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Vietnam's Post-1975 Agrarian Reforms: How Local Politics Derailed Socialist Agriculture in Southern Vietnam

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Vietnam's Post-1975 Agrarian Reforms: How Local Politics Derailed Socialist Agriculture in Southern Vietnam Vietnam’s Post-1975 AGRARIAN REFORMS How local politics derailed socialist agriculture in southern Vietnam Vietnam’s Post-1975 AGRARIAN REFORMS How local politics derailed socialist agriculture in southern Vietnam TRUNG DANG VIETNAM SERIES Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at press.anu.edu.au A catalogue record for this book is available from the National Library of Australia ISBN(s): 9781760461959 (print) 9781760461966 (eBook) This title is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). The full licence terms are available at creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ legalcode Cover design and layout by ANU Press. Cover image: Workers thresh rice in a village in Quảng Nam province, 4 July 2006, by Dr Ashley Carruthers, The Australian National University. This edition © 2018 ANU Press Contents Figures . vii Maps . ix Tables . xi Abbreviations . xiii Key Vietnamese terms . xv Note on province names . xvii Note on measurements . xix 1 . Introduction . 1 2 . Vietnamese Communist Party leaders’ reasons and objectives for post-1975 agrarian reform . 21 3 . Postwar restoration and preparations for collectivisation . 45 4 . Establishing collective organisations, 1978–81 . 81 5 . Local politics and the performance of collective farming under the work-points system, 1978–81 . 113 6 . Adopting the product contract system and the continuation of land reform and collectivisation, 1981–88 . 155 7 . Local politics and the withering of collective farming, 1981–88 . 183 8 . Conclusion . 245 Bibliography . 257 Figures Figure 5.1 Rice production unit ...............................135 Figure 5.2 Food procurement station ..........................136 Figure 5.3 A farmer and a merchant at a food procurement station ................................................137 Figure 5.4 Drinking at work ..................................138 Figure 5.5 Tet (New Year) gifts ................................138 Figure 5.6 Smuggling ........................................139 Figure 7.1 Internal funds .....................................223 Figure 7.2 Red tape ..........................................224 Figure 7.3 Prohibiting the use of cameras .......................224 Figure 7.4 Heart problem ....................................225 vii Maps Map 1.1 Southern Vietnam, 2005 ..............................15 Map 1.2 Quảng Nam administrative map, 2005 ..................16 Map 1.3 Thăng Bình district map, 2005 .........................17 Map 1.4 An Giang administrative map, 2005 .....................18 Map 1.5 Chợ Mới district map, 2005 ............................19 ix Tables Table 3.1 The composition of appropriated land in 61 communes and seven wards in the Central Coast region ................52 Table 3.2 Social structure in seven typical hamlets in seven provinces of the Mekong Delta in July 1978 .................73 Table 3.3 Landholdings in and social composition of a typical hamlet in An Giang in 1978 ...............................74 Table 4.1 The number of collectives and the percentage of peasant households joining collectives in five Central Coast provinces by April 1979 ...........................................95 Table 4.2 Seasonal acceleration of collectivisation in QN-ĐN, 1977–79. .96 Table 4.3 Accelerating collectivisation in Minh Hải province, 1979 ..................................................102 Table 5.1 An Giang’s cultivated area, food yield and rice productivity, 1975–81 ...................................147 Table 5.2 Rice crop area, paddy production and rice productivity in the Mekong Delta, 1976–80. .148 Table 5.3 Area, productivity and output of rice crops in southern Vietnam, 1976–80 ......................................149 Table 5.4 Vietnam’s staple food production, 1976–80 .............149 Table 6.1 Rice production in QN-ĐN, 1979–82 .................161 Table 6.2 Extending collectivisation in An Giang, 1982–85 ........167 Table 7.1 Grain production (including paddy and corn) in QN-ĐN, 1976–88 ....................................230 xi VIETNAM’S POST-1975 AGRARIAN REFORMS Table 7.2 Cultivated area of crops and paddy production in An Giang, 1975–88 ...................................233 Table 7.3 Results and distribution in the average production unit in An Giang in the summer–autumn of 1987 ...........237 Table 7.4 Vietnam’s staple food production, 1981–87 .............241 xii Abbreviations BCHDBHCM Ban Chấp Hành Đảng Bộ Huyện Chợ Mới (Chợ Mới Party Executive Committee) BCHTU Ban Chấp Hành Trung Ương (Central Executive Committee) BCTNN Ban Cải Tạo Nông Nghiệp (Committee for Agricultural Transformation) BCTNNAG Ban Cải Tạo Nông Nghiệp An Giang (An Giang Committee for Agricultural Transformation) BCTNNMH Ban Cải Tạo Nông Nghiệp Minh Hải (Minh Hải Committee for Agricultural Transformation) BCTNNMN Ban Cải Tạo Nông Nghiệp Miền Nam (Committee for Southern Agricultural Transformation) CCTKCM