DOCSLIB.ORG

Anatomy of the Nile Following the Twists and Turns of the World's Longest River

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

VideoMedia Spotlight Anatomy of the Nile Following the twists and turns of the world's longest river For the complete video with media resources, visit: http://education.nationalgeographic.org/media/anatomy-nile/ Funder The Nile River has provided fertile land, transportation, food, and freshwater to Egypt for more than 5,000 years. Today, 95% of Egypt’s population continues to live along its banks. Where does the Nile begin? Where does it end? Watch this video, from Nat Geo WILD’s “Destination Wild” series, to find out. For an even deeper look at the Nile, use our vocabulary list and explore our “geo-tour” of the Nile to understand the geography of the river and answer the questions in the Questions tab. Questions Where is the source, or headwaters, of the Nile River? The streams of Rwanda’s Nyungwe Forest are probably the most remote sources of the Nile. The snow-capped peaks of the Rwenzori Mountains are another one of the remote sources of the Nile. The Rwenzori Mountains, sometimes nicknamed the “Mountains of the Moon,” straddle the border between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda. Many geographers also consider Lake Victoria, the largest lake in Africa, to be a source of the Nile. The most significant outflow from Lake Victoria, winding northward through Uganda, is called the “Victoria Nile.” Can you find a waterfall on the Nile River? As it twists more than 6,500 kilometers (4,200 miles) through Africa, the Nile has dozens of small and large waterfalls. The most significant waterfall on the Nile is probably Murchison Falls, Uganda. Here, the Victoria Nile plunges 43 meters (141 feet) through a narrow gap into Lake Albert. The north- flowing stream is then called the Albert Nile. What types of wetlands do you think the Nile supports? 1 of 4 The Nile supports freshwater marshes and swamps as it winds its way north, and brackish wetlands near its delta on the Mediterranean Sea. The largest wetland area on the Nile is the Sudd, a shallow, marshy flood plain in South Sudan. Can you identify a tributary of the Nile River? The two main tributaries of the Nile are the White Nile and the Blue Nile. The White Nile can be traced from Lake Victoria. The Blue Nile drains Lake Tana, in the Ethiopian highlands. Where is a major confluence on the Nile? The confluence of the Blue and White Nile rivers in Khartoum, Sudan, is the most significant confluence on the Nile. Are there rapids on the Nile? Yes, the Nile’s most significant rapids are the six “Cataracts of the Nile.” The Cataracts of the Nile are a long, shallow stretch of the river between Khartoum, Sudan, and Aswan, Egypt. Is there a dam on the Nile? Where? The most massive dam on the Nile is the Aswan Dam, constructed by Egypt in the 1960s. The Aswan Dam created Lake Nasser, an enormous reservoir that is one of the largest manmade lakes in the world. How has the Nile’s flood plain influenced agriculture in the region? Floods carry sediment rich in nutrients. The predictable flooding of the Nile River has made its banks the center of Egyptian agriculture for thousands of years. Can you identify a major port on the Nile River? The port of Alexandria has been Egypt’s most important port for more than 2,000 years. Through the Nile, the port links the interior of Africa with the Mediterranean Sea. What is one theory about how the Nile delta got its name? The Nile delta may have been named by ancient Greek geographers after its triangle shape—which resembles the Greek letter delta (Δ). What is the “Nile fan”? The Nile fan is an enormous, underwater alluvial fan formed at the river’s mouth. The Nile fan began forming more than a million years ago, as the Nile began to deposit sediment and silt at its end. Today, the Nile fan covers an area of about 70,000 square kilometers (27,027 square miles). Vocabulary 2 of 4 Part of Term Definition Speech Part of Term the art and science of cultivating Dtheefi nlaintido nfor growing crops (farming) or agriculture Speech noun raising livestock (ranching). alluvial fan noun fan-shaped deposit of eroded material, usually sediment and sand. a slope of land adjoining a body of water, or a large elevated area of the sea bank noun floor. brackish salty water, usually a mixture of seawater and freshwater. water noun cataract noun waterfall. confluence noun place where two rivers join and flow together. dam noun structure built across a river or other waterway to control the flow of water. the flat, low-lying plain that sometimes forms at the mouth of a river from delta noun deposits of sediments. flood noun overflow of a body of water onto land. flood plain noun flat area alongside a stream or river that is subject to flooding. freshwater wetland ecosystem dominated by grasses that develops around lakes or marsh noun rivers. gap noun steep-sided opening through a mountain ridge. headwater noun source of a river. highlands plural noun plateau or elevated region of land. lake noun body of water surrounded by land. mountain noun landmass that forms as tectonic plates interact with each other. place where a river empties its water. Usually rivers enter another body of mouth noun water at their mouths. nutrient noun substance an organism needs for energy, growth, and life. place on a body of water where ships can tie up or dock and load and port noun unload cargo. areas of fast-flowing w3at oefr 4in a river or stream that is making a slight rapids areas of fast-flowing water in a river or stream that is making a slight noun descent. Part of Term Definition Speech reservoir noun natural or man-made lake. river noun large stream of flowing fresh water. sediment noun solid material transported and deposited by water, ice, and wind. silt noun small sediment particles. source noun beginning of a stream, river, or other flow of water. stream noun body of flowing water. swamp noun land permanently saturated with water and sometimes covered with it. tributary noun stream that feeds, or flows, into a larger stream. waterfall noun flow of water descending steeply over a cliff. Also called a cascade. wetland noun area of land covered by shallow water or saturated by water. Articles & Profiles National Geographic Education: Aswan Dam Completed National Geographic Education: river Images National Geographic News: The Life-Giving Nile River Maps National Geographic Education: Countries of the Nile MapMaker Interactive: Explore the Anatomy of the Nile © 1996–2016 National Geographic Society. All rights reserved. 4 of 4.
Recommended publications
  • Crustal Structure of the Nile Delta: Interpretation of Seismic-Constrained Satellite-Based Gravity Data

