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Nemo 2006 NOAA Vents Program Axial Volcano and the Endeavour Segment, Juan De Fuca Ridge

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Nemo 2006 NOAA Vents Program Axial Volcano and the Endeavour Segment, Juan De Fuca Ridge i cover back ii NeMO 2006 NOAA Vents Program Axial Volcano and the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge R/V THOMPSON Cruise TN-199 August 22 - September 7, 2006. Seattle WA to Seattle WA ROPOS dives R1008 - R1014 Chief Scientist: David A. Butterfield R/V Thompson Captain: Al McClenaghan ROPOS Expedition Leader: Keith Tamburri Cruise Report compiled by Susan Merle TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 NeMO 2006 EXPEDITION SUMMARY (Butterfield)……………………………...…………………….1 Figure 1……………………………………………………………………………………………………..3 Plate 1……………………………………………………………………………………………………….5 Plate 2…………………………………………………………………………………………………...…..7 Plate 3…………………………………………………………………………………………………….....9 Plate 4……………………………………………………………………………………………………...11 1.1 OPERATIONS LOG………………………………………………………………………………………13 2.0 CRUISE PARTICIPANTS………………………………………………………………………………..15 3.0 NeMO’06 DISCIPLINE SUMMARIES………………………………………………………………….17 3.1 ACOUSTICS…………………………………………………………………………………………...…17 3.1.1 Monitoring Axial Volcano with OBHs and the QUEphone: NeMO’06 (Matsumoto)………….………...17 Figure 3 (QUEphone Test Dive at Axial, NeMO’06)…………..…………………………..……………..19 3.2 BIOLOGY…………………………………………………………………………………………....……21 3.2.1 Biology Experiments and Insights at Endeavour and Axial (Rose)………………..……………………...21 3.2.2 Identification and Characterization of Blue Mat (Folliculinopsis sp.) Ciliate Symbionts from Northeast Pacific Hydrothermal Vents (Kouris)…………………………………………………………………..…22 3.2.2a Axial Blue Mat Samples (NeMO 2006)…………………………………………………………..………22 3.2.3 Managing Scientific Research Activities in the Endeavour Hydrothermal Vents Marine Protected Area - Comparison with the Axial Volcano Site, Situated in International Waters (Dancette)……………….….22 3.3 GEOLOGY………………………………………………………………………………………………..24 3.3.1 Pillar Sampling and Repeated Pressure Measurements (Chadwick, Nooner, Laity)……………………...24 3.3.1a Axial Pressure Benchmark Positions and Depths…………………………………………………………25 3.3.2 MBARI Mapping Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) Surveys at Axial (Clague)……….………..25 Figure 3 (Overall map with all MBARI AUV Surveys at Axial, NeMO’06………………………...……27 Figure 4 (Northern Area of MBARI AUV Surveys at Axial, NeMO’06)………………………...………29 Figure 5(Southern Area of MBARI AUV Surveys at Axial, NeMO’06)………………….……...………31 Figure 6 (MBARI AUV Bathymetry: Pillars, Collapsed and Uncollapsed Lava Flow Surfaces)………..33 Figure 7 (MBARI AUV Bathymetry: Sulfide Chimneys in the International District)..…………………35 Figure 8(MBARI AUV Bathymetry: Lava Drainage Channels and Fissures)...…………………………37 3.3.3 R/V Thompson EM300 Bathymetric Surveys (Merle, Chadwick)……………………………………..…39 Figure 9 (EM300 Bathymetry Database at Axial Volcano, JDF Ridge - NeMO’06)………….…………39 Figure 10 (EM300 Bathymetry at the Endeavour Segment, JDF)……………………….……………..…41 3.4 HYDROTHERMAL PLUME STUDIES…………………………………………………………………43 3.4.1 CTD Operations - NeMO’06…………………………………………………………………………...…43 i 3.5 PUBLIC OUTREACH………………………………………………………………………………….