Diverging Roads from the Soviet Kolkhoz‑Model: Estonia and Hungary – Inside and Outside the Soviet Union1
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STUDIA BALTICA SERIE I I:1 E Ditor: a Nu Mai K Õll
STUDIA BALTICA SERIE I I:1 E ditor: A nu Mai K õll Cultivating the Rural Citizen Modernity, Agrarianism and Citizenship in Late Tsarist Estonia Johan Eellend Stockholm University ©Johan Eellend, Stockholm 2007 ISSN 1652-7399 ISBN (978-91-89315-75-4) Cover: Erik Hagbard Couchér Printed in Sweden by Intellecta, Stockholm 2007 Distributor: Södertörns högskola, Biblioteket, S-14189 Huddinge Fanny & Maja Contents Acknowledgements.........................................................................................ix 1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 11 Theoretical Framework ...............................................................................................15 2. Agrarianism............................................................................................... 31 A Note on Earlier Studies of Agrarianism...................................................................33 Agrarianism as Ideology .............................................................................................36 The Mechanisms of History ........................................................................................37 The Peasant and the Land .........................................................................................39 Peasant Democracy....................................................................................................42 Organizing Society ......................................................................................................44 -
Acta Historica Tallinnensia, 2005, 9 SISUKORD Toomas
Acta Historica Tallinnensia, 2005, 9 SISUKORD Toomas ANEPAIO Rahvuslikud lootused ja riiklikud vastused ................................................... 3 Nationale hoffnungen und staatliche antworten. Zusammenfassung ...................................... 26 Magnus ILMJÄRV International reverberation to incorporation of Baltic states by Soviet Union in summer 1940 and later ................................................... 29 Rahvusvaheline reaktsioon Balti riikide inkorporeerimisele 1940. aasta suvel ja järgnevatel aastatel. Resümee .................................................................................... 67 Hans JÖRGENSEN Subsistence farming in re-independent Estonia: expanded private plots ................................................................................... 69 Elatist andev talupidamine taasiseseisvunud Eestis: laienenud maavaldused. Summary ............ 94 Kari KAUNISMAA Methodology of teaching history and history books in the Estonian SSR ....................................................................................... 95 Ajaloo õpetamise metoodika ja ajalooraamatud Eesti NSV-s. Summary ............................... 117 Martin KLESMENT The origins of economic nationalism in interwar Estonia ............................. 118 Majandusliku natsionalismi lähtekohad sõdadevahelises Eesti Vabariigis. Resümee ............. 135 Jaan LAHE Gnoosise päritolu ........................................................................................... 136 Origin of Gnosis. Summary ................................................................................................... -
Rural Development and Land Use
Ecosystem Health and Sustainable 3 Agriculture Rural Development and Land Use Editor: Ingrid Karlsson and Lars Rydén CSDCentre for sustainable development Uppsala. The Rural Society From Traditional to Modern Rural Society 7 Diana Mincyte New York University, New York, USA Baltic Pre-history attracting wildlife and people. Archaeological, linguistic and genetic evidence suggests that the peoples arrived The First Settlers first from the south-west and north-east. These peoples People have inhabited the Baltic Sea watershed area for lived nomadic lives and depended on hunting, fishing and almost 100,000 years, but it was only after the melting collecting roots, herbs, berries, seeds and mushrooms. of the inland ice during the last glacial period (ca 70,000 During the 6th millennium BC, the climate was warm BC to ca 12,000 BC) that agriculture was introduced and enough to cover southern parts of the region, with forests permanent settlements were built. Traces of the oldest of temperate broadleaved trees breeding deer and moose permanent human habitation in the southern part of the and providing a source of survival for the group of tribes region date back to around 12,000 BC, while the first belonging to the Kongemose culture living in the area. agricultural settlers moved in and significant agricultural They continued to develop fishing and seal hunting tech- production emerged around 4,000-3,500 BC. Starting niques they inherited from their predecessors. Culturally with this period, agriculture has played a central role in and socially, these tribes lived the same lifestyle as others the social, political and economic life of the region with in northern areas of the globe, including Northern Eurasia the notable exception of its most northerly regions, where and America. -
