Ciliates — Protists with Complex Morphologies and Ambiguous Early Fossil Record
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Cambrian Phytoplankton of the Brunovistulicum – Taxonomy and Biostratigraphy
MONIKA JACHOWICZ-ZDANOWSKA Cambrian phytoplankton of the Brunovistulicum – taxonomy and biostratigraphy Polish Geological Institute Special Papers,28 WARSZAWA 2013 CONTENTS Introduction...........................................................6 Geological setting and lithostratigraphy.............................................8 Summary of Cambrian chronostratigraphy and acritarch biostratigraphy ...........................13 Review of previous palynological studies ...........................................17 Applied techniques and material studied............................................18 Biostratigraphy ........................................................23 BAMA I – Pulvinosphaeridium antiquum–Pseudotasmanites Assemblage Zone ....................25 BAMA II – Asteridium tornatum–Comasphaeridium velvetum Assemblage Zone ...................27 BAMA III – Ichnosphaera flexuosa–Comasphaeridium molliculum Assemblage Zone – Acme Zone .........30 BAMA IV – Skiagia–Eklundia campanula Assemblage Zone ..............................39 BAMA V – Skiagia–Eklundia varia Assemblage Zone .................................39 BAMA VI – Volkovia dentifera–Liepaina plana Assemblage Zone (Moczyd³owska, 1991) ..............40 BAMA VII – Ammonidium bellulum–Ammonidium notatum Assemblage Zone ....................40 BAMA VIII – Turrisphaeridium semireticulatum Assemblage Zone – Acme Zone...................41 BAMA IX – Adara alea–Multiplicisphaeridium llynense Assemblage Zone – Acme Zone...............42 Regional significance of the biostratigraphic -
Molecular Data and the Evolutionary History of Dinoflagellates by Juan Fernando Saldarriaga Echavarria Diplom, Ruprecht-Karls-Un
Molecular data and the evolutionary history of dinoflagellates by Juan Fernando Saldarriaga Echavarria Diplom, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat Heidelberg, 1993 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of Botany We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA November 2003 © Juan Fernando Saldarriaga Echavarria, 2003 ABSTRACT New sequences of ribosomal and protein genes were combined with available morphological and paleontological data to produce a phylogenetic framework for dinoflagellates. The evolutionary history of some of the major morphological features of the group was then investigated in the light of that framework. Phylogenetic trees of dinoflagellates based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU) are generally poorly resolved but include many well- supported clades, and while combined analyses of SSU and LSU (large subunit ribosomal RNA) improve the support for several nodes, they are still generally unsatisfactory. Protein-gene based trees lack the degree of species representation necessary for meaningful in-group phylogenetic analyses, but do provide important insights to the phylogenetic position of dinoflagellates as a whole and on the identity of their close relatives. Molecular data agree with paleontology in suggesting an early evolutionary radiation of the group, but whereas paleontological data include only taxa with fossilizable cysts, the new data examined here establish that this radiation event included all dinokaryotic lineages, including athecate forms. Plastids were lost and replaced many times in dinoflagellates, a situation entirely unique for this group. Histones could well have been lost earlier in the lineage than previously assumed. -
Antony Van Leeuwenhoek, the Father of Microscope