…43 3.5.1 NeMO 2006 Website (Bobbitt, Chadwick, Merle)…………………………………………………….….43 3.6 CHEMISTRY and MICROBIOLOGY……………………………………………………………………44 3.6.1 Coordinated Chemical and Microbial Studies (Butterfield)…….………………………………….….….44 3.6.1a NeMO 2006 HFPS Water Sample Log……………………………………………………………………46 3.6.2 Hydrothermal Fluid Microbiology (Bolton, Opatkiewicz, Maynard)……………………………………..49 3.6.2a 2006 Microbiology Sample List and Analysis Overview…………………………………………………50 3.6.3 Sampling for Helium Isotope Analysis……………………………………………………………………51 3.6.3a Helium Samples and Gas Concentrations…………………………………………………………………51 4.0 NAVIGATION……………………………………………………………………………………………52 4.1 ROPOS Navigation System Overview (Auger)……………………………..……………………….……52 4.2 Navigation Summary: At Sea and Post-cruise (Merle)………………………………………………...…52 4.2a ROPOS and AUV Dive Dates and Position Information for Each Dive……………………...…………..53 4.3 POSITION TABLES FOR VENTS, INSTRUMENTS, AND TRANSPONDERS (Merle)……..………55 4.3.1 Vent Positions at Axial, NeMO 2006 (USBL/LOKI navigation)…..…………………………….……….55 4.3.2 Vent Positions at Axial, NeMO 2003 (transponder navigation)………………………………….…….…56 4.3.3 Vent Positions at Endeavour………………………………………………………………………………58 4.3.4 NeMO Instrument Mooring Positions……………………………………………………………………..59 4.3.5 NeMO Transponder Positions……………………………………………………………………………..59 5.0 ROPOS DIVES - NeMO’06…………………………………………………………………………..…..60 5.1 ROPOS Dive Statistics………………………...……………….……………………………………..…..60 5.1.1 Bottom Times and Wet Times…………………………………………………………….…………..…..60 5.2 ROPOS DIVE SUMMARIES - NeMO’06…………………………………………….……………...…..61 5.3 ROPOS DIVE MAPS - NeMO’06 (Merle)………………………………….………..………….…...…..63 Figure 11 (Dives R1008 and R1009, Mothra and MEF - Endeavour)……………...……….………..…...63 Figure 12 (Dive R1010 Pressure Dive, Axial)……………………...……………………………………..65 Figure 13 (Dive R1011 Northern ’98 Lava Flow: Forum to Mkr-33 Area, Axial)………….……...…….67 Figure 14 (Dive R1012 ’98 Lava Flow E/W Traverses, Axial)……...……………………………………69 Figure 15 (Dive R1013 ASHES Vent Field, Axial)……………………………………………………….71 Figure 16 (ASHES Vent Description and Marker Information)…………………………………………..73 Figure 17 (Dive R1014 SE Caldera: Coquille Vent Field to Castle Area Intl. District)…………………..75 5.4 SEAFLOOR INSTRUMENT/EXPERIMENT DEPLOYMENTS AND RECOVERIES - NeMO’06…..77 5.5 ROPOS SAMPLE LOGS - NeMO’06…...……………………………………………………………..…78 5.5.1 R1008 Sample Log - Mothra Field, Endeavour………………………………………….……………..…78 5.5.2 R1009 Sample Log - Main Endeavour Field…………………………………………………………...…78 5.5.3 R-1010 Sample Log…………………………………………………………...…………………………..80 5.5.4 R-1011 Sample Log…………………………………………………………...…………………………..80 5.5.5 R-1012 Sample Log……………………………………………………………………………………….81 5.5.6 R-1013 Sample Log……………………………………………………………………………………….82 5.5.7 R-1014 Sample Log……………………………………………………………………………………….83 5.6 ROPOS DIVE LOGS……………………………………………………………………………………...85 5.6.1 R1008 - Mothra Field (Endeavour)……………………………………………...………………………...85 5.6.2 R1009 - Main Endeavour Field (Endeavour)……….……………………...……………………………...89 5.6.3 R1010 - Pressure Dive (Axial) ……….……………………...…………………………………………....99 5.6.4 R1011 - Northern ’98 Lava Flow (Axial)………………………………………………………………..113 5.6.5 R1012 - ’98 Lava Flow East/West Traverses (Axial)……………………………………………...…….120 5.6.6 R1013 - ASHES (Axial)…………………………………..……………………………………...…..