The Debate Over Vietnam's Latest Land Reforms
land Article From “Land to the Tiller” to the “New Landlords”? The Debate over Vietnam’s Latest Land Reforms Phuc To 1,*, Sango Mahanty 1 and Andrew Wells-Dang 2 1 Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia 2 Oxfam International, 22 Le Dai Hanh, Hai Bai Trung, Hanoi, Vietnam * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 4 July 2019; Accepted: 29 July 2019; Published: 2 August 2019 Abstract: Between Vietnam’s independence and its reunification in 1975, the country’s socialist land tenure system was underpinned by the principle of “land to the tiller”. During this period, government redistributed land to farmers that was previously owned by landlords. The government’s “egalitarian” approach to land access was central to the mass support that it needed during the Indochinese war. Even when the 1993 Land Law transitioned agricultural land from collectivized to household holdings with 20-year land use certificates, the “land to the tiller” principle remained largely sacrosanct in state policy. Planned amendments to the current Land Law (issued in 2013), however, propose a fundamental shift from “land to the tiller” to the concentration of land by larger farming concerns, including private sector investors. This is explained as being necessary for the modernization of agricultural production. The government’s policy narrative concerning this change emphasizes the need to overcome the low productivity that arises from land fragmentation, the prevalence of unskilled labor and resource shortages among smallholders. This is contrasted with the readily available resources and capacity of the private sector, together with opportunities for improved market access and high-tech production systems, if holdings were consolidated by companies. -
Land Reform in Central and Eastern Europe After 1989 and Its Outcome in the Form of Farm Structures and Land Fragmentation
Land Tenure Working Paper 24 Land reform in Central and Eastern Europe after 1989 and its outcome in the form of farm structures and land fragmentation Morten Hartvigsen ORBICON 2013 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Land reform in Central and Eastern Europe after 1989 and its outcome in the form of farm structures and land fragmentation Morten Hartvigsen ORBICON 2013 Photograph on the cover: Popovo Polje, Bosnia and Herzegovina Photography: Morten Hartvigsen The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. Land reform and fragmentation in Central and Eastern Europe Acknowledgements: The author would like to thank Attila Blenesi-Dima, Vilma Daugaliene, Katja Dells, Richard Eberlin, David Egiashvili, Stig Enemark, Vladimir Evtimov, Maxim Gorgan, Jolanta Gorska, Niels Otto Haldrup, Evelin Jürgenson, Diana Kopeva, Zoran Knezevic, Anka Lisec, Stevan Marosan, Andras Ossko, David Palmer, Daiga Parsova, Dace Platonova, Ana Budanko Penavic, Audrius Petkevicius, Kiril Stoyanov, Esben Munk Sørensen and others for providing very useful information and for comments and review. -
Second International Conference Agricultural
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND ,,INTERNATIONAL . CONFERENCE OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMISTS HELD AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA; NEW YORK, AUGUST 18 TO AUGUST 29, 1930 U:l]e <Gollegiatc lgress GEORGE BANTA PUBLISHING COMPANY MENASHA, WISCONSIN 1930 ~~'111"/ ~~-:µ. a-r~_.._... ffi~,-<-- e+,,(tc c Zt irvt-A_, ~, ,..__ f" ~ 7ft..-:'/.. ~ ... .v. THE PROCESS OF SOCIALIZATION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE U.S.S.R. LEON KRITSMAN AGRARIAN INSTITU.TE, Moscow, U.S.S.R. AGRICULTURE-at least one of its basic branches, grain culture fl_ -is at present undergoing a technical revolution, the main feature of which consists in the replacement of live draft power (horses and oxen), by mechanical power (the tractor, automobile, and truck). The change in agriculture from the horse to the trac tor is somewhat analogous to that which took place in industry over a century ago when man-power was replaced by the steam engine. Of course, the analogy is not absolute, since, in the first place, the tractor has not been as universally adopted as the steam engine, and, in the second place--and this is even more important -the change in agriculture to the tractor is less striking than the transition to the steam engine in industry, for the following rea sons: ( 1) in agriculture the change is not from man to machine, but from a considerably higher power unit, the horse and ox; (2) the tractor is quite limited as compared with the steam engine in its possibilities of concentrating motive power. It' is for this reason that in agriculture the replacement of the tractor by electric power will proceed at a much quicker pace than was the case in industry with steam motive power. -
The Demise of China's Peasantry As a Class
