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Electron Ion Collider Conceptual Design Report Experimental Equipment Contributors: W November 18, 2020 Electron Ion Collider Conceptual Design Report Experimental Equipment Contributors: W. Akers2, E-C. Aschenauer1, F. Barbosa2, A. Bressan3, C.M. Camacho4, K. Chen1, S. Dalla Torre3 L. Elouadhriri2, R. Ent2, O. Evdokimov5, Y. Furletova2, D. Gaskell2, T. Horn6, J. Huang1, A. Jentsch1, A. Kiselev1, W. Schmidke1, R. Seidl7, T. Ullrich1, 1Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA 2Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, USA 3University of Trieste and INFN at Trieste, Italy 4Institut de Physique Nucleaire´ at Orsay, France 5University of Illinois at Chicago, USA 6Catholic University of America, Washington DC, USA 7RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, Japan Contents 2 The Science of EIC 1 2.1 Introduction . .1 2.1.1 EIC Physics and Accelerator Requirements . .1 2.1.2 Interaction Region and Detector Requirements . .2 2.2 EIC Context and History . .5 2.3 The Science Goals of the EIC and the Machine Parameters . .6 2.3.1 Nucleon Spin and Imaging . .9 2.3.2 Physics with High-Energy Nuclear Beams at the EIC . 17 2.3.3 Passage of Color Charge Through Cold QCD Matter . 25 2.4 Summary of Machine Design Parameters for the EIC Physics . 27 2.5 Scientific Requirements for the Detectors and IRs . 30 2.5.1 Scientific Requirements for the Detectors . 31 2.5.2 Scientific Requirements for the Interaction Regions . 38 8 The EIC Experimental Equipment 49 8.1 Realization of the Experimental Equipment in the National and Interna- tional Context . 49 8.2 Experimental Equipment Requirements Summary . 51 8.3 Operational Requirements for an EIC Detector . 54 8.3.1 EIC Collision Rates and Multiplicities . 54 8.3.2 IR Integration and Backgrounds . 58 8.4 Reference EIC Detector . 69 8.4.1 Introduction . 69 iii 8.4.2 General Purpose EIC Detector . 70 8.4.3 Central Magnet Consideration . 79 8.4.4 Detectors along the Beamline . 81 8.4.5 Read-out electronics chain and data acquisition . 91 8.5 Offline Software and Computing . 95 8.6 Lepton and Hadron Polarimetry . 101 8.6.1 Electron Polarimetry . 101 8.6.2 Hadron Polarimetry . 107 8.7 Installation and Maintenance . 109 8.7.1 Infrastructure . 109 8.7.2 Installation . 112 8.7.3 Access and Maintenance . 116 Glossary of Acronyms R-1 References R-1 Chapter 2 The Science of EIC 2.1 Introduction The science mission of the Electron-Ion Collider is to provide us with an understanding of the internal structure of the proton and more complex atomic nuclei that is comparable to our knowledge of the electronic structure of atoms. Unlike the more familiar molecular and atomic structure, the interactions and structures are not well separated in protons and other forms of nuclear matter, but are inextricably mixed up, and the observed properties of nucleons and nuclei, such as mass and spin, emerge out of this complex system. 2.1.1 EIC Physics and Accelerator Requirements A consensus study report of the National Academies of Sciences, published in 2018, on an Assessment of U.S.-based Electron-Ion Collider Science [1], recognized this and con- cluded “EIC science is compelling, timely and fundamental”. The NAS study further found that “An EIC can uniquely address three profound questions about nucleons — neutrons and protons — and how they are assembled to form the nuclei of atoms: How does the mass of the nucleon arise? • How does the spin of the nucleon arise? • What are the emergent properties of dense systems of gluons?” • They also concluded that “These three high-priority science questions can be answered by an EIC with highly polarized beams of electrons and ions, with sufficiently high luminosity and sufficient, and variable, center-of-mass energy.” This reinforces the unique accelerator requirements of the Electron-Ion Collider, requir- 33 34 ing a large luminosity, 10 − over a large and variable range of center-of-mass energies, between 20 and 140 GeV, high electron and (light) ion beam polarizations of above 70%, 1 2 and a large range of accessible ion beams, from deuterium to the heaviest nuclei (uranium or lead). It should be understood that the required electron polarization is longitudinal, whereas the polarization requirement for protons and light ions is for both longitudinal and transverse. Due to the broad science program foreseen at the Electron-Ion Collider, the possibility to have a second interaction region and associated detector was emphasized in the report. As stated in the National Academy of Sciences Committee recommendations, “a central goal of modern nuclear physics is to understand the structure of the proton and neutron directly from the dynamics of their quarks and gluons, governed by the theory of their in- teractions, quantum chromodynamics (QCD), and how nuclear interactions between pro- tons and neutrons emerge from these dynamics.” The scientific program of the Electron- Ion Collider (EIC) is designed to make unprecedented progress towards this goal. The EIC can be seen as a microscope to image the 3D QCD structure of protons, neutrons and other hadrons - composite systems of quarks and gluons, and their intrinsic dynamics and correlations that lead to mass, spin, and other emergent properties. The EIC would explore the QCD landscape over a large range of resolution (Q2) and quark/gluon density (1/x), from the region where visible matter is (mostly) quark systems built from up, down and strange quarks to a gluon-dominated region. Heavy nuclei are critical to explore the high-density gluon matter. 