!!!!!!!!! Einführung IntroductionEinführung
Detectors for Particle Physics Einführung
DESY Summer Student Lectures 2007
Carsten Niebuhr Cosmic"#$%&'(')$*+%',-.)$(/ Ray 0!1!2342!5!6!!!01785 Background Radiation:= >7 $"!1!9!:!;< !8 ! 8 -3 T = 2.72C . NK,i e b unh r! = 4x10 m T e i l c h e n D e t e k t o r e n 1 ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! C . N i e b u h r T e i l c h e n D e t e k t o r e n 1
Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 [email protected] C . N i e b u h r 2 T e i l c h e n D e t e k t o r e n 1
TopicsTopics ooff tthehe LLectureecture LiteraturWhat are the Objects ?
Text books: "#$%!&! "#$%!&& "#$%!&&& K.Kleinknecht: Detektoren für Teilchenstrahlung ! Teubner, 1992 • &'%$()*+%,(' • A32!(6!B$#+C!D2%2+%($3! • @+,'%,11#%,('!5(*'%2$3 6($!:(/2'%*/!:2#3*$2E W.R. Leo: Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments Springer 1994 • -.#/0123! /2'%! • "7(%()2%2+%($3 G.F.Knoll: Radiation Detection and Measurement • 42'2$#1!5('+20%3 • 4#3!D2%2+%($3 • 572$2'C(H!5(*'%2$3 Wiley, 3rd edition - "$(0($%,('#1!57#/F2$ C.Grupen: Teilchendetektoren • &'%2$#+%,('!(6!57#$82)! - D$,6%!57#/F2$ • B$#'3,%,('!I#),#%,(' BI Wissenschaftsverlag 1993 "#$%,+123!9,%7!:#%%2$ - B"5 W.Blum, L.Rolandi: Particle Detection with Driftchambers - -'2$8;!<(33=!>2%72!>1(+7! - :@45G!4-: • 5#1($,/2%2$3 ?($/*1# Springer, 1994 - @7(92$!D2H21(0/2'% - :*1%,012!@+#%%2$,'8 • @,1,+('!D2%2+%($3 - 212+%$(/#8'2%,+ Review articles: - @%$,0!D2%2+%($3 T.Ferbel: Experimental Techniques in High Energy Physics - 7#)$(',+ - ",.21!D2%2+%($3 Addison-Wesley 1987 Other sources:#')!/#';!/($2!LLL • '(%!+(H2$2)! Particle Data Group: Review of Particle Physics - B$,882$ Eur. Phys. J. C15, 1-878 (2000) CommonCommon lecture Lecture on Fr, b y17.8. Robert Klanner Friday, Aug 11th, Sem 4 - DJK by Georg Steinbrück R.K.Bock, A.Vasilescu: The Particle Detector BriefBook c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 5 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 Springerc ,a 1998r s t e n . nandi e b u //physics.h r @ d e s y . d web.cern.ch/Physics/ParticleDetector/BriefBook/e 6 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1
Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 3 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 4 [email protected]
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Fundamental Interactions Example for a Resonance observed at HERA
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Topics of the Lecture What are the Objects ?
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What are the Objects? FundamentalFFuunnddamaemnetanltea Wl eIInteractionscnhtseerlwaicrktuiongnesn Example for a Resonance observed at HERA
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Example for Resonance at HERA DetectionDetection ofof PParticlesarticles aandnd R Radiationadiation Criteria for Ideal Detector
!"#$%&'($&)$#*+#,-.#/0'($+',0-1(#$+"23-134$.#'35,#.#/0$&) A#1'53#$-/$%#/#,'($0"#,#$1'/$6#$>#,2$1&.+(#*$#>#/0$0&+&(&%-#3$&/#$&)0#/$'-.3$'0 Pentaquark candidate: - +',0-1(#$+,&+#,0-#3 ,#1&/30,510-&/$&)$)5(($#>#/0$@-/#.'0-13$76'1@%,&5/:$,#B#10-&/8 0 ∗− − + − - ,#'10-&/$+,&6'6-(-0-#3$7!$1,&33$3#10-&/38 θc → D p → K π π p C&30$-.+&,0'/04
• "-%"$#))-1-#/12 minimal quark content: uuddc !"-3$,#95-,#3$:#0#,.-/'0-&/$&)4 • "-%"$,#3&(50-&/ so far only „seen“ by H1 ... - +',0-1(#$02+#$7.'33;$1"',%#;$3+-/$#018 - .&.#/05.$<$#/#,%2$&)$+',0-1(# • "-%"$'11#+0'/1#$!$0,2$0&$1&>#,$)5(($3&(-:$'/%(#$7D!8 - #.-33-&/$'/%(#3 • is this a real signal ?? '(3&$>#,2$-.+&,0'/0$7+',0(2$1&/)(-10-/%$:#.'/:384 • or just a statistical fluctuation ? • +',0-1(#$-:#/0-)-1'0-&/$1'+'6-(-02 • or a detector effect ? =(#.#/03$1&/0,-650-/%$0&$351"$.#'35,#.#/03$4 • )'30$,#3+&/3# • +&3-0-&/$3#/3-0->#$:#0#10&,3$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$!$+&3-0-&/;$:-,#10-&/ • "-%"$,'0#$1'+'6-(-02 => very good understanding of detector • 3.'(($:#':$0-.# • :#)(#10-&/$-/$.'%/#0-1$)-#(:$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$!$ p response is required • "#,.#0-1-02 • 1'(&,-.#0,24$0&0'($#/#,%2$'63&,+0-&/$'/:$.#'35,#.#/0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$! =0&0 • significance: signal/background • (&/%#>-02$&)$:#0#10&,$1&.+&/#/03 resolution • .'33$:#0#,.-/'0-&/$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$!$.$ • • "-%"$,#(-'6-(-02 efficiency / acceptance • • ?"#,#/@&>$,':-'0-&/$&,$0-.#$&)$)(-%"0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$! # • %&&:$'11#33-6-(-02$7)&,$,#+'-,38 • 0,'/3-0-&/$,':-'0-&/$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$!$" • (&E$1&30
c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 9 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 0 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 7 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 8 [email protected]
Modern Collider Detectors Some Particle Physics Experiments
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Bates Linear Accelerator (MIT) OPERA , PAMELA , PS185 , PS205/HELIUMTRAP , 5/:#,$1&/30,510-&/4 BLAST , OOPS , SAMPLE PS210 , PS212/DIRAC , PS214/HARP , RD8 , RD11 , GK?$:#0#10&,3 RD12/TTC , RD13 , RD27 , RD39/SMSD , RD41/ Beijing IHEP MOOSE , RD42 , RD44/Geant 4 , RD45 , RD46 , RD48/ ARGO-YBJ , BES , Tibet ASgamma ROSE , RD49/RADTOL , TOSCA , TOTEM , WA85 , Brookhaven WA92 (Beatrice) , WA94 , WA97 , WA98 , WA102 BRAHMS , Crystal Ball (E913/914) , E787 , E821/muon DESY g-2 , E850 , E852 , E863/ EMU01 , E864 , E865 , E869 , H1 , HERA-B , Hermes , TESLA , ZEUS E877 , E881 , E885 , E890 , E891 , E895 , E905 , E906 , E907 , E909 , E910 , E913/914 (Crystal Ball) , E917 , Fermilab E923 , E926 , E927 , E949, E953 , EIC , EMU01/E863 , Antihydrogen/E862 , APEX/E868 , Auger Project , High Gain Harmonic Generation FEL , ICAE , IFEL , IMB BooNE/E898 , BTEV/C0 , CDF/E830 , CDMS/E981 , , LEGS , MECO , Microundulator FEL , NuMass/E952 , CEX/E853 , Charmonium/E835 , CMS (US Server) , PHENIX , PHOBOS , pp2pp , Smith-Purcell , STAR , COSMOS/E803 , D0 (DZero)/E823 , Donut/E872 , E665 Zero Degree Calorimeter , E771 , E789 , Fermi III Project , FOCUS/E831 , :#0#10&,$)&,$FG?4$ HyperCP/E871 , KTEV/E799/E832 , MINOS/E875 , 5/:#,$HIJ CERN NuMI , NUSEA/E866 , NuTeV/E815 , SDSS , SELEX/ ALEPH , ALICE , AMS , ANTARES , ASACUSA , E781 , Zero Degrees/C0 -/$&+#,'0-&/ ATHENA , Atlas (European) , ATRAP , CDHS neutrino experiment/WA1 , CERES/NA45 , CHORUS , CMS , Gran Sasso CosmoLEP , CPLEAR/PS195 , Crystal Barrel/PS 197 , BOREXino , CRESST , CUORICINO , DAMA , EASTOP, Crystal Clear/RD18 , DELPHI , EMU01 , FELIX , HARP , GALLEX(finished) , GENIUS , GNO , Heidelberg Dark ICANOE , ISOLDE , L3 , LHC-B , MISTRAL , NTOF1, Matter Search (HDMS) , Heidelberg-Moscow NTOF2, NTOF3 , NA45.2/IONS/EL.PAR , NA47/SMC , Experiment , ICARUS , LUNA , LVD , MACRO , NA48, NA48.1, NA48.2 , NA49 , NA50 , NA51 , NA52/ MONOLITH , NOE , OPERA , USA Newmass , NA56/SPY , NA57 , NA58/COMPASS , NA59 , NA60 , NOMAD , OBELIX/PS201 , OPAL ,
c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 1 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 2 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 Detection of Particles and Radiation Criteria for Ideal Detector
!"#$%&'($&)$#*+#,-.#/0'($+',0-1(#$+"23-134$.#'35,#.#/0$&) A#1'53#$-/$%#/#,'($0"#,#$1'/$6#$>#,2$1&.+(#*$#>#/0$0&+&(&%-#3$&/#$&)0#/$'-.3$'0 - +',0-1(#$+,&+#,0-#3Detection of Particles and Radiation ,#1&/30,510-&/$&)$)5(($#>#/0$@-/#.'0-13CriteriaCriter ifora fo r$76'1@%,&5/:$,#B#10-&/8an I didealeal D Detectoretector Modern Collider Detectors - ,#'10-&/$+,&6'6-(-0-#3$7!$1,&33$3#10-&/38 Moderne Collider-Detektoren C&30$-.+&,0'/04 !"#$%&'($&)$#*+#,-.#/0'($+',0-1(#$+"23-134$.#'35,#.#/0$&) A#1'53#$-/$%#/#,'($0"#,#$1'/$6#$>#,2$1&.+(#*$#>#/0$0&+&(&%-#3$&/#$&)0#/$'-.3$'0 • "-%"$#))-1-#/12 - +',0-1(#$+,&+#,0-#3!"-3$,#95-,#3$:#0#,.-/'0-&/$&)4 ,#1&/30,510-&/$&)$)5(($#>#/0$@-/#.'0-13• "-%"$,#3&(50-&/ $76'1@%,&5/:$,#B#10-&/8 - ,#'10-&/$+,&6'6-(-0-#3$7- +',0-1(#$02+#$7.'33;$1"',%#;$3+-/$#018!$1,&33$3#10-&/38 - .&.#/05.$<$#/#,%2$&)$+',0-1(# C&30$-.+&,0'/04• "-%"$'11#+0'/1#$!$0,2$0&$1&>#,$)5(($3&(-:$'/%(#$7D!8 under construction: - #.-33-&/$'/%(#3 LHC !"-3$,#95-,#3$:#0#,.-/'0-&/$&)4 •'(3&$>#,2$-.+&,0'/0$7+',0(2$1&/)(-10-/%$:#.'/:384"-%"$#))-1-#/12 - +',0-1(#$02+#$7.'33;$1"',%#;$3+-/$#018 •• "-%"$+',0-1(#$-:#/0-)-1'0-&/$1'+'6-(-02,#3&(50-&/ - .&.#/05.$<$#/#,%2$&)$+',0-1(#=(#.#/03$1&/0,-650-/%$0&$351"$.#'35,#.#/03$4 •• "-%"$)'30$,#3+&/3#'11#+0'/1#$!$0,2$0&$1&>#,$)5(($3&(-:$'/%(#$7D!8 - #.