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by The Australian National University The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus Volume 14 | Issue 13 | Number 1 | Jul 2016 The Demise of China’s Peasantry as a Class Sally Sargeson Theorists of class have long predicted the end of eliminated through the creation of collective the peasantry: Marx, Hobsbawm and Bernstein ownership and socialist relations of production have all argued that in the transition toin the countryside. Eventually, with the capitalism, peasants would be either transformed transition to communism, full public ownership into individual specialized commodity producers would efface material and political differences (commercial farmers), or forced into wage-labour between town and country, workers and by fragmentation of their land holdings, and peasants, mental and manual labour.4 Post-Mao dispossession, debt and impoverishment.1 On the liberal writers have tended to emphasize other hand, these theorists have beendemographic transition and markets as forces uncharacteristically ambivalent about whether or stratifying the peasantry and shifting peasants not the peasantry constitutes a class. Marx, for into non-agricultural occupations.5 Despite example, argued that although peasants’envisaging different paths to de-peasantization, economic exploitation and political and social both Maoists and post-Mao liberal scholars subordination placed them in an antagonistic viewed the end of the peasantry as imperative for relationship with other -
The Nature of Soviet Society: Productive Forces and Relations of Production in the U
University of Central Florida STARS PRISM: Political & Rights Issues & Social Movements 1-1-1951 The nature of Soviet society: Productive forces and relations of production in the U. S. S. R Pavel Fedorovich Yudin Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/prism University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Book is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in PRISM: Political & Rights Issues & Social Movements by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Yudin, Pavel Fedorovich, "The nature of Soviet society: Productive forces and relations of production in the U. S. S. R" (1951). PRISM: Political & Rights Issues & Social Movements. 20. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/prism/20 The Nature I. "ovietE:Ij, Society An analytical study of the socialist econ- omy, the prime sources of its develop- mnt, and the transition to communism. INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK THE NATURE OF SOVl ET SOC I ETY Productive Forces and Relations of Production in the U.S.S.R. INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS NEW YORK COPYRIGHT, 1951, BY INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS CO., INC. 209 PRINTED IN THE U.S.A. THE NATURE OF SOVIET SOCIETY Marxism-Leninism teaches us that the mode of pruducts'on, being the economic bacis of society, determines the nature of the law of development of the social-economic system. The mode of production means the productive forces and the relations of production taken integrally, in their operation, move- ment and development. The mode of production constitutes the foundation of the diAer- ent social superstructures-the political system, law, morals, religion, art, science, philosophy. -
The Changing Structure and Concentration of Agricultural Land Holdings in Estonia and Possible Threat for Rural Areas
land Article The Changing Structure and Concentration of Agricultural Land Holdings in Estonia and Possible Threat for Rural Areas Evelin Jürgenson * and Marii Rasva Chair of Geomatics, Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014 Tartu, Estonia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +372-505-7428 Received: 5 January 2020; Accepted: 31 January 2020; Published: 2 February 2020 Abstract: In most European countries, there has been a decrease in the number of farms, while the area of agricultural land has remained almost the same. This ongoing process of land concentration can affect Europe’s small farms and rural areas. The EU has acknowledged that the problem is serious and that, to solve it, it must be studied more closely. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to discuss changes in the agricultural sector from the aspect of land use, with emphasis on land concentration in Estonia, further scientific discussion about the effects of changes in land use on rural areas is encouraged. The study is carried out using two kinds of data sources: (1) statistical data from Eurostat, FAOSTAT and Statistics Estonia, (2) data from the Estonian Agricultural Registers and Information Board. The conclusion of the paper is that while the number of farms is going down, the average area of agricultural land use per farm is on the rise in Estonia. Agricultural land has been increasingly concentrated into the hands of corporate bodies. This study shows that there is a status of land concentration in Estonia that needs ongoing studies and a proper policy should be established to mitigate the impact of land concentration. -
Economic and Political Reform in China and the Former Soviet Union
