 Fertilizer use. 19 3. Land reform legislation and changes in land tenure in Tajikistan. 21 3.1. Legal framework for land reform and farm reorganization. 21 3.2. Changes in farm structure and land tenure since independence. 24 4. The economic effects of land reform . 27 4.1. Recovery of agricultural production in Tajikistan. -
3 CONTENTS STUDIES and ARTICLES Lucian Amon, a HYPOTHESIS REGARDING THE
Analele UniversităŃii din Craiova. Istorie, Anul XX, Nr. 1(27)/2015 CONTENTS STUDIES AND ARTICLES Lucian Amon, A HYPOTHESIS REGARDING THE SHAPE OF THE SOUTHERN ENCLOSURE OF SUCIDAVA FORTRESS ........................................................................... 5 Cezar Avram, Roxana Radu, MEDIEVAL STATE AND SOCIETY. COMPARATIVE STUDY: ROMANIAN COUNTRIES AND MEDIEVAL STATES FROM EASTERN EUROPE (XIV-XVI CENTURIES) ......................................................................................... 13 Mihai GhiŃulescu, DE L’INSTITUTIONNALISATION DU CONSEIL DES MINISTRES EN ROUMANIE ET AILLEURS .................................................................... 25 Cosmin-Ştefan Dogaru, L’EPISODE DE 1871: UN MOMENT DIFFICILE POUR LE JEUNE ETAT ROUMAIN. DES ESSAIS INFRUCTUEUX A UNE CONSTRUCTION DURABLE .............................................................................................................................................. 33 Bogdan-ŞtefăniŃă Miulescu, ROMANIA, EUROPEAN DIPLOMACY AND THE NEW PHASE OF THE “EASTERN QUESTION” ........................................................................ 43 Anca Parmena Olimid, BROADENING ADMINISTRATIVE JURISDICTION AND ECCLESIASTIC SELF-GOVERNMENT: EVIDENCE FROM THE ROMANIAN MODERN INSTITUTIONAL SETTLEMENTS IN THE XIX TH CENTURY ............. 53 Daniel Motoi, DISCIPLINE WITHIN THE TEACHING STAFF OF CRAIOVA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19 TH CENTURY ............................................................... 61 Filip-Lucian Iorga, THE ONOU FAMILY: FROM THE MOLDAVIAN COUNTRY -
The Effects of Land Redistribution: Evidence from the French Revolution
The Effects of Land Redistribution: Evidence from the French Revolution ∗ Theresa Finley † Raphaël Franck ‡ Noel D. Johnson § Susquehanna University Hebrew University of Jerusalem George Mason University This Version: June 17, 2018 Abstract: This study exploits the confiscation and auctioning off of Church property that occurred during the French Revolution to assess the role played by transaction costs in delaying the reallocation of property rights in the aftermath of fundamental institutional reform. French districts with a greater proportion of land redistributed during the Revolution experienced higher levels of agricultural productivity in 1841 and 1852 as well as more investment in irrigation and more efficient land use. We trace these increases in productivity to an increase in land inequality associated with the Revolutionary auction process. We also show how the benefits associated with the head-start given to districts with more Church land initially, and thus greater land redistribution by auction during the Revolution, dissipated over the course of the nineteenth century as other districts gradually overcame the transaction costs associated with reallocating the property rights associated with the feudal system. Keywords: Institutions, Property Rights, French Revolution, Coase Theorem JEL Codes: N53, O43, P14, D47 ∗We are grateful for comments from Philip Hoffman, Mark Koyama, James Robinson, Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Nic Ziebarth, and participants in the January 2017 George Mason University Workshop on Economic History and Development as well as seminar participants at Wake Forest University. We acknowledge travel and research support from the Ben Porath Fund & the Department of Economics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. All remaining errors are the fault of the Authors. -
Razones, Modos Y Consecuencias De La Reforma Agraria Rumana De 1918/1921
ACTA HISTRIAE • 22 • 2014 • 3 Received: 2014-02-05 UDC 332.021.8:63(498)”1864/1921” Original scientifi c article LA TIERRA EN EL PUZZLE RUMANO DE ENTREGUERRAS: RAZONES, MODOS Y CONSECUENCIAS DE LA REFORMA AGRARIA RUMANA DE 1918/1921 José DÍAZ-DIEGO Universidad Católica de Temuco, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Departamento de Antropología, Manuel Montt, 56. Temuco, Chile [email protected] RESUMEN Tras la Revolución Rusa de 1917 y en plena I Guerra Mundial, los gobernantes ruma- nos decidieron publicitar y emprender luego una reforma agraria liberal para impulsar la modernización del campo y la tecnifi cación de su agricultura, esperando frenar los posibles amagos revolucionarios, apaciguar las revueltas campesinas, minimizar las de- serciones de guerra