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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-17531-9 - The Invention of Sacred Tradition Edited by James R. Lewis and Olav Hammer Index More information

Index

Abenragel, 193 credibility of scholars refuting, attempts to A˚berg, Einar, 83, 84 undermine, 107 Abu Mashar, 167 discovery of evidence of, 101, 107, 109–12 accretions of material discovery of process of, 101, 104–7 in Hebrew Bible, 260 empirical evidence refuting, 105–7 treasure revelation in Tibetan Buddhism, 219 critical theory approach to, 97 Acephalians, 251 deprogramming, 109–12 ACM. See anti-cult movement differentiation of NRMs from legitimate Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 89 religions, 103, 107–9 Ahmadiyya group, 11 discovery Ahura Mazda¯. See Zoroastrianism and of NRMs separate from traditional Zoroastrian corpus organizations, 101–4 A˚kerman, Susanna, viii, 8, 158 as process of invention, 98 al-Attiyah, Dr., 92 of subversive qualities of NRMs, 101, 102–3, al-Qaeda, 91 107–9 alchemy. See under Rosicrucians families as motivation behind, 98, 100, 108, Alexander the Great, 184, 259 110, 113 Alexandrinus codex, 147 against The Family International allegory, 38, 47–51 (formerly Children of God), 100, Alliance Israe´lite Universelle, 78 101, 104, 110, 130 Alruna, 161, 162 against ISKCON (Hare Krishnas), 6, 100, 104 Also Sprach Zarathustra (Nietzsche), 178, 195 mystification of social constructions in, 97, 98 American Family Foundation (now International NRMs (New Religious Movements) as target Cultic Studies Association), 101, 107. See of, 6, 97, 99–100 also anti-cult movement against Scientology, 18, 26, 29, 30 American Indian spirituality. See Castaneda, social construction of, 97, 100–1 Carlos, and Don Juan Matu´s subversion ancestors, baptism of, in Mormonism, 67–70 discovery of NRMs’ subversive qualities, Andreae, Johann Valentin, 158 101, 102–3, 107–9 Andrews, Lynn, 46 as ideology of movement, 98 Anglicanism, change and tradition in, 59 against Unificationism (See Unificationism) Ankerberg, John, 134 against Urantia Book, 208–12 anonymous authors wider societal alliances, failure to generate, 114 authoritative figures, authorship of Hebrew anti-Semitism. See Judaism; Protocols of the Bible projected back on to, 2, 7, 260 Learned Elders of Zion in biblical world, 259 anti-Zionism vs. anti-Semitism, 92 misattribution of texts of, 3 Antiochus IV, 272 texts misattributed to later figures, 3, 141 apocalypticism Anthon, Charles, 63 Daniel, 273 anti-cult movement, 96–114 Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion brainwashing and, 85–7

291

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-17531-9 - The Invention of Sacred Tradition Edited by James R. Lewis and Olav Hammer Index More information

292 Index

apocalypticism (cont.) Barker, Eileen, 48, 52 in Bureus, 160 Barkun, Michael, 76 in first manifestos, 158 Barruel, Augustin de, 80, 81, 93 recognition of origins in, 159 Barthes, Roland, 255 Scientology texts, epistemological end time Basil of Caesaria, 245 created by, 25, 31 Beck, Roger, 189 Apocryphon of John, 191 Beek, Gottfried zur (Ludwig Mu¨ller von Apollinaris, 245 Hausen), 82 apostolic authorship belief and skepticism regarding invention of New Testament, as canonical criterion for sacred tradition, 12–15. See also critical in antiquity, 142–5 self-analysis late antique doubts regarding, 149–50 Ben-Itto, Hadassa, 76, 77, 85 in Middle Ages, 150 Ben Sira, 258, 261 of Pseudo-Dionysius, 251, 254 Berger, Peter, 96, 97 Appel, Willa, 105 Berossos, 9 Arbatel, 162 Berry, Harold J., 129–30 Aristeas, Letter of, 265 Besold, Christoph, 158 Aristophanes, 242 BeWISE, 88 Aristotle, 3, 10, 242 Bharati, A., 50 Arnobius, 190 Bible. See also Hebrew Bible; New Testament artifacts biblical criticism, 12, 206, 211, 275 as invention of sacred tradition, 16 as divinely inspired, 148, 258 in Tibetan Buddhism, 228–32 in Mormonism, 57, 59, 61, 65, 67, 68, 69 Asatru, 15. See also paganisms, modern as single sacred book, 147–9 astronomy/astrology Unificationism’s Divine Principle and exotic misattribution of origins of, 9 canonical status of Divine Principle, 133–6 Rosicrucians, 160, 164–8 unbiblical nature of revelations of Rosicrucians and, 160, 164–8 Moon, 133 Zoroastrianism and Zoroastrian corpus, 178, Bible Believers, 88 192–4 Bidez, Joseph, 186, 189, 192 Athanasius, 244–5 Bjornstad, James, 129–30 Auge´, Marc, 73 Blain, Jenny, 285 August of Anhalt, 159 Blavatsky, Madame, 39, 50, 205 Aum Duk-moon, 123 Boissard, J. J., 162 authorship of texts. See also misattribution of Bonewits, Isaac, 281 texts; pseudepigraphy Boniface VIII (pope), 253 anonymity. See anonymous authors Borrichius, Olaus, 169, 171 apostolic. See apostolic authorship Bowman, Marion, 204, 287 in Bible. See Hebrew Bible; New Testament Boyer, Paul, 86 copyright issues and divine authorship, 206–8 Brafmann, Jacob, 78 in Greco-Roman vs. Middle Eastern world, brainwashing. See under anti-cult movement 261–2 Breen, Mike, 125, 126 Pseudo-Dionysian corpus. See Pseudo- Bromley, David G., viii, 6–7, 96 Dionysius Bronner, Stephen, 77 in Scientology. See under Scientology Brooke, John, 64 Urantia Book’s lack of authorship, significance Bruner, Emile, 42 of, 205–6 Bry, Theodore de, 162 automatic speaking/writing, rejection Buddhism. See also treasure revelation in Tibetan explanation of production of Urantia Buddhism Book, 201, 203 historical Buddha, attribution of divergent Avalokites´vara, 221, 222 traditions to, 7, 12 Avesta, 179, 185 Mahayana Buddhism, 3, 12 Nyingma Buddhism, 12, 214, 217–25 Bab Bathra, 263 revealed texts in, 12 baptism of the dead in Mormonism, 67–70 ‘‘soteriology of the senses’’ in, 229

