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Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Extreme Laser Infrastructure — Nuclear Physics and the Laser Valley Initiative 19 1.1 Background 19 1.2 Location Choice 20 1.3 Phases in Implementation 20 1.4 Expected Impacts 21 1.5 This Report 23 2. Research and Innovation Environment for ELI-NP 25 2.1 Effectiveness of the R&D and Innovation Framework 25 2.1.1 Research Excellence 27 2.1.2 Science-Industry Collaboration and Technology Transfer 34 2.1.3 Business Innovation 37 2.1.4 Conclusion R&D and Innovation Environment in Romania 41 3. Spatial Dimensions of Laser Valley 43 3.1 Spatial Perspectives 43 3.1.1 The National Context 44 3.1.2 The Regional Context 46 3.1.3 The Local Context 59 3.1.4 Catalysts and Inhibitors from a Territorial Perspective 68 3.2 Normative Dimension 70 3.2.1 National Planning Documents 70 3.2.2 Regional Planning Documents 74 3.2.3 Local Planning Documents 76 3.2.4 Catalysts and Inhibitors from a Normative Perspective 81 3.3 Financial Dimension 83 3.4 Planning Dimension 85 3.5 Conclusions 88 4. Lessons from International Experience: Spillovers from Large Science Investments 91 4.1 Economic Theory of Knowledge 91 4.2 Conceptual Framework 92 4.3 Methodology 93 4.4 Case Selection 94 4.5 Case Study Analysis and Recommendations 95 4.5.1 Impact of Basic Science 96 4.5.2 Human Capital Development 97 4.5.3 Organizational and Regional Policy Alignment to Spur Entrepreneurship and Commercialization 99 4.5.4 Macro-view: Alignment with National Policies and Programs 101 4.5.5 Economic Geography and Spatial Considerations 104 3 4.6 Conclusions 106 4.6.1 Knowledge Impacts 106 4.6.2 Commercial Impacts 106 4.6.3 Spatial Impacts 107 5. Laser Valley Development Pathways: Gaps and Needs 109 5.1 Potential Scenarios 109 5.2 Scenario A: ELI-NP Enclave 110 5.2.1 Scenario Hypothesis 110 5.2.2 Premises and Challenges 110 5.2.3 Intermediate Goals and Lines of Actions 111 5.3 Scenario B: Laser Valley as a “Knowledge Ecosystem” 112 5.3.1 Scenario Hypothesis 112 5.3.2 Premises and Challenges 112 5.3.3 Intermediate Goals and Lines of Actions 114 5.4 Scenario C: Laser Valley – an “Innovation Ecosystem” 116 5.4.1 Scenario Hypothesis 116 5.4.2 Premises and Challenges 116 5.4.3 Intermediate Goals and Lines of Actions 119 5.5 Governance 121 6. Conclusions 123 7. References 125 Annex 1. List of Research Organizations in Măgurele 129 Annex 2. List of Exploitable Technologies and Services Offered by ELI NP 130 Annex 3. ELI-NP Applied Research Fields 131 Annex 4. List of Research Infrastructures in the Măgurele Area 132 Annex 5. List of Technologies and Services Potentially Needed for Maintaining the ELI-NP Facility 135 Annex 6. European Innovation Scoreboard 2017 136 Annex 7. Intellectual Property Definitions 137 Annex 8. The R&D and Business Sectors 138 Annex 9. Provisions Within the General Master Plan for Transport and the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan for the Bucharest-Ilfov Region 142 Annex 10. 10.1 International Case Studies 146 10.2 Relevant Research Institutes 146 10.3 FRANCE — Laser Megajoule (LMJ) and PETawatt Aquitaine Laser (PETAL) 148 10.4 CHILE — Very Large Telescope (VLT)–Paranal Observatory 155 10.5 SOUTH KOREA- Advanced Photonics Research Institute (APRI) 159 10.6 SWITZERLAND- CERN – European Organization for Nuclear Research 163 10.7 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA - LLNL 167 10.8 CZECH REPUBLIC - ELI 171 10.9 HUNGARY- ELI-ALPS 174 10.9 SOUTH KOREA – GWANGJU PHOTONICS CLUSTER 176 Annex 11. R&D Framework Executive Summary 182 4 | Romania Laser Valley LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Research and Development Expenditure 27 Figure 2. Real GDP Growth Rate vs. R&D Expenditures 28 Figure 3. Research and Development Expenditure by Sectors of Performance 28 Figure 4. Human Resources in Science and Technology by NUTS 2 Regions 31 Figure 5. Tertiary Education Attainment (30-34 years old) 32 Figure 6. Tertiary Education Outcome in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Disciplines 32 Figure 7. Patent Applications to the EPO by Priority Year by NUTS 2 Regions 34 Figure 8. Patent Applications to the EPO by Priority Year 35 Figure 9. Employment in High-tech Sectors by NUTS 2 Regions 38 Figure 10. European Inland Waterway System in 2012 45 Figure 11. Total Commuter Shed for Măgurele 46 Figure 12. R&D Personnel Commuting to Măgurele 47 Figure 13. Specialists Commuting to Măgurele 48 Figure 14. Technicians Commuting to Măgurele 48 Figure 15. R&D Personnel in Romania 50 Figure 16. R&D Turnover in Romania 50 Figure 17. R&D Profits in Romania 51 Figure 18. R&D Personnel in the Bucharest-Ilfov Region 52 Figure 19. R&D Turnover in the Bucharest-Ilfov Region 52 Figure 20. R&D Net Profits and Deficits in the Bucharest-Ilfov Region 53 