Turkish Journal of Biochemistry – Türk Biyokimya Dergisi 2016; 41(1): 58–62 Education Sector Letter to the Editor – 93585 Emine Elif Vatanoğlu-Lutz*, Ahmet Doğan Ataman Medicine in philately: Antony Van Leeuwenhoek, the father of microscope Pullardaki tıp: Antony Van Leeuwenhoek, mikroskobun kaşifi DOI 10.1515/tjb-2016-0010 only one lens to look at blood, insects and many other Received September 16, 2015; accepted December 1, 2015 objects. He was first to describe cells and bacteria, seen through his very small microscopes with, for his time, The origin of the word microscope comes from two Greek extremely good lenses (Figure 1) [3]. words, “uikpos,” small and “okottew,” view. It has been After van Leeuwenhoek’s contribution,there were big known for over 2000 years that glass bends light. In the steps in the world of microscopes. Several technical inno- 2nd century BC, Claudius Ptolemy described a stick appear- vations made microscopes better and easier to handle, ing to bend in a pool of water, and accurately recorded the which led to microscopy becoming more and more popular angles to within half a degree. He then very accurately among scientists. An important discovery was that lenses calculated the refraction constant of water. During the combining two types of glass could reduce the chromatic 1st century,around year 100, glass had been invented and effect, with its disturbing halos resulting from differences the Romans were looking through the glass and testing in refraction of light (Figure 2) [4]. it. They experimented with different shapes of clear glass In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister reduced the problem and one of their samples was thick in the middle and thin with spherical aberration by showing that several weak on the edges [1]. -
28-Protistsf20r.Ppt [Compatibility Mode]
9/3/20 Ch 28: The Protists (a.k.a. Protoctists) (meet these in more detail in your book and lab) 1 Protists invent: eukaryotic cells size complexity Remember: 1°(primary) endosymbiosis? -> mitochondrion -> chloroplast genome unicellular -> multicellular 2 1 9/3/20 For chloroplasts 2° (secondary) happened (more complicated) {3°(tertiary) happened too} 3 4 Eukaryotic “supergroups” (SG; between K and P) 4 2 9/3/20 Protists invent sex: meiosis and fertilization -> 3 Life Cycles/Histories (Fig 13.6) Spores and some protists (Humans do this one) 5 “Algae” Group PS Pigments Euglenoids chl a & b (& carotenoids) Dinoflagellates chl a & c (usually) (& carotenoids) Diatoms chl a & c (& carotenoids) Xanthophytes chl a & c (& carotenoids) Chrysophytes chl a & c (& carotenoids) Coccolithophorids chl a & c (& carotenoids) Browns chl a & c (& carotenoids) Reds chl a, phycobilins (& carotenoids) Greens chl a & b (& carotenoids) (more groups exist) 6 3 9/3/20 Name word roots (indicate nutrition) “algae” (-phyt-) protozoa (no consistent word ending) “fungal-like” (-myc-) Ecological terms plankton phytoplankton zooplankton 7 SG: Excavata/Excavates “excavated” feeding groove some have reduced mitochondria (e.g.: mitosomes, hydrogenosomes) 8 4 9/3/20 SG: Excavata O: Diplomonads: †Giardia Cl: Parabasalids: Trichonympha (bk only) †Trichomonas P: Euglenophyta/zoa C: Kinetoplastids = trypanosomes/hemoflagellates: †Trypanosoma C: Euglenids: Euglena 9 SG: “SAR” clade: Clade Alveolates cell membrane 10 5 9/3/20 SG: “SAR” clade: Clade Alveolates P: Dinoflagellata/Pyrrophyta: -
Supplementary Figure 1. Tintinnid Ciliates (A, B, C, D) and Radiolaria (E, F, G) Collected by the Bottle Net Between 2,000-4,000 M
a) b) c) d) 20 µm e) f) g) 40 µm Supplementary Figure 1. Tintinnid ciliates (A, B, C, D) and radiolaria (E, F, G) collected by the bottle net between 2,000-4,000 m. 1 Supplementary Figure 2. Cytograms of some selected surface and deep ocean samples. The samples were stained with SybrGreen I, a DNA stain that targets nucleic acids and, thus, stain all microbes, phototroph or autotroph. However, those microbes that have red autofluorescence from the chlorophyll a, appear in a different diagonal when plotting red vs. green (SybrGreen) fluorescence. They are indicated as “pa”, while the bacteria and archaea are labelled as “bt”. Reference 1 µm Yellow-Green Polysciences beads were added as internal standards (labelled “b”). A) A surface sample, Station 40 at 70 m, ratio bt/pa= 11.8; B) Station 110, at 2000 m, ratio bt/pa= 6.1; C) Station 126, at 2200 m ratio bt/pa= 6.2; and D) Stn 113, at 3850 m, ratio bt/pa= 9.1. 2 A B C ) -1 D E F Ln Alive cell concentration (cells L (cells cell concentration Alive Ln Time (days) Supplementary Figure 3. Mortality of surface phytoplankton cells in the dark. The decline in the number of alive cells of phytoplankton sampled at the surface layer declined with time when maintained in the dark and at cold temperature, conditions encountered during their possible sinking transient from the surface to the deep ocean. (A) Trichodesmium sp. (p <0.001); (B) centric diatom (p <0.05); (C) Ceratium sp. (p <0.01); (D) Ceratium spp. -