Index 293

Budowec, Vaclav, 165 Charles the Bald of France, 252, 253 Buerger, D. J., 65 Chemical Wedding of Christian Rosencruetz, The, Bureus, Johannes, 160–4, 165, 167 158, 164 Ch’eongsugyo (‘Pure Water Church’ or Israel Cajetan, Thomas Cardinal, 151 Monastery), 120–2 Calvin, John, 152 Children of God. See Family International canonical texts China in New Testament. See New Testament re-education efforts and brainwashing, in Scientology, 21–2 104, 106 Unificationism, canonical status of Divine revival of religion in Tibet since invasion by, Principle in, 133–6 234–6 Zoroastrian corpus, scripturalization of, 183–5 Choi Sun-kil, 121 Carrithers, Michael, 50, 52 Choi Won-pok, 124 Casaubon, Isaac, 3 Chokgyur Lingpa, 220 Castaneda, Carlos, and Don Juan Matu´s, 5, 38–52 Cho¨wang, 224, 231 academic views of, 26–9 Christadelphians, 130 ancient tradition, presented as, 47, 52 Christensen, Dorthe Refslund, 19 charisma, rhetoric, metaphor, and allegory, Christian Science, 130 use of, 38, 47–51 Christianity, 7–9. See also Hebrew Bible; New drug use associated with, 41, 42, 45, 48, 50 Testament fact vs. truth in, 42, 47 biblical criticism, 12, 206, 211 human transmission of tradition, primary exoticism in, 8–9 interest in, 2 fundamentalist/evangelical initial presentation as ethnography and Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion and, 86 eventual exposure as hoax, 40–2 Unificationism and, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137 mythical role assigned to Castaneda, 46, 48–9 Gnostic texts, 189–91 New Age and, 40, 42, 44 Korean Christians’ dislike of Moon and popular response to, 45–7 Unificationism, 126 shamanism modern paganisms and, 277, 280, 283 Castaneda’s work viewed as presentation Mormonism and, 57, 59, 61, 65, 69, 72 of, 42–5 Neo-Platonism reworked in terms of, 241, neo-shamanism, 46, 51, 52 247–9, 251, 252. See also Pseudo-Dionysius Western fascination with, 38 new texts, means of introducing, 10–11 tension between Western rationality and desire Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion and, 76, for alternate reality, 38, 39, 40, 45 82, 84–9 trickster elements of, 45, 51, 52 skepticism and belief in, 12, 13, 14, 15 Cecco d’Ascoli (Francesco degli Stabili), 193, 194 spiritual counterfeit, concept of, 129–31 Central Church of Christ, 130 Unificationism and. See under Unificationism chain of memory, religion as, 33 Urantia book and, 207–8, 210–11 Chalcedonian controversy in Pseudo-Dionysius, Zoroastrianism and, 183–4, 189–91 243, 244–7, 251–2 Christina of Sweden, 168, 169, 171 Chaldean Oracles, 195 Chronicles (biblical books), 266 Chandler, Michael, 63 Chryssides, George D., viii, 7, 118 change and tradition, reconciling Chryssolaras, Immanuel, 160 in Anglicanism, 59 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. See in Mormonism, 58–60 Mormonism in Scientology, 26–9, 32–3 Church of Scientology. See Scientology channeling as method of reception of Urantia Church Universal and Triumphant, 11, 102 Book, 203–5, 211 Clarke, C. J. S., 43 charisma and invention of sacred tradition classical world. See also New Testament Castaneda, Carlos, and Don Juan Matu´s, 38, authorship in, 261–2 47–51 exoticism in, 9 Sadler, William, and Urantia Book, 203 pseudepigraphy in, 262 treasure revelation in Tibetan Buddhism, 216, Pseudo-Dionysius. See also 228–32 Pseudo-Dionysius