-33-&/$'/%(#3• +&3-0-&/$3#/3-0->#$:#0#10&,3$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$!$+&3-0-&/;$:-,#10-&/ '(3&$>#,2$-.+&,0'/0$7+',0(2$1&/)(-10-/%$:#.'/:384• "-%"$,'0#$1'+'6-(-02 • 3.'(($:#':$0-.# • :#)(#10-&/$-/$.'%/#0-1$)-#(:$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$!$ p • +',0-1(#$-:#/0-)-1'0-&/$1'+'6-(-02 •• )'30$,#3+&/3#"#,.#0-1-02 =(#.#/03$1&/0,-650-/%$0&$351"$.#'35,#.#/03$4• 1'(&,-.#0,24$0&0'($#/#,%2$'63&,+0-&/$'/:$.#'35,#.#/0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$! =0&0 • (&/%#>-02$&)$:#0#10&,$1&.+&/#/03 !"#design phase: ILC • +&3-0-&/$• .'33$:#0#,.-/'0-&/$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$3#/3-0->#$:#0#10&,3$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$!$+&3-0-&/;$!$.$ :-,#10-&/ • "-%"$,'0#$1'+'6-(-02 • "-%"$,#(-'6-(-02 • • 3.'(($:#':$0-.# • :#)(#10-&/$-/$.'%/#0-1$)-#(:$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$?"#,#/@&>$,':-'0-&/$&,$0-.#$&)$)(-%"0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$!$!p # • %&&:$'11#33-6-(-02$7)&,$,#+'-,38 • 0,'/3-0-&/$,':-'0-&/$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$!$" • "#,.#0-1-02 • 1'(&,-.#0,24$0&0'($#/#,%2$'63&,+0-&/$'/:$.#'35,#.#/0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$! =0&0 • (&E$1&30 • (&/%#>-02$&)$:#0#10&,$1&.+&/#/03 in operation: HERA/Tevatron • .'33$:#0#,.-/'0-&/$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$!$.$ c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 9 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s •t e n "-%"$,#(-'6-(-02. n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 0 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 • ?"#,#/@&>$,':-'0-&/$&,$0-.#$&)$)(-%"0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$! # • %&&:$'11#33-6-(-02$7)&,$,#+'-,38 • 0,'/3-0-&/$,':-'0-&/$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$!$" • (&E$1&30 C . N i e b u h r T e i l c h e n D e t e k t o r e n 1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 9 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 0 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 9 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 10 [email protected]
Example of Particle Physics Experiments Search for Rare/Forbidden Decays Modern Collider Detectors Some Particle Physics Experiments Search for Rare/Forbidden Decays ALICE at LHC
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Xe Scintillation Batesg-2 , E850 Linear , E852 Acceler , E863/ator EMU01(MIT) , E864 , E865 , E869 , H1OPERA , HERA-B , P AMELA, Hermes , PS185, TESLA , PS205/HELIUMTRAP, ZEUS , Liq. Xe Scintillation 5/:#,$1&/30,510-&/4 BLASTE877 , E881, OOPS , E885 , SAMPLE , E890 , E891 , E895 , E905 , E906 , PS210 , PS212/DIRAC , PS214/HARP , RD8 , RD11 , Detector Detector GK?$:#0#10&,3 E907 , E909 , E910 , E913/914 (Crystal Ball) , E917 , FeRD12/TTCrmilab , RD13 , RD27 , RD39/SMSD , RD41/ BeijingE923 , IHEPE926 , E927 , E949, E953 , EIC , EMU01/E863 , AntihMOOSEydrogen/E862 , RD42 ,, RD44/GeantAPEX/E868 , 4A uger, RD45 Project , RD46 , , RD48/ ARGO-YBJHigh Gain Har , BESmonic , Tibet Gener ASgammaation FEL , ICAE , IFEL , IMB BooNE/E898ROSE , RD49/RADT , BTEV/C0OL , CDF/E830 , TOSCA , TCDMS/E981OTEM , WA85 , , , LEGS , MECO , Microundulator FEL , NuMass/E952 , CEX/E853WA92 (Beatr , Charice)monium/E835 , WA94 , W A97, CMS , W (USA98 Ser , WvA102er) , BrookhaPHENIXv ,en PHOBOS , pp2pp , Smith-Purcell , STAR , COSMOS/E803 , D0 (DZero)/E823 , Donut/E872 , E665 Thin Superconducting Coil BRAHMS , Crystal Ball (E913/914) , E787 , E821/muon ? Zero Degree Calorimeter , E771DESY , E789 , Fermi III Project , FOCUS/E831 , Muon Beam γ Stopping Target :#0#10&,$)&,$FG?4$ g-2 , E850 , E852 , E863/ EMU01 , E864 , E865 , E869 , HyperCP/E871H1 , HERA-B , ,KTEV/E799/E832 Hermes , TESLA , ,MINOS/E875 ZEUS , γ? 5/:#,$HIJ E877CERN , E881 , E885 , E890 , E891 , E895 , E905 , E906 , NuMI , NUSEA/E866 , NuTeV/E815 , SDSS , SELEX/ + E907ALEPH , E909 , ALICE , E910 , AMS , E913/914 , ANTARES (Cr ,ystal ASA CUSABall) , E917, , E781Fer milab, Zero Degrees/C0 e+ Timing Counter e -/$&+#,'0-&/ E923ATHENA , E926 , Atlas , E927 (European) , E949, ,E953 ATRAP , EIC , CDHS , EMU01/E863 neutrino , Antihydrogen/E862 , APEX/E868 , Auger Project , Drift Chamber Highexper Gainiment/W HarA1monic , CERES/NA45 Generation ,FEL CHOR , ICAEUS , , CMSIFEL ,, IMB GrBooNE/E898an Sasso , BTEV/C0 , CDF/E830 , CDMS/E981 , , CosmoLEPLEGS , MECO , CPLEAR/PS195 , Microundulator , Cr ystalFEL ,Barrel/PS NuMass/E952 197 , , BOREXinoCEX/E853 , CRESST , Charmonium/E835 , CUORICINO , CMS, DAMA (US , EAST ServOPer), , PHENIXCrystal Clear/RD18 , PHOBOS , ,DELPHI pp2pp ,, Smith-PurcellEMU01 , FELIX , ST, HARPAR , , GALLEX(finished)COSMOS/E803 ,, GENIUSD0 (DZero)/E823 , GNO , Heidelberg , Donut/E872 Dar k, E665 ICANOE , ISOLDE , L3 , LHC-B , MISTRAL , NTOF1, Matter Search (HDMS) , Heidelberg-Moscow Zero Degree Calorimeter , E771 , E789 , Fermi III Project , FOCUS/E831 , Drift Chamber :#0#10&,$)&,$FG?4$ NTOF2, NTOF3 , NA45.2/IONS/EL.PAR , NA47/SMC , ExperHyperCP/E871iment , ICAR ,US KTEV/E799/E832 , LUNA , LVD , MA , MINOS/E875CRO , , 5/:#,$HIJ CERNNA48, NA48.1, NA48.2 , NA49 , NA50 , NA51 , NA52/ MONOLITH , NOE , OPERA , USA Newmass , NA56/SPY , NA57 , NA58/COMPASS , NuMI , NUSEA/E866 , NuTeV/E815 , SDSS , SELEX/ 1m ALEPH , ALICE , AMS , ANTARES , ASACUSA , E781 , Zero Degrees/C0 -/$&+#,'0-&/ ANA59THENA , NA60 , Atlas , NOMAD (European) , OBELIX/PS201 , ATRAP , CDHS , OPAL neutr , ino experiment/WA1 , CERES/NA45 , CHORUS , CMS , Gran Sasso c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 1 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 CosmoLEPc a r s t e n . n i e b u ,h CPLEAR/PS195r @ d e s y . d e , Crystal Barrel/PS 197 ,1 2 BOREXino , CRESST , CUORICINO P a r,t iDc lAMAe D e t e, cEASTt o r s 1 OP, c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 3 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 4 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 Crystal Clear/RD18 , DELPHI , EMU01 , FELIX , HARP , GALLEX(finished) , GENIUS , GNO , Heidelberg Dark ICANOEDetectors for, ISOLDE Particle Physics: , L3 ,1 LHC-B , MISTRAL , NTOF1, 11 Matter Search (HDMS) , Heidelberg-Moscocarsten.niebuhr@desyw .de Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 12 [email protected] NTOF2, NTOF3 , NA45.2/IONS/EL.PAR , NA47/SMC , Experiment , ICARUS , LUNA , LVD , MACRO , NA48, NA48.1, NA48.2 , NA49 , NA50 , NA51 , NA52/ MONOLITH , NOE , OPERA , USA Newmass , NA56/SPY , NA57 , NA58/COMPASS , NA59 , NA60 , NOMAD , OBELIX/PS201 , OPAL , c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 1 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 2 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1
Real Event in STAR at RHIC Super-Kamiokande (Japan)
0$+%12*<,%**#%,),(=9$1+A*+(9*<,%*($.)%&(,* ,41&//+)&,(4 • MCCCC*),(4*,<*7+)$% • BGCCC*#2,),*).>$4*
N$+1)&,(4*;
• #µN ! µN
*******O2$%$(F,? !*GCCC*)%+1F4*#$%*$?$() • #eN ! eN
*****42,7$%
c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 5 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 6 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 Search for Rare/Forbidden Decays ALICE at LHC
!"#$%&'$()*&(*#%$#+%+)&,(*+)*-+./*012$%%$%*3(4)&).)*5-036*07&)8$%/+(9:;* I$+?A*3,(*-2A4&14;*)2&4*4&'./+)&,(*42,74*BJBC*,<*+//*BCCCC=GCCCC*$"#$1)$9*)%+1F4*&(*+* )A#&1+/*$?$()K*L2$*4$#+%+)&,(*,<*+//*)2$4$*)%+1F4*#.)4*?$%A*2&@2*9$'+(94*,(*)2$*#,4&)&,(* • 4$+%12*<,%*/$#),(=(.'>$%*?&,/+)&(@*#%,1$44;*µ !*$*" 4$(4&)&?&)A*@,+/;*BC=BD*E* ALICE @ LHC Real Event in STAR at RHIC Search for Rare/Forbidden Decays %$4,/.)&,(*+(9*9,.>/$*2&)*4$#$%+)&,(*,<*)2$*9$?&1$KALICE at LHC • ($$94*$"1$//$()*$($%@A*%$4,/.)&,(6*2&@2*$?$()*%+)$6*>.)*4'+//*)%+1F*'./)&#/&1&)A*#$%*$?$() !"#$%&'$()*&(*#%$#+%+)&,(*+)*-+./*012$%%$%*3(4)&).)*5-036*07&)8$%/+(9:;*• 4)+%)*<.//*9+)+*)+F&(@*&(*GCCH I$+?A*3,(*-2A4&14;*)2&4*4&'./+)&,(*42,74*BJBC*,<*+//*BCCCC=GCCCC*$"#$1)$9*)%+1F4*&(*+* =BD )A#&1+/*$?$()K*L2$*4$#+%+)&,(*,<*+//*)2$4$*)%+1F4*#.)4*?$%A*2&@2*9$'+(94*,(*)2$*#,4&)&,(* • 4$+%12*<,%*/$#),(=(.'>$%*?&,/+)&(@*#%,1$44;*µ !*$*" 4$(4&)&?&)A*@,+/;*BC *E* %$4,/.)&,(*+(9*9,.>/$*2&)*4$#$%+)&,(*,<*)2$*9$?&1$K • Liq. Xe Scintillation Liq. Xe Scintillation ($$94*$"1$//$()*$($%@A*%$4,/.)&,(6*2&@2*$?$()*%+)$6*>.)*4'+//*)%+1F*'./)&#/&1&)A*#$%*$?$()Detector Detector • 4)+%)*<.//*9+)+*)+F&(@*&(*GCCH
Liq. Xe Scintillation Liq. Xe Scintillation Thin Superconducting Coil Detector ? Detector Stopping Target Muon Beam ? e+ Timing Counter e+ Drift Chamber Thin Superconducting Coil ? Stopping Target Muon Beam ?