8113-Yasham Neden Var-Nick Lane-Ebru Qilic-2015-318S.Pdf
KOÇ ÜNiVERSiTESi YAYINLARI: 87 BiYOLOJi Yaşam Neden Var? Nick Lane lngilizceden çeviren: Ebru Kılıç Yayına hazırlayan: Hülya Haripoğlu Düzelti: Elvan Özkaya iç rasarım: Kamuran Ok Kapak rasarımı: James Jones The Vital Question © Nick Lane, 2015 ©Koç Üniversiresi Yayınları, 2015 1. Baskı: lsranbul, Nisan 2016 Bu kitabın yazarı, eserin kendi orijinal yararımı olduğunu ve eserde dile getirilen rüm görüşlerin kendisine air olduğunu, bunlardan dolayı kendisinden başka kimsenin sorumlu rurulamayacağını; eserde üçüncü şahısların haklarını ihlal edebilecek kısımlar olmadığını kabul eder. Baskı: 12.marbaa Sertifika no: 33094 Naro Caddesi 14/1 Seyranrepe Kağırhane/lsranbul +90 212 284 0226 Koç Üniversiresi Yayınları lsriklal Caddesi No:181 Merkez Han Beyoğlu/lsranbul +90 212 393 6000 [email protected] • www.kocuniversirypress.com • www.kocuniversiresiyayinlari.com Koç Universiry Suna Kıraç Library Caraloging-in-Publicarion Dara Lane, Nick, 1967- Yaşam neden var?/ Nick Lane; lngilizceden çeviren Ebru Kılıç; yayına hazırlayan Hülya Haripoğlu. pages; cm. lncludes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-605-5250-94-2 ı. Life--Origin--Popular works. 2. Cells. 1. Kılıç, Ebru. il. Haripoğlu, Hülya. 111. Tirle. QH325.L3520 2016 Yaşam Neden Var? NICKLANE lngilizceden Çeviren: Ebru Kılıç ffi1KÜY İçindeki le� Resim Listesi 7 TEŞEKKÜR 11 GiRİŞ 17 Yaşam Neden Olduğu Gibidir? BiRİNCi BÖLÜM 31 Yaşam Nedir? Yaşamın ilk 2 Milyar Yılının Kısa Ta rihi 35 Genler ve Doğal Ortamla ilgili Sorun 39 Biyolojinin Kalbindeki Kara Delik 43 Karmaşıklık Yo lunda Kayıp Adımlar -
Zoelucasa Sablensis N. Gen. Et N. Sp.(Cercozoa, Incertae Sedis), A
Acta Protozool. (2012) 51: 113–117 http://www.eko.uj.edu.pl/ap ACTA doi: 10.4467/16890027AP.12.009.0513 PROTOZOOLOGICA Zoelucasa sablensis n. gen. et n. sp. (Cercozoa, Incertae Sedis), a New Scale-covered Flagellate from Marine Sandy Shores Kenneth H. NICHOLLS Summary. Zoelucasa sablensis n. gen et n. sp. is a small heterotrophic fl agellate housed within a pyriform lorica of relatively large imbri- cate, circular siliceous scales. It was found in near-shore benthic sand/seawater samples of both the Pacifi c and Atlantic Oceans (west and east coasts of Canada; salinity = 32–33 ppt). The median length and width of the lorica was 18 and 11 μm, respectively (n = 29). This taxon lacks chloroplasts and swims with a slow zig-zag motion controlled by a short (5–7 μm long), anteriorly-directed fl agellum and a longer trailing fl agellum, 15–20 μm in length. Its classifi cation within the phylum Cercozoa (most likely, Class Imbricatea) is tentative, as there are no known morphological homologues (discoidal, overlapping siliceous plate-scales forming a test or lorica enclosing a heterotrophic fl agellate). Further study of cultured and wild material, including a search for other possible non-fl agellate (e.g. amoeboid?) life history stages, TEM examination of cell sections, and rDNA sequencing will most certainly provide more opportunities for a justifi able classifi ca- tion, possibly including a new Order. Key words: Imbricatea (Silicofi losea), sand-dwelling protist, psammon, silica scales, fl agellate. INTRODUCTION samples collected from both the east and west coasts of Canada. Owing to its apparently unique morphology, it is described here as a new monospecifi c genus and Sand-welling marine protists include taxa repre- has been tentatively assigned to the class Imbricatea of senting a wide variety of forms and phylogenetic lines. -
PROTISTS Shore and the Waves Are Large, Often the Largest of a Storm Event, and with a Long Period
