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Civil-Military Relations in Nigeria the Case of Parliamentary Oversight Of CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS IN NIGERIA: THE CASE OF PARLIAMENTARY OVERSIGHT OF THE DEFENCE SECTOR-1999 TO 2004 By Mohammed Kabeer Garba Ph D/SOC-SCIE/39186/2004-05 This Thesis is presented to the Department of Political Science, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Political Science. DECLARATION I hereby declare that the research work leading to the production of this thesis was conducted solely by me, under the able supervision of Professor Paul Pindar Izah of the Department of Political Science, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria. I wish to state that I have neither copied someone’s work, nor has anyone done the work for me. All writers whose works have been referred to in this research have been duly acknowledged. ________________________ ________________________ Student’s Name Signature ii ATTESTATION This thesis entitled “Civil- Military Relations in Nigeria: A study of the Parliamentary Oversight of the Defence Sector, 1999 to 2004”, by Mohammed Kabeer Garba (Ph D/SOC-SCIE/39186/2004-05) meets the regulations governing the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Political Science of the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and has been accepted for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation. ____________________________ _____________ Chairman, Supervisory Committee Date ___________________________ ______________ Member, Supervisory Committee Date ___________________________ _______________ Head of Department Date ___________________________ _________________ External Examiner Date iii DEDICATION This Research Work is dedicated to the memory of my late parents, members of my family and my good friends out there who have too much confidence in my abilities. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I wish to express my gratitude to the Almighty for keeping me alive and healthy and making it possible for me to return to the University to pursue this Doctoral degree, which has remained my life ambition. Similarly, I wish to extend my profound gratitude to my boss, Mrs Halima Ahmed, the Secretary General of the ECOWAS Parliament for permitting me to pursue this course of study, even as I remained in office attending to my usual daily official schedules. Her kind understanding no doubt created the conducive atmosphere for my research to be conducted. To my Supervisor, Professor P P Izah, I owe a lot of gratitude. He demonstrated his fatherly commitment to me not only by encouraging me to do my work timely, but also gave me all the support by promptly reading and correcting my work. Indeed his kindness and friendly disposition explains my zeal of wanting to conclude the research within the shortest possible period. To Prof I say that I remain very grateful for everything you have done to me since the commencement of my work. I also wish to extend my sincere gratitude to Professor R A Dumoye for his regular advice and guidance and for accepting to be my second v Reader. Indeed his intellectual contributions and critique has added so much value to the work and that gives me confidence as the Author. My sincere gratitude also goes to Ambassador Uche Okeke, the Director General in the Presidency for his invaluable support and encouragement, which added significant impetus in conducting this research. I wish to thank the members of my family for their kind understanding and the sacrifices they made in the course of researching and writing this thesis. I had to take time away from them to read and prepare my scripts and also be in Zaria to meet with my Supervisor, particularly during weekends when I know my present was much needed at home. I acknowledge that their cooperation contributed immensely towards allowing me to be properly focused to undertake this research. My sincere gratitude also goes to Dr Adedeji Ebo of the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of the Armed Forces (DCAF). I must acknowledge his role in helping me select this topic and at the same time provided me with the bulk of the materials I used in the research. As a personal friend for about sixteen years and a colleague in our days as Lecturers in the Department of Political Science and Defence Studies of vi the Nigerian Defence Academy (NDA), his valuable support for this research is a proof of his continued commitment as a friend. Others worth mentioning are; my former boss and big brother Brigadier General (Dr) Abdulrahman Bello Bambazau, the Principal General Staff Officer to the Honourable Minister of Defence, who not only encouraged me to pursue the research but also facilitated my access to key officials of the Ministry of Defence, particularly the Director of Army Affairs. I also wish to appreciate the support I received from my childhood friend and brother, Mallam Ahmadu Rabiu of the Ministry of Defence for his untiring effort in providing me materials. I also wish to acknowledge the cooperation I received from the National Assembly, particularly from the Chairman, Senate Committee on Defence, the Chairman Senate Committee on Public Accounts, former Chairman, Senate Committee on Ethics, the Deputy House Whip, the Chairman, House Committee on Defence, the Committee Secretaries of the Senate Committee on Defence, Senate Committee on Public Accounts and House Committee on Army. Others are the Sergeant-at-arm to the Senate, the Library Assistant at the National Assembly Library, the House Table Officer, the Research Fellow in the Policy Analysis and vii Research Unit (PARP) of NASS and other Confidential Sources at NASS who donot wish to reveal their identities. Others worth mentioning include the Secretary General of the West African Civil Societies Forum (WACSOF), the Former Assistant Director in the Ministry of Finance, now in the Petroleum Ministry, the Programme Administrator, Budget Advocacy and Capacity Building in ActionAid International Nigeria, the Defence Correspondent of the New Nigeria Newspapers and the Librarian at the Daily Trust Newspaper Office in Abuja. I must not fail to mention my dear friend Hajiya Zara Goni, who generated several relevant materials for me from the Internet and introduced me to her sister, Hajiya Rakiya Salihu of the National War College Library, where I acquired several relevant literature to support my research work. My similar gratitude also goes to Mallam Nuradeen Aboki, and Miss Lilly Atuyeli, both members of the National Youth Service Corps serving in the ECOWAS Parliament for their untiring support in generating materials for the research from both the internet and from Nigerian National Dailies. Without the support of the two officers, this work would have lacked several vital facts and statistics. viii Finally, my special gratitude goes to my several friends, colleagues and other well wishers who have in one way or another supported and encouraged me to pursue a higher degree, principally because they believe in my abilities. To them I say a big thank you and pray that the Almighty will grant us all long life and go health to enable us pursue lofty ideals resulting from the attainment of a higher qualification. ix ABSTRACT In this study, we examined Civil-Military Relations in Nigeria within the context of the phenomenon of Parliamentary Oversight of the Defence Sector within the first trench of the forth Republic. The study establishes the importance of democracy as a theory that empowers the ruled to determine the nature of operation of their government and participate directly or indirectly in the running of the government. It also stresses the importance of the concepts of Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances to explain the relevance of Parliamentary Oversight. In addressing the main problem leading to the study, we are concerned with the existence of a powerful military, which in the immediate past, had total control over the machinery of government, now subjecting itself to near total Parliamentary control. We are also concerned about the workability of getting the Parliament to effectively oversee the defence sector in terms of its Authority and Ability as well as the right Attitude by individual members of Parliament. In view of the nature of the topic, our main methodology is the conduct of elite interviews. Here we set up questions that were responded to by our target persons, mostly Members of Parliament (especially Committee Chairmen), staff of Parliament, staff of the Ministry of Defence as well as x any other person deemed to be involved in the area under focus. The Author however also used secondary data to complement the Interviews conducted. Findings In terms of reforms in the defence sector, this research has revealed that present reforms are based on Re-positioning and Re-professionalising the armed forces. Re-Positioning is meant to ensure the modernisation of the forces and also lead to the acquisition of skills through training. Re- professionalisation on the other hand is aimed at addressing role orientation by impressing on the military the need to concentrate on its constitutional role as the defender of the territorial integrity of the country. It is however important to point out that the desire for the military to attain a compact force has remained a mirage considering that it is yet to demobilise since the commencement of the reform process. The study used as a tool of analysis Authority, Ability and Attitude, to examine the issues associated with the topic. By Authority we refer to the legal and constitutional provisions for oversight. By Ability we refer to the technical, human and financial resources available to Members of Parliament to conduct oversight. By Attitude we refer to the political will and motivation that enables Members of Parliament conduct oversight. xi We found out that the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 has made significant provisions empowering Parliament to conduct oversight.
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