    Crustal Structure of the Nile Delta: Interpretation of Seismic-Constrained Satellite-Based Gravity Data

    remote sensing Article Crustal Structure of the Nile Delta: Interpretation of Seismic-Constrained Satellite-Based Gravity Data Soha Hassan 1,2, Mohamed Sultan 1,*, Mohamed Sobh 2,3, Mohamed S. Elhebiry 1,4 , Khaled Zahran 2, Abdelaziz Abdeldayem 5, Elsayed Issawy 2 and Samir Kamh 5 1 Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49009, USA; [email protected] (S.H.); [email protected] (M.S.E.) 2 Department of Earth-Geodynamics, National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG), Helwan 11421, Egypt; [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (K.Z.); [email protected] (E.I.) 3 Institute of Geophysics and Geoinformatics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09596 Freiberg, Germany 4 Department of Geology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt 5 Department of Geology, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; [email protected] (A.A.); [email protected] (S.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Interpretations of the tectonic setting of the Nile Delta of Egypt and its offshore extension are challenged by the thick sedimentary cover that conceals the underlying structures and by the paucity of deep seismic data and boreholes. A crustal thickness model, constrained by available seismic and geological data, was constructed for the Nile Delta by inversion of satellite gravity data (GOCO06s), and a two-dimensional (2D) forward density model was generated along the Delta’s entire length. Modelling results reveal the following: (1) the Nile Delta is formed of two distinctive Citation: Hassan, S.; Sultan, M.; crustal units: the Southern Delta Block (SDB) and the Northern Delta Basin (NDB) separated by a Sobh, M.; Elhebiry, M.S.; Zahran, K.; hinge zone, a feature widely reported from passive margin settings; (2) the SDB is characterized by an Abdeldayem, A.; Issawy, E.; Kamh, S.
  • Humanitarian Situation Report No. 19 Q3 2020 Highlights