294 Index

classical world (cont.) Daniel, book of, 272–3 imperial/ecclesiastical power vs. Frankish/ Darius III, 184 French power and, 252–4 David, 260, 268–70 as mediator between Hellenism and Davidson, Ronald, 220 Christianity, 243, 247–9 Davies, Douglas J., ix, 5–6, 56 Neoplatonic tradition reworked for Davies, Philip, ix, 14, 258 Christianity by, 241, 247–9, 251, 252 de Mille, Richard, 41, 43, 46, 47 Clement of Alexandria, 147, 183, 187–9 de Wette, W. M. L., 265 Clement of Rome, 149 dead, baptism of, in Mormonism, 67–70 Code of Hammurabi, 259 Dee, John, 161, 164–75 codex form, Bible in, 147–9 Deer Tribe Metis Medicine Society Shamanic Cohn, Norman, 75, 77, 78, 81, 83 Lodge of Ceremonial Medicine, 46 Colotes, 188 Defenders of the Christian Faith, 76 Comastri, Giovanni Batista, 170 Demophilus the monk, 253 ‘‘coming forth’’ in Mormonism, 60–2 deprogramming in anti-cult movement, 109–12 Communism and Illuminati conspiracy, 87 Derrida, Jacques, 255–6 Community of Christ, 56 des Mousseaux, Gougenot, 78, 79 conspiracy theory and Protocols of the Learned Deuteronomy, 265–7 Elders of Zion, 84–9 Devil worship, Jews associated with, 77–8 Constantine (Holy Roman Emperor), 147 Dialogue aux Enfers entre Montesquieu et Conway, Flo, 103, 105 Machiavel (Joly), 81–2 Cooper, Abraham, 76 Didache, 149 copyright Dilling, Elizabeth, 88 Scientology texts, legal strategies used to Dionysius the Areopagite. See Pseudo-Dionysius protect, 29, 34–5 discovery Urantia Book, 206–8 in anti-cult movement Cornelius Agrippa, Heinrich, 162 of NRMs separate from traditional Corrigan, Kevin, viii, 13, 241 organizations, 101–4 Cosmopilite, the (Michael Sendivogius), 170–4 as process of invention, 98 Coughlin, Charles, 87 of subversive qualities of NRMs, 101, 102–3, counterfeit, spiritual 107–9 concept of, 129–31 Hebrew Bible, discovery of ancient lawbook SCP (Spiritual Counterfeits Project), 129 in, 265, 267 Unificationism accused of. See under treasure revelation in Tibetan Buddhism, 226–7 Unificationism Divine Light Mission, 129 counterfeit spirituality, concept of, 134. See also Divine Principle. See under Unificationism under Unificationism divine sources. See transcendent sources, Cowan, Douglas E., ix, 6–7, 96 traditions assigned to critical self-analysis docetism, 145 belief and skepticism, relationship between, doctrinal grounds for New Testament canonicity 12–15 in antiquity, 145–6 biblical criticism, 12, 206, 211, 275 ‘‘canon within canon,’’ 152, 154, 155 in modern paganisms, 279, 281, 288–9 in Protestant Reformation, 152 in Mormonism, 13, 58, 59, 71, 206 Dodrupchen, 218 paganisms, modern, 279 Don Juan Matu´s. See Castaneda, Carlos, and in Scientology, 36 Don Juan Matu´s treasure revelation in Tibetan Buddhism, 224 Dorn, Gerard, 166 critical theory approach to anti-cult movement, 97 Dragon cult, 125. See also Unificationism Cult Awareness Network, 101, 107. See also anti- drug use associated with Castaneda, 41, 42, 45, cult movement 48, 50 Cumont, Franz, 186, 189, 192 Druids, 15. See also paganisms, modern Cyril of Jerusalem, 244–5 Morganwg, Iolo, and Welsh Druids, 277–8, 280 Dam, Robert, 29 prayer, 277, 280 Damascius Diodochus, 244, 247 proliferation and development of, 280–1