+ e+ Timing Counter Drift Chambere Drift Chamber 1m
Drift Chamber c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 3 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 4 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 ! 2000 tracks per event 1m
c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 3 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 4 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1
Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 13 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 14 [email protected]
Real Event in STAR at RHIC SuperSuper -KamiokandeKamiokande ((Japan)Japan) SatelliteSatellite basedbased DetectorsDetectors Applications in Medicine
0$+%12*<,%**#%,),(=9$1+A*+(9*<,%*($.)%&(,* ,41&//+)&,(4 Real Event in STAR at RHIC • MCCCC*),(4*,<*7+)$% Super-Kamiokande (Japan) • BGCCC*#2,),*).>$4* 0$+%12*<,%**#%,),(=9$1+A*+(9*<,%*($.)%&(,* ,41&//+)&,(4 D>@8;)D1##19E13)"2(&/F1'"/3)?"/) >-?'"??)(6,&+=0&+)?"/)@=.=(')ABBC ,-.,)&%&/.3)$,"'"%()-%)',&)/1%.&)ABG&H) • MCCCC*),(4*,<*7+)$% '")IJBB)D&H • BGCCC*#2,),*).>$4* @('/")$1/'-60&)$,3(-6( :#1.-%.)#-6/".1$)+&'&6'"/M • ,-('"/3)"?)('1/)?"/#1'-"% N,"'"%)/1'&()!)OBP)##9A)(9O • 166&0&/1'-"%)#&6,1%-(#)"?)@DKL( • ("=/6&()"?).1##1)/13)2=/('( N$+1)&,(4*; • %1'=/&)"?)+1/7)#1''&/ K:QR8 • #µN ! µN !"#$"%&%'()*%&&+),-.,&(')/&0-12-0-'3)45 *******O2$%$(F,? • $/&6-(-"%)'/167&/)*8-9('/-$(5 !*GCCC*)%+1F4*#$%*$?$() N$+1)&,(4*; K"%9-%F1(-F&)Q"/"%1/3)@%.-"./1$,3) • #eN ! eN • 610"/-#&'&/)*!(:*;055 =(-%.))(3%6,/"'/"%)/1+-1'-"% • #µN ! µN • +1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)(3('&# *******42,7$%*****O2$%$(F,? • 1%'-6"-%6-+&%6&)+&'&6'"/ *GCCC*)%+1F4*#$%*$?$() • #eN ! eN c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 5 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 6 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 7 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 8 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1
Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 15 *****42,7$% [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 16 [email protected]
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Interplay between Physics and Technology Interaction of Radiation with Matter
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'")IJBB)D&H'")IJBB)D&H :#1.-%.)#-6/".1$)+&'&6'"/M:#1.-%.)#-6/".1$)+&'&6'"/M ,&1F3)6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&( %&='/"%( @('/")$1/'-60&)$,3(-6(@('/")$1/'-60&)$,3(-6(D>@8;)D1##19E13)"2(&/F1'"/3)?"/)@('/")$1/'-60&)$,3(-6( :#1.-%.)#-6/".1$)+&'&6'"/M -%'")1%)&0&6'/-610)(-.%10S :#1.-%.)#-6/".1$)+&'&6'"/M:#1.-%.)#-6/".1$)+&'&6'"/M >-?'"??)(6,&+=0&+)?"/)@=.=(')ABBC • ,-('"/3)"?)('1/)?"/#1'-"%@('/")$1/'-60&)$,3(-6(,-.,)• &%&/.3)@('/")$1/'-60&)$,3(-6($,"'"%()-%)',&)/1%.&)ABG&H) P 9A P9O 9A 9O • ,-('"/3)"?)('1/)?"/#1'-"%,-('"/3)"?)('1/)?"/#1'-"% N,"'"%)/1'&()N,"'"%)/1'&()N,"'"%)/1'&()!)OB!)OB)##P)##!)OB)(9A)()##9O )( • ("0-+)('1'&)$,3(-6( • '")IJBB)D&H,-('"/3)"?)('1/)?"/#1'-"% P 9A 9OP 9A 9O • 166&0&/1'-"%)#&6,1%-(#)"?)@DKL(• 166&0&/1'-"%)#&6,1%-(#)"?)@DKL(• 166&0&/1'-"%)#&6,1%-(#)"?)@DKL(• ,-('"/3)"?)('1/)?"/#1'-"% N,"'"%)/1'&()N,"'"%)/1'&()!)OB )##!)OB)( )## )( ;,&)+&'&6'-"%)(&%(-'-F-'3)1%+)+&'&6'"/) :#1.-%.)#-6/".1$)+&'&6'"/M • ("=/6&()"?).1##1)/13)2=/('(••("=/6&()"?).1##1)/13)2=/('(@('/")$1/'-60&)$,3(-6(166&0&/1'-"%)#&6,1%-(#)"?)@DKL(• ("=/6&()"?).1##1)/13)2=/('(• 166&0&/1'-"%)#&6,1%-(#)"?)@DKL( $&/?"/#1%6&)+&$&%+()"% • (&#-6"%+=6'"/)+&F-6&)$,3(-6( • ("=/6&()"?).1##1)/13)2=/('( &0&6'/"%( .1##1)/1+-1'-"% • %1'=/&)"?)+1/7)#1''&/• %1'=/&)"?)+1/7)#1''&/• ,-('"/3)"?)('1/)?"/#1'-"%• %1'=/&)"?)+1/7)#1''&/• ("=/6&()"?).1##1)/13)2=/('( K:QR8K:QR8K:QR8 N,"'"%)/1'&()!)OBP)##9A)(9O • ('1'-('-610)$/"6&((&()-%)',&)+&'&6'"/ • •%1'=/&)"?)+1/7)#1''&/166&0&/1'-"%)#&6,1%-(#)"?)@DKL(• %1'=/&)"?)+1/7)#1''&/ K:QR8 K:QR8 • (&#-6"%+=6'"/)?12/-61'-"%)'&6,%"0".3 !"#$"%&%'()*%&&+),-.,&(')/&0-12-0-'3)45!"#$"%&%'()*%&&+),-.,&(')/&0-12-0-'3)45!"#$"%&%'()*%&&+),-.,&(')/&0-12-0-'3)45 • ?0=6'=1'-"%()-%)',&)&0&6'/"%-6( • ("=/6&()"?).1##1)/13)2=/('( • $/&6-(-"%)'/167&/)*8-9('/-$(5!"#$"%&%'()*%&&+),-.,&(')/&0-12-0-'3)45• !"#$"%&%'()*%&&+),-.,&(')/&0-12-0-'3)45 • $/&6-(-"%)'/167&/)*8-9('/-$(5$/&6-(-"%)'/167&/)*8-9('/-$(5 K"%9-%F1(-F&)Q"/"%1/3)@%.-"./1$,3) • • %1'=/&)"?)+1/7)#1''&/ K"%9-%F1(-F&)Q"/"%1/3)@%.-"./1$,3)K"%9-%F1(-F&)Q"/"%1/3)@%.-"./1$,3) 0"W9%"-(&)&0&6'/"%-6()'&6,%-<=&( • 610"/-#&'&/)*!(:*;055• $/&6-(-"%)'/167&/)*8-9('/-$(5• 610"/-#&'&/)*!(:*;055• $/&6-(-"%)'/167&/)*8-9('/-$(5 =(-%.))(3%6,/"'/"%)/1+-1'-"%K:QR8 • 610"/-#&'&/)*!(:*;055 =(-%.))(3%6,/"'/"%)/1+-1'-"%K"%9-%F1(-F&)Q"/"%1/3)@%.-"./1$,3)=(-%.))(3%6,/"'/"%)/1+-1'-"%K"%9-%F1(-F&)Q"/"%1/3)@%.-"./1$,3) ;")#1T-#-U&)+&'&6'-"%)(&%(-'-F-'3)1%+)) %&='/-%"( • 610"/-#&'&/)*!(:*;055 • +1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)(3('&#• +1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)(3('&#!"#$"%&%'()*%&&+),-.,&(')/&0-12-0-'3)45• +1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)(3('&#• 610"/-#&'&/)*!(:*;055 =(-%.))(3%6,/"'/"%)/1+-1'-"%=(-%.))(3%6,/"'/"%)/1+-1'-"% /&("0='-"%)"%&)#=(')6"%(-+&/)1%+)"$'-#-U& • 1%10".)1%+)+-.-'10)#-6/"&0&6'/"%-6( • 1%'-6"-%6-+&%6&)+&'&6'"/• •+1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)(3('&#$/&6-(-"%)'/167&/)*8-9('/-$(5• +1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)(3('&# • 1%'-6"-%6-+&%6&)+&'&6'"/• 1%'-6"-%6-+&%6&)+&'&6'"/ K"%9-%F1(-F&)Q"/"%1/3)@%.-"./1$,3) • (-.%10)?"/#1'-"%)-%)',&)+&'&6'"/ • •1%'-6"-%6-+&%6&)+&'&6'"/610"/-#&'&/)*!(:*;055• 1%'-6"-%6-+&%6&)+&'&6'"/ • =(-%.))(3%6,/"'/"%)/1+-1'-"% • 6"=$0-%.)"?)',&)+&'&6'"/)'")',&)/&1+"=') ,-.,9($&&+)+1'1)'/1%(#-((-"% G1-%03)X(-%.=01/Y)-%'&/16'-"%(Z c a r s t e n . n i e cb au rhsrt@e nd. en si eyb. dueh r @ d e s y . d e 1 7 1 7 P a r t i c l e D e Pt eacrttoi cr lse 1 D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i e cb au rhsrt@e nd. en si eyb. dueh r @ d e s y . d e 1 8 1 8 P a r t i c l e D e Pt eacrttoi cr lse 1 D e t e c t o r s 1 !"=0"#29:%'&/16'-"%)W-', c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 7 • +1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)(3('&# P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 8 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 &0&6'/"%-6( c a r s t e n . n i e b uc ha rr @s t ed ne .snyi.edbeu h r @ d e s y . d e 1 7 1 7 P a r t i c l e D e t e Pc at or tr isc l1e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i e b uc ha rr @s t ed ne .snyi.edbeu h r @ d e s y . d e 1 8 1 8 P a r t i c l e D e t e Pc at or tr isc l1e D e t e c t o r s 1 &0&6'/"%()"?)#&+-=# /&(=0'-%.)-%)&%&/.3)'/1%(?&/)'" • 1%'-6"-%6-+&%6&)+&'&6'"/ • %"-(&).&%&/1'&+)-%)',&)&0&6'/"%-6( • 6"#$='&/921(&+)+1'1)16<=-(-'-"%) (3('&#( !)&0&6'/-610)(-.%10)-%)+&'&6'"/) 6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&( c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 7 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 8 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1
