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HIV/AIDS and the security sector in Africa HIV/AIDS and the Security Sector in Africa Edited by Obijiofor Aginam and Martin R. Rupiya © United Nations University, 2012 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not nec- essarily reflect the views of the United Nations University. United Nations University Press United Nations University, 53-70, Jingumae 5-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan Tel: +81-3-5467-1212 Fax: +81-3-3406-7345 E-mail: [email protected] general enquiries: [email protected] http://www.unu.edu United Nations University Office at the United Nations, New York 2 United Nations Plaza, Room DC2-2062, New York, NY 10017, USA Tel: +1-212-963-6387 Fax: +1-212-371-9454 E-mail: [email protected] United Nations University Press is the publishing division of the United Nations University. Cover design by Andrew Corbett Printed in the United States of America for the Americas and Asia Printed in the United Kingdom for Europe, Africa and the Middle East ISBN 978-92-808-1209-1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data HIV/AIDS and the security sector in Africa / edited by Obijiofor Aginam and Martin R. Rupiya. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-9280812091 (pbk.) 1. HIV infections—Africa, Sub-Saharan. 2. Security sector—Africa, Sub-Saharan. 3. Soldiers—Health and hygiene—Africa, Sub-Saharan. 4. Police—Health and hygiene—Africa, Sub-Saharan. 5. Africa, Sub-Saharan— Armed Forces. I. Aginam, Obijiofor, 1969– II. Rupiya, Martin Revai. RA643.86.A357H543 2012 362.196979200967—dc23 2011047937 Endorsements “Securitization delivered a massive dose of adrenalin to the AIDS re- sponse. And whilst the most dire predictions of AIDS leading to desta- bilization and state failure did not materialize, this volume is a forceful reminder of the considerable and ongoing impact of the epidemic on Africa’s security sector—and the impact of uniformed personnel on the epidemic. A diverse set of African scholars, policymakers and serving personnel explore these dynamics in select African countries, providing unique and important contributions to discourse and policy reform to halt the transmission of HIV in conflict, post-conflict, prisons and police settings.” Kent Buse, Senior Advisor to Executive Director, UNAIDS “This book provides significant policy options for overcoming the devas- tation of HIV/AIDS in the security sector in Africa and beyond.” Rebecca Cook, Chair in International Human Rights Law, Faculty of Law, University of Toronto “This book is a welcome addition to the often cited, but empirically thin, literature on the links between HIV/AIDS and security. By bringing to- gether an impressive array of African policy makers, scholars and senior military personnel, the book effectively paints a complex picture of a dis- ease that blurs the boundaries between national and human security.” Kelley Lee, Director of Global Health and Associate Dean of Research at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, and Professor of Global Health Policy at the Department of Global Health and Devel- opment, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine “The book is without doubt a major contribution to the study of HIV/ AIDS and the security sector in Africa. Typically, HIV/AIDS infection rate among the military is more than twice that among the civilian popu- lation. The difference is often greater in times of conflict. This bears unique and powerful implications for development and security in Africa. The essays in the book simultaneously take stock, enrich our understand- ing of the problem and recommend ways of addressing the problem. This is an essential collection for all those engaged in the fight against HIV/ AIDS in Africa and elsewhere in the world.” Muna Ndulo, Professor of Law, Cornell University Law School and Di- rector, Cornell University’s Institute for African Development “The sub-Saharan African region has been the epicentre of HIV/AIDS since the mid to late 80s. Although the pandemic has begun to show signs of abating, nonetheless, it still blights the sub-Saharan region more than any other region. Understanding the impact of the pandemic on not just individuals, but also on the region’s socio-economic sectors continues to be an essential information base for developing and implementing sys- temic remedial responses. Without doubt, HIV/AIDS and the Security Sector in Africa, which is edited by Obijiofor Aginam and Martin Rupiya, fills an