    Humanitarian Situation Report No. 19 Q3 2020 Highlights

    Sudan Humanitarian Situation Report No. 19 Q3 2020 UNICEF and partners assess damage to communities in southern Khartoum. Sudan was significantly affected by heavy flooding this summer, destroying many homes and displacing families. @RESPECTMEDIA PlPl Reporting Period: July-September 2020 Highlights Situation in Numbers • Flash floods in several states and heavy rains in upriver countries caused the White and Blue Nile rivers to overflow, damaging households and in- 5.39 million frastructure. Almost 850,000 people have been directly affected and children in need of could be multiplied ten-fold as water and mosquito borne diseases devel- humanitarian assistance op as flood waters recede. 9.3 million • All educational institutions have remained closed since March due to people in need COVID-19 and term realignments and are now due to open again on the 22 November. 1 million • Peace talks between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan Revolu- internally displaced children tionary Front concluded following an agreement in Juba signed on 3 Oc- tober. This has consolidated humanitarian access to the majority of the 1.8 million Jebel Mara region at the heart of Darfur. internally displaced people 379,355 South Sudanese child refugees 729,530 South Sudanese refugees (Sudan HNO 2020) UNICEF Appeal 2020 US $147.1 million Funding Status (in US$) Funds Fundi received, ng $60M gap, $70M Carry- forward, $17M *This table shows % progress towards key targets as well as % funding available for each sector. Funding available includes funds received in the current year and carry-over from the previous year. 1 Funding Overview and Partnerships UNICEF’s 2020 Humanitarian Action for Children (HAC) appeal for Sudan requires US$147.11 million to address the new and protracted needs of the afflicted population.
  • Wetlands of the Nile Basin the Many Eco for Their Liveli This Chapt Distribution, Functions and Contribution to Contribution Livelihoods They Provide

    Wetlands of the Nile Basin the Many Eco for Their Liveli This Chapt Distribution, Functions and Contribution to Contribution Livelihoods They Provide

    important role particular imp into wetlands budget (Sutch 11 in the Blue N icantly 1110difi Wetlands of the Nile Basin the many eco for their liveli This chapt Distribution, functions and contribution to contribution livelihoods they provide. activities, ane rainfall (i.e. 1 Lisa-Maria Rebelo and Matthew P McCartney climate chan: food securit; currently eX' arc under tb Key messages water resour support • Wetlands occur extensively across the Nile Basin and support the livelihoods ofmillions of related ;;ervi people. Despite their importance, there are big gaps in the knowledge about the current better evalu: status of these ecosystems, and how populations in the Nile use them. A better understand­ systematic I ing is needed on the ecosystem services provided by the difl:erent types of wetlands in the provide. Nile, and how these contribute to local livelihoods. • While many ofthe Nile's wetlands arc inextricably linked to agricultural production systems the basis for making decisions on the extent to which, and how, wetlands can be sustainably used for agriculture is weak. The Nile I: • Due to these infi)fl11atio!1 gaps, the future contribution of wetlands to agriculture is poorly the basin ( understood, and wetlands are otten overlooked in the Nile Basin discourse on water and both the E agriculture. While there is great potential for the further development of agriculture and marsh, fen, fisheries, in particular in the wetlands of Sudan and Ethiopia, at the same time many that is stat wetlands in the basin are threatened by poor management practices and populations. which at \, In order to ensure that the future use of wetlands for agriculture will result in net benefits (i.e.
  • RWANDA ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (REMA) Public Disclosure Authorized

    RWANDA ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (REMA) Public Disclosure Authorized

    RWANDA ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (REMA) Public Disclosure Authorized THE LANDSCAPE APPROACH TO FOREST RESTORATION AND CONSERVATION (LAFREC) PROJECT IN RWANDA (GISHWATI AND MUKURA FOREST RESERVES) Public Disclosure Authorized SOCIAL ASSESSMENT FINAL REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized THARCISSE MUSABYIMANA Tel. +250 788640812 Email: [email protected] Public Disclosure Authorized April 2014 Page 1 of 93 Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................ 0 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................... 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Objective of the Study .................................................................................................................. 5 1.2 Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 5 1.2.1 Desk review .............................................................................................................................................. 6 1.2.2 Field Research .......................................................................................................................................... 6 1.2.3 Sample and sampling technique .............................................................................................................
  • Sudan's Spreading Conflict (II): War in Blue Nile