Index 295

RDNA (Reformed Druids of North America), anti-cult deprogramming first used on 15, 281 members of, 110 witchcraft and, 280, 283 anti-cult movement’s attempts to delegitimate, Drury, Nevil, 44, 46 100, 101, 104 Dudjom Rinpoche (Jikdrel Yeshe Dorje), 224 Christian cult, identification as, 130 Durkheim, Emile, 96 origins of, 102 Dzogchen, 220, 223 fantasy literature, rise in popularity of, 39 feminist paganisms in New Zealand, 287–9 Ecclesiastes, 261, 270 Fernandez, James, 52 Eckhart, Meister, 255 FFWPU (Family Federation for World Peace Egyptology, orientalism, and Mormonism, and Unification). See Unificationism 63–4 Ficino, Marsilio, 9, 195, 254 E´ırik the Red, Saga of, 284–5 Finkelstein, I., 268, 270 el-Kayyali, Abdelwahab, 92 Fludd, Robert, 159, 166, 171, 174 endowments in Mormonism, 65–7 Ford, Arthur, 131 Engels, Friedrich, 87 Ford, Henry, 83, 88 Enlightenment rationality and desire for alternative Francesco degli Stabili (Cecco d’Ascoli), 193, 194 reality, tension between, 38, 39, 40, 45 Frankish/French royal power vs. imperial/ Enmeduranki, 260 ecclesiastical power and Pseudo- Enoch, 260 Dionysius, 252–4 Epic of Gilgamesh, 260, 261 Franklin, Joe, 120 Erasmus, 151, 241, 254 Frazer, James, 282 Eriugena, 253 freedom of religion in Urantia Book copyright eschatology. See apocalypticism case, 207 esotericism, 277 Freemasonry Estonian paganism, 278, 286–7 Illuminati conspiracy and, 79, 80, 81, 87, 93 ethnic/nationalist paganisms, 277–8, 279, Jewish conspiracies connected with, 79, 80, 81, 286–7 83, 87 Eu Hyo-won, 124 Mormonism and, 64, 66 Euripides, 242 Rosicrucians and, 175 Eusebius of Caesarea, 145, 146, 147 Freezone, 26 Eusebius Pamphili, 252 French Revolution and Illuminati conspiracy, 80, evangelical/fundamentalist Christianity 87, 93 Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion and, 86 Freud, Sigmund, 96 Unificationism and, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137 Frizius, Joachim (Robert Fludd), 159 Evoli, Cesare, 162 Froelich, Karlfried, 254 exoticism, 8–9 fundamentalism Ezra in Christianity Hebrew Bible, Ezra and Nehemiah in, 274–5 Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion and, 86 pseudepigraphic books of, 264 Unificationism and, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137 Mormon, 56 fact vs. truth Funk, Robert W., 155 in Castaneda’s work, 42, 47 in classical world, 242 Gabella, Phillippus a (Philemon RC), 165, 170, in Hebrew Bible, 275 173, 174 in Scientology, 18, 29, 30, 37 Galatinus, Petrus, 162 Fama fraternitatis roseae crucis, 158, 159, 160, 167 Galaxy Press, 35 family Garab Dorje, 229, 232 anti-cult movement and, 98, 100, 108, 110, 113 Gardner, Gerald, 281–3, 286 in Mormonism, 57, 58, 66, 67–70 Gardner, Martin, 209, 211 Family Federation for World Peace and Gassendi, Pierre, 159 Unification (FFWPU). See Ga¯tha¯s, 179–81 Unificationism Gayley, Holly, ix, 12, 213 Family International, The (formerly Children Geary, Patrick, 214 of God) Geaves, Ron, ix, 6, 75, 91

296 Index

Giddens, Anthony, 39 concepts of writing and authorship in biblical Gilgamesh, 260, 261 world, 258–62 Gilly, Carlos, 164, 165 development of spurious attribution of, 263 Giorgi, Francesco, 174 as divinely inspired, 258 Glasziou, Ken, 208–9 fact vs. truth in, 275 Gnostic texts, 189–91 false historical documents in, 273–4 goddess religion, 287–9. See also modern Greco-Roman vs. Middle Eastern world, paganisms 261–2 Goedsche, Hermann (Sir John Retcliffe), internal spurious attribution in, 258 77, 78 lawbook ‘‘discovered’’ in temple, 265, 267 Goldschmidt, Walter, 40 new material, addition of, 3 Gospel of Peter, 143, 145 patriarchal tradition, historicity of, 267 Gospel of Thomas, 143, 146 plagiarism as violation of third gospels, canonical, 143–4 commandment, 118 Govinda, 50 prophetic books, 244, 260 Gray, James, 87 pseudepigraphy Greco-Roman world. See classical world accretions of new material to originally Gregory of Nazianzus, 242 authored documents, 260 Gregory Thaumaturge, 244–5 authoritative figures, authorship projected Griaule, Marcel, 40 back on to, 2, 7, 260, 262 Grindal, Bruce T., 45 deliberate misattribution, lack of, 262 Grocyn, William, 14, 241, 254 Jewish pseudepigrapha/apocrypha, 264, 273 Groothuis, Douglas R., 129–30 pseudo-prophecies, 273 Gruss, Edmond C., 129–30 purposes of spurious attribution of, 263 gter ston (terto¨n or ‘‘treasure revealer’’). See under retrospective spurious attribution in, 258 treasure revelation in Tibetan Buddhism Rosicrucians, heavenly dew of, 168–75 Gurdjieff, Georges Ivanovich, 39, 46, 50 skepticism and belief, 12 Guru Cho¨wang, 224, 231 Hebrews, book of Pauline authorship of, 141, 143, 149–50, 151 hadith collections, 10, 15, 264 Hellenism. See classical world Hamas, 91 Helpen, Coenders van, 172 Hammer, Olav, 1 heresy, orthodoxy, and New Testament Hammurabi Code of, 259 canonicity Hanegraaf, Hank, 129–30 in antiquity, 145–6 Hardman, Charlotte, ix, 5, 38 ‘‘canon within canon,’’ 152, 154, 155 Hare Krishnas. See ISKCON in Protestant Reformation, 152 Harman, Johannes, 166 Hermas, Shepherd of, 145, 149 Harner, Michael, 43–4, 47, 52 Hermes Trismegistus, 3, 10, 162, 186 Harrington, Michael, x, 13, 241 Hermippus, 187 Harris, Doug, 129–30, 137 Hervieu-Le´ger, Danie`le, 33 Harris, Martin, 63 Herzl, Theodore, 75, 82 Harvey, Graham, x, 15, 277 Hess, Tobias, 158 Haselmayer, Adam, 165, 173 Hezbollah, 90, 91 Hassan, Steven, 125 Hierotheus and Pseudo-Dionysius, 243, 248, 250 Hathaway, Ronald, 245 highland kilt, invention of, 1 Haug, Martin, 181 Hinduism, sampradaya tradition in, 128 Hausherr, Tilmann, 125 historical characters inserted into fictional but Heathen reconstructionism, 283–6. See also pedagogically useful relationship, 249–50 paganisms, modern historical documents, false, in Hebrew Bible, heavenly dew in Rosicrucianism, 168–75 273–4 Hebrew Bible, 14, 258–75. See also specific books Hitler, Adolf, 83, 84, 87 and biblical figures Hobsbawm, Eric, 1, 2, 3, 39, 58, 68, 72, 215 anonymous authors, 259 Holocaust denial, 89–90, 92 biblical criticism, 12, 206, 211, 275 Homer, 242, 261 Christian designation as Old Testament, 147 Hoon Dok Hon Texts, 124