important gap in our understanding of the impact of the epidemic in a neglected sector – the security sector. The book is a systematic study of the impact of HIV/AIDS on the military, peacekeeping forces, the police and correctional services. Its contribution lies in not only compre- hensively mapping the impact of the pandemic, but also in meticulously defining the gaps as well as challenges, and advancing possible remedies at both national sub-regional and regional levels using a multidisciplinary approach. The book, which is forward looking, is a most welcome contri- bution. It should be essential reading for those wishing to acquaint them- selves with a multidisciplinary approach to understanding the intersection between HIV/AIDS and the region’s security sector. The contributors to HIV/AIDS and the Security Sector in Africa display an enormous range of expertise and insights across a whole range of fields, including epide- miology, public health, economics, security needs, policy, law and human rights.” Charles Ngwena, Professor, Director of LLM Programme on Reproduc- tive and Sexual Rights, Faculty of Law, University of the Free State, South Africa Contents Figures . x Tables . xi Contributors . xii Acknowledgements . xiv Introduction . 1 Obijiofor Aginam and Martin R. Rupiya 1 Understanding the dynamics of HIV/AIDS and the security sector in Africa: An overview . 8 Obijiofor Aginam, Martin R. Rupiya, Johanna Stratton and Andrea Ottina Part I: HIV/AIDS and the military: National and sub-regional perspectives . 15 2 HIV/AIDS and the South African National Defence Force: Anecdotal evidence from outside and within . 17 Lindy Heinecken viii CONTENTS 3 Policy, security and outcomes: HIV/AIDS and the Uganda People’s Defence Forces . 36 Charles Bakahumura 4 The ECOWAS regional framework on HIV/AIDS and the military in West Africa . 45 Ayodele Akenroye 5 HIV and the military: A Human Rights Impact Assessment of Nigeria’s Armed Forces HIV/AIDS Control Policy Guidelines . 62 Babafemi Odunsi 6 Challenges to the regeneration of the armed forces: HIV/ AIDS and its impact on the military life-cycle . 72 Gerald Gwinji 7 A civil society perspective on the Umbutfo Swaziland Defence Force policy response to HIV/AIDS . 88 Nathi Gumede Part II: HIV/AIDS and peacekeeping in Africa . 99 8 Culture and HIV/AIDS in African peacekeeping operations . 101 Gwinyayi Albert Dzinesa 9 The African Union and the HIV/AIDS crisis: Harnessing alternative policy options . 117 Olajide O. Akanji 10 The Zambia Defence Force: Considerations on peacekeeping and HIV/AIDS . 131 Lawson F. Simapuka 11 A disorderly resolution of an organized conflict: The military dimension and the spread of HIV/AIDS in Sierra Leone . 144 Olubowale Josiah Opeyemi Part III: HIV/AIDS: Perspectives on the police and prisons . 153 12 Policing against stigma and discrimination: HIV/AIDS in the Zambia Police Service . 155 Charles M. Banda CONTENTS ix 13 HIV/AIDS in Cameroon: The policy response of the police . 166 Polycarp Ngufor Forkum 14 Policy challenges on HIV/AIDS and prisons: Towards a southern African template . 185 Martin R. Rupiya 15 HIV/AIDS among Cameroonian prison staff: Response to a deadly challenge . 203 Tayou André Lucien Part IV: HIV/AIDS: Gender and other emerging issues . 221 16 HIV/AIDS and women in the Zimbabwe Defence Forces: A gender perspective . 223 Getrude P. S. Mutasa 17 Rape and HIV/AIDS as weapons of war: Human rights and health issues in post-conflict societies . 247 Obijiofor Aginam Index . 256 Figures 2.1 Estimated HIV prevalence in South Africa by sex and age, 2006 . 20 2.2 Projected number of maternal orphans in South Africa under the age of 18 owing to AIDS and other causes of death, 1990 –2015 . 21 2.3 Comparison of death rates among Department of Defence personnel and the national population, 2005 . 23 2.4 Department of Defence death profile by year and age, 2000 –2006 . 24 7.1 Administrative structure of the USDF HIV/AIDS policy response . 93 15.1 HIV/AIDS prevalence in Cameroon (national, urban and rural rates) . 210 15.2 HIV/AIDS prevalence in Cameroon by age group . 211 x Tables 8.1 Locations of peace operations in Africa and levels of HIV infection as at 2007 . 107 8.2 Top 10 troop-contributing African countries and levels of HIV infection . 108 10.1 Zambian fatalities in missions, 1948 – 31 October 2007 . 136 10.2 Criteria for deploying HIV-positive troops . 138 14.1 Template of prisoners in southern Africa as at February 2010 . 187 xi Contributors Obijiofor Aginam is Academic Officer Charles M.