2.1.2 Interaction Region and Detector Requirements Beyond the unique accelerator requirements, EIC science also leads to a unique set of de- tector requirements, and a novel fully integrated detector and interaction region scheme. All final state particles carry information about the 3D QCD structure of nuclear matter and the emergent phenomena. Therefore, it is essential that the interaction region and the detector at the EIC are designed so all particles are identified and measured at as close to 100% acceptance as possible and with the necessary resolutions. The basic physics process at the EIC is Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS), which is represented in Fig. 2.1. An ion, composed of nucleons, which are in turn composed of partons (quarks and gluons), moves in one direction and collides with an electron moving in the other direction. The electron collides with a parton within the ion in a hard collision. We qualitatively define three classes of particles in the final state: The scattered electron, • Particles associated with the initial state ion, and • Particles associated with the struck parton. • The difficulty in achieving good acceptance in the forward regions at a collider has to do with the accelerator elements needed to deliver the colliding beams. To first order, the luminosity at the interaction point is inversely proportional to the distance between the 2.1. INTRODUCTION 3 Figure 2.1: Classification of the final-state particles of a DIS process at the EIC: scattered electron (1), the particles associated with the initial state ion (2), and the struck parton (3). nearest quadrupole magnets. On the other hand, the closer the beam elements are to the interaction point, the more they obstruct the acceptance at shallow angles with respect to the beam axis, and restrict the acceptance for forward particles. This complicates achiev- ing close to 100% acceptance for all three types of particles, but especially the particles associated with the initial state ion. This leads to a unique and novel integration of the detector in the interaction region, ex- tending over a large region ( 40 m) beyond the main detector. It also should be pointed ± out that any change has impact on a wide variety of systems, from beam dynamics to ac- celerator performance to magnet engineering requirements to detection capability – the latter in terms of (gaps in) acceptance, particle identification and resolutions. Further integration is required for ancillary measurements to deliver on the EIC science program, such as those to absolutely determine the longitudinal electron and longitudi- nal and/or transverse proton/light-ion polarizations with beam polarimeters, with good systematic (order 1%) understanding. For the electrons a transverse polarization measure- ment is not a requirement but often useful to underpin the systematic understanding of the spin direction. Further, the exact frequency of electron-ion collisions per second must be experimentally determined with luminosity monitors with again a goal of better than 1% understanding. Both of these goals are non-trivial, with beam dynamics potentially impacting long-time averaging methods. The central detector region of the EIC is designed to measure those final state particles from the hard collision between the electron and the parton in the ion (particles of types 1 and 3 in Fig. 2.1) and is very much like the traditional collider detectors. The EIC central detector needs to provide the measurements to determine Q2 and x variables of the elec- tron scattering kinematics (or, the resolution Q2 and quark/gluon density 1/x of the QCD landscape). The central detector is divided into three sections, the Electron-endcap, the Hadron-endcap and the Barrel. The three different central detector sections correspond to different x and Q2 regions for the scattered electron. 4 Beyond determination of x and Q2, measurement of two transverse kinematics degrees of freedom (transverse momentum and impact parameter), as well as flavor identification of the partonic collision is central to the 3D QCD nucleon and nuclear structure program planned for the EIC. The energy scale of the transverse kinematics is 200 MeV/c. This ∼ means that identification and precise measurements of single hadrons among the particles associated with the scattered partons (Particles of type 3 in Fig. 2.1) are also needed in the central detector.
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