Index 297

Horace, 242 ‘‘Manifest Success’’ doctrine, 86, 92 Horwitz, Jonathan, 46 supposed Jewish attempt to forge, 90 Hubbard, L. Ron. See Scientology transcendent source, attribution to, 2 Hugh of St. Victor, 148 skepticism and belief in, 15 human transmission of traditions, concern Western dominance, Muslim humiliation with, 2 by, 91 Hus, Johan, 160 on Zoroastrian corpus, 184, 192–4 Hutton, Ronald, 281 Islamic Jihad, 91 Huxley, Aldous, 45 Israel Jesus Church/Israel Monastery, 120–2, Hystaspes, 183, 185 125–7, 128 Ivakhiv, Adrian, 286 Illuminati conspiracy, association of Jews with, 79–81, 86–7 Jaber, Hisham, 90 IMF (International Monetary Fund), Illuminati Jacobins, 80 linked to, 81 Jacobs, Charles, 90 Imhotep, 260 Ja¯ma¯spa, 182–3, 184, 193 Indian spirituality. See Castaneda, Carlos, and James, Nigel, 80, 85 Don Juan Matu´s Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo, 220 International Cultic Studies Association Jehovah’s Witnesses, 130 (formerly American Family Foundation), Jellinek, Roger, 42 101, 107. See also anti-cult movement Jerome, 149–50, 151, 152, 242 International Monetary Fund (IMF), Illuminati Jesus. See Christianity linked to, 81 Jigme Lingpa, 231 inventing sacred tradition, 1–17 Jigme Tenpe Nyima, 218 definition of invention, 2–4 Jikdrel Yeshe Dorje (Dudjom Rinpoche), 224 definition of tradition, 1 John, Apocryphon of, 191 delegitimation via, 6–7 John Birch Society, 82, 88 distinguishing old, genuine tradition from, John Chrysostom, 244–5 impossibility of, 39 John of Scythopolis, 244 exoticism, 8–9 Joly, Maurice, 81–2 in information age, 11 Josephus, 261, 264 legitimacy confirmed by, 4–6, 210, 211 Josiah, discovery of lawbook by, 265, 267 modern concept of originality vs. pre- Judaism. See also Hebrew Bible modern valuation of place within anti-Zionism vs. anti-Semitism, 92 tradition, 241–3 delegitimation and anti-Semitism new texts, means of introducing, 9–12 (See Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion) reasons for, 4–7 Freemasonry, association with, 79, 80, 81, skepticism and belief, 12–15 83, 87 transmission of tradition, means of, 2 Holocaust denial, 89–90, 92 Irenaeus of Lyons, 142, 144, 147 kabbalah, Rosicrucian interest in. See under Isaiah, book of, 261, 271, 272 Rosicrucians ISKCON (Hare Krishnas) liberalism, association of Jews with, 81–2 anti-cult movement estimates of pseudepigrapha/apocrypha, 264, 273 numbers, 109 skepticism and belief in, 12, 13, 15 anti-cult movement’s attempts to delegitimate, Julian the Apostate, 242 6, 100, 104. See also anti-cult movement Julian of Halicarnassus, 244 on Jesus in Asia, 11 Julius of Rome, 244–5 origins of, 101 Justin Martyr, 144, 183 Islam Justinian (Byzantine emperor), 243 Ahmadiyya group, 11 hadith collections, 10, 15, 264 kabbalah. See under Rosicrucians ‘‘Manifest Success’’ doctrine, 86, 92 Kellogg, Wilfred, 209 Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion and, 76, Kepler, Johannes, 167 84, 89–93 Khandro Ta¯re Lhamo, 220, 234 Qur’an Khenpo Jigme Phuntsok, 235