Chi Cục Thống Kê huyện Chợ Mới (Chợ Mới District Statistical Office) CTKAG Cục Thống Kê An Giang (An Giang Department of Statistics) CTKQN Cục Thống Kê Quảng Nam (Quảng Nam Department of Statistics) ĐBCM Đảng Bộ Chợ Mới (Chợ Mới party cell) ĐCSVN Đảng Cộng Sản Việt Nam (Vietnamese Communist Party) HTX hợp tác xã (collective) LTTT Land to the Tiller program NLF National Liberation Front PST production solidarity team (tổ đoàn kết sản xuất) xiii VIETNAM’S POST-1975 AGRARIAN REFORMS PTWCNC production team working according to norms and contracts (tổ sản xuất có định mức, khoán việc) QN-ĐN Quảng Nam-Đà Nẵng province SNNPTNTQN Sở Nông Nghiệp Phát Triển Nông Thôn Quảng Nam (Quảng Nam Department of Agriculture and Rural Development) TP Thành Phố (City) TU tỉnh ủy (provincial party committee) TUQN Tỉnh Ủy Quảng Nam (Quảng Nam Party Committee) UBNDTAG Ủy Ban Nhân Dân Tỉnh An Giang (An Giang People’s Committee) VCP Vietnamese Communist Party (Đảng Cộng Sản Việt Nam) VND Vietnamese dong (currency) xiv Key Vietnamese terms Các hình thức tập dượt của Interim forms of collectives hợp tác xã Cách mạng ruộng đất Land revolution Cách mạng xã hôi chủ nghĩa Socialist revolution Cải tạo nông nghiệp Agricultural transformation Công điểm Work-points Công điền công thổ Communal land Điều chỉnh ruộng đất Land redistribution (readjustment) Hợp tác hóa Collectivisation Hợp tác xã Collective Hợp tác xã bậc cao High-level collective Hợp tác xã bậc thấp Low-level collective Khoán sản phẩm Product contract system Lúa mùa Traditional rice Lúa nổi Floating rice Lúa thần nông High-yielding rice Nông trường quốc doanh State farm Sản xuất lớn xã hội chủ nghĩa Socialist large-scale production Tập đoàn máy Machinery unit Tập đoàn sản xuất Production unit Tổ đoàn kết sản xuất Production solidarity team Tổ đổi công, vần công Labour exchange team Tổ hợp công nghiệp Agro-industrial unit Vùng kinh tế mới New economic zones xv Note on province names Since 1975, the names of provinces in southern Vietnam have changed a number of times. In particular, between 1976 and the 1980s, many provinces were amalgamated to form larger ones. From 1990, the reverse process occurred, and some large provinces were divided up. The following list gives the names of the provinces in the Central Coast region and in the Mekong Delta in the period 1976–90 and the names used since 2005. Provinces in the Mekong Delta 1976–90 2005 1. Long An 1. Long An 2. Tiền Giang 2. Tiền Giang 3. Đồng Tháp 3. Đồng Tháp 4. An Giang 4. An Giang 5. Kiên Giang 5. Kiên Giang 6. Minh Hải 6. Càu Mau 7. Hậu Giang 7. Bạc Liêu 8. Cửu Long 8. Sóc Trăng 9. Bến Tre 9. Hậu Giang 10. Cần Thơ City 11. Vĩnh Long 12. Trà Vinh 13. Bến Tre xvii VIETNAM’S POST-1975 AGRARIAN REFORMS Provinces in the Central Coast region 1976–90 2005 1. Bình Trị Thiên 1. Quảng Bình 2. Quảng Nam-Đà Nẵng 2. Quảng Trị 3. Nghĩa Bình 3. Thừa Thiên Huế 4. Phú Khánh 4. Quảng Nam 5. Thuận Hải 5. Đà Nẵng 6. Quảng Ngãi 7. Bình Định 8. Phú Yên 9. Khánh Hòa 10. Ninh Thuận 11. Bình Thuận xviii Note on measurements The measurement of land areas and paddy yields varies across regions of Vietnam in terms of the unit used and its value. Villagers in Quảng Nam use sào (equal to 500 square metres), thước (one-fifteenth of 1 sào), mẫu (equal to 10 sào or 0.5 hectare) and hectares (equal to 20 sào) to measure their land area. They often use ang (equal to 4.5 kilograms of paddy) to measure their paddy yield. Meanwhile, more productive villages in An Giang use công (1,000 sq m), mẫu (10 công or 1 ha) and hectares to measure their land area. Villagers often use gịa (equal to 20 kg) to measure their paddy yield. xix 1 Introduction Vietnam has long been primarily an agrarian country. Land has always been an essential source of livelihoods, security and social status for the peasantry. Land is not only an important means of production, but also an important means of wealth, and has historically provided the strongest base for social and political power.1 In other words, land is the major concern not only for peasants, but also for political leaders competing for power and people’s allegiance and support. As in many other agrarian countries, in Vietnam, agrarian reforms have been carried out intermittently throughout its history, aimed at either stabilising existing power structures or consolidating new ones. Soon after Vietnam was reunified, leaders of the Vietnamese Communist Party (VCP) in the central government launched full- scale social, economic and political reforms in the south to bring it into line with conditions in the socialist north and reunify the country politically, socially and economically. VCP leaders called this reform scheme the ‘socialist revolution’, and its aim was to transform Vietnam into a socialist country similar to other socialist states. The socialist revolution included socialist transformation and building. Socialist transformation was aimed at converting non-socialist elements into socialist ones, replacing private ownership of the main means of production with public ownership (collective and state) and eliminating institutions perceived to be ‘old’ and ‘backward’ and responsible for 1 Christodoulou, D.
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