(seas), and these waves can mobilize boulders. During this phase of the storm the rapid changes in current direction caused by these large, short-period waves generate high accelerative forces, and it is these forces that ultimately can move even large boulders. Traditionally, most rocky-intertidal ecological stud- ies have been conducted on rocky platforms where the substrate is composed of stable basement rock. Projec- tiles tend to be uncommon in these types of habitats, and damage from projectiles is usually light. Perhaps for this reason the role of projectiles in intertidal ecology has received little attention. Boulder-fi eld intertidal zones are as common as, if not more common than, rock plat- forms. In boulder fi elds, projectiles are abundant, and the evidence of damage due to projectiles is obvious. Here projectiles may be one of the most important defi ning physical forces in the habitat. SEE ALSO THE FOLLOWING ARTICLES Geology, Coastal / Habitat Alteration / Hydrodynamic Forces / Wave Exposure FURTHER READING Carstens. T. 1968. Wave forces on boundaries and submerged bodies. Sarsia FIGURE 6 The intertidal zone on the north side of Cape Blanco, 34: 37–60. Oregon. The large, smooth boulders are made of serpentine, while Dayton, P. K. 1971. Competition, disturbance, and community organi- the surrounding rock from which the intertidal platform is formed zation: the provision and subsequent utilization of space in a rocky is sandstone. The smooth boulders are from a source outside the intertidal community. Ecological Monographs 45: 137–159. intertidal zone and were carried into the intertidal zone by waves. Levin, S. A., and R. -
Ciliate Diversity, Community Structure, and Novel Taxa in Lakes of the Mcmurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica
Reference: Biol. Bull. 227: 175–190. (October 2014) © 2014 Marine Biological Laboratory Ciliate Diversity, Community Structure, and Novel Taxa in Lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica YUAN XU1,*†, TRISTA VICK-MAJORS2, RACHAEL MORGAN-KISS3, JOHN C. PRISCU2, AND LINDA AMARAL-ZETTLER4,5,* 1Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; 2Montana State University, Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, 334 Leon Johnson Hall, Bozeman, Montana 59717; 3Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056; 4The Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543; and 5Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912 Abstract. We report an in-depth survey of next-genera- trends in dissolved oxygen concentration and salinity may tion DNA sequencing of ciliate diversity and community play a critical role in structuring ciliate communities. A structure in two permanently ice-covered McMurdo Dry PCR-based strategy capitalizing on divergent eukaryotic V9 Valley lakes during the austral summer and autumn (No- hypervariable region ribosomal RNA gene targets unveiled vember 2007 and March 2008). We tested hypotheses on the two new genera in these lakes. A novel taxon belonging to relationship between species richness and environmental an unknown class most closely related to Cryptocaryon conditions -
Protist Phylogeny and the High-Level Classification of Protozoa
Europ. J. Protistol. 39, 338–348 (2003) © Urban & Fischer Verlag http://www.urbanfischer.de/journals/ejp Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa Thomas Cavalier-Smith Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK; E-mail: [email protected] Received 1 September 2003; 29 September 2003. Accepted: 29 September 2003 Protist large-scale phylogeny is briefly reviewed and a revised higher classification of the kingdom Pro- tozoa into 11 phyla presented. Complementary gene fusions reveal a fundamental bifurcation among eu- karyotes between two major clades: the ancestrally uniciliate (often unicentriolar) unikonts and the an- cestrally biciliate bikonts, which undergo ciliary transformation by converting a younger anterior cilium into a dissimilar older posterior cilium. Unikonts comprise the ancestrally unikont protozoan phylum Amoebozoa and the opisthokonts (kingdom Animalia, phylum Choanozoa, their sisters or ancestors; and kingdom Fungi). They share a derived triple-gene fusion, absent from bikonts. Bikonts contrastingly share a derived gene fusion between dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase and include plants and all