c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 9 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 2 0 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 17 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 18 [email protected]
InItnetreIprnlpatlyea rybp elbateywt ewbeeenet nwP ehPeyhnsy iscPishc ysa snaidcns d T aeTncedhc nhTonelooclghoyngoylogy IInteractionnItnetreIarncatceitorinao nco tf oi ooffRn aR odaRadiationfida iRtaiatodinoi anw tiwitoih nt withhMw Miattha t teMatterMtreartter Cross Section of a typical Collider Detector InterpIlantye brpeltawye ebne tPwheyesnic Psh aynsdic sT eacnhdn oTleocghynology InteraIcnttioenra ocft ioRna doifa tRioand iwatitiohn Mwaithte Mr atter absorber (mostly Fe) heavy medium @0#"(')100)&??&6'()=(&+)-%)$1/'-60&)@0#"(')100)&??&6'()=(&+)-%)$1/'-60&)@0#"(')100)&??&6'()=(&+)-%)$1/'-60&) V%+&/('1%+-%.)"?)&S.S)1)#"+&/%)'/167-%.)V%+&/('1%+-%.)"?)&S.S)1)#"+&/%)'/167-%.)V%+&/('1%+-%.)"?)&S.S)1)#"+&/%)'/167-%.) !,1/.&+)N1/'-60&( K&='/10)N1/'-60&(K&='/10)N1/'-60&(K&='/10)N1/'-60&( !,1/.&+)N1/'-60&(!,1/.&+)N1/'-60&( Particle type: flux return yoke (Fe, Cu, U) + active +&'&6'"/()1/&)21(&+)"%)',&)+&'&6'"/()1/&)21(&+)"%)',&)@0#"(')100)&??&6'()=(&+)-%)$1/'-60&)+&'&6'"/()1/&)21(&+)"%)',&)@0#"(')100)&??&6'()=(&+)-%)$1/'-60&)&0&6'/"#1.9&0&6'/"#1.9&0&6'/"#1.9+&'&6'"/)-%),-.,9&%&/.3)$,3(-6()"/)1)+&'&6'"/)-%),-.,9&%&/.3)$,3(-6()"/)1)V%+&/('1%+-%.)"?)&S.S)1)#"+&/%)'/167-%.)+&'&6'"/)-%),-.,9&%&/.3)$,3(-6()"/)1)V%+&/('1%+-%.)"?)&S.S)1)#"+&/%)'/167-%.) K&='/10)N1/'-60&( Interplay between Physics and Technology !,1/.&+)N1/'-60&(Int!,1/.&+)N1/'-60&(eraction of Radiation with K&='/10)N1/'-60&(Matter neutrinos (missing energy) %&'-6)-%'&/16'-"%%&'-6)-%'&/16'-"%+&'&6'"/()1/&)21(&+)"%)',&)%&'-6)-%'&/16'-"%+&'&6'"/()1/&)21(&+)"%)',&))"%03S))"%03S)G"(')#"+&/%))"%03S)G"(')#"+&/%)G"(')#"+&/%)&0&6'/"#1.9&0&6'/"#1.9#&+-610)-#1.-%.)(3('&#)',=()/&<=-/&()#&+-610)-#1.-%.)(3('&#)',=()/&<=-/&()+&'&6'"/)-%),-.,9&%&/.3)$,3(-6()"/)1)#&+-610)-#1.-%.)(3('&#)',=()/&<=-/&()+&'&6'"/)-%),-.,9&%&/.3)$,3(-6()"/)1) material +&'&6'"/()6"%F&/')',&)12("/2&+)&%&/.3) 7%"W0&+.&)"? +&'&6'"/()6"%F&/')',&)12("/2&+)&%&/.3)%&'-6)-%'&/16'-"%+&'&6'"/()6"%F&/')',&)12("/2&+)&%&/.3)%&'-6)-%'&/16'-"%)"%03S)G"(')#"+&/%))"%03S)G"(')#"+&/%) 7%"W0&+.&)"?#&+-610)-#1.-%.)(3('&#)',=()/&<=-/&()7%"W0&+.&)"?#&+-610)-#1.-%.)(3('&#)',=()/&<=-/&() ,&1F3)6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&( %&='/"%(%&='/"%( muons µ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• ("0-+)('1'&)$,3(-6(• ("0-+)('1'&)$,3(-6( hadrons: p, !, K ... %&'-6)-%'&/16'-"%)"%03S)G"(')#"+&/%) • ("0-+)('1'&)$,3(-6(#&+-610)-#1.-%.)(3('&#)',=()/&<=-/&() • ("0-+)('1'&)$,3(-6( [quarks, gluons " jets] ;,&)+&'&6'-"%)(&%(-'-F-'3)1%+)+&'&6'"/);,&)+&'&6'-"%)(&%(-'-F-'3)1%+)+&'&6'"/)+&'&6'"/()6"%F&/')',&)12("/2&+)&%&/.3);,&)+&'&6'-"%)(&%(-'-F-'3)1%+)+&'&6'"/) 7%"W0&+.&)"?• ("0-+)('1'&)$,3(-6( ,&1F3)6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&( %&='/"%( 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• (&#-6"%+=6'"/)?12/-61'-"%)'&6,%"0".3 • $&/?"/#1%6&)+&$&%+()"%?0=6'=1'-"%()-%)',&)&0&6'/"%-6(• ?0=6'=1'-"%()-%)',&)&0&6'/"%-6( • (&#-6"%+=6'"/)+&F-6&)$,3(-6(• (&#-6"%+=6'"/)?12/-61'-"%)'&6,%"0".3 beam pipe • 0"W9%"-(&)&0&6'/"%-6()'&6,%-<=&(• 0"W9%"-(&)&0&6'/"%-6()'&6,%-<=&( &0&6'/"%( .1##1)/1+-1'-"% vacuum • ('1'-('-610)$/"6&((&()-%)',&)+&'&6'"/ • 0"W9%"-(&)&0&6'/"%-6()'&6,%-<=&( • 0"W9%"-(&)&0&6'/"%-6()'&6,%-<=&( %&='/-%"(%&='/-%"( ;")#1T-#-U&)+&'&6'-"%)(&%(-'-F-'3)1%+));")#1T-#-U&)+&'&6'-"%)(&%(-'-F-'3)1%+));")#1T-#-U&)+&'&6'-"%)(&%(-'-F-'3)1%+)) • (&#-6"%+=6'"/)?12/-61'-"%)'&6,%"0".3• 0"W9%"-(&)&0&6'/"%-6()'&6,%-<=&( %&='/-%"( • ?0=6'=1'-"%()-%)',&)&0&6'/"%-6( %&='/-%"( Track detectors for charged /&("0='-"%)"%&)#=(')6"%(-+&/)1%+)"$'-#-U&/&("0='-"%)"%&)#=(')6"%(-+&/)1%+)"$'-#-U&;")#1T-#-U&)+&'&6'-"%)(&%(-'-F-'3)1%+))/&("0='-"%)"%&)#=(')6"%(-+&/)1%+)"$'-#-U&;")#1T-#-U&)+&'&6'-"%)(&%(-'-F-'3)1%+))• 1%10".)1%+)+-.-'10)#-6/"&0&6'/"%-6(• 1%10".)1%+)+-.-'10)#-6/"&0&6'/"%-6(• 1%10".)1%+)+-.-'10)#-6/"&0&6'/"%-6( %&='/-%"( • 1%10".)1%+)+-.-'10)#-6/"&0&6'/"%-6( particles • (-.%10)?"/#1'-"%)-%)',&)+&'&6'"/•/&("0='-"%)"%&)#=(')6"%(-+&/)1%+)"$'-#-U&(-.%10)?"/#1'-"%)-%)',&)+&'&6'"/• (-.%10)?"/#1'-"%)-%)',&)+&'&6'"//&("0='-"%)"%&)#=(')6"%(-+&/)1%+)"$'-#-U&• 0"W9%"-(&)&0&6'/"%-6()'&6,%-<=&(• 1%10".)1%+)+-.-'10)#-6/"&0&6'/"%-6( • (-.%10)?"/#1'-"%)-%)',&)+&'&6'"/ • ,-.,9($&&+)+1'1)'/1%(#-((-"%• ,-.,9($&&+)+1'1)'/1%(#-((-"%• ,-.,9($&&+)+1'1)'/1%(#-((-"% %&='/-%"( • gas detectors • 6"=$0-%.)• 6"=$0-%.);")#1T-#-U&)+&'&6'-"%)(&%(-'-F-'3)1%+))• 6"=$0-%.)"?)•"?)',&)(-.%10)?"/#1'-"%)-%)',&)+&'&6'"/',&)+&'&6'"/)"?)+&'&6'"/)',&)+&'&6'"/)'")'")',&)',&)/&1+"=')'")/&1+"=')',&)/&1+"=') !"=0"#29:%'&/16'-"%)W-',!"=0"#29:%'&/16'-"%)W-', G1-%03)G1-%03)X(-%.=01/Y)-%'&/16'-"%(G1-%03)X(-%.=01/Y)-%'&/16'-"%(X(-%.=01/Y)-%'&/16'-"%(Z Z Z • ,-.,9($&&+)+1'1)'/1%(#-((-"%• !"=0"#29:%'&/16'-"%)W-', • solid state detectors &0&6'/"%-6(•&0&6'/"%-6(/&("0='-"%)"%&)#=(')6"%(-+&/)1%+)"$'-#-U&6"=$0-%.)&0&6'/"%-6(• "?)',&)+&'&6'"/)'")',&)/&1+"=') • 1%10".)1%+)+-.-'10)#-6/"&0&6'/"%-6(,-.,9($&&+)+1'1)'/1%(#-((-"% /&(=0'-%.)-%)&%&/.3)'/1%(?&/)'"G1-%03)X(-%.=01/Y)-%'&/16'-"%(Z 6"=$0-%.)"?)',&)+&'&6'"/)'")',&)/&1+"=') &0&6'/"%()"?)#&+-=#&0&6'/"%()"?)#&+-=#!"=0"#29:%'&/16'-"%)W-',&0&6'/"%()"?)#&+-=#!"=0"#29:%'&/16'-"%)W-', /&(=0'-%.)-%)&%&/.3)'/1%(?&/)'"/&(=0'-%.)-%)&%&/.3)'/1%(?&/)'"G1-%03)X(-%.=01/Y)-%'&/16'-"%(Z &0&6'/"%-6( • 6"#$='&/921(&+)+1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)• 6"#$='&/921(&+)+1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)• 6"#$='&/921(&+)+1'1)16<=-(-'-"%) • %"-(&).&%&/1'&+)-%)',&)&0&6'/"%-6(• %"-(&).&%&/1'&+)-%)',&)&0&6'/"%-6(• (-.%10)?"/#1'-"%)-%)',&)+&'&6'"/• %"-(&).&%&/1'&+)-%)',&)&0&6'/"%-6(&0&6'/"%-6( )&0&6'/-610)(-.%10)-%)+&'&6'"/)&0&6'/"%()"?)#&+-=# 6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(/&(=0'-%.)-%)&%&/.3)'/1%(?&/)'"6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&(/&(=0'-%.)-%)&%&/.3)'/1%(?&/)'" (3('&#(•(3('&#(6"#$='&/921(&+)+1'1)16<=-(-'-"%)(3('&#( !!)&0&6'/-610)(-.%10)-%)+&'&6'"/)!)&0&6'/-610)(-.%10)-%)+&'&6'"/)&0&6'/"%()"?)#&+-=# 6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&( Calorimeter for energy meas. • %"-(&).&%&/1'&+)-%)',&)&0&6'/"%-6(• %"-(&).&%&/1'&+)-%)',&)&0&6'/"%-6( • ,-.,9($&&+)+1'1)'/1%(#-((-"%• 6"#$='&/921(&+)+1'1)16<=-(-'-"%) 6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&( • 6"=$0-%.)"?)',&)+&'&6'"/)'")',&)/&1+"=') (3('&#( (3('&#( !!"=0"#29:%'&/16'-"%)W-',)&0&6'/-610)(-.%10)-%)+&'&6'"/)!)&0&6'/-610)(-.%10)-%)+&'&6'"/) G1-%03)X(-%.