    Sudan's Spreading Conflict (II): War in Blue Nile

    Sudan’s Spreading Conflict (II): War in Blue Nile Africa Report N°204 | 18 June 2013 International Crisis Group Headquarters Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels, Belgium Tel: +32 2 502 90 38 Fax: +32 2 502 50 38 [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... i Recommendations..................................................................................................................... iii I. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 II. A Sudan in Miniature ....................................................................................................... 3 A. Old-Timers Versus Newcomers ................................................................................. 3 B. A History of Land Grabbing and Exploitation .......................................................... 5 C. Twenty Years of War in Blue Nile (1985-2005) ........................................................ 7 III. Failure of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement ............................................................. 9 A. The Only State with an Opposition Governor (2007-2011) ...................................... 9 B. The 2010 Disputed Elections ..................................................................................... 9 C. Failed Popular Consultations ...................................................................................
  • Sulphur Creek Sulphur Creek Has Cut a Deep Canyon That Passes Through the Oldest Rocks Exposed at Capitol Reef

    Sulphur Creek Sulphur Creek Has Cut a Deep Canyon That Passes Through the Oldest Rocks Exposed at Capitol Reef

    Capitol Reef National Park National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Sulphur Creek Sulphur Creek has cut a deep canyon that passes through the oldest rocks exposed at Capitol Reef. It is a perennial stream with a flow that varies significantly in response to upstream water usage, snowmelt, and heavy rain. There are about two miles of scenic narrows and three small waterfalls. Bypassing the falls requires the ability to scramble down 12-foot (3.6 m) ledges. The route usually requires some walking in shallow water, but it is not uncommon for there to be much deeper water that might even require swimming. This route may be difficult for children if deep water is present. Ask at the visitor center for the latest condition report. Dangerous flash floods are an occasional hazard on this route—do not hike the Sulphur Creek route if there is a chance of rain. The 5.8-mile (9.3 km) one-way hike through Sulphur Creek Canyon involves leaving a shuttle vehicle at each end. If you don’t have two vehicles, a 3.3-mile (5.3 km) hike along Highway 24 is required to return your starting point. Vehicle shuttles are not provided or facilitated by the park. Though legal, hitchhiking is not recommended. This route is not an official, maintained trail. Route conditions, including obstacles in canyons, change frequently due to weather, flash floods, rockfall, and other hazards. Routefinding, navigation, and map-reading skills are critical. Do not rely solely on unofficial route markers (rock cairns, etc.); they are not maintained by the National Park Service (NPS), may not indicate Sulphur Creek the route in this description, or may be absent.
  • Pax Britannica and the Anti-Systemic Movement of Viceroy Mehmet Ali Pasha of Egypt

    Pax Britannica and the Anti-Systemic Movement of Viceroy Mehmet Ali Pasha of Egypt

    PAX BRITANNICA AND THE ANTI-SYSTEMIC MOVEMENT OF VICEROY MEHMET ALI PASHA OF EGYPT A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY OKYANUS AKIN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS DECEMBER 2019 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Yaşar Kondakçı Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. Oktay Tanrısever Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Fatih Tayfur Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı (METU, IR) Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Fatih Tayfur (METU, IR) Prof. Dr. Çınar Özen (Ankara Uni., IR) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Okyanus Akın Signature: iii ABSTRACT PAX BRITANNICA AND THE ANTI-SYSTEMIC MOVEMENT OF VICEROY MEHMET ALI PASHA OF EGYPT Akın, Okyanus M.S., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Fatih Tayfur December 2019, 234 pages The Pax Britannica, as a system, defined the political-economy of the nineteenth century.
  • Egyptian Culture and Trade Cultural Study