CSD Center for the Study of Democracy An Organized Research Unit University of California, Irvine www.democ.uci.edu The contrast between the two cases is well known: China’s economic reforms were stunningly successful whereas those of Gorbachev failed. Moreover, his political reforms set in motion forces that he could not control, eventually bringing about the unintended end to communist rule and the dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Why this difference? Numerous variables are at issue. This paper focuses on the policies, strategies, and values of reformers and on opportunities to carry out economic reforms, which favored China but not the SU. A common explanation for the difference is that the leaders in both countries decoupled economic from political reform. China, it is said, implemented wide ranging economic reforms but not political reforms. In contrast, Gorbachev pursued increasingly radical political reforms, which ultimately destroyed the Soviet political system. 1 Actually, both pursued economic reforms and both pursued political reforms. However, there is a vital distinction between two types of political reform, namely those undertaken within a framework of continued authoritarian rule and those that allow political liberalization (PL). This distinction defines the two cases. PL entails the dilution of the rulers’ power in that independent social and political forces are permitted or are able to organize, and media are freed up to advocate views that can challenge the foundations of the existing system. PL falls short of full electoral democracy. It creates an unstable situation, since it inevitably leads to demands for further democratizing changes. Hence, rulers who have agreed to political liberalization come under increasing public pressure to go further. -
The Countryside and Communism in Eastern Europe: Perceptions, Attitudes, Propaganda
Executive Unit for Financing Higher Education, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz Research, Development and Innovation Romanian Academy, A. D. Xenopol – Institute of History, Lucian Blaga University, Sibiu Department for History of International Relations, Iaiş The Institute for the Investigation of Communist Crimes and the Memory of the Romanian Exile, Bucharest The Countryside and Communism in Eastern Europe: Perceptions, Attitudes, Propaganda Sibiu, 25 to 26 September 2015 Executive Unit for Financing Higher Johannes Gutenberg Education, Research, Development and University, Mainz Innovation Lucian Blaga University, Sibiu Romanian Academy, A. D. Xenopol – Institute of History, Department for The Institute for the Investigation of History of International Communist Crimes and the Memory of Relations, Iași the Romanian Exile, Bucharest Conference Program The Countryside and Communism in Eastern Europe: Perceptions, Attitudes, Propaganda Sibiu, 25 to 26 September 2015 25 September Location: “Lucian Blaga” University, Centrul de Reuniune Academică, Banatului Street, No. 6, Room 11 9.00 – 9.30 – Opening of the Conference 9.30 – 11.30 – Thematic Session Organization and Political Practices within the Countryside of the “Eastern Bloc” Chair: Prof. Dr. habil. Dariusz JAROSZ Dr. Marcin KRUSZYŃSKI (Institute of National Remembrance, Lublin / Poland), “Art for the art‟s sake” – how the Unnatural Attempts of Transforming Peasants into Intelligentsia were Implemented in Poland (1944 – 1956); Dr. Olev LIIVIK (Estonian History Museum, Tallinn / Estonia), Lords of the Countryside: Personal Characteristics of the First Secretaries of the County Committees of the Estonian Communist Party in the Second Half of the 1940s; Assistant Prof. Dr. Stanisław STĘPKA (Warsaw University of Life Sciences / Poland), Peasants in the Face of Activities of the Polish United Workers' Party in Rural Areas (1948- 1989); Assistant Prof. -
Why Did the Communist Party Reform in China, but Not in the Soviet Union ?
Why Did the Communist Party Reform in China, But Not in the Soviet Union ? The Political Economy of Agricultural Transition Scott Rozelle* and Johan F.M. Swinnen** Version: January 10, 2007 Abstract The dramatic transition from Communism to market economies across Asia and Europe started in the Chinese countryside in the 1970s. Since then more than a billion of people, many of them very poor, have been affected by radical reforms in agriculture. However, there are enormous differences in the reform strategies that countries have chosen. This paper presents a set of arguments to explain why countries have chosen different reform policies. * University of California, Davis and Stanford University ** The World Bank and University of Leuven (KUL) Why Did the Communist Party Reform in China, But Not in the Soviet Union ? The Political Economy of Agricultural Transition The emergence of China as a global economic powerhouse, the uncertain path of Russia towards a market economy, and the integration of ten Central and Eastern European countries into the European Union (EU) have occupied the minds and agendas of many policy-makers, business leaders and scholars all over the globe at the end of the twentieth and the beginning of the twenty-first century. Two to three decades ago these developments were unimaginable. The leaders of the Soviet Block and China at that time were clearly committed to Socialist ideology and designed their economies to be insulated from the world. Since the 1980s, however, China, Vietnam, Hungary, Poland, Russia and more than 25 other nations have emerged from their Socialist cocoons. While not all have succeeded, many have transformed the fabric of their economies.