298 Index

Khyentse Wangpo, Jamyang, 233 Maaherra, Kristen, 206–8 Kibridli Zade (Millinger, Osman Bey), 78, McCabe, Joshua, 124 79, 81 McCarthy, Kevin, 134 kilt, invention of, 1 McDowell, Josh, 129–30 Kim Baek-moon, 120–2, 125–7, 128, 133 Machiavelli, Nicolas, 81–2 Kim, Jin-Choon, 122 McMullan, Harry, III, 207–8 Kim Kwan-suk, 131 Madathanus, Henricus, 171 Kim Won-pil, 123 Maharaji, Guru, 129 Kim, Young Oon, 124, 131 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, 129 Kliever, Lonnie D., 23–4 Mahathir Muhammad, 89 Koch, Hugo, 244 Mahayana Buddhism, 3, 12 Kongtrul, Jamgo¨n, 233 Maha¯yoga mantras, 221 Korean Christians’ dislike of Moon and Manichaean sources on Zoroastrianism, Unificationism, 126 183–4 Korean War ‘‘Manifest Success’’ doctrine of Qur’an, brainwashing of prisoners of war during, 86, 92 104, 106 Man˜jus´rimitra, 232 Moon, Sun-Myung, and, 123 Marbodius of Rennes, 186 Krushevan, Pavolachi, 82 Marcion, 143 kutsabs, 229–31 Marion, Jean-Luc, 255 Kwang Hae Church (‘‘Church of the Ocean of Marrs, Texe, 86 Light’’ or Israel Monastery), 120–2 Marsden, Victor, 83 Martin, Walter, 134 La Barre, Weston, 42 Marton, Yves, 45 Lactantius, 183 Marx, Karl, 1, 87, 96 LameDeer, Archie, 46 Masons. See Freemasonry Lamoreaux, John, 244 material artifacts Langdarma, 220 as invention of sacred tradition, 16 lapidary texts on Zoroastrian corpus, 186 in Tibetan Buddhism, 228–32 Larson, Bob, 134 Matilletus, Johannes, 166 Latour, Bruno, 285 Matu´s, Don Juan. See Castaneda, Carlos, and Latter-Day Saints, Church of Jesus Christ of. Don Juan Matu´s See Mormonism Maximus the Confessor, 244 Latvian paganism, 278, 286–7 Melito of Sardes, 147 LDS Church. See Mormonism memory, religion as chain of, 33 Lee, Sang Hun, 124 Mersenne, Marin, 159 Lee Yong-do, 126 Mesha Moabite stele, 259 Leowitz, Cyprian, 167 messiah, Sun-Myung Moon’s claims to be, Letter of Aristeas, 265 119–20, 126, 128, 134, 137 Levin, Nora, 82, 83 metaphor and invention of sacred tradition, 38, Levy, Richard S., 88 47–51 Lewis, Bernard, 91 Michael Foundation, 207–8 Lewis, James R., 1, 118, 128, 129, 210, 211 Michael of Nebadon, 211 Lewis, Sarah, x, 11, 199 Middle Platonism, 190 Liber de Causis, 10 millennialism. See apocalypticism liberalism, association of Jews Millinger (Kibridle Zade, Osman Bey), 78, 79, 81 with, 81–2 Mipham, Ju, 234 Linus, 191 misattribution of texts Lithuanian paganism, 278, 286–7 anonymous authors’ texts attributed to later Lobsang Rampa, 42 figures, 3, 141 Lofland, John, 124, 131 effects of, 3 Lucifer VII, 125, 126 mistaken identities, 141 Luther, Martin, 151–2, 160 of New Testament. See New Testament Lutostansky, Hippolytus, 79 nonexistent figures, attribution to, 3 Lydus, Joannes, 192 pseudepigraphy. See pseudepigraphic texts

Index 299

in Zoroastrianism. See under Zoroastrianism Muhammad. See Islam; Qur’an and Zoroastrian corpus Mu¨ller, Max, 11 Miscavige, David, 25, 32, 35, 36 Mu¨ller von Hausen, Ludwig (Gottfried zur mistaken identities of New Testament Beek), 82 authors, 141 Mullins, Larry, 200, 201, 202 Moabite stone, 259 Muratori canon, 144 modern paganisms. See paganisms, modern Murray, Margaret, 282, 283 Monas, 161, 164–8 Musaeus, 191 Monophysite controversy in Pseudo-Dionysius, Myerhoff, Barbara, 49, 50 243, 244–7, 251–2 mystical methodology of Pseudo-Dionysius, 246, Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, baron de, 255–6 81–2 mystification of social constructions, 97, 98 Moody Bible Institute, 87 Moon, Hak Ja Han, 134 Nag Hammadi texts, 190 Moon, Sun Myung, and Moonies. Namtrul Jigme Phuntsok, 220 See Unificationism Napoleon III, 81–2 Moore, Wilbert E., 32 Nasser, Gamal Abdul, 76 Morganwg, Iolo, 277–8, 280 nationalist/ethnic paganisms, 277–8, 279, 286–7 Mormonism, 5–6, 56–73 Native American spirituality. See Castaneda, baptism of the dead in, 67–70 Carlos, and Don Juan Matu´s Bible and Christianity in, 57, 59, 61, 65, 67, nature as central principle of modern paganisms, 68, 69, 72 278–9, 287, 289 chapel vs. temple Mormons, 65 Naude´, Gabriel, 159 counterfeit Christian group, identification Neel, David, 50 as, 123 negative theological framework of Pseudo- critical self-analysis in, 13, 58, 59, 71, 206 Dionysius, 246, 255–6 endowments and sealing, 65–7 Nehemiah, book of, 274–5 family in, 57, 58, 66, 67–70 Neil, Bronwen, 252 Freemasonry and, 64, 66 Neo-Platonism, 189, 191, 195, 241, 247–9, 251, 252 fundamentalists, 56 Neo-Pythagoreanism, 190 hieroglyphics drawn by Smith, 63–4 neo-shamanism, 46, 51, 52, 277 history as ideologically constructed by, 60–2, Nestorians and Nestorius, 245, 251 70–2 New Age, 8, 40, 42, 44 identity and nature of, 56–7 New Era Publications, 34 misattributed texts, effects of, 3 New Jesus Church, 126 phenomenological approach to, 57–8 New Religious Movements (NRMs), 6, 97, Plan of Salvation and concept of ‘‘coming 99–100. See also anti-cult movement forth,’’ 60–2 New Testament, 7, 141–55 polygamy or plural marriage, 56, 58, 71 anonymous texts later misattributed, 141 Protestant Reformation, self-distinction apostolic authorship as canonical criterion from, 61 in antiquity, 142–5 as reformation or restoration, 58–60 late antique doubts regarding, 149–50 related groups, 56 in Middle Ages, 150 ritual in, 65 biblical criticism, 12, 206, 211 sacred texts of, 62–4 ‘‘canon within canon,’’ 152, 154, 155 skepticism and belief in, 13 continuity with origins, providing, 142 Smith, Joseph, 13, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62–4, 66, as divinely inspired, 148 69, 70, 72, 206 Gospels (narrative accounts about Jesus), temples, 57, 65 143–4 undergarments, 57 Hebrews, Pauline authorship of, 141, 143, as world religion, 72–3 149–50, 151 Moses, Pentateuch ascribed to, 2, 265–8 Irenaeus of Lyons on, 142, 144, 147 Mousseaux, Gougenot des, 78, 79 in Middle Ages, 150 Movement of Inner Spiritual Awareness, 128 mistaken identities of authors, 141 Moyer, E. P., 203, 205 modern theological problems with, 152–5

