!!!!!!!!! Einführung IntroductionEinführung Detectors for Particle Physics Einführung DESY Summer Student Lectures 2007 Carsten Niebuhr Cosmic"#$%&'(')$*+%',-.)$(/ Ray 0!1!2342!5!6!!!01785 Background Radiation:= >7 $"!1!9!:!;< !8 ! 8 -3 T = 2.72C. NK,ieb unhr! = 4x10 m Teilchen Detektoren 1 ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! C. Niebuhr Teilchen Detektoren 1 Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 [email protected] C. Niebuhr 2 Teilchen Detektoren 1 TopicsTopics ooff tthehe LLectureecture LiteraturWhat are the Objects ? Text books: "#$%!&! "#$%!&& "#$%!&&& K.Kleinknecht: Detektoren für Teilchenstrahlung ! Teubner, 1992 • &'%$()*+%,(' • A32!(6!B$#+C!D2%2+%($3! • @+,'%,11#%,('!5(*'%2$3 6($!:(/2'%*/!:2#3*$2E W.R. Leo: Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments Springer 1994 • -.#/0123! /2'%! • "7(%()2%2+%($3 G.F.Knoll: Radiation Detection and Measurement • 42'2$#1!5('+20%3 • 4#3!D2%2+%($3 • 572$2'C(H!5(*'%2$3 Wiley, 3rd edition - "$(0($%,('#1!57#/F2$ C.Grupen: Teilchendetektoren • &'%2$#+%,('!(6!57#$82)! - D$,6%!57#/F2$ • B$#'3,%,('!I#),#%,(' BI Wissenschaftsverlag 1993 "#$%,+123!9,%7!:#%%2$ - B"5 W.Blum, L.Rolandi: Particle Detection with Driftchambers - -'2$8;!<(33=!>2%72!>1(+7! - :@45G!4-: • 5#1($,/2%2$3 ?($/*1# Springer, 1994 - @7(92$!D2H21(0/2'% - :*1%,012!@+#%%2$,'8 • @,1,+('!D2%2+%($3 - 212+%$(/#8'2%,+ Review articles: - @%$,0!D2%2+%($3 T.Ferbel: Experimental Techniques in High Energy Physics - 7#)$(',+ - ",.21!D2%2+%($3 Addison-Wesley 1987 Other sources:#')!/#';!/($2!LLL • '(%!+(H2$2)! Particle Data Group: Review of Particle Physics - B$,882$ Eur. Phys. J. C15, 1-878 (2000) CommonCommon lecture Lecture on Fr, b y17.8. Robert Klanner Friday, Aug 11th, Sem 4 - DJK by Georg Steinbrück R.K.Bock, A.Vasilescu: The Particle Detector BriefBook [email protected] 5 Particle Detectors 1 Springerc,a 1998rsten. nandiebu //[email protected]/Physics/ParticleDetector/BriefBook/e 6 Particle Detectors 1 Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 3 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 4 [email protected] !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! Fundamental Interactions Example for a Resonance observed at HERA "2'%#V*#$C!5#'),)#%2= 0 *– – + – !!!!!& c $ D p $ K # # p!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! /,',/#1!V*#$C!+('%2'%=!uuddc 3(6#$!('1;!322'!F;!WO!LLL • $2#1!3,8'#1!XX • 3%#%,3%,+#11;!61*+%*#%,('!XX • )2%2+%($!2662+%!XX • '22)!H2$;!8(()!*')2$E 3%#'),'8!(6!)2%2+%($! $230('32 - 3,8',6,+#'+2!(6!3,8'#1!@Y> 0 -.#/012!!!!!!!!!!!!" $ #+#– !!!!!!!!!!!#0 $ %% !!!!!!!!K 0 $ #+#– - $23(1*%,(' - 266,+,2'+;!Y!#++20%#'+2 <,62%,/2!M3N!!!!!!!!!!!OPEQR!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!OPEOS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!OPEOP EOT EU!!!!!!!!!!!!! +!!!M//N!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!T.OP !!!!!!!!!!!!!T.OP !!TP [email protected] 7 Particle Detectors 1 [email protected] 8 Particle Detectors 1 ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Topics of the Lecture What are the Objects ? "#$%!&! "#$%!&& "#$%!&&& ! • &'%$()*+%,(' • A32!(6!B$#+C!D2%2+%($3! • @+,'%,11#%,('!5(*'%2$3 6($!:(/2'%*/!:2#3*$2E • -.#/0123! /2'%! • "7(%()2%2+%($3 • 42'2$#1!5('+20%3 • 4#3!D2%2+%($3 • 572$2'C(H!5(*'%2$3 - "$(0($%,('#1!57#/F2$ • &'%2$#+%,('!