….132 5.6.7 R1014 - SE Caldera: Coquille, Bag City, Mkr-113, International District (Axial)……………………...141 Appendix: Deployment data downloaded from recovered time-series samplers………………………..151 Figure 18 (NeMO 2005 Cruise Report: Deployments and Recoveries at Axial Caldera)………………157 NeMO 2005 Cruise Science Summary…………………………………………………………………..159 ii NeMO 2005 Scientific Personnel………………………………………………………………………..159 Operations Log NeMO 2005……………………………………………………………………………..160 NeMO 2005 Instrument Positions………………………………………………….……………...……..161 FIGURE CAPTIONS Cover. One of the most beautiful vent sites on the 1998 lava flow is at marker N3. The large diffuse vent area is covered with a blue mat made of small single-celled organisms called ciliates. We have never seen such an extensive carpet of this unusual blue mat anywhere else in the world! Figure 1. NeMO’06 Shipboard operations including instrument deployments and CTD casts at Axial. Ocean Bottom Hydrophone (OBH) and QUEphone deployments in 2006, as well as Bottom Pressure Recorders (BPRs) already on the seafloor are indicated. OBH moorings deployed in 2006 are represented by the blue stars and QUEphone deployment and re-surface positions are indicated by the X marks. Plate 1 ROPOS Operations at Endeavour (Mothra and MEF), 2006 a) [R1008 at 0209:29] RAS (Remote Access Sampler) before recovery from the base of “The Tower” chimney on the east side of “Faulty Towers” complex. The RAS was deployed for one year, sampling water every 6 days from 9/20/2005 to 7/24/2006. b) [R1008 at 0456:10] Fluid sampling at the 2005 Hot Harold RAS intake site, Mothra Vent Field. Very diffuse flow supports a variety of biota including a vent fish, pale tubeworms, pycnogonids, and various bivalves. c) [R1008 at 0545:48] The top of Hot Harold (Mothra Vent Field) just prior to fluid sampling. d) [R1009 at 2102:30] The 2005 RAS intake site at Hot Harold, Main Endeavour Field (MEF). e) [R1009 at 2117:16] This RAS, deployed in 2005 at SW Hulk MEF, was covered in white, filamentous bacterial mat prior to recovery. The RAS was deployed for one year, sampling water every 6 days from 9/20/2005 to 7/24/2006. f) [R1009 at 0244:19] 2006 RAS after deployment at SW Hulk, MEF. g) [R1009 at 0536:37] Crab beneath a flange on S&M sulfide chimney, MEF. h) [R1009 at 0806:06] University of Victoria sediment trap on the bottom before attempted recovery. The trap was deployed for 3 years at the MEF. During the ROPOS ascent the trap fell out of the claw and was lost. Plate 2 ROPOS Operations at Axial, NeMO’06 a) [R1010 at 1759:03] The NeMO Net buoy mooring line on the bottom at the caldera center. The release was on its side and recovered at the end of dive R1013. The buoy was not found. b) [R1010 at 2258:39] Pressure measurement at Magnesia benchmark 1. The pressure dive was a new record for ROPOS wet time (> 53 hours), although just a little over 25 hours was spent on the bottom and the rest in transit between pressure measurements. c) [R1014 at 2047:09] The diffuse vent site at marker 113 is located within and on top of the edge of an extensive collapse area. The brightest white areas are covered with microbial mat. The surrounding areas are colonized by tubeworms, limpets, snails, and other vent biota. d) [R1011 at 2347:56] A long-term vent fluid sampler
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