Figure 21. R&D Personnel in Măgurele 54 Figure 22. R&D Turnover in Măgurele 54 Figure 23. Employees in Măgurele 55 Figure 24. R&D Turnover in Măgurele 55 Figure 25. Urban Sprawl between 1990 and 2017 56 Figure 26. Municipality of Măgurele in 2004 and 2017 57 Figure 27. Northern Part of Măgurele in 2004 and 2017 57 Figure 28. North-Western Part of Măgurele in 2004 and 2017 58 Figure 29. Municipality of Bragadiru in 2004 and 2017 58 Figure 30. Increases in the Built-up Area of Măgurele 60 Figure 31. Built Areas in Măgurele 61 Figure 32. Plot Structure within the Municipality of Măgurele 62 Figure 33. Property Structure within the Municipality of Măgurele 63 Figure 34. Road Infrastructure Overhaul Projects in Măgurele 65 Figure 35. Water Supply System in Măgurele 66 Figure 36. Sanitary Sewer in Măgurele 66 Figure 37. Central Gas Supply System in Măgurele 67 Figure 38. Street Lighting in Măgurele 67 Figure 39. Provisions within the General Master Plan for Transport 71 Figure 40. Phasing within the General Master Plan for Transport 72 Figure 41. Provisions within the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan for the Bucharest-Ilfov Region 75 5 Figure 42. Various General Urban Plans Affecting the Micro-Territorial Scale of the Laser Valley Project area 77 Figure 43. General Urban Plans for Măgurele and Its Adjacent Municipalities 78 Figure 44. Main Zoning Areas within the Municipality of Măgurele 79 Figure 45. Development Strategy for the Fifth Sector in Bucharest 80 Figure 46. Romanian Spatial and Urban Planning Instruments 85 Figure 47. Planning Concept for the Laser Valley Project Area 87 Figure 48. Factors Mediating Spillovers from ELI to Realize Intended Impact 92 Figure 49. Three potential development pathways for Laser Valley 109 Figure 50. Key Sites at the Route des Lasers 153 Figure 51. Connectivity of Different Research Institutes, Industry, and Other Facilities in Gwangju 180 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. ELI Phases 21 Table 2. OP Competitiveness Allocations for the Bucharest-Ilfov Region 2014–2020 31 Table 3. Enterprise Sector in Romania (2010-2015) 37 Table 4. Enterprise Sector in Romania (2010-2015) 64 Table 5. Main Zoning Areas within the Municipality of Măgurele 79 Table 6. Operational Budgets for the 2014–2023 Implementation Period 84 Table 7. Selected Case Studies 95 Table 8. Snapshot of Case Studies 96 Table 9. Scientific Mission and Related Economic Impact of Selected Research Organizations 96 Table 10. Scientific Mission and Related Economic Impact of Selected Research Organizations 98 Table 11. Industry-related Programs and Associated Impact 101 Table 12. Alignment of Programs with Regional and National Priorities and Associated Impact 103 Table 13. Location and Spatial Dimensions and Associated Impact 105 Table 14. Perceptions Among Researchers about the Likely Effects of ELI-NP 113 Table 15. Researchers’ Opinions to Improve Măgurele as a Location for Research 114 Table 16. Perceptions of Difficulties in Research-Firm Commercial Collaborations 117 Table 17. Researchers’ Perceptions of Barriers to Spinoffs 117 Table 18. Technology Transfer Achievements Are Not Clearly Recognized in Promotion Decisions 118 Table 19. Scenario Framework Conditions 123 Table 20. Top 25 R&D Companies and Institutions for the Year 2015, in Terms of Employees 138 Table 21. Top 25 R&D Companies and Institutions for the Year 2015, in Terms of Turnover 139 Table 22. Top 10 R&D Companies and Institutes in Măgurele for the Year 2015 140 Table 23. Top 25 Companies in Măgurele for the Year 2015, in Terms of Employees 140 Table 24. Top 25 Companies in Măgurele for the Year 2015, in Terms of Turnover 141 Table 25. Provisions and Phasing for Road Connections within the General Master Plan for Transport 142 Table 26. Provisions and Phasing for Rail Connections within the General Master Plan for Transport 143 Table 27. Provisions and Phasing for Road Connections within the General Master Plan for Transport 144 Table 28. Provisions and Phasing within the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan for the Bucharest-Ilfov Region 144 6 | Romania Laser Valley Table 29. Examples of Research Institutes with Petawatt Class Lasers 147 Table 30. Examples of EU Nuclear Physics Research Infrastructures 147 Table 31. Table 31.Examples of “Big Science” Research Institutes 148 Table 32. Main Partners and Key Actors Present in the Ecosystem Around LMJ-PETAL in the Context of Civilian Research. 150 Table 33. Planned Arrangement for GHIP that Acted as a Precursor to the Development of the Photonics Cluster 179 Table 34. Main Partners and Key Actors in the Development of the Photonics Cluster in Gwangju 179 Table 35. Perceived Quality of Equipment in Own Organization by the Degree of Involvement of Own Institution in ELI-NP Activities 189 Table 36.