In The Beginning:

• Prince Henry “The Navigator” set up a school to teach geography, science and math so that Portugal could train sailors to find a water route to Asia. • In 1486 Bartolomeu Dias became the first person to go around the Cape of Good Hope at the Southern tip of Africa, which opened trade routes to India. Additional Explorations:

• In 1498 Vasco Da Gama was the first to sail from Portugal to Calicut, India and he opened up a major trading route for spices and gems. • Interesting fact: Da Gama’s ships had been designed by Bartolomeu Dias!

Spanish Exploration and Colonization Spain Competes with Portugal

• Spain did not want the Portuguese to gain control of all the trade routes to Asia and to claim lands in Africa and Asia. • In 1492, they sent Christopher Columbus to find a westerly route to Asia. • Spain then sent conquistadors (soldier-explorers) to the New World. Spain Continues to Explore:

• 1499: Amerigo Vespucci (in 1507 Vespucci was the cartographer who decided that Columbus had found new land and NOT Asia, hence the name “America”) • 1513: Vasco Nunez de Balboa was the first to see the eastern coast of the Pacific Ocean which he named the South Sea. More Spanish Explorations:

• 1519: Ferdinand Magellan was the first to circumnavigate the world and named the water on the west side of South America the “Pacific” Ocean because the water was much calmer than the Atlantic Ocean. More Spanish Explorations:

• 1521: Hernan (Hernando) Cortes went to present-day Mexico to conquer the gold-filled kingdom of the Aztecs. • Between spreading diseases and getting into fights, Cortes and his men eventually took over the Aztec Empire in Mexico and claimed the land for Spain. More Spanish Explorations:

• 1531: Francisco Pizarro went to present-day Peru to conquer the gold-filled kingdom of the Incans. • Pizarro launched an attack on the Incans and were able to claim the wealth and land for Spain (and himself!) Spain Continues to Explore:

• 1539: Hernando De Soto participated in the conquest of the Incan Empire and explored present-day Florida (and southern USA). In 1541 he saw the Mississippi River! • 1540: Francisco Vasquez de Coronado was set off to find the Seven Cities of Cibola in 1540 and explored and claimed most of present-day Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, and northern Texas. Results of Spanish Exploration and Colonization Mapping the Columbian Exchange

Rice, onions, honeybees, Gold, Silver, Corn, coffee, olives, Potatoes, Tomato, peaches, pears, Pineapple, Beans, horses, cows, Tobacco, Vanilla, pigs, sheep, Squash, fowl, citrus fruit, Pumpkins, Maize, grapes, barley, Peppers, Llama, bananas, Diseases, Cotton, smallpox, Raccoon, Pecans, measles, Peanuts, influenza, black Sunflower, etc. pepper, slave labor, etc. #1: Columbian Exchange • The exchange of plants, animals and diseases between the New World and Europe was known as the Columbian Exchange. – Colonists had cash crops that they sold to Europe – Europeans had better nutrition which led to a major population explosion – 90% of Native Americans died of diseases – European animals destroyed Native American lands but they did serve as sources of food, clothing and energy – Some plants had to be genetically modified to be useful – Ecological stability was destroyed which led to an increase in erosion and the extinction of many life forms Results • Columbian Exchange • Diseases killed 90% of Native Americans • Aztecs and Incas conquered • Missionaries were sent to convert Native Americans to the Catholic faith; set up missions; teach natives to farm • Brought African Slave trade to New World • Claimed the most land in New World

1) Describe the interaction between the Spanish and the Natives? 2) What can you infer about the picture? French Exploration and Colonization Backgound Information:

• France wanted the wealth and land that Spain had but was not strong enough to directly challenge Spain. • So, they settled in the areas that Spain had not yet claimed. • Looking for a Northwest Passage to gain access to rich trade routes with Asia. Jacques Cartier

• In 1534 he was sent to explore the Atlantic Coastline to find a “northwest passage” that would allow ships to sail to the Pacific Ocean Jacques Cartier - continued • Results of his voyage: – he claimed present-day Canada for France. – he found an abundant supply of beavers (their pelts were extremely valuable in Europe because beaver hats were the “in” thing to wear!) Samuel de Champlain

• 1608 he brought the first settlers into New France! • He sailed up the St. Lawrence river and built a fort at Quebec. • Quebec became a base for explorers, soldiers, missionaries, traders and fur trappers. Samuel de Champlain

• Problems in Quebec: – New France failed to attract large amounts of settlers from Europe. – Poor climate discouraged farming. – Land grants were only given to nobles who then rented out the land to farmers. Partnerships with Native Americans

• The French were more interested in fur trapping and trading, so they did not try to conquer and take land from the Native Americans. Instead they made them trading partners! Results of French Colonization •Learned Languages •Explored the Mississippi River (be able to identify on map) •Diseases killed 90% of Native American population •French had good relations with Native Americans for fur trading Partnerships with Native Americans

• The French – lived with the Native Americans – Learned the languages – Married into the tribes – But still brought diseases! – Profitable Trade Louisiana

• In 1673, Father Marquette and Louis Joliet explored the length of the Mississippi River. • Robert de La Salle then claimed the entire length of the river and all lands to the west for France in 1682, naming it for King Louis XIV

Dutch Exploration and Colonization Objectives • 1609 the Dutch sponsored Henry Hudson- an English sailor to find a northwest passage to Asia. • Instead, he found a deep river full of fish and named it the Hudson River. • Establish settlements for fur trapping and trading Dutch West India Company • It was formed to start a colony in New Netherlands • Began settlements along the Hudson River as fur trading posts, including one on Manhattan! • Fort Orange was established near Albany, NY and later renamed New Amsterdam Peter Minuit • Sent to New Amsterdam as colonial governor • Persuaded the Native Americans to leave the region by giving them $24 worth of goods. • Native Americans thought it was funny because no person can own the land! • He also established a partnership with the Iroquois. New Amsterdam Grows!