(6!57#$82)! - D$,6%!57#/F2$ • B$#'3,%,('!I#),#%,(' "#$%,+123!9,%7!:#%%2$ - B"5 - -'2$8;!<(33=!>2%72!>1(+7! - :@45G!4-: • 5#1($,/2%2$3 ?($/*1# - @7(92$!D2H21(0/2'% - :*1%,012!@+#%%2$,'8 • @,1,+('!D2%2+%($3 - 212+%$(/#8'2%,+ - @%$,0!D2%2+%($3 - 7#)$(',+ - ",.21!D2%2+%($3 #')!/#';!/($2!LLL • '(%!+(H2$2)! Common Lecture by Robert Klanner - B$,882$ Friday, Aug 11th, Sem 4 - DJK [email protected] 5 Particle Detectors 1 [email protected] 6 Particle Detectors 1 !!!!!!! !!!!!!!!! What are the Objects? FundamentalFFuunnddamaemnetanltea Wl eIInteractionscnhtseerlwaicrktuiongnesn Example for a Resonance observed at HERA "2'%#V*#$C!5#'),)#%2= 0 *– – + – !!!!!& c $ D p $ K # # p!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! /,',/#1!V*#$C!+('%2'%=!uuddc 3(6#$!('1;!322'!F;!WO!LLL • $2#1!3,8'#1!XX • 3%#%,3%,+#11;!61*+%*#%,('!XX • )2%2+%($!2662+%!XX • '22)!H2$;!8(()!*')2$E 3%#'),'8!(6!)2%2+%($! $230('32 and many more ... - 3,8',6,+#'+2!(6!3,8'#1!@Y> 0 -.#/012!!!!!!!!!!!!C. Niebuhr " $ #+#– !!!!!!!!!!!#0 $ %% !!!!!!!!K 0 $ #+#– Teilchen Detektoren 1 - $23(1*%,(' - 266,+,2'+;!Y!#++20%#'+2 <,62%,/2!M3N!!!!!!!!!!!OPEQR!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!OPEOS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!OPEOP EOT EU!!!!!!!!!!!!! +!!!M//N!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!T.OP !!!!!!!!!!!!!T.OP !!TP [email protected] 7 Particle Detectors 1 [email protected] 8 Particle Detectors 1 Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 5 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 6 [email protected] Example for Resonance at HERA DetectionDetection ofof PParticlesarticles aandnd R Radiationadiation Criteria for Ideal Detector !"#$%&'($&)$#*+#,-.#/0'($+',0-1(#$+"23-134$.#'35,#.#/0$&) A#1'53#$-/$%#/#,'($0"#,#$1'/$6#$>#,2$1&.+(#*$#>#/0$0&+&(&%-#3$&/#$&)0#/$'-.3$'0 Pentaquark candidate: - +',0-1(#$+,&+#,0-#3 ,#1&/30,510-&/$&)$)5(($#>#/0$@-/#.'0-13$76'1@%,&5/:$,#B#10-&/8 0 ∗− − + − - ,#'10-&/$+,&6'6-(-0-#3$7!$1,&33$3#10-&/38 θc → D p → K π π p C&30$-.+&,0'/04 • "-%"$#))-1-#/12 minimal quark content: uuddc !"-3$,#95-,#3$:#0#,.-/'0-&/$&)4 • "-%"$,#3&(50-&/ so far only „seen“ by H1 ... - +',0-1(#$02+#$7.'33;$1"',%#;$3+-/$#018 - .&.#/05.$<$#/#,%2$&)$+',0-1(# • "-%"$'11#+0'/1#$!$0,2$0&$1&>#,$)5(($3&(-:$'/%(#$7D!8 - #.-33-&/$'/%(#3 • is this a real signal ?? '(3&$>#,2$-.+&,0'/0$7+',0(2$1&/)(-10-/%$:#.'/:384 • or just a statistical fluctuation ? • +',0-1(#$-:#/0-)-1'0-&/$1'+'6-(-02 • or a detector effect ? =(#.#/03$1&/0,-650-/%$0&$351"$.#'35,#.#/03$4 • )'30$,#3+&/3# • +&3-0-&/$3#/3-0->#$:#0#10&,3$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$!$+&3-0-&/;$:-,#10-&/ • "-%"$,'0#$1'+'6-(-02 => very good understanding of detector • 3.'(($:#':$0-.# • :#)(#10-&/$-/$.'%/#0-1$)-#(:$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$!$ p response is required • "#,.#0-1-02 • 1'(&,-.#0,24$0&0'($#/#,%2$'63&,+0-&/$'/:$.#'35,#.#/0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$! =0&0 • significance: signal/background • (&/%#>-02$&)$:#0#10&,$1&.+&/#/03 resolution • .'33$:#0#,.-/'0-&/$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$!$.$ • • "-%"$,#(-'6-(-02 efficiency / acceptance • • ?"#,#/@&>$,':-'0-&/$&,$0-.