other protists, comprising the protozoan infrakingdoms Rhizaria [phyla Cercozoa and Re- taria (Radiozoa, Foraminifera)] and Excavata (phyla Loukozoa, Metamonada, Euglenozoa, Percolozoa), plus the kingdom Plantae [Viridaeplantae, Rhodophyta (sisters); Glaucophyta], the chromalveolate clade, and the protozoan phylum Apusozoa (Thecomonadea, Diphylleida). Chromalveolates comprise kingdom Chromista (Cryptista, Heterokonta, Haptophyta) and the protozoan infrakingdom Alveolata [phyla Cilio- phora and Miozoa (= Protalveolata, Dinozoa, Apicomplexa)], which diverged from a common ancestor that enslaved a red alga and evolved novel plastid protein-targeting machinery via the host rough ER and the enslaved algal plasma membrane (periplastid membrane). -
(Protozoa: Ciliata: Tintinnida) of the St. Andrew Bay System, Florida1
THE IDENTIFICATION OF TINTINNIDS (PROTOZOA: CILIATA: TINTINNIDA) OF THE ST. ANDREW BAY SYSTEM, FLORIDA 1 T. C. COSPER University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science ABSTRACT A key to the tintinnids of the St. Andrew Bay system, Florida, is presented. The relationships shown in the key are supported by light and scanning-electron photomicrographs. Included in the key are 21 species: eight were previously unreported from Florida estuaries, and two unidentified species of Metacylis are described. Each species reported is described, previous location sites are stated, and statistical information on lorical size is included where available. INTRODUCTION Prominent among marine zooplankters are cilate protozoans of the order Tintinnida. The vast majority of these ciliates belong to the pelagic marine fauna of both the oceanic and neritic waters of all oceans and are numerically important second trophic level feeders (Zeitzschel, 1967), consuming small diatoms and other constituents of the ultra- and nannoplankton. Some workers have studied the cellular organization of several species of tintinnids (Campbell, 1926, 1927; Hofker, 1931; Biernacka, 1952, 1965), but most investigations dealing with them are taxonomic surveys or systematic treatments. There are two main reasons for this situation: until recently tintinnids were difficult to study because of the associated problems of maintaining and raising them in the laboratory (Gold, 1968, 1969); and fixation of plankton samples containing tintinnids generally causes abandonment -
Mixotrophic Protists Among Marine Ciliates and Dinoflagellates: Distribution, Physiology and Ecology
FACULTY OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN PhD thesis Woraporn Tarangkoon Mixotrophic Protists among Marine Ciliates and Dinoflagellates: Distribution, Physiology and Ecology Academic advisor: Associate Professor Per Juel Hansen Submitted: 29/04/10 Contents List of publications 3 Preface 4 Summary 6 Sammenfating (Danish summary) 8 สรุป (Thai summary) 10 The sections and objectives of the thesis 12 Introduction 14 1) Mixotrophy among marine planktonic protists 14 1.1) The role of light, food concentration and nutrients for 17 the growth of marine mixotrophic planktonic protists 1.2) Importance of marine mixotrophic protists in the 20 planktonic food web 2) Marine symbiont-bearing dinoflagellates 24 2.1) Occurrence of symbionts in the order Dinophysiales 24 2.2) The spatial distribution of symbiont-bearing dinoflagellates in 27 marine waters 2.3) The role of symbionts and phagotrophy in dinoflagellates with symbionts 28 3) Symbiosis and mixotrophy in the marine ciliate genus Mesodinium 30 3.1) Occurrence of symbiosis in Mesodinium spp. 30 3.2) The distribution of marine Mesodinium spp. 30 3.3) The role of symbionts and phagotrophy in marine Mesodinium rubrum 33 and Mesodinium pulex Conclusion and future perspectives 36 References 38 Paper I Paper II Paper III Appendix-Paper IV Appendix-I Lists of publications The thesis consists of the following papers, referred to in the synthesis by their roman numerals. Co-author statements are attached to the thesis (Appendix-I). Paper I Tarangkoon W, Hansen G Hansen PJ (2010) Spatial distribution of symbiont-bearing dinoflagellates in the Indian Ocean in relation to oceanographic regimes. Aquat Microb Ecol 58:197-213.