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The London School of Economics and Political Science Water Struggles The London School of Economics and Political Science Water Struggles as struggles for recognition: The lived geographies of farming communities in Sahl al-Battuf and the occupied Golan Heights Muna Daoud Dajani A thesis submitted to the Department of Geography and Environment of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy London, October 2018 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 93,555 words. Statement of cojoint work I can confirm that chapter 6 and 7 draws in part on two jointly co-authored work I undertook with Dr. Michael Mason: Mason, M and Dajani, M. (2018) A political ontology of land: rooting Syrian identity in the occupied Golan Heights. Antipode. Dajani, M. and Mason, M. (2018) Counter-infrastructure as resistance in the hydrosocial territory of the occupied Golan Heights. In Water, Technology and the Nation-State (pp. 147-162). Routledge. Statement of use of third party for editorial help I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by Dr. Edward Pertwee 2 Abstract This thesis is concerned with the political subjectivity of farming in settler colonial contexts. Guided by theoretical concepts of political ecology, settler colonialism and lived geographies, this thesis examines two farming communities which have been central to the realisation of Israeli settler colonial hydro-imaginaries and realities. It employs a historical approach to explain the realities facing these communities today, in their struggle over water to maintain their farming livelihood and hence how, through water, claims of recognition are shaped and developed. Employing mixed qualitative methods of ethnography, archival research, interviews and participant observation, this thesis posits that farming practices, including demands for water and infrastructure, acquire political subjectivity in both communities, transcending farming into an act of resistance, sumud (steadfastness) and rootedness. Under conditions of settler colonial rule, communities are faced with a dialectical presence-absence of the state in their lives. The settler colonial water and land policies materialised realities of unequal geographies and waterscapes, othering the communities concerned through policies of difference and enactment of misrecognition through uprooting land-based belonging and resource rights. Through analysis of their acts of protest through the lens of ‘presence-absence’, farmers demand for water and infrastructure have re-configured from being acts of resistance to a scaled-up articulation for their demands for recognition, inclusion and development. Examining the role of sumud as a form of resistance in livelihood practices highlights how access to, and control over, flows of water by indigenous Arab communities acquire material and symbolic weight as an articulation of rootedness and protest the Israeli hydraulic mission of centralised water control and exclusion. Hence, their realities are shaped by complex conditions of settler colonial rule, where farming acquires political subjectivity as it enacts sumud in their everyday practices. 3 Acknowledgments I would like to take this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor and mentor, Dr. Michael Mason. His generosity, support, feedback and sincere interest in my research topic made this journey a memorable, exciting and invaluable one. Thank you for your endless care, appreciation and belief in my project. I would also like to thank Dr. Jennifer Bakka, who I had the pleasure to be her student for the first two years of the PhD and who helped me navigate through and make sense of new theoretical territories in political ecology. My journey with water started from studying engineering at Birzeit University 18 years ago, where politics surprisingly was not a common concept to relate water with. Decades later, I’m indebted to my teacher, mentor and friend Dr. Mark Zeitoun for nurturing my research skills, appetite for knowledge and critical thinking. Thank you for always encouraging me to ask questions, challenge the status quo and achieve my full potential while navigating the challenges of working in the water field. This research would not have been possible without the people of al-Battuf and al-Jawlan. Too many to address by name, but thank you for opening your homes, fields and hearts to tell your story of sumud. In al-Battuf, I’m forever grateful to Im Basel and Abu Basel Naamneh for opening their warm home and taking me in as one of their own children and supporting me in every step of the way as I ventured into sahl al-Battuf to carry out my fieldwork. In Majdal Shams, I need to thank many people who have generously welcomed me into their lives and made me feel like I’m home amongst family and friends. Heartfelt thanks to Tayseer Mar’ai, Salman Fakhrelddin, Hayel Abu Jabal, Abu Naser, Nazih Abu Jabal, Shihadeh Nasrallah and many others for endless discussions about identity and farming in al-Jawlan. To Aiman Abu Jabal and his lovely family for being so generous and loving and for making my stay in Majdal Shams a pleasure. This journey would not have been possible without amazing colleagues who offered a home and a shoulder to cry on during the highs and lows of this journey. 4 Room S505 and S504 have been a haven for me to make sense of my work. Immense gratitude and love to lifetime friends: Jordana, Paroj, Laura and Jeanne for being there during the highs and lows, and for encouraging me to see the light at the end of the tunnel – and most importantly sharing many laughs, personal accomplishments and dreams to make academia a critical and progressive space. Many others have made this journey possible and memorable: Meredith, Yi, Janan, Mara, Harry, Eduardo, Yimin, Doyoung, Elisabetta, Paula, Alexandra, Valeria, Ara, Marta, Maria and many more! The Geography and Environment department has been a source of inspiration throughout the years. I’m thankful for being guided, assessed and challenged by professors and PhD colleagues in the Environmental Economics and Policy Cluster, and for the opportunities to present my research in inter-cluster seminars. Being an international self-paid student had its many moments of frustrations, challenges and doubts which generous funds helped to overcome throughout the years. Thanks to the Open Society Foundation, Palestinian American Research Centre (PARC), LSE’S Financial Support Office, and the Sir Richard Stapley Educational Trust for their generous support to make this journey possible. For my soul and PhD sister, Dr. Noura AlKhalili, whose support and overwhelming love guided me through these years with unconditional friendship and scholarship. Thank you for preparing me for the last year of the PhD! To my dearest Haneen, for being a true and loving friend, PhD companion and sister in this PhD journey and beyond. Thank you for introducing me to your beautiful family in Arrabeh, and to the world of archives as well! To the few loved ones who have become far away but provide me with relentless courage and love: Dana, Lina, Hana, Maha, Saleh, Sawsan, Osama, Sami, Rasha, and Rasha. For Palestinian comrades, thank you for making London home: Christina, Dannah, Jacquie and many others. To friends who have been there throughout the PhD journey: Ana, Diva, Isa, Pratibha, Fra, Firas, Hussam, and Stacy. For the Rugby crew who have become family: Walter, Nilda, Gianpiero, Jessica, Carlos, and Mahmoud. 5 Carrying out this research about sumud is inspired by my family in Jerusalem who practice it every day in a city which has become alien to its own children. To my father, Daoud, and mother, Jehad, who have taught me to speak truth to power, be fearless in the face of injustice and to persist under all conditions. You are my role models. To my sisters Ghadeer and Nada, thank you for believing in me and doing what sisters do best: give unconditional love and support – and helping me to many visits to the library and archives! To my beautiful niece and nephew, Laila and Abdallah, who I hope will see a just and free Palestine in their lifetime. To Abbas and my resilient and strong extended family in Palestine. Last but not least, to my life partner and love, Marco. Thank you for all your love and belief in me while I carried out this PhD journey. Thank you for your patience and confidence in me, reminding me to reach my full potential and find out where my passion lies. The PhD journey couldn’t be made more special and memorable without our little one in the making, who has been giving me kicks of inspiration and energy, encouraging me to finalise this thesis and continue fighting for a just and equal world for him and the next generations. 6 Abbreviations (ASD) – Arab Society for Development (CNRS) – The Lebanese National Council for Scientific Research (DMZ) – Demilitarized Zone (ESCWA-BRG) – United Nations Economic
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