The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi
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The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi Encyclopedia of Gandhi’s Thoughts Compiled & Edited by: R. K. Prabhu & U. R. Rao With Foreword by: Acharya Vinoba Bhave & Dr. S. Radhakrishnan Printed & Published by: Jitendra T Desai Navajivan Mudranalaya, Ahmedabad 380 014 (INDIA) The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi FOREWORD TO THE REVISED EDITION It gives me pleasure that a new, revised and enlarged edition of The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi, edited by Shri Prabhu and Shri Rao is being published by the Navajivan Trust. The first two editions of the book were very popular and its translations had appeared in several languages. In the new edition, Gandhiji's thoughts in the last few years of his life have been incorporated. Thus the book has been brought up-to-date. "Who, indeed, can claim to know the mind of the Great?" is a famous saying of the Poet Bhavabhuti. Gandhiji was a great man; nevertheless, he had laid bare his mind in its fullness before the world. For his part, he had permitted no secrecy. Even so, I must confess, the last chapter of his life, which I have called the "Swarga-rohan Parva", or the chapter of the "Ascent to Heaven", remains a mystery to me. Indeed, in my eyes, it stands equal to the last phase of Lord Krishna's leela. To unravel its mystery, it may become necessary for Gandhiji himself to be born again. Till then, I hope, this book will be an essential help for understanding Gandhiji's mind to those who are striving to establish Sarvodaya and are searching for Truth. Kishanganj Victory to the World! Purnea District Bihar VlNOBA May 12, 1966 www.mkgandhi.org Page 2 The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi FOREWORD TO THE FIRST AND SECOND EDITIONS Only now and again does there arise above the common level some rare spirit, who, having thought about God more deeply, reflects more clearly the divine purpose and puts into practice more courageously the divine guidance. The light of such, shines like a strong beacon on a dark and disordered world. Gandhi belongs to the race of the prophets who have the courage of the heart, the courtesy of the spirit and the laughter of the unafraid. Through his life and teaching, he bears testimony to the values for which this country has stood for ages, faith in spirit, respect for its mysteries, the beauty of holiness, the acceptance of life's obligations, the validity of character, values which are neither national nor international, but universal. There are many who dismiss Gandhi as a professional politician who bungles at critical moments. In one sense politics is a profession and the politician is one trained to transact public business in an efficient manner. There is another sense in which politics is a vocation and the politician is one who is conscious of a mission to save his people and inspire them with faith in God and love of humanity. Such a one may fail in the practical business of government, but succeed in filling his fellows with an invincible faith in their common cause. Gandhi is essentially a politician in the second sense. He has firm faith that we can build a world without poverty and unemployment, without wars and bloodshed, if only we get anchored in the world of spirit. He says: 'The world of tomorrow will be, must be, a society based on non-violence. It may seem a distant goal, an unpractical utopia. But it is not in the least unobtainable, since it can be worked from here and now. An individual can adopt the way of life of the future—the non-violent way—without having to wait for others to do so. And if an individual can do it, cannot whole groups of individuals? Whole nations? Men often hesitate to make a beginning because they feel that the objective cannot be achieved in its entirety. This attitude of mind is precisely www.mkgandhi.org Page 3 The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi our greatest obstacle to progress—an obstacle that each man, if he only wills it, can clear away.’1 There is a common criticism that Gandhiji's vision outsoars his perception that he proceeds on the comfortable but incorrect assumption that the world consists of saints. This is a misrepresentation of Gandhi's views. He knows that life at best is a long second best, a perpetual compromise between the ideal and the possible. The kingdom of God knows no compromise, no practical limitations. But here on earth there are the pitiless laws of nature. We have to build an ordered cosmos on the basis of human passions. Through effort and difficulty, ideals struggle to realization. Though Gandhi feels that non-violence is the ideal of a civilized society, he permits the use of force. 