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129 Genus Leptosia Huebner AFROTROPICAL BUTTERFLIES. MARK C. WILLIAMS. http://www.lepsocafrica.org/?p=publications&s=atb Updated 5 February 2021 Genus Leptosia Hübner, [1818] Wood Whites In: Hübner, [1808-18]. Zuträge zur Sammlung exotischer Schmettlinge [sic] 1: 13 ([3] + 4-6 + [7] + 8- 32 + [33] - [40] pp.). Augsburg. [7:-:8]. Type-species: Leptosia chlorographa Hübner, by subsequent designation (Scudder, 1875. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 204 (91-293). [extralimital]. = Nychitona Butler, 1870. Cistula Entomologica 1: 34, 41 (33-58). Type-species: Papilio dorothea Fabricius, by original designation. Synonym based on extralimital type-species: Nina Horsfield. Opaque Wood White (Leptosia wigginsi wigginsi ). Image courtesy Jeremy Dobson. The genus Leptosia belongs to the Family Pieridae Swainson, 1820; Subfamily Pierinae Swainson, 1820; Tribe Leptosiaini Braby, 2014. There are no other genera in the Tribe Leptosiaini in the Afrotropical Region. Leptosia (Wood Whites) is an essentially Afrotropical genus of nine species. Seven species are Afrotropical and two are found extralimitally – L. nina (India to Australia) and L. lignea (Sulawesi). The genus was revised by Bernardi in a series of publications (1952, 1959, 1964, 1966). *Leptosia alcesta (Stoll, [1782])# African Wood White 1 African Wood White (Leptosia alcesta), Burman Bush, Durban. Image courtesy Steve Woodhall. Papilio alcesta Stoll, [1782] in Stoll, [1780-2]. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia, Africa en America 4 [part]: 175 (29-252). Amsteldam & Utrecht. Pontia alcesta Cramer. Trimen, 1862c. Pontia alcesta (Cramer, 1782). Trimen & Bowker, 1889. Leptosia alcesta Stoll. Swanepoel, 1953a. Leptosia alcesta (Stoll, 1782). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Leptosia alcesta (Stoll, 1780). Pringle et al., 1994: 298. [date of authorship erroneous] Leptosia alcesta alcesta. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Cape 3 Points, western Ghana. December 2002. R Vorgas. ABRI-2019-2948. Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection. Leptosia alcesta alcesta. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Putu Range, Liberia. December 2010. Safian, Zakar. ABRI-2019-2949. Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection. Alternative common names: African Spirit; Flip Flop. Type locality: “Côte de Guinée”. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea (Bacelar, 1949), Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2002), Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Swaziland, Madagascar. 2 Habitat: Forest and heavy woodland (savanna), especially along river courses. Also in disturbed areas in the forest zone (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania ssp. inalcesta occurs from sea-level to 1 850 m (Kielland, 1990d). In Madagascar in forest (Lees et al., 2003). Habits: A very common and ubiquitous forest butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). Both sexes keep to the forest understorey where they fly low down, in the shade, with a very weak, bouncing flight. They have been likened, when in flight, to floating pieces of tissue paper. Both sexes feed from small flowers in the forest undergrowth (Pringle et al., 1994). Larsen (1984; 1991; 2005a) recounts that in Nigeria he once saw a specimen settle on water to drink, being supported by surface tension alone, and using its closed wings as a ‘sail’. Males do not normally mud-puddle (Larsen, 1984). They are on the wing from early morning, often at first light (Larsen, 2005a). Flight period: All year but more plentiful in late summer and autumn (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Clark & Dickson, 1967: 38. [Described from material from Umhlanga Rocks, KwaZulu-Natal]. Egg. Laid singly on young shoots; pure white; 1.5 mm high by 0.4 mm in diameter; 10 longitudinal ribs, 6 of which reach the micropyle; ribs are cross-braced by 28-30 fine ribs; eclosion occurs after 4-6 days. Larva. Exits the egg near the top and consumes the discarded shell. On hatching is 1.5 mm long and transparent water- white, the transparency, until it feeds making it difficult to see. Feeds on the edge of a leaf and grows to 3 mm in 6 days. Second instar larva greenish above and whitish below. Selects a resting place from which it ventures forth to feed. Grows to 6 mm in 3 days. Third instar larva green and shows the same habits as the previous instar. Grows to 8 mm in 3 days. Fourth instar larva green but more setose than previous instar. Grows to 12.5 mm in 3 days. Fifth (final) instar larva slightly darker green with faint whitish sub-spiracular stripe. Grows to 22 mm (male) and 23 mm (female) in 10 days. Pupa. Length 15.5-16 mm and pale green. Secured to a twig by cremastral hooks and supported by a girdle. Pupal period about 10 days. There is a succession of broods throughout the year. Henning, Henning, Joannou, & Woodhall, 1997: 368 (photograph of final instar larva and pupa). Final instar larva and pupa of Leptosia alcesta. Images courtesy Allison Sharp. Larval food: Capparis brassii DC. (Capparaceae) [Joannou, in Pringle et al., 1994: 299]. Capparis fascicularis DC. var. zeyheri (Turcz.) Toelken (Capparaceae) [Clark & Dickson, 1967; as C. zeyheri]. Capparis tomentosa Lam. (Capparaceae) [Henning, Henning, Joannou, & Woodhall, 1997: 368]. Maerua juncea Pax (Capparaceae) [Henning, Henning, Joannou, & Woodhall, 1997: 368]. Ritchiea species (Capparaceae) [Larsen, 2005a]. Leptosia alcesta alcesta (Stoll, [1782]) African Wood White Papilio alcesta Stoll, [1782] in Stoll, [1780-2]. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia, Africa en America 4 [part]: 175 (29-252). Amsteldam & Utrecht. 3 Leptosia alcesta alcesta. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Cape 3 Points, western Ghana. December 2002. R Vorgas. ABRI-2019-2948. Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection. Leptosia alcesta alcesta. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Putu Range, Liberia. December 2010. Safian, Zakar. ABRI-2019-2949. Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection. Type locality: “Côte de Guinée”. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau (Bacelar, 1949), Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (south, central), Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Gambia – Fajara, Abuko, Bijilo, Pirang, Brufut, Farasutu, Sanyang, Janjanbureh Island, Tintinto, Basse (Jon Baker, pers. comm, May 2020). Guinea – Ziama (Safian et al., 2020). Liberia – Wonegizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Benin – Noyau Central, Lama Forest (Fermon et al., 2001); Houeyogbe Forest (Coache & Rainon, 2016); see Coache et al., 2017. Nigeria – Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a); Olokemeji Forest near Ibadan (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Alembe (Vande weghe, 2010); Lake Evaro (Vande weghe, 2010); Loa-Loa (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Iguela (Vande weghe, 2010); Lope (Vande weghe, 2010). narica Fabricius, 1793 (as sp. of Papilio). Entomologia Systematica emendata et aucta 3 (1): 187 (488 pp.) “Guinea”. cepheus Ehrmann, 1894 (as sp. of Pseudopontia). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 2: 77 (77-78). Liberia: “Grand Sess, West Africa”. Leptosia alcesta inalcesta Bernardi, 1959# African Wood White Leptosia alcesta inalcesta Bernardi, 1959. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 64: 33 (30-36). 4 Leptosia alcesta inalcesta Bernardi, 1959. Pringle et al., 1994: 298. Leptosia alcesta inalcesta. Male (Wingspan 35 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Lekgalameetse N.R., Limpopo Province, South Africa. 1 September 2002. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection. Leptosia alcesta inalcesta. Female (Wingspan 40 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Lekgalameetse N.R., Limpopo Province, South Africa. 8 April 2006. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Williams Collection. Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Tananika, Kilimandjaro, Neu Moschi, 800m”. Paratype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium. Distribution: Sudan (south), Uganda, Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu, Ituri, Shaba), Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia (mainly north), Mozambique, Zimbabwe (east), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal), Swaziland. Specific localities: Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Democratic Republic of Congo – Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018). Kenya – widespread (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Kilimanjaro (TL); in all parts of the country with suitable (forest) habitat (Kielland, 1990d); Semdoe Forest Reserve (Doggart et al., 2001); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006). Malawi – Zomba Mountain (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia – Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002); Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); mid-Lunga River (Heath et al., 2002); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Victoria Falls (Heath et al., 2002); Lubwe on Lake Bangweulu (Heath et al., 2002); Lake Mweru (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Maputo; Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mecula [-12.0772 37.6297] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013). Zimbabwe – Dichwe Farm near Chinhoyi (Mullin). Limpopo Province – Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”) (Swanepoel, 1953); Woodbush (Swanepoel, 1953); Mokeetzi (Swanepoel, 1953); Sibasa (Swanepoel, 1953). Mpumalanga – Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); Graskop (Swanepoel, 1953); Mariepskop (Swanepoel,
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