y activar la economía nacional empezando por paliar el desabaste- cimiento de alimentos en los mercados. En términos socioagrarios, la reforma consiguió corregir algunos desajustes en la estructura agraria como el sobrepeso del latifundio rumano, sin embargo no se resolvieron, más bien al contrario, otros problemas funda- mentales de los entornos rurales como el reducido tamaño de las parcelas y las elevadas deudas de las familias campesinas con el Estado relativas al pago de las nuevas tierras. Palabras clave: Reforma agraria, Rumanía, campesinado, 1918, 1921 THE LAND IN THE ROMANIAN INTER-WAR PUZZLE: REASONS, PROCEDURES AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE ROMANIAN AGRARIAN REFORM OF 1918/1921 ABSTRACT After the 1917 Russian Revolution and during the First World War, the Romanian rulers decided to advertise and undertake then a liberal land reform to boost the country- side modernization and the agriculture tecnifi cation, in order to try to stop the possible revolutionary attemps, to appease the peasant revolts, to minimize the war desertions and to active the national economy starting to alleviate food shortages in markets. -
Philo-Germanism Without Germans. Memory, Identity, and Otherness in Post-1989 Romania
Durham E-Theses Philo-Germanism without Germans. Memory, Identity, and Otherness in Post-1989 Romania CERCEL, CRISTIAN,ALEXANDRU How to cite: CERCEL, CRISTIAN,ALEXANDRU (2012) Philo-Germanism without Germans. Memory, Identity, and Otherness in Post-1989 Romania, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4925/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Philo-Germanism without Germans. Memory, Identity, and Otherness in Post-1989 Romania Cristian-Alexandru Cercel PhD School of Government and International Affairs Durham University 2012 3 Abstract The recent history of the German minority in Romania is marked by its mass migration from Romania to Germany, starting roughly in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War and reaching its climax in the early 1990s, following the fall of Communism. Against this background, the present thesis investigates a phenomenon that can be termed “philo-Germanism without Germans”, arguing that the way the German minority in Romania is represented in a wide array of discourses is best comprehended if placed in a theoretical framework in which concepts such as “self-Orientalism”, “intimate colonization” and other related ones play a key role. -
Agricultural Restructuring and Trends in Rural Inequalities in Central Asia a Socio-Statistical Survey
Agricultural Restructuring and Trends in Rural Inequalities in Central Asia A Socio-Statistical Survey Max Spoor Civil Society and Social Movements United Nations Programme Paper Number 13 Research Institute November 2004 for Social Development This United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) Programme Paper has been produced with the support of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and UNRISD core funds. UNRISD thanks the governments of Denmark, Finland, Mexico, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom for this funding. Copyright © UNRISD. Short extracts from this publication may be reproduced unaltered without authorization on condi- tion that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to UNRISD, Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. UNRISD welcomes such applications. The designations employed in this publication, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presenta- tion of material herein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNRISD or the FAO con- cerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The responsibility for opinions expressed rests solely with the author(s), and publication does not constitute endorse- ment by UNRISD or the FAO. ISSN 1020-8178 Contents Acronyms iii Glossary iii Acknowledgements iii Summary/Résumé/Resumen iv Summary iv Résumé v Resumen vii I. Introduction 1 II. Conditions in Central Asia at the Outset of Transition 3 Tsarist and Soviet legacies in the Central Asian economy and agricultural sector 5 The political economy of the Central Asian states 6 III. -
The Debate Over Vietnam's Latest Land Reforms