'If one has not the courage, I want him to cultivate the art of killing and being killed, rather than in a cowardly manner flee from danger.’2 ‘The world is not entirely governed by logic. Life itself involves some kind of violence and we have to choose the path of least violence.’3 In the progress of societies three stages are marked, the first where the law of the jungle prevails, where we have violence and selfishness; the second where we have the rule of law and impartial justice with courts, police and prisons, and the third where we have non-violence and unselfishness, where love and law are one. The last is the goal of civilized humanity and it is brought nearer by the life and work of men like Gandhi. There is so much misunderstanding today about Gandhi's views and ways of thinking. This book, where we find collected together the relevant extracts from Gandhi's own writings on the central principles of his faith and conduct, will help to make Gandhi's position clearer to the modern mind. Benares S. Radhakrishnan 4 April 1945 1. Liberty, London, 1931 2. Harijan, 15-1-1938, p. 418 3. Harijan, 28-9-1934, p. 259 www.mkgandhi.org Page 4 The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION To judge a great man or to decide his place in history, during his life-time, is not easy. Gandhiji had once observed: “Solon found it difficult to pronounce on a man's happiness during his life; how much more difficult it must be to adjudge on a man's greatness?”1 On another occasion, speaking of himself, he had said: “It will be time enough to pronounce a verdict upon my work after my eyes are closed, and this tabernacle is consigned to the flames.”2 Nineteen years have now passed since he died—a martyr. His death was mourned by the entire world, surely as no other death in human history. Grief at his passing away was enhanced by the manner of it. As one observer put it, his assassination would be remembered for centuries to come. The Hearst Press of the United States believed that its emotional impact upon the world at the time had no parallel in human annals since the similar martyrdom of Lincoln. It could aptly be said also of Gandhiji that “he now belongs to the Ages”. One recalls Jawaharlal Nehru's memorable words on that somber night: “Alight has gone out of our lives”, a sentiment which the New York Times, on January 31, 1948, underscored, adding that it remained for the inexorable hand of history to write down the rest. What, then, will history's verdict be on Gandhiji? If contemporary opinion is to be regarded, Gandhiji would be placed side by side with the greatest men of human history. While E. M. Forster believed that he was likely to be considered the greatest man of our century, Arnold Toynbee is convinced that he certainly is. Dr. J. H. Holmes offered a more concrete estimate when he described Gandhiji as “the greatest Indian since Gautama the Buddha and the greatest man since Jesus Christ”. In the hearts of his people, however, he is likely to be enshrined as the Mahatma, or, more endearingly, as Bapu—the 'Father of the Nation' who led it to freedom—through a bloodless revolution. www.mkgandhi.org Page 5 The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi What attributes in Gandhiji constituted the fibre of greatness? He was not merely a great man; rather, he was both a great and a good man—a combination which, as a critic put it—is too rarely achieved and too little appreciated. One recalls George Bernard Shaw's laconic comment: “It is dangerous to be too good.” History will also record that this little man held tremendous—almost unparalleled—sway over the minds of his fellow men. Strangely, for that command was backed by no sanctions of temporal power or the might of arms. The clue to this enigma, if enigma it was, lay in Gandhiji's personal character and example, according to Lord Halifax who, as Viceroy during the days of Gandhiji's Salt Satyagraha, came very close to understanding him. It was that strength of character and of practice, as distinguished from precept, that enabled Gandhiji to influence so deeply the thought of his generation. Indeed, Prof. L. W. Grensted holds that Gandhiji's greatness lay not in his achievement, but in his character. To this Philip Noel-Baker would add purity of motive and selfless devotion to the cause in which he believed. But this, surely, is not all the reason for Gandhiji's unprecedented ascendancy. Reginald Sorensen, to cite again contemporary testimony, believed that if Gandhiji exercised an influence beyond calculation not only in India but upon our modern age, it was because he bore witness to the power of the spirit and sought to implement it in his political activities.