=01/Y)-%'&/16'-"%(6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&( Z (neutral & charged) &0&6'/"%-6( c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 9 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h&0&6'/"%()"?)#&+-=#r @ d e s y . d e 2 0 /&(=0'-%.)-%)&%&/.3)'/1%(?&/)'" P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 • electromagnetic high Z c a r s t e n . cn ai er sb tuehnr.@n ide eb su yh.rd@e d e s y . d e 1 9 1•9 6"#$='&/921(&+)+1'1)16<=-(-'-"%) P a r t i c l e PDaerttei cclteo rDs e 1t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . cn ai er sb tuehnr.@n ide eb su yh.rd@e d e s y . d e 2 0 2 0 P a r t i c l e PDaerttei cclteo rDs e 1t e c t o r s 1 magnet coil • %"-(&).&%&/1'&+)-%)',&)&0&6'/"%-6( 6,1/.&+)$1/'-60&( • hadronic material (Pb) c a r s t e n . n i e b uc ha rr @s t ed ne .snyi.edbeu h r @ d e s y . d e 1 9 (3('&#(1 9 P a r t i c l e D e t e Pc at or tr isc l1e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i!e b uc)&0&6'/-610)(-.%10)-%)+&'&6'"/)ha rr @s t ed ne .snyi.edbeu h r @ d e s y . d e 2 0 2 0 P a r t i c l e D e t e Pc at or tr isc l1e D e t e c t o r s 1 (solenoid, field || beam axis) Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 19 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 20 [email protected] c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 9 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 2 0 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 Example 1: HERA ep Event with 3 Jets Example 2: Muon Detection
Because muons do not interact strongly and because of their large mass e’ transverse view: (compared to electrons) they don’t shower so easily and thus can penetrate e calorimeter and iron yoke Jet 1 hadronic calorimeter Jet 2 µ electromagn. calorimeter µ p Jet 3 track detector
e e
27.5 GeV 920 GeV e ? p
almost hermetic detector
! detection of nearly all produced particles side view exploit energy- and momentum µ conservation µ
Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 21 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 22 [email protected]
Example 3: Neutrinos Example 4: Secondary Vertices
! Some mesons containing heavy quarks (charm or beauty) only decay via the weak interaction.
example: D– ! K+ "– "– Resulting lifetimes are relatively long: # ! O(10-12s) or c# ! 100 - 500 µm With the help of high precision track detec- tors one can distinguish Missing transverse energy and if particles originate transverse momentum: from secondary or primary vertex: !ptrans = 43GeV i $ vertex detectors [in most cases based on silicon] carried away by neutrino ?
Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 23 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 24 [email protected]
Example 3: Neutrinos Example 4: Secondary Vertices
Example 3: Neutrinos ! Example 4: Secondary Vertices 6/.+&.+#/$#&2/$')"$"$%& 7+)*,&80)(9#&:27)(.&/(& ! 6/.+&.+#/$#&2/$')"$"$%&4+)0',;&/$<,&-+2),&*")& 7+)*,&80)(9#&:27)(.&/(&'7+&3+)9&"$'+()2'"/$= 4+)0',;&/$<,&-+2),&*")& '7+&3+)9&"$'+()2'"/$= +>).?<+1&D– # K+ $– $– +>).?<+1&D– # K+ $– $–@+#0<'"$%&<"A+'".+#&)(+& (+<)'"*+<,&1 i ?(".)(,&*+('+>1 2)(("+-&)3),&4,&$+0'("$/&5 &&*+('+>&-+'+2'/(# 2)(("+-&)3),&4,&$+0'("$/&5 &&*+('+>&-+'+2'/(# I"$&./#'&2)#+#&4)#+-&/$& I"$&./#'&2)#+#&4)#+-&/$&#"<"2/$J #"<"2/$J c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 2 9 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 0 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 2 9 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 0 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1
& & && & && & & & &&&&&& & & & && & && & & & &&&&&& &
InteracInteractiontiIonnt eorfa Cchtiaor ngof eod f Charged PCahratircglesd ParticlesParticles Bethe-BlochBethe-Bloch FBFormulaoertmhuel-aBloch Formula K7+(+&)(+&'3/&?("$2"?)<&+AA+2'#&37"27&27)()2'+("L+&'7+&?)##)%+&/A&27)(%+-&?)('"2<+#&K7+(+&)(+&'3/&?("$2"?)<&+AA+2'#&37"27&27)()2'+("L+&'7+&?)##)%+&/A&27)(%+-&?)('"2<+#& S$+(%,&".)'+&()$%+&/A&*)<"-"',1& )$-&7+)*,&?)('"2<+#O/(&27)(%+-&?)('"2<+#&/$+&.0#'&-"#'"$%0"#7&&:"=+=&)<<&'7+&(+#'1&µ, $ ,?&, ' Q&<"%7'&$02<+"Q&===;<"%7'&?)('"2<+#&:"=+=&+ Q&+ ; - &m &+<+2'(/$&.)##& e 10MeV/c . p .•50)??(/>".)'+&()$%+&/A&*)<"-"',1&GeV/c )$-&7+)*,&?)('"2<+#&:"=+=&)<<&'7+&(+#'1&µ, $ ,?&, ' Q&<"%7'&$02<+"Q&===; - &m &+<+2'(/$&.)##& e 10MeV/c . p . 50GeV/c c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 1 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 2 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1
cDetectorsa r s t e n . n fori e bParticleu h r @ dPhysics:e s y . d e 1 253 1 carsten.niebuhr@desy P a r t i c l e D e t e c.det o r s 1 Detectors for Particle Physics: 1c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 26 3 2 carsten.niebuhr@desy .de P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1
MateriMaterialalM Dateepreinadl eDependenceDnecpeendence EnergyEnergy Loss ELnoessr gofoyf LEElectronsolsesc torfo nEslectrons
10 10 .',-(/)0$11)&1)2)34'5#&$')$3).',-(/)0$11)&1)2)34'5#&$')$3)6789):9)2';)#<,)6789):9)2';)#<,) :')2;;&#&$')#$),',-(/)0$11)K/)&$'&12#&$')<&(<),',-(/)%2-#&50,1)201$)0$$1,),',-(/);4,)#$):')2;;&#&$')#$),',-(/)0$11)K/)&$'&12#&$')<&(<),',-(/)%2-#&50,1)201$)0$$1,),',-(/);4,)#$) 8 8 ;,'1&#/)!)=))>,'5,)41,)&'1#,2;)?;,'1&#/)!)=))>,'5,)41,)&'1#,2;)? &'#,-25#&$')+&#<)#<,)L$40$EK)3&,0;)$3)#<,)&'#,-25#&$')+&#<)#<,)L$40$EK)3&,0;)$3)#<,)'450,&?))M-,E11#-2<04'('450,&?))M-,E11#-2<04'( ) ) 6 6 2 2 H liquid H2 liquid 2 dE 1 dE dE 1 dE N4,)#$)#<,&-)1E200)E211)#<&1),33,5#)&1),1%,5&200/)%-$E&','#)3$-),0,5#-$'1)I%$1&#-$'1J?N4,)#$)#<,&-)1E200)E211)#<&1),33,5#)&1),1%,5&200/)%-$E&','#)3$-),0,5#-$'1)I%$1&#-$'1J? -- ---C)D--- F C)D F cm 5 X = x ------= cm 5 )))X = x # !) ))) ")))------#=!) "# )))))))@A,B)(# 5E))))@A,B)(G=) 5E G=) 1 1
− dX dx
− dx dX ! ! 2 2 2 2 4 4 • – dE ⁄ dx $• Z– d# E ⁄ dmx $ Z # E ⁄ m He gas He gas");.7;H),11,'#&200/)2)34'5#&$')$3)");.7;H),11,'#&200/)2)34'5#&$')$3)678) 678) 3 3 • &#)&1)41,340)#$)&'#-$;45,• &#)&1)41,340)#$)&'#-$;45,)-2;&2#&$')0,'(#<)-2;&2#&$')0,'(#<)X )X (MeV g (MeV g 0 0 C C Al Al Fe !"#$%%&'()*$+,-! –x –x 2 Fe !"#$%%&'()*$+,-! ' ( ' (
2 dE/dx dE/dx Sn Sn • ,',-(/)2##,'42#&$'?)• ,',-(/)2##,'42#&$'?)E = E0 exp E------= E0 exp ------
− .O2E%0,?)L4 − 2.5 2.5 % & % & .O2E%0,?)L4 Pb Pb X0 X0 Example: Cu H2 gas: 4.10 H2 gas: 4.10 ) ) H2 liquid: 3.97 H2 liquid: 3.97 –2 –2 2 2 716g cm A 2.35 – 0.64 log Z 716g cm A 2.35 – 0.64 log10(Z) 10( ) • •X 2%%-$O=?))= ------X------=------
cm 2%%-$O=?)) 1 1 cm 2.0 2.0 0 0 –1 –1 Z Z + 1 ln Z287(Z + 1Z) ln(287 ⁄ Z) 0.1 1.0 0.110 1.0100 110000 10010000 1000 10000 ( ) ( ⁄ ) βγ = p/Mc βγ = p/Mc (MeV g 0.1 1.0 0.110 1.0100 110000 100 (MeV g 1.5 1000 1.5 • 5-&#&520),',-(/)• 5-&#&520),',-(/)Ec ?) Ec ?) Muon momentum (GeV/c)
