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Olympic Women on ABC News Online University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 1954-2016 University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2003 Half the story: Olympic women on ABC News online Dianne M. Jones University of Wollongong Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Jones, Dianne M., Half the story: Olympic women on ABC News online, Master of Arts (Hons.) thesis, Graduate School of Journalism, University of Wollongong, 2003. https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/2256 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] NOTE This online version of the thesis may have different page formatting and pagination from the paper copy held in the University of Wollongong Library. UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG COPYRIGHT WARNING You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. (a HALF THE STORY? OLYMPIC WOMEN ON ABC NEWS ONLINE A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree MASTER OF ARTS (HONOURS) from UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG by DIANNE M. JONES B.A. GRADUATE SCHOOL OF JOURNALISM FACULTY OF CREATIVE ARTS 2003 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ... 1 CERTIFICATION ... 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ... 3 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES ... 10 ABSTRACT ... 16 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... 17 CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction ... 19 1.2 Sport and Historical Boundaries ... 20 1.3 Understanding Sport ... 24 1.4 Sport in Australia - A Brief History ... 25 1.5 Women in Sport in Australia ... 29 1.6 Sport and the Mass Media ... 33 1.7 The Mass Media in Australia and its Journalists ... 36 1.8 Sport and Australian Government Policy ... 40 1.9 New Media ... 45 1.9.1 Sport in Cyberspace ... 45 1.9.2 ABC Online ... 46 4 1.9.3 News Online's Audience ... 47 1.10 Social Learning, Priming, Cultivation Theory and the Mass Media ... 50 1.11 Study Rationale ... 59 1.12 Research Questions ... 63 1.12.1 RQ1 - Representation ... 65 1.12.2 RQ2-Respect ... 66 1.13 Hypotheses ... 66 1.14 The Olympic Games and Nationalism ... 67 1.15 Limitations of the Study ... 69 1.16 Summary and Preview ... 72 CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction ... 75 2.2 Hegemony and Sport ... 76 2.2.3 Gender Representation in the Sports Media ... 78 2.3.1 Definitions ... 79 2.3.2 The Literature Pool .. • 79 2.4 Representation ... 80 2.4.1 The Numbers Game - Words, Paragraphs, Articles, Space and Air Time ... 80 2.4.2 Pictures ••• 93 2.4.3 Hyperlinks ••• 97 2.4.4 Where Do We Find Sportswomen? ... 105 2.4.5 Coverage Indices * • • 107 2.4.6 Gender-Appropriate Sports ... 108 2.5 Respect ••• 111 2.51 Appearance - “12-Car Pileup Gorgeous” ... 111 5 2.5.2 Relationships ... 114 2.53 Emotions ... 114 2.5.4 Successes and Failures ... 115 2.6. Linguistic Sexism - Our Girl Jan, Can She Play Women’s Golf? • • • 116 2.6.1 Gender Marking ... 116 2.6.2 Hierarchical Naming - First Names and Infantilisation ... 116 2.6.3 Martial Metaphors ... 117 2.7 Playing with Images of Female Athletes ... 118 2.8 What Causes Bias? ... 123 2.8.1 Women Sports Journalists - A Rare Commodity ... 123 2.8.2 Newsroom Practices - Rounds ... 126 2.8.3 Newsroom Practices - News Values ... 127 2.9 The ABC’s Service Obligations ... 128 2.10 Conclusion ... 130 2.11 Summary and Preview ... 131 CHAPTER 3 - MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Introduction 133 3.2 The Present Research and Precedents 133 3.3 Method 136 3.3.1 Sample Size and Sampling Plan 136 3.3.2 Context and Coding Units and Definitions 137 33.3 Coding Categories 138 3.3.4 Coding Procedure, Reliability and Counts 148 3.3.5 Data Analysis 150 6 3.4 Summary and Preview ... 