300 Index

New Testament (cont.) orthodoxy and New Testament canonicity Muratori canon, 144 in antiquity, 145–6 organization of Christian church, role of ‘‘canon within canon,’’ 152, 154, 155 canonical scriptures in, 142 in Protestant Reformation, 152 orthodoxy as canonical criterion Osman Bey (Millinger, Kibridli Zade), 78, 79, 81 in antiquity, 145–6 Ouspensky, Peter D., 50 ‘‘canon within canon,’’ 152, 154, 155 in Protestant Reformation, 152 Padmasambhava, 12, 214. See also treasure Pauline letters, 141, 143, 149–50, 151, 153 revelation in Tibetan Buddhism in Protestant Reformation, 150, 152 authenticity of terto¨n and treasure text, pseudepigraphy in, 141, 150, 152–5 225, 226 Q (Quelle), 143 authorship of treasure texts, framing of, questions of authorship of, 141 217, 218 sayings of Jesus, 143–4 discovery site, links to, 226 as single document, 147–9 emergence of treasure revelation as skepticism and belief, 12 phenomenon and, 221, 222, 223 steps of canonization process, 143–5 relics associated with, 229–31, 232 supposed Jewish corruption of, 90 revival of religion in Tibet since 1980s and, 234 tradition as canonical criterion paganism of Julian the Apostate, 242 in antiquity, 146–7 paganisms, modern, 15, 277–89. See also Druids; in Middle Ages, 150 shamanism in modern period, 153, 155 Christian influence on, 277, 280, 283 in Protestant Reformation, 151–2 critical self-analysis in, 279, 281, 288–9 New Zealand, feminist paganisms in, 287–9. defined and described, 278–9 See also modern paganisms ethnic/nationalist paganisms, 277–8, 279, Nicholas II (czar), 76 286–7 Nichols, Ross, 283 feminist paganisms in New Zealand, 287–9 Nicolas of Damascus, 185 Heathen reconstructionism, 283–6 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 178, 195, 255 nature as central principle, 278–9, 287, 289 Nilus, Sergei, 82 Seidr, 284, 285 nonexistent figures, misattribution of texts to, 3 Star Trek pagans, 289 Norse Heathen reconstructionism, 283–6 tradition and antiquity as central northern antiquities and Rosicrucians, 161 principle, 279 Notovitch, Nicolas, 10 Wicca/Witchcraft NRMs (New Religious Movements), 6, 97, Druidism and, 280, 283 99–100. See also anti-cult movement feminist paganisms in New Zealand, 287–9 Nyangral Nyima O¨ ser, 222 Gardner and developments of Gardner, Nyingma Buddhism, 12, 214, 214, 217–25. See also 281–3, 286 treasure revelation in Tibetan Buddhism Pak Chong-hwa, 123 Palestinian activism and the Protocols, 90–2 occult tradition of Rosicrucians. See under Palombara, Marquise, 171, 172 Rosicrucians Papias, 144 Ofshe, Richard, 105 Paracelsus and Paracelsians, 159, 165, 166 Ogotemmeˆli, 40 Paris, identification of Pseudo-Dionysius with Okhrana (Russian secret police) and Protocols of first bishop of, 252 the Learned Elders of Zion, 76, 82 Parmenides, 243, 249, 250 Old Testament, 147. See also Hebrew Bible Partridge, Christopher, x, 6, 75, 80 O’Leary, Stephen, 85 Patanjali yoga, 50 Om. Man.ipadme Hu¯m. mantra, 222 Patrick, Theodore ‘‘Ted,’’ 109, 120, 125, 126, 127 Orgyan Lingpa, 223 Patrizi, Francesco, 195 orientalism, Egyptology, and Mormonism, Paul (apostle) 63–4 letters of, 141, 143, 149–50, 151, 153 Origen, 147, 149, 191, 252 Pseudo-Dionysius and, 248, 250 Orisha path, 45 Paul of Callinicus, 244 Orpheus, 162, 186, 191 Pausanias, 183