Muon momentum (GeV/c) min min 〉 〉 Solids Solids dEBrems ddEEcBorlleimsison dEcollision )0'. Gases Gases ))))))))))))) ------)))))))))))))------= ------= ------)0'. 0.1 1.0 0.110 1.0100 110000 100 1000 dx dx !lnE dE/dx dx dx Pion momentum (GeV/Pionc )momentum (GeV/c) dE/dx 1.0 1.0 – – 〈 〈 . . 610MeV 610MeV 5 5 0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 10000 • Ec 0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 10000 • 2%%-$O&E2#,0/?)2%%-$O&E2#,0/?)Ec = ------E----c) = ------) Proton momentumProton (GeV/c )momentum (GeV/c) H He Li Be HB CNO HNe Li Be B FeCNO NSen Fe Sn Z + 1.24 Z + 1.24 0.5 0.5 • 0$(2-&#
Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 27 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 28 [email protected]
Energy LEonsesr gfyo rL oMsus ofnosr Muons dE/dx AdpEp/ldicxa tAiopnpsli cian tdioinffs eirne ndtif Dfeerteenctt oDre Tteycpteosr Types
R21 R21 –5/3 . $ *–5/3 . $ * • &$'&12#&$'•)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))&$'&12#&$')))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))")))%-$%$-#&$'20)$-);-&3#)5<2EK,-")))%-$%$-#&$'20)$-);-&3#)5<2EK,-
S&T4&; S&T4&; -,02#&Q&1#&5)-&1,-,02#&Q&1#&5)-&1, • 0$520)<,2#&'(• 0$520)<,2#&'())))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))"!))K4KK0,)5<2EK,-"!))K4KK0,)5<2EK,-
• &$'&12#&$'•)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))&$'&12#&$')))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))")))520$-&E,#,-)IS&T4&;)8-($')$-)U-/%#$'J")))520$-&E,#,-)IS&T4&;)8-($')$-)U-/%#$'J
"$0&; "$0&;
• ,O5#&$')$3),0,5#-$'1• ,O5#&$')$3),0,5#-$'1 +)5$'Q,-1&$')&'#$)0&(<#)))))))))))))))))+)5$'Q,-1&$')&'#$)0&(<#)))))))))))))))))")))15&'#&002#$-1")))15&'#&002#$-1
• 5-,2#&$')$3),0,5#-$'C<$0,)%2&-1))))• 5-,2#&$')$3),0,5#-$'C<$0,)%2&-1)))))")))1$0&;)1#2#,);,#,5#$-1)")))1$0&;)1#2#,);,#,5#$-1
A:*)P)E&'&E4EC&$'&1&'()%2-#&50,1A:*)P)E&'&E4EC&$'&1&'()%2-#&50,1) ) c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 5 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 6 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 5 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 6 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 Material Dependence Energy Loss of Electrons
10 .',-(/)0$11)&1)2)34'5#&$')$3)6789):9)2';)#<,) :')2;;&#&$')#$),',-(/)0$11)K/)&$'&12#&$')<&(<),',-(/)%2-#&50,1)201$)0$$1,),',-(/);4,)#$) 8 ;,'1&#/)!)=))>,'5,)41,)&'1#,2;)? &'#,-25#&$')+&#<)#<,)L$40$EK)3&,0;)$3)#<,)'450,&?))M-,E11#-2<04'(
) 6 2 H2 liquid dE 1 dE N4,)#$)#<,&-)1E200)E211)#<&1),33,5#)&1),1%,5&200/)%-$E&','#)3$-),0,5#-$'1)I%$1&#-$'1J? ------C)D F cm 5 )))X = x # !) ")))------= # ))))@A,B)( 5E G=) 1
− dx dX ! 2 2 4 • – dE ⁄ dx $ Z # E ⁄ m He gas ");.7;H),11,'#&200/)2)34'5#&$')$3)678) 3 • &#)&1)41,340)#$)&'#-$;45,)-2;&2#&$')0,'(#<)X
(MeV g 0 C Al Fe !"#$%%&'()*$+,-! –x 2 ' ( dE/dx Sn • ,',-(/)2##,'42#&$'?)E = E0 exp ------
− 2.5 % & .O2E%0,?)L4 Pb X0 H2 gas: 4.10
) H2 liquid: 3.97 –2 2 716g cm A 2.35 – 0.64 log10(Z) • 2%%-$O=?))X = ------1 cm 2.0 0
–1 Z Z + 1 ln 287 Z 0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 10000 ( ) ( ⁄ ) βγ = p/Mc
0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 (MeV g 1.5 • 5-&#&520),',-(/)Ec ?) Muon momentum (GeV/c) min 〉 Solids dEBrems dEcollision Gases ))))))))))))) ------= ------)0'. 0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 dx dx Pion momentum (GeV/c) dE/dx 1.0 – 〈 . 610MeV 5 0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 10000 • 2%%-$O&E2#,0/?)Ec = ------) Proton momentum (GeV/c) H He Li Be B CNO Ne Fe Sn Z + 1.24 0.5 • 0$(2-&#
Energy LoEnergyss for MLossuons of Muons dE/dxdE/ dApplicationsx Application sfor in ddifferentifferent D eDetectortector Ty pTypeses
R21
. $ *–5/3 –5/ 3 . " ! • &$'&12#&$')))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))")))%-$%$-#&$'20)$-);-&3#)5<2EK,-
S&T4&; -,02#&Q&1#&5)-&1,relativistic rise • 0$520)<,2#&'())))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))"!))K4KK0,)5<2EK,-
• &$'&12#&$')))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))")))520$-&E,#,-)IS&T4&;)8-($')$-)U-/%#$'J
"$0&;
• ,O5#&$')$3),0,5#-$'1 +)5$'Q,-1&$')&'#$)0&(<#)))))))))))))))))")))15&'#&002#$-1
• 5-,2#&$')$3),0,5#-$'C<$0,)%2&-1)))))")))1$0&;)1#2#,);,#,5#$-1
A:*)P)E&'&E4EC&$'&1&'()%2-#&50,1) MIP = minimum-ionising particles c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 5 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 6 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1
Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 29 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 30 [email protected]
dE/dx in a TPC fordE/dx differ einnt aP aTPCrticle Species PropertiesProperti eofs osomef som eMaterials Materials ((PDG)PDG)
Measurements in PEP4/9-TPC (Ar-CH = 80:20 @ 8.5atm) Material Z A Z/A Nuclear a Nuclear a dE/dx b Radiation length c Density Liquid Refractive F.4)10.2.3-)#(3#D%DG&H8CDE#I:08EJG#K#@L;ML#N#@OA4-2P4 ! " |min collision interaction X 3 boiling index n If dE/dx is plotted MeV 0 g/cm 2 { } 6 length λT length λI 2 g/cm cm ( g/" point at ((n 1) 10 • !"#$%&$'#()#*+,--.$#/.0)1)#versus momentum of ! g/cm " { } { } { } − × g/cm2 g/cm2 for gas) 1 atm(K) for gas) 2,2.3-12#,"#*40-(5+.#-6.#particle the curves { } { } d are shifted horizon- H2 gas 1 1.00794 0.99212 43.3 50.8 (4.103) 61.28 (731000) (0.0838)[0.0899] [139.2] 510/.)#40.#)6("-.$#6,0(7,38 d H2 liquid 1 1.00794 0.99212 43.3 50.8 4.034 61.28 866 0.0708 20.39 1.112 -4++9#",0#$("".0.3-#24)).)tally for different D2 1 2.0140 0.49652 45.7 54.7 (2.052) 122.4 724 0.169[0.179] 23.65 1.128 [138] masses He 2 4.002602 0.49968 49.9 65.1 (1.937) 94.32 756 0.1249[0.1786] 4.224 1.024 [34.9] Li 3 6.941 0.43221 54.6 73.4 1.639 82.76 155 0.534 — Be 4 9.012182 0.44384 55.8 75.2 1.594 65.19 35.28 1.848 — • :**+(54-(,3;#("#4+),#-6.# C 6 12.011 0.49954 60.2 86.3 1.745 42.70 18.8 2.265 e — N2 7 14.00674 0.49976 61.4 87.8 (1.825) 37.99 47.1 0.8073[1.250] 77.36 1.205 [298] 2,2.3-12#,"#-6.#*40-(5+.#Application: if also O2 8 15.9994 0.50002 63.2 91.0 (1.801) 34.24 30.0 1.141[1.428] 90.18 1.22 [296] ()#<3,=3#-6.#2.4)10.2.3-# F2 9 18.9984032 0.47372 65.5 95.3 (1.675) 32.93 21.85 1.507[1.696] 85.24 [195] the momentum of the Ne 10 20.1797 0.49555 66.1 96.6 (1.724) 28.94 24.0 1.204[0.9005] 27.09 1.092 [67.1] ,"#-6.#)*.5("(5#(,3()4-(,3particle is #known the Al 13 26.981539 0.48181 70.6 106.4 1.615 24.01 8.9 2.70 — 543#>.#1).$#",0#*40-(5+.# Si 14 28.0855 0.49848 70.6 106.0 1.664 21.82 9.36 2.33 3.95 measurement of the Ar 18 39.948 0.45059 76.4 117.2 (1.519) 19.55 14.0 1.396[1.782] 87.28 1.233 [283] ($.3-("(54-(,3 specific ionisation can Ti 22 47.867 0.45948 79.9 124.9 1.476 16.17 3.56 4.54 — be used for particle Fe 26 55.845 0.46556 82.8 131.9 1.451 13.84 1.76 7.87 — Cu 29 63.546 0.45636 85.6 134.9 1.403 12.86 1.43 8.96 — identification Ge 32 72.61 0.44071 88.3 140.5 1.371 12.25 2.30 5.323 — • !3#-6()#.'42*+.#.456#$,-# Sn 50 118.710 0.42120 100.2 163 1.264 8.82 1.21 7.31 — Xe 54 131.29 0.41130 102.8 169 (1.255) 8.48 2.87 2.953[5.858] 165.1 [701] 0.*0.).3-)#?@A#)(3B+.# W 74 183.84 0.40250 110.3 185 1.145 6.76 0.35 19.3 — 2.4)10.2.3-)#(3#4#CDE Pt 78 195.08 0.39984 113.3 189.7 1.129 6.54 0.305 21.45 — In this example each Pb 82 207.2 0.39575 116.2 194 1.123 6.37 0.56 11.35 — U 92 238.0289 0.38651 117.0 199 1.082 6.00 0.32 18.95 — dot represents !185 ≈ ≈ Air, (20◦C, 1 atm.), [STP] 0.49919 62.0 90.0 (1.815) 36.66 [30420] (1.205)[1.2931] 78.8 (273) [293] single measurements H2O 0.55509 60.1 83.6 1.991 36.08 36.1 1.00 373.15 1.33 in a drift chamber CO2 gas 0.49989 62.4 89.7 (1.819) 36.2 [18310] [1.977] [410] c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 7 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 8 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1
Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 31 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 32 [email protected]
Multiple Scattering Summary of Part I
Q54--.0(3B#,"#5640B.$#*40-(5+.)#,""#-6.#4-,2)# • *0,*.0-(.)#,"#$("".0.3-#*40-(5+.)#0.Y1(0.)#2439#$("".0.3-#-9*.)#,"#$.-.5-,0) (3#-6.#2.$(12#541).)#4#5643B.#,"#$(0.5-(,3; • 0,1B6#5+4))("(54-(,3 - -045<&*,)(-(,3#$.-.5-,0)#I3,3#$.)-015-(/.P#(#D40-#!! 7,# • -6.#)-4-()-(54+#)12#,"#2439#)156#)24++#43B+.# - 54+,0(2.-.0)#I$.)-015-(/.P#(#D40-#!!! )54--.0(3B)#0.)1+-)#(3#4#B41))(43#43B1+40# • >4)(54++9#4++#$.-.5-,0)#>4).$#,3#.+.5-0,24B3.-(5#(3-.045-(,3 $()-0(>1-(,3#=(-6#4#=($-6#B(/.3#>9;####### • $.-.5-,0)#4+),#2,0.#43$#2,0.#1).$#",0#,-6.0#4**+(54-(,3)#I.OBO#2.$(54+#4**+OP 13.6MeV x x " = ------z ------1 + 0.038ln&------' 0 #pc X $X % 0 0 • .3.0B9#+,))#,"#5640B.$#*40-(5+.);#Z.-6.8Z+,56#$.)50(>.)#+,))#$1.#-,#(,3()4-(,3 - z2 ⁄ #2 ( lnE #(#W.02(*+4-.41 +,B#)54+.X 8M • .'42*+.;#*#K#?#R.S&5T#$#K#ULLµ2#Q(T#VLKHOG52 - 2(3(212#4-##) * 3;#?8M#F.S#*.0#B52 # ! "0 !#LO@#204$O#W,0#?L52#$()-435.#-6()# 5,00.)*,3$)#-,#@Lµ2T#=6(56#()#)(B3("(543-+9# - 6,=./.0#+(B6-#*40-(5+.)#I.+.5-0,3)T#21,3)P#4-#6(B6#.3.0B(.)#+,).#.3.0B9#*0.$,2(343-+9#>9# +40B.0#-643#-9*(54+#0.),+1-(,3#,"#4#Q(8)-0(*# >0.2))-046+13B;#– dE ⁄ dx , Z2 + E ⁄ m2 $.-.5-,0O • 21+-(*+.#)54--.0(3B • -6.#+.))#+(<.+9#)54--.0(3B#,""#-6.#4-,2(5#315+.(# 541).)#+40B.#)54--.0(3B#43B+.)#0.)1+-(3B#(3#4# 1 x - B41))(43#5,0.#,"#$()-0(>1-(,3#=(-6#43B1+40#)*0.4$;###"0 ------$./(4-(,3#"0,2#4#B41))(43#$()-0(>1-(,3#4-#+40B.# p X0 " 43B+.) - $./(4-(,3#"0,2#B41))(,3#$()-0(>1-(13#4-#+40B.#43B+.)#$1.#-,#[1-6.0",0$#)54--.0(3B#I315+.(P
c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 9 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 4 0 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 dE/dx in a TPC for different Particle Species Properties of some Materials (PDG)
Material Z A Z/A Nuclear a Nuclear a dE/dx b Radiation length c Density Liquid Refractive F.4)10.2.3-)#(3#D%DG&H8CDE#I:08EJG#K#@L;ML#N#@OA4-2P ! " |min collision interaction X 3 boiling index n MeV 0 g/cm 2 { } 6 length λT length λI 2 g/cm cm ( g/" point at ((n 1) 10 • !"#$%&$'#()#*+,--.$#/.0)1)# ! g/cm " { } { } { } − × g/cm2 g/cm2 for gas) 1 atm(K) for gas) 2,2.3-12#,"#*40-(5+.#-6.# { } { } d H2 gas 1 1.00794 0.99212 43.3 50.8 (4.103) 61.28 (731000) (0.0838)[0.0899] [139.2] 510/.)#40.#)6("-.$#6,0(7,38 d H2 liquid 1 1.00794 0.99212 43.3 50.8 4.034 61.28 866 0.0708 20.39 1.112 Anwendung von C-4++9#",0#$("".0.3-#24)).)hanneling D2 1 2.0140 0.4C965o2 u4l5o.7 mb54 .7St(r2.0e52)uu12n2.4g 724 0.169[0.179] 23.65 1.128 [138] He 2 4.002602 0.49968 49.9 65.1 (1.937) 94.32 756 0.1249[0.1786] 4.224 1.024 [34.9] Li 3 6.941 0.43221 54.6 73.4 1.639 82.76 155 0.534 — !"#$%&%#'$"'(#)'#$#*#+()",-%#'$.#*/#)$#)*012#'$32*#'+1'4$5&'$ Be 4 9.012182 0.44384 55.8 75.2 1.594 65.19 35.28 1.848 — %&-%#'#)4#(",-%#'$6#"*-%#',()0%*#'$&%'#$/"#$7#)8#'/1'4$5&'$• :**+(54-(,3;#("#4+),#-6.# C 6 12.011 0.49954 60.2 86.3 1.745 42.70 18.8 2.265 e — N2 7 14.00674 0.49976 61.4 87.8 (1.825) 37.99 47.1 0.8073[1.250] 77.36 1.205 [298] 904'#(#':$"'/#;$/#)$<()0%*$/1)-%$#"'#'$4#2&4#'#'$=)",(0**$2,2.3-12#,"#-6.#*40-(5+.# O2 8 15.9994 0.50002 63.2 91.0 (1.801) 34.24 30.0 1.141[1.428] 90.18 1.22 [296] ()#<3,=3#-6.#2.4)10.2.3-# F2 9 F"'?#*,()#11'4$0;$=#)'N18.9984032 0.47372 65.5 95.3 (1.675) 32.93 21.85 1.507[1.696] 85.24 [195] 4#,-%"-+($8")/>$!"#,$",($"'(#)#,,0'($?>@>$AB)$/"#$<()0%*#C()0+("&'> Ne 10 20.1797 0.49555 66.1 96.6 (1.724) 28.94 24.0 1.204[0.9005] 27.09 1.092 [67.1] ,"#-6.#)*.5("(5#(,3()4-(,3# Al 13 26.98z125Z329r2 m 0c.482181 70.6 106.4 1.615 24.01 8.9 2.70 — d! e e 1 • @#",D"#*$EFGH$
• FCD#)";#'(#**$8"-%("4#$=&',#W1#'?N$$/"#$7"#*A0-%,()#11'4$,(#**($&A($#"'#$#)',(#$ • G&1("'#;O,,"4$5#)8#'/#($AB)$H3PQ$R32*#'+1'4$K;)0/S @#4)#'?1'4$/#)$9#,,01A*X,1'4$/0)$RG"-%(1'4YZ;D1*,S $$$ • .#);"*02N$TLL$M#7$I)&(&'#'$$;"($FAA"?"#'?#'$5&'$-0>$ULV
C . N i e b u h r MultiMultipleple Scatt eScatteringring T e i l c h e n D e t e k t o r e n 2 C . N i e b u h r SummarySummary o fPart Part II T e i l c h e n D e t e k t o r e n 2 • *0,*.0-(.)#,"#$("".0.3-#*40-(5+.)#0.Y1(0.)#2439#$("".0.3-#-9*.)#,"#$.-.5-,0) Q54--.0(3B#,"#5640B.$#*40-(5+.)#,""#-6.#4-,2)#Vielfachstreuung Reichweite schwerer geladener Teilchen (3#-6.#2.$(12#541).)#4#5643B.#,"#$(0.5-(,3;Scattering of charged particles off the atoms • 0,1B6#5+4))("(54-(,3 !"#$<()#11'4$/#)$4#*0/#'#'$6#"*-%#'$0'$/#'$in the medium causes a change of direction: - -045<&*,)(-(,3#$.-.5-,0)#I3,3#$.)-015-(/.P#(#D40-#!! z,! !"#$G#"-%8#"(#$#"'#,$4#*0/#'#'$6#"*-%#',$"'$ 50000 7,# • -6.#)-4-()-(54+#)12#,"#2439#)156#)24++#43B+.#3(&;#'$5#)1),0-%($#"'#$['/#)1'4$/#)$G"-%(1'4> - 54+,0(2.-.0)#I$.)-015-(/.P#(#D40-#!!! 90(#)"#$#)4"2($,"-%$";$I)"'?"D$/1)-%$ 20000 )54--.0(3B)#0.)1+-)#(3#4#B41))(43#43B1+40# C • !"#$<1;;#$5"#*#)$<()#11'4#'$;"($+*#"'#'$the statistical sum of many such small angle • >4)(54++9#4++#$.-.5-,0)#>4).$#,3#.+.5-0,24B3.-(5#(3-.045-(,310000 Fe $()-0(>1-(,3#=(-6#4#=($-6#B(/.3#>9;####### Z'(#4)0("&'$/#)$@#(%#^@*&-%$.&);#*N$ \"'+#*'$#)4"2($#"'#$M01]^7#)(#"*1'4$;"($/#)$scatterings results in a gaussian angular 5000 Pb ?$# • $.-.5-,0)#4+),#2,0.#43$#2,0.#1).$#",0#,-6.0#4**+(54-(,3)#I.OBO#2.$(54+#4**+OPT 13.6MeV@)#"(#$$R."($0'$#"'#$9&*"#)#$7#)(#"*1'4SNdistributionx with a& widthx ' given by: 0 –1 " = ------z ------1 + 0.038ln ------dE ) 2000 0 $ % & ' 1 H liquid 3
#pc X X eilchenmasse 2 0 0 S"T 0# = 1 dE >$ 1000 13.6MeV x & x ' • .3.0B9#+,))$dx% #,"#5640B.$#*40-(5+.);#Z.-6.8Z+,56#$.)50(>.)#+,))#$1.#-,#(,3()4-(,3T He gas $$$$$$$(0 = ------z ------1 + 0.038ln ------0 500 #pc X $X % GeV 0 0 2 2 2 F"'#$4#'01#)#$@#,-%)#"21'4$",($;X4*"-%$- z ⁄ # ( lnE #(#W.02(*+4-.41 3 200 eite / +,B#)54+.X • .'42*+.;#*#K#?#R.S&5T#$#K#ULL• !"#$D)&_"?"#)(#$<()#18"'+#*5#)(#"*1'4$µ2#Q(T#V KHOG52 ",($#(80$$ /1)-%$@#)B-+,"-%("41'4$/#,$H"#/#)#'#)4"#^- 2(3(212#4-# 3;#?8M#F.S#*.0#B528M# 100 L #) * (g cm log scale!