151 CHAPTER 4 - DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS 4.1 Introduction ... 152 4.2 Results ... 153 4.2.1 Representation ... 153 4.2.1(a) Words ... 153 4.2.1(b) Pictures ... 154 4.2.1(c) Hyperlinks ... 155 4.2.1(d) Story Position ... 156 4.2.1(e) Order of Appearance of Text ... 157 4.2.1(f) Coverage compared with Medal Tallies ... 158 4.2.1(g) Coverage compared with Australian Team by Gender ... 160 4.2.1(h) Sports by Gender-Appropriateness ... 161 4.2.2 Respect ... 165 4.2.2(a)-(d) Descriptive Statements ... 165 4.2.2(e) Linguistic Sexism - Hierarchical Naming, Martial Metaphors, Trivialising Language and Gender Marking ... 168 4.2.2(f) Pictures - Active and Passive Depictions ... 173 4.3 Discussion - The Findings ... 174 4.3.1 Representation - Are Australian Female and Male Athletes Treated Differently? ... 174 4.3.1(a) Words about Female and Male Athletes ... 175 4.3.1(b) Pictures of Female and Male Athletes ... 181 4.3.1(c) Hyperlinks in Reports about Female and Male Athletes ... 185 4.3.1(d) Top Story Position for Female and Male Athletes ... 192 7 4.3.1(e) Order of Appearance of Text in Combined Gender Reports ... 196 4.3.1(f) Coverage compared with Medal Tallies ... 199 4.3.1(g) Coverage compared with Australian Team Gender ... 202 4.3.1(h) Female Sports Coverage and Gender-Appropriateness ... 204 4.3.2 Respect - Do Portrayals of Females and Males Contain Gender Bias? ... 209 4.3.2(a) Descriptions of Appearance ... 210 4.3.2(b) Descriptions of Relationships ... 212 4.3.2(c) Descriptions of Emotions ... 215 4.3.2(d) Descriptions of Success and Failure ... 218 4.3.2(e) Linguistic Sexism - Hierarchical Naming, Martial Metaphors, Trivialising Language and Gender Marking ... 220 4.3.2(f) Pictures - Active and Passive Depictions of Female Athletes ... 232 4.4 Summary of the Findings ... 237 4.5 Summary and Preview ... 246 CHAPTER 5 - CONCLUSION 5.1 Introduction ... 247 5.2 The Hypotheses and the Findings ... 247 5.3 The Findings in Relation to Theory and the ABC Charter ... 249 5.4 The Findings in Relation to Practice, Issues Arising and Implications ... 254 5.5 Importance of the Research ... 257 5.6 Recommendations for Future Research and Practice ... 259 8 LIST OF REFERENCES 263 APPENDICES ... 278 APPENDIX A ... 279 Table 1.1 Australian Olympic participation and gold medals by gender ... 279 Table 1.2 Number of events at the Olympic Games, 1948-2000 ... 280 Table 1.3 Australian Olympic medals by gender, 1948-2000 ... 281 Table 1.4 Participants in organised sport and physical activities in Australia, 1996-97 to 1999-2000 ... 282 Table 2.1 Representation of women in sports coverage in selected countries ... 283 Table 3.1 Olympic sports by gender-appropriateness ... 284 Table 3.2 Examples of thematic verbal descriptors ... 285 APPENDIX B ... 286 Figure 3.1 ABC News Online Top Stories summary page, page 1 ... 286 Figure 3.1 ABC News Online Top Stories summary page, page 2 ... 287 Figure 3.2 Tier Two report accessed via link from the News Online Top Stories summary page, page 1 ... 288 Figure 3.2 Tier Two report accessed via link from the News Online Top Stories summary page, page 2 ... 289 Figure 3.2 Tier Two report accessed via link from the News Online Top Stories summary page, page 3 ... 290 Figure 3.2 Tier Two report accessed via link from the News Online Top Stories summary page, page 4 291 9 Figure 3.3 ABC News Online Olympic News summary page, page 1 ... 292 Figure 3.3 ABC News Online Olympic News summary page, page 2 ... 293 Figure 3.4 Tier Two report accessed via link from the Olympic News summary page ... 294 APPENDIX C1 295 Figure 3.5 Coding sheet for ABC News Online Olympic sports reports ... 295 Figure 3.6 Coder instruction sheet accompanying form shown in Figure 3.5 ..
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