    Egyptian Culture and Trade Cultural Study

    Egyptian Culture and Trade Cultural Study Take a look at the things around you. Can you spot anything that was grown or made within 10 miles of your home? Look at your clothing. How many hundreds or thousands of miles did they travel from the factory to reach you? The importance of international trade is evident everywhere you look. Trade was also important to the economies of ancient civilizations. When Egyptians first settled along the Nile, the resources of the river supplied them with what they needed to survive. Grain grew quickly in the healthy soil of the Nile, so the people had plenty to eat. The Egyptians used mud and stones found along the river to make sturdy homes and monuments. Clothing, paper, and lamp oil were all locally produced from plants and animals. Ancient Egyptians traded along the Nile Of course, ancient Egyptians soon desired River and beyond. The Nile is the winding things that could not be produced locally. blue body of water to the left. Can you guess from the map what the main route of trade from Egypt was? If you guessed the Nile River, you are correct. The Nile River is the longest river in the world. It has the unusual quality of flowing northward into the Mediterranean Sea. Access to the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea opened Egypt to foreign cultures and influences. Large boats made of wood navigated up the Nile and sailed throughout the region. These boats returned with items that the Egyptians desired. As Egyptian civilization developed, the need grew for better wood.
  • Surviving a Flash Flood in a Slot Canyon

    Surviving a Flash Flood in a Slot Canyon

    Surviving a Flash Flood in a Slot Canyon Narrow canyons can turn into sheer-walled death traps during heavy rain. Emerging from them safely depends on smart planning, constant awareness, and, when those don't work, a healthy dose of luck. By: Joe Spring for Outside Magazine On July 24, 2010, a flash flood swept 39-year-old Joe Cain and two friends through Utah's Spry Canyon and over a 40-foot cliff. He lived to talk about it—barely. Here's his story, as told to JOE SPRING. IT WAS MY FIRST TIME canyoneering. I was camping in Zion National Park with two friends, Jason Fico and Dave Frankhouser. We planned to do two canyons. The three of us had been doing outdoor stuff for a long time and we had all been rock climbing. I’d been climbing since the mid-90s. I’d been in slot canyons before, scrambling around and hiking up the narrows, and we were all very proficient about setting up rappels on anchors. The first day, July 24, we decided to do Spry Canyon. Jason had been through that canyon before. It’s a three-hour hike from the trailhead to the top where we dumped in. There were sections that you kind of scrambled through, sections you hiked through, and then a drop off with some anchors where you have to rappel. We anticipated we would be done in four hours. This was late July, 2010, monsoon season in Utah. We knew that if it rained this time of year it would probably start in mid-to-late afternoon.
  • Minneopa State Park Is That Ground Wheat and Other Grains from 1864 to STATE PARK a FULL SET of STATE PARK RULES and the Third Oldest State Park in Minnesota

    Minneopa State Park Is That Ground Wheat and Other Grains from 1864 to STATE PARK a FULL SET of STATE PARK RULES and the Third Oldest State Park in Minnesota

    © 2020, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources ABOUT THE PARK SO EVERYONE CAN MINNEOPA ENJOY THE PARK... Established in 1905, Minneopa State Park is that ground wheat and other grains from 1864 to STATE PARK A FULL SET OF STATE PARK RULES AND the third oldest state park in Minnesota. It is best 1890. REGULATIONS IS AVAILABLE ONLINE. known for the double waterfall that 54497 GADWALL RD. PARK OPEN MANKATO, MN 56001 thunders during high water. The upper falls 8 a.m.–10 p.m. daily. BLUE EARTH COUNTY • 507-386-3910 [email protected] drops 7 to 10 feet and the lower falls tumbles another 40. This feature is the result of water CAMPGROUND QUIET HOURS cutting into layers of sandstone over time. 10 p.m.–8 a.m. Take the Mill Road to look for the bison, VISITOR TIPS VEHICLE PERMITS reintroduced in 2015. These animals will Required; purchase at park office or self-pay station. • Respect trail closures. naturally manage the prairie ecosystem, • Minneopa has two sections. just as they did over a hundred fifty years ago. PETS WELCOME The office and waterfall are off Near this area, you may view another Keep on 6-foot leash; leave no trace; only service animals allowed in park buildings. County Highway 69. Camping, reminder of the park’s rich history: Seppmann Don’t miss the double waterfall stone windmill, and bison are Mill. Enjoy a walk to the sandstone windmill FIREWOOD off Highway 68. Use only from approved vendors. • Minneopa Creek is not TRAIL HIGHLIGHTS recommended for swimming.
  • BIRDINGRWANDA Cide