401]AX);"4N$example: p = 1 GeV/c, d = 300µm Si, X =9.4cm 7#)%0*(#',$/#,$F'#)4"#5#)*1,(#,N M 50 ! "0 !#LO@#204$O#W,0#?L52#$()-435.#-6()# 0 / R Reichw 5,00.)*,3$)#-,#!@L "0µ !2 0.8T#=6(56#()#)(B3("(543-+9# mrad. For 10cm distance2 this - 6,=./.0#+(B6-#*40-(5+.)#I.+.5-0,3)T#21,3)P#4-#6(B6#.3.0B(.)#+,).#.3.0B9#*0.$,2(343-+9#>9#T 20 1 / (plane 0 0 –1 *&4a +40B.0#-643#-9*(54+#0.),+1-(,3#,"#4#Q(8)-0(*#P"corresponds( #d( to 80= µ--m----,-- -which------exp is significantly–------d( – dE dxdEZ2 E m2 10 plane plane - 2 . plane $$$$$$$$$R"T>0.2))-046+13B;## = R "T # + 1⁄ & , ' +dE⁄ larger than typical resolution2*( of Si-strip2( 0 0 min $ % 5 $.-.5-,0O 0 + 0 , T dx detector min • !#)$;"((*#)#$/)#"/";#',"&'0*#$<()#18"'+#*$",($ • 21+-(*+.#)54--.0(3B 2 • -6.#+.))#+(<.+9#)54--.0(3B#,""#-6.#4-,2(5#315+.(# 1 the less likely scattering =off 2the atomic= nuclei2 H"-%($2#)B-+,"-%("4($,"'/$%"#)2#" 0.1 12 x 5 1.0 2 5 10.0 2 5 100.0 541).)#+40B.#)54--.0(3B#43B+.)4#4#2#'$/1)-%N$(s#0.)1+-(3B#(3#4#pace (plane (0 - B41))(43#5,0.#,"#$()-0(>1-(,3#=(-6#43B1+40#)*0.4$;###" ------#2 = p/Mc causes large scattering angles resulting in a 0 p X $./(4-(,3#"0,2#4#B41))(43#$()-0(>1-(,3#4-#+40B.# • 328#"-%1'4#'$/#)$6#"*-%#'20%'$5&'$#"'#)$ 0 $ $ $ " • @#"$de+*#"'#'$viation fZ;D1*,#':$rom a gauss41(#)$ian dis`)(,01A*X,1'4$tribution at large1'/$ $ $ $ 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 $ $ $ 43B+.) 4#)0/#'$b"'"#$/1)-%$7"#*A0-%^E&1*&;2^$- $./(4-(,3#"0,2#B41))(,3#$()-0(>1-(13#4-#+40B.#43B+.)#$1.#-,#[1-6.0",0$#)54--.0(3B#I315+.(PMuon momentum (GeV/ c) 5"#*#'$9#,,D1'+(#'$R?>@>$F;1*,"&'#'S$+0''$angles #D$ <()#11'4$2#"$+*#"'#'$F'#)4"#' 2#,(";;($8#)/#'>$\#''$Z;D1*,$2#+0''($",($ 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 2.0 5.0 10.0 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e "3 9 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 4 0 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 1 )$6#"*-%#';0,,#$R; :$; S • @)#;,,()0%*1'4$AB)$F*#+()&'#'$1'/$ Pion momentum (GeV/ c) ! * 91&'#'$2#"$%&%#'$F'#)4"#' 0.2 0.5 2.0 5.0 20.0 50.0 Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 • [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 0.1 1.0 [email protected] 33 M)X]#)#$\"'+#*'$()#(#'$01A$0*,$.&*4#$5&'$ 34 Proton momentum (GeV/ c) Part #"'?#*'#'$<()#1D)&?#,,#'$0;$II 3(&;+#)'> Momentum Measurement in B Field C . N i e b u h r T e i l c h e n D e t e k t o r e n 2 C . N i e b u h r T e i l c h e n D e t e k t o r e n 2 Part II .%/#0-1/$5"$>#-#(/50#>$9C$/#)"1(#/#0-$%&$-()*+$*1(E)-1(#$" = 1 ⁄ #$50$F$&5#6>G
.#)"1(#$")H5--)$s$%&$-8#$-()*+@$B%($-8#$/%/#0-1/$*%/4%0#0-$-()0"E#("#$-%$F$&5#6>G$$ • !"#$%&$'()*+$,#-#*-%("$&%($.%/#0-1/$.#)"1(#/#0-$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$pT = qB#$ !05-"G$$$$$$$pT [GeV] = 0.3B[T]#[m] • 2)"$,#-#*-%(" L ⁄ 2 $ $ L 0.3B & L - 3(%4%(-5%0)6$78)/9#( ------= sin-- % -- $I&%($"/)66$$) ! $ % --- = ------# 2 2 # p - ,(5&-$78)/9#( T ?L - '37 2 2 2 ) $* ) ) 1$ ** $ 0.3L B - .:27;$<37;$2=. ?M s = # 1 – cos-- % # 1 – 1 – ------= #----- % ------' 2( ' ' 2 4 (( 8 8 pT ?K $ • :%65>$:-)-#$,#-#*-%(" B%($-8#$"5/46#$*)"#$%&$-8(##$/#)"1(#/#0-"G$ <@$A6)00#( - :-(54$,#-#*-%(" Common lecture on Fr, 10.8. s = x – (x + x ) ⁄ 2$!$ds = dx – dx ⁄ 2 – dx ⁄ 2 byB(5>)C;$:#/$D Georg Steinbrück 2 1 3 2 1 3 - 35?#6$,#-#*-%(" J5-8$+x % dxi $10*%((#6)-#>$#((%($%&$"50H6#$ /#)"1(#/#0-G 2 Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 +x 3 35 [email protected] $$$$$$$+2 = +2 + ------& 2 = --+2 s x 4 2 x
c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 1 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 2 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 2 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 2
$ $ $ $
Relative Momentum Error Contribution from Multiple Scattering
MS +( pT ) +s 3 8 pT '8#$*%0-(591-5%0$-%$-8#$/%/#0-1/$#((%($&(%/$$ $5"$H5E#0$9CG ------= ----- = ------B%($M$4%50-"$-8#$(#6)-5E#$/%/#0-1/$(#"%61-5%0$5"$H5E#0$9CG$ +x & 2 p s 2 0.3BL –3 T L' 13.6-10 L' ------z ------• >#H()>#"$650#)(6C$J5-8$-()0"E#("#$/%/#0-1/$ MS +( pT ) + (s) 3 p. X0 0.2 L' = L ⁄ sin$ -%-)6$4)-8 ------= ------= ------= ------$$$J5-8$$$$$ $ • 5/4(%E#"$650#)(6C$J5-8$50*(#)"50H$F$&5#6> 2 pT s 0.3BL z ⁄ (8 p ) B LX sin pT = psin$ MS T . 0 $ • 5/4(%E#"$N1)>()-5*)66C$J5-8$()>5)6$#?-#0"5%0$%&$>#-#*-%( 1 &%($. / $-85"$4)(-$5"$/%/#0-1/$50>#4#0>#0-$W L’ $ L O0$-8#$*)"#$%&$N$#N15>5"-)0-$/#)"1(#/#0-"$)**%(>50H$-%$261*+"-#(0$PQO.$LD$IKRSMT$MUKVG +( pT ) +(") +x & pT 720 ------= ------= ------N 10 = 1 $$$$$$$$ 2 $$$$$I&%($ , $;$*1(E)-1(#$$" ⁄ #T pT " 0.3BL (N + 4) '8#$*%/950#>$-%-)6$/%/#0-1/$#((%($5"G total 2 2 +p 720 +x psin$ 0.2 2 =?)/46#G$$B%($ p = 1GeV;$$L = 1m;$$B = 1T;$$+ = 200µm $)0>$N = 10$%0#$%9-)50"G )------* = ) ------* + )------* T x ' p ( ' N + 4 2 ( ' ( hit resolution 0.3BL .B LX0 sin$ 30 +( p ) N=100 2 T 25 + cot $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$------% 0.5%$$$&%($$)$")H5--)$$ s % 3.8cm ( $+$) multiple scattering 20 pT 15 N=10 p 10 =?)/46#$$&%($/%/#0-1/$>#4#0>#0*# $ resolution +( T ) 5 O/4%(-)0-$-()*+$>#-#*-%($4)()/#-#(G$------(%/GeV) 2 0 %&$50>5E5>1)6$*%0-(591-5%0" p 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 T meas pt / GeV c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 3 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 2 c a r s t e n . n i e b u h r @ d e s y . d e 4 P a r t i c l e D e t e c t o r s 2