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Race, Religion, and Ethnicity in German Lutheran Ontario and Missouri, 1939-1970

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Race, Religion, and Ethnicity in German Lutheran Ontario and Missouri, 1939-1970 Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 8-16-2018 1:30 PM Welcoming Strangers: Race, Religion, and Ethnicity in German Lutheran Ontario and Missouri, 1939-1970 Elliot Worsfold The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Wardhaugh, Robert The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in History A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Elliot Worsfold 2018 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Canadian History Commons, Ethnic Studies Commons, History of Religion Commons, Social History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Worsfold, Elliot, "Welcoming Strangers: Race, Religion, and Ethnicity in German Lutheran Ontario and Missouri, 1939-1970" (2018). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 5678. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/5678 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. i Abstract: This dissertation examines how German-American and German-Canadian Lutherans in St. Louis, Missouri, and Waterloo County, Ontario, constructed their ethnic identities from the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 to 1970. Did German Lutherans understand their ethnicity as an identity to overcome, or as an identity worth preserving? What role did religion and race play in how they constructed their ethnic identities? It argues that German Lutherans in the Missouri and Canada Synods constructed a hybrid identity that sought to balance their competing ethnic, religious, racial, and national identities. It charts their experiences negotiating discrimination during the Second World War, their efforts to bring German immigrants to North America through lobbying for immigration policy changes, and their struggles to resist pressures to assimilate throughout the postwar period. Contrary to popular assumptions, German Lutherans did not abandon their ethnic identities during the twentieth century, but rather continued to practice a German ethnic identity within the ethnic boundary zones of their churches. They continued to justify speaking German as a theological necessity, formed alliances with new German refugees and displaced persons to continue their ethnic traditions, and resisted exclusionary mainstream Anglo-Canadian and American nationalisms by advocating for a pluralistic understanding of their past through cultural and commemorative events. By drawing on developments in critical race theory and whiteness studies, this dissertation argues that “whiteness” or a white racial identity is essential for understanding how German Lutherans constructed an ethnic identity. While it was controversial during and after the Second World War to openly identify as German, German Lutherans successfully mitigated these stigmas through their white privilege and ability to form political alliances with white government officials. Moreover, German Lutherans maintained an ethnic identity because they excluded other immigrants and racialized North Americans from attending their congregations by supporting Jim Crow segregation. By keeping their churches white, they were also able to keep their churches “German.” This study urges immigration historians to look more closely at how whiteness and ethnicity in the twentieth century reinforce, rather than replace, one another. Keywords: German Canadians, German Americans, St. Louis, Waterloo County, Whiteness, Race, Lutheran Church Missouri Synod, Canada Synod, North American Lutheranism, Transnationalism, Second World War, Cold War Immigration, Displaced Persons ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………iv List of Abbreviations………………………………………………………………….... vi A Note on Terminology…………………………………………………………………vii Introduction: Race, Religion, and Ethnicity in St. Louis and Waterloo County, 1939- 1970………………………………………………………………………………1 Debating Assimilation, Hybridity, and the German Ethnic Identity……..3 Transnational Histories of St. Louis and Waterloo County…………......18 Lutheranism as a “Lived Religion”……………………………………...25 The Importance of Whiteness……………………………….……......…30 Organization and Format……………………………………….………..41 Chapter 1: The Language of Loyalty: Lutheran Churches as Ethnic and Patriotic Spaces during the Second World War…………………………………...…...46 Anti-War Sentiment and the Response to Another Conflict…………….48 Fighting for the German Language……………………………………...56 Protesting Patriotic Space……………………………………………….65 Relations Between St. Louis and Waterloo County…………………….79 Conclusion……………………………………………………………....84 Chapter 2: Between Church and State: Race and Religion during the Second World War ……………………………………………………………………………...87 The Protestant Appeal…………………………………………………....91 The People Come First Controversy…………………………….