    BIRDINGRWANDA Cide

    Despite being one of the most densely populated countries in Africa, Rwanda is a worthwhile and exciting birding destination, with Nyungwe National Park the undoubted star attraction. The largest montane forest in Africa, Nyungwe has more Albertine Rift endemic birds than any other site outside the Democratic Republic of Congo. On the other side of this small but vibrant country, Akagera National Park offers a wide diversity of savanna and wetland birds, including Shoebill and several species confined to the Lake Victoria Basin. Peter Ryan and Callan Cohen report on a recent visit. Photographs by Peter Ryan he forests of the west- end of apartheid, Rwanda was plunged ern (or Albertine) Rift into chaos. Ethnic violence, resulting support more endemic in large part from a century of colonial birds than any other meddling, caused the deaths of almost endemic bird area in a million people. The genocide was Africa, making them the culmination of 25 years of sporadic the hottest of hotspots violence between Hutus and Tutsis and for birders. Adding to their allure, led to ongoing instability in the region. some of Africa’s least known and Yet today Rwanda is one of the most tmost enigmatic birds are found here: organised countries in Africa, with a Congo Bay Owl, Prigogine’s Nightjar strong determination to move on from and Schouteden’s Swift are collectively the events of the past. Witnessing this known from fewer than 10 specimens. turnaround at first hand and learning Extending patchily through the eastern about the country’s history were among Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the highlights of our visit to Rwanda.
  • Bed Load Transport and Boundary Roughness Changes As Competing

    Bed Load Transport and Boundary Roughness Changes As Competing

    Originally published as: Roth, D. L., Finnegan, N. J., Brodsky, E. E., Rickenmann, D., Turowski, J., Badoux, A., Gimbert, F. (2017): Bed load transport and boundary roughness changes as competing causes of hysteresis in the relationship between river discharge and seismic amplitude recorded near a steep mountain stream. ‐ Journal of Geophysical Research, 122, 5, pp. 1182—1200. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF004062 PUBLICATIONS Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface RESEARCH ARTICLE Bed load transport and boundary roughness changes 10.1002/2016JF004062 as competing causes of hysteresis in the relationship Key Points: between river discharge and seismic amplitude • Hysteresis in seismic signals near rivers may not always indicate recorded near a steep mountain stream hysteresis in bed load sediment transport rates, as previously assumed Danica L. Roth1 , Noah J. Finnegan1 , Emily E. Brodsky1 , Dieter Rickenmann2 , • The seismic signal generated by water 3 2 4 turbulence, rather than sediment Jens M. Turowski , Alexandre Badoux , and Florent Gimbert transport, can dominate seismic 1 2 observations near rivers Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA, WSL Swiss Federal 3 • Shifting of grains on the river bed may Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland, GFZ German Research Centre for change the seismic response to fluid Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany, 4University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, IGE, Grenoble, France flow between rising and falling water levels (hysteresis) Abstract Hysteresis in the relationship between bed load transport and river stage is a well-documented phenomenon with multiple known causes. Consequently, numerous studies have interpreted hysteresis in fl Correspondence to: the relationship between seismic ground motion near rivers and some measure of ow strength (i.e., D.