• By 1647 it had over 1,000 people • Peter Stuyvesant became the new governor that year and even though he was strongly disliked the colony prospered under his control. Results

•Dutch had good relations with local tribes for trading •Settled along the Hudson River •Area taken over by the English and renamed “New York” England Takes Over! • In 1664, England decided that they wanted the land the Dutch controlled. • The King of England gave his brother (the Duke of York) ownership of the Dutch-controlled land if he could go out and conquer it! England Takes Over!

• The Dutch did not have many good resources to fight the English and gave up their colony without a fight! • New Amsterdam then became known as New York.

English Exploration & Settlement Reasons for Colonization

• Western route to Asia • Create colonies • Gain power • Resources and trade routes • Compete with other European countries • Expand religion • New jobs & economic growth Walter Raleigh’s First Attempt

• 1585 Raleigh’s first attempt at settlement in the New World on Roanoke Island • Native Americans were helpful at first • Problems – settlers wanted gold and did not build homes or plant crops – ran low on supplies and some men returned to England to get supplies and settlers Roanoke Settlement

• 1587 John White (the governor of Roanoke) went back to England to get supplies and settlers • 1590 when he returned – NOTHING! No evidence of a settlement or people. • Only item was “CROATOAN” written on doorposts and trees • What happened to Roanoke? – http://www.history.com/topics/jamestown/ videos/mystery-roanoke Financing a Colony

• The King/Queen of England could not afford to finance more colonies so businessmen got together to help pay for settlements • Joint-Stock Companies – People share control of and ownership in a company. – Goal: prevent any one person from losing lots of money! Financing a Colony

• Charters – A piece of paper given by a King or Queen to allow a person/company to start a colony in the New World Jamestown Colony

• 1606 the Virginia Company of London (a joint- stock company) received a charter from King James I. • Goal: find lots of gold and a passage to India! This put a lot of stress on the colonists who were threatened with abandonment in the wilderness if they didn’t quickly strike it rich! • The charter also guaranteed all overseas settlers the same rights as Englishmen in England Jamestown Colony

• 24 May 1607 the ships sailed up the Chesapeake Bay and James River and created a settlement named James Town after King James I • Problems with James Town – Swampy, mosquitoes, malaria, bad water, no gold, spent too much time searching for gold and not enough time building homes or planting crops, bad climate John Smith Takes Control

• 1608 he took control and told colonists “he who shall not work shall not eat” • Pocahontas became an ally and helped establish peace between the settlers and Native Americans (who also provided food for the colonists until they could grow their own) “Starving Time”

• The winter of 1609-1610 was a difficult time for the colonists • They were reduced to eating “dogges, Catts, Ratts and Myce” • Only 60 of the 400 settlers survived! • Spring 1610 more supplies and colonists arrived! John Rolfe & Tobacco

• In 1612 Rolfe (husband of Pocahontas) introduced a method of raising and curing tobacco that led to a huge demand for tobacco in Europe. • This saved the colony! • It also depleted the soil, led to a higher demand for land, and the creation of a plantation system that demanded slave labor to work the fields House of Burgesses

• 1619 the London Company authorized the settlers to summon an assembly, known as the House of Burgesses. • First representative assembly • They set prices for tobacco, managed the affairs of the colony and had representation from the plantations The Legacy of Jamestown

• Jamestown was the 1st Permanent English Colony. • John Rolfe, a Jamestown colonist, developed a high grade tobacco in 1612 that became the 1st cash crop in America. This ensured Jamestown’s Survival. • The 1st African slaves in English Colonies were imported to work on Jamestown tobacco plantations. • The 1st Representative Assembly in America was Jamestown’s House of Burgesses. Plymouth The Pilgrims were an English separatist group that were looking to escape the religious persecution of the Anglican Church (Church of England). Plymouth Continued • The attempted to settle in Virginia, but were blown off course and arrived in Plymouth in Nov. of 1620. Because they were outside the charter of any colony, While still aboard their ship the Mayflower they signed the Mayflower Compact a formal agreement to follow laws for the good of the Colony. This Mayflower Compact was a social contract for self government. They could govern themselves and didn’t need a King telling them how to do it. Plymouth Continued Like Jamestown, Plymouth endured a starving time. The first winter was cold and harsh. Half of the group was dead by spring.

The Pilgrims were introduced to Squanto a Native American that taught them how to grow crops, fish, and hunt. The next fall after a great harvest, they invited the Native Americans to the first Thanksgiving. The Legacy of Plymouth

• Plymouth was the first settlement in the New England Colonies. • The Mayflower Compact was the first time American colonists formed their own government. • The Pilgrims were the first group to settle in America to escape religious persecution, setting a precedent for the freedom of religion.

The end!!!!