………97 Whiteness and Race Relations in St. Louis……………………………..104 Whiteness and the Pioneer Myth in Waterloo County………………….112 Conclusion……………………………………………………………....125 Chapter 3: “I Was A Stranger”: Confronting Europe’s Refugee Crisis Through Transnational Ties…………………………………………………….………..129 Ethnic and Religious Motivations for Assisting Germany………………133 Creating an Infrastructure for Relief Work……………………………...141 Transnational Ties and Early Immigration Schemes, 1946-1950……….148 Race, Religion, and Confronting the Volksdeutsche Problem…………..160 Gender Relations and Immigration Work……………………………….168 Old and New Directions in Immigration, 1951-1960……………………180 Conclusion……………………………………………………………….191 Chapter 4: Returning to the Land of Luther: The Campaign to Rebuild West Germany, 1945-1960…………………………………………………………....194 Creating a Policy for Providing Relief to West Germany……………….197 Missionary Work as an Ethnic Experience…………………………....…205 Ethnicity, Nationality, and Denazification at the Bad Boll Conferences...209 iii Gendering Missionary Work……………………………………………..218 A New Strategy……………………………………………………………229 Conclusion………………………………………………………………....235 Chapter 5: German Space as White Space: Race and Ethnicity during the “Ethnic Reverie” of the 1950s and 1960s………………………………………….……..238 The Lutheran Church as an Ethnic Boundary Zone………………….…...243 Gatekeeping in German Lutheran Communities………………….………248 Upholding White Privilege and Supremacy……………………….……...262 White Flight and Segregation in the Missouri Synod……………....…….272 German Ethnicity in the Core and on the Peripheries……………….……284 Conclusion…………………………………………………………….…..304 Chapter 6: A Church of Many Nations: The Arrival of Lutheran Displaced Persons, 1948-1965………………………………………………………………………….307 The “New Canadian” and “DP” Problem………………………………….309 The Arrival of DP Pastors, 1947-1950………………………………....….314 The Skrodelis Controversy………………………………………….……..325 Jacobi’s Finnish Experiment……………………………………………....336 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………351 Chapter 7: Pioneers and Prophets: German Lutheran Participation in Cultural and Commemorative Events in the Postwar Era………....…………………....……353 Addressing Ethnic Divisions and Anti-War Sentiment…………………....355 Theology and Rewriting the Past…………………………………………..364 The Limits of the White Imagination…………………………………...….374 Expo 67 and Engagement with Mainstream Nationalisms…………...…....379 Conclusion…………………………………………………………...…….389 Conclusion: Welcoming Strangers………………………………....………......…….392 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………….......410 Curriculum Vitae………...……………………………………………………….......422 iv Acknowledgements Although my name is listed as the only author of this dissertation, countless individuals made significant contributions to this project. I am particularly indebted to Geoffrey Hayes for his mentorship, friendship, and supervision during my early years as a graduate student. Many of the questions he posed and suggestions he made significantly informed the early chapters of this dissertation. Jocelyn Hunt, Geoff Keelan, and Vanessa Pritchard also played integral roles in helping me navigate my early academic life. They have my sincere thanks as this process comes to an end. Sherrill Calder from Tavistock, Ontario, has my overwhelming appreciation for her support over the years. Her passion and belief in my work remained undaunted and I am truly grateful for her support. I could not have asked for a better mentor, supervisor, and friend than Robert Wardhaugh. Rob’s ability to balance humour with critical feedback made him an excellent supervisor that I count myself incredibly lucky to have worked alongside. Rob was always willing to sit down and talk about this dissertation and, more importantly, how it could always evolve and improve. Rob’s mentorship extended beyond writing and researching this project. He also taught me how to be an effective lecturer, a compassionate teacher, and provided an exemplary model of friendship. I can’t thank him enough. Laurel Shire also went above and beyond her role as a second reader and committee member. Laurel’s feedback enhanced the clarity of this dissertation and helped broaden its appeal significantly. Laurel also offered support at every stage in the writing and research process, as well as demonstrating her commitment to improving graduate student mental health and wellbeing. I am rare to have found two mentors that I also count as two friends. Numerous colleagues in the Department of History made writing and researching this dissertation an enjoyable experience.
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