land Article From “Land to the Tiller” to the “New Landlords”? The Debate over Vietnam’s Latest Land Reforms Phuc To 1,*, Sango Mahanty 1 and Andrew Wells-Dang 2 1 Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia 2 Oxfam International, 22 Le Dai Hanh, Hai Bai Trung, Hanoi, Vietnam * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 4 July 2019; Accepted: 29 July 2019; Published: 2 August 2019 Abstract: Between Vietnam’s independence and its reunification in 1975, the country’s socialist land tenure system was underpinned by the principle of “land to the tiller”. During this period, government redistributed land to farmers that was previously owned by landlords. The government’s “egalitarian” approach to land access was central to the mass support that it needed during the Indochinese war. Even when the 1993 Land Law transitioned agricultural land from collectivized to household holdings with 20-year land use certificates, the “land to the tiller” principle remained largely sacrosanct in state policy. Planned amendments to the current Land Law (issued in 2013), however, propose a fundamental shift from “land to the tiller” to the concentration of land by larger farming concerns, including private sector investors. This is explained as being necessary for the modernization of agricultural production. The government’s policy narrative concerning this change emphasizes the need to overcome the low productivity that arises from land fragmentation, the prevalence of unskilled labor and resource shortages among smallholders. This is contrasted with the readily available resources and capacity of the private sector, together with opportunities for improved market access and high-tech production systems, if holdings were consolidated by companies. -
SUMMARY DOCTORAL THESIS Spanish Books in Transylvanian
ʺ1 DECEMBRIE 1918” UNIVERSITY OF ALBA IULIA FACULTY OF HISTORY AND PHILOLOGY DOCTORAL SCHOOL OF HISTORY SUMMARY DOCTORAL THESIS Spanish Books in Transylvanian Libraries (17th through 19th centuries) Scientific coordinator: Prof. Eva Mârza, PhD PhD candidate: ŞtefanTrif (Stanciu) 2016 ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 7 Argument........................................................................................................................................ 7 Outlook and Method....................................................................................................................... 9 The Romanian Historiography on the Romanian and Spanish Cultural Relations....................... 15 PART I. CROSS CULTURAL INTERFERENCES IN TWO EUROPEAN REGIONS: SPAIN AND TRANSYLVANIA I. Spanish historical highlights (1600-1900)................................................................................. 21 II. Spain’s interest in Transylvanian Romania: sources and writings (17th through 19th centuries)....................................................................................................................................... 32 1. Romanians’ history in the Spanish Literature (17th century) ...................................... 32 2. The Romanian presence in the Spanish memoirs and historiography (16th through 19th centuries) ..................................................................................................................................... -
Neoliberalism, Peasantism and Protectionism in Romania in the Interwar Period
518297-LLP-2011-IT-ERASMUS-FEXI NEOLIBERALISM, PEASANTISM AND PROTECTIONISM IN ROMANIA IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD CORNELIA NISTOR UNIVERSITY OF BUCHAREST BUCHAREST, ROMANIA [email protected] ABSTRACT The objective of this research paper is to present the main trends of the economic thought in the interwar period in Romania and the influences that had the economic works of foreign authors on the theories developed by the Romanian authors. Also, are presented the original contributions of the Romanian authors, based on concrete realities and on the specificities of the Romanian economy at that time. The main economic Romanian theories in the interwar period were neo-liberalism, peasant-ism, protectionism, and the socialist ones, such as Marx- ism, communism and social - democracy, of which, in this paper, the focus is on neo-liberalism, peasant-ism, and protectionism. The interwar period was characterized in Romania, as in most of the Eastern European countries, by a first stage, between the years 1918 and 1924, for recovering the national economy after the First World War and by consolidating the newly created national state. Then, it followed a period of economic boom, between the years 1924 and 1929, in which were developed the most economic activities. The Economic Crisis between 1929 and 1933 has deeply affected the Romanian economy, in all its branches, causing a change in the economic policy applied by the State, which held that it must intervene more in the economy in order to recover the entire economic activity. The creation of the Romanian national state led to increase the surface of the country approximately 2 times, from over 100,000 to over 250,000 square kilometers and at the number of the population at about 20 million persons, which meant a significant growth of the available resources and of the potential of the economic development.