#$&)$)(-%"0$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$! # • %&&:$'11#33-6-(-02$7)&,$,#+'-,38 • 0,'/3-0-&/$,':-'0-&/$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$!$" • (&E$1&30 [email protected] 9 Particle Detectors 1 [email protected] 10 Particle Detectors 1 Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 7 [email protected] Detectors for Particle Physics: 1 8 [email protected] Modern Collider Detectors Some Particle Physics Experiments A#3-:#3$0"#$(',%#$1&((-:#,$:#0#10&,3$0"#,#$',#$.'/2$&0"#,$#*+034$ www.hep.net/experiments/all_sites.html Bates Linear Accelerator (MIT) OPERA , PAMELA , PS185 , PS205/HELIUMTRAP , 5/:#,$1&/30,510-&/4 BLAST , OOPS , SAMPLE PS210 , PS212/DIRAC , PS214/HARP , RD8 , RD11 , GK?$:#0#10&,3 RD12/TTC , RD13 , RD27 , RD39/SMSD , RD41/ Beijing IHEP MOOSE , RD42 , RD44/Geant 4 , RD45 , RD46 , RD48/ ARGO-YBJ , BES , Tibet ASgamma ROSE , RD49/RADTOL , TOSCA , TOTEM , WA85 , Brookhaven WA92 (Beatrice) , WA94 , WA97 , WA98 , WA102 BRAHMS , Crystal Ball (E913/914) , E787 , E821/muon DESY g-2 , E850 , E852 , E863/ EMU01 , E864 , E865 , E869 , H1 , HERA-B , Hermes , TESLA , ZEUS E877 , E881 , E885 , E890 , E891 , E895 , E905 , E906 , E907 , E909 , E910 , E913/914 (Crystal Ball) , E917 , Fermilab E923 , E926 , E927 , E949, E953 , EIC , EMU01/E863 , Antihydrogen/E862 , APEX/E868 , Auger Project , High Gain Harmonic Generation FEL , ICAE , IFEL , IMB BooNE/E898 , BTEV/C0 , CDF/E830 , CDMS/E981 , , LEGS , MECO , Microundulator FEL , NuMass/E952 , CEX/E853 , Charmonium/E835 , CMS (US Server) , PHENIX , PHOBOS , pp2pp , Smith-Purcell , STAR , COSMOS/E803 , D0 (DZero)/E823 , Donut/E872 , E665 Zero Degree Calorimeter , E771 , E789 , Fermi III Project , FOCUS/E831 , :#0#10&,$)&,$FG?4$ HyperCP/E871 , KTEV/E799/E832 , MINOS/E875 , 5/:#,$HIJ CERN NuMI , NUSEA/E866 , NuTeV/E815 , SDSS , SELEX/ ALEPH , ALICE , AMS , ANTARES , ASACUSA , E781 , Zero Degrees/C0 -/$&+#,'0-&/ ATHENA , Atlas (European) , ATRAP , CDHS neutrino experiment/WA1 , CERES/NA45 , CHORUS , CMS , Gran Sasso CosmoLEP , CPLEAR/PS195 , Crystal Barrel/PS 197 , BOREXino , CRESST , CUORICINO , DAMA , EASTOP, Crystal Clear/RD18 , DELPHI , EMU01 , FELIX , HARP , GALLEX(finished) , GENIUS , GNO , Heidelberg Dark ICANOE , ISOLDE , L3 , LHC-B , MISTRAL , NTOF1, Matter Search (HDMS) , Heidelberg-Moscow NTOF2, NTOF3 , NA45.2/IONS/EL.PAR , NA47/SMC , Experiment , ICARUS , LUNA , LVD , MACRO , NA48, NA48.1, NA48.2 , NA49 , NA50 , NA51 , NA52/ MONOLITH , NOE , OPERA , USA Newmass , NA56/SPY , NA57 , NA58/COMPASS , NA59 , NA60 , NOMAD , OBELIX/PS201 , OPAL , [email protected] 11 Particle Detectors 1 [email protected] 12 Particle Detectors 1 Detection of Particles and Radiation Criteria for Ideal Detector !"#$%&'($&)$#*+#,-.#/0'($+',0-1(#$+"23-134$.#'35,#.#/0$&) A#1'53#$-/$%#/#,'($0"#,#$1'/$6#$>#,2$1&.+(#*$#>#/0$0&+&(&%-#3$&/#$&)0#/$'-.3$'0 - +',0-1(#$+,&+#,0-#3Detection of Particles and Radiation ,#1&/30,510-&/$&)$)5(($#>#/0$@-/#.'0-13CriteriaCriter ifora fo r$76'1@%,&5/:$,#B#10-&/8an I didealeal D Detectoretector Modern Collider Detectors - ,#'10-&/$+,&6'6-(-0-#3$7!$1,&33$3#10-&/38 Moderne Collider-Detektoren C&30$-.+&,0'/04 !"#$%&'($&)$#*+#,-.#/0'($+',0-1(#$+"23-134$.#'35,#.#/0$&) A#1'53#$-/$%#/#,'($0"#,#$1'/$6#$>#,2$1&.+(#*$#>#/0$0&+&(&%-#3$&/#$&)0#/$'-.3$'0 • "-%"$#))-1-#/12 - +',0-1(#$+,&+#,0-#3!"-3$,#95-,#3$:#0#,.-/'0-&/$&)4