Index 301

Peet, Richard, 81 Russian secret police (Okhrana), original Pema Lingpa, 232 creation by, 76, 82 Pentateuch ascribed to Moses, 2, 265–8 Satan and Devil worship, Jews associated with, Peter, Gospel of, 143, 145 77–8 Peter the Fuller, 244 world domination, theory of Jewish plans of, Peter the Iberian, 244 78–9 Peters, L., 45 Proverbs, book of, 260, 269 phenomenological approach Psalms, book of, 269 to emergence of treasure revelation in Tibetan pseudepigraphy, 3, 14 Buddhism, 220–5 in biblical and classical worlds, 262. See also to Mormonism, 57–8 under Hebrew Bible Pherecydes, 191 Jewish pseudepigrapha/apocrypha, 264, 273 Philemon RC (Phillippus a Gabella), 165, 170, late antique period, frequency in, 244 173, 174 in New Testament, 141, 150, 152–5 Philip IV of France, 253 in Zoroastrianism, 178, 189 Philo of Alexandria, 261 Pseudo-Dionysius, 13, 241–56 Philosophes, 80 apostolic authorship, authority conferred by, Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni, 9, 162, 254 251, 254 Pike, Sarah, 288 Chalcedonian/Monophysite controversy and, Pingree, David, 193 243, 244–7, 251–2 plagiarism dating, 244 Plato and Zoroaster, 187–9 Frankish/French royal power vs. imperial/ Unificationism’s Divine Principle. See under ecclesiastical power and, 252–4 Unificationism Hellenism and Christianity, as mediator Urantia Book, 209 between, 243, 247–9 Plan of Salvation in Mormonism, 60–2 Hierotheus and, 243, 248, 250 Plato, 160, 162, 187–9, 195, 242, 243, 249 historical characters inserted into fictional Plethon, Georg Gemistos, 195 but pedagogically useful relationship, Pliny the Elder, 186–7, 192, 194 249–50 Plotinus, 189, 241, 243 identity of, 243 polygamy or plural marriage in Mormonism, 56, modern concept of originality vs. pre-modern 58, 71 valuation of place within tradition, 241–3, Porphyry, 189–91, 242, 272 255–6 Postel, Guillaume, 163 mystical methodology, negative theological Prinke, Rafal, 170, 173 framework of, 246, 255–6 Proclus, 10, 188–9, 241, 243, 244, 248, 249, 250 Neo-Platonic tradition reworked for prophetic books of Hebrew Bible, 244, 260 Christianity by, 241, 247–9, 251, 252 Protestant Reformation orchestration of composition of works for Mormonism’s self-distinction from, 61 pedagogical purposes, 250 New Testament canonicity in, 150, 152 Paris, identification with first bishop of, 252 Pseudo-Dionysius, identity of, 254 Paul and, 248, 250 Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, 6, 75–93 reasons for original author’s use of Christianity and, 76, 82, 84–9 pseudonym, 244–51 conspiracy theory and, 84–9 reception of contemporary significance of, 75–7 in late antique period, 251–2 Dialogue aux Enfers entre Montesquieu et in medieval and early modern period, Machiavel (Joly), influence of, 81–2 252–5 eschatological discourse and, 85–7 by modern scholars, 255–6 forgery, lack of effect of revelation as, 84 pseudonymous character discovered, 241, Illuminati conspiracy, association of Jews with, 252, 254–5 79–81, 86–7 scholiasts, 251–2 initial publications and translations of, 82–4 self-representation as Dionysius the Islam and, 76, 84, 89–93 Areopagite, 241, 243 liberalism, association of Jews with, 81–2 skepticism and belief, effects of, 13, 14 origins of, 76 Timotheus and, 243, 248, 250

302 Index

Pseudo-Dionysius (cont.) Dee, influence of, 161, 164–75 works of, 243–4 in first manifestoes, 158 Pythagoras, 162, 166, 191, 242 Fludd’s use of, 159 Pythagoreans, 242 heavenly dew, 168–75 Paracelsians, 159 Q (Quelle), 143 ancient wisdom attributed to, 158, 161 Qur’an apocalypticism ‘‘Manifest Success’’ doctrine, 86, 92 in Bureus, 160 supposed Jewish attempt to forge, 90 in first manifestoes, 158 transcendent source, attribution to, 2 recognition of origins in, 159 astronomy/astrology, 160, 164–8 Rachovsky, Pyotr Ivanovich, 82 Bureus on, 160–4 Ralpachen, 214 Christina of Sweden, 168, 169, 171 Ramo´n (shaman), 49 Dee, influence of, 161, 164–75 Ranger, Terence, 1, 2, 3, 39, 58, 215 early reactions to, 158–60 rationality and desire for alternate reality, tension Fama, 158, 159, 160, 167 between, 38, 39, 40, 45 Fludd on, 159, 166, 171, 174 RDNA (Reformed Druids of North America), 15, Freemasonry and, 175 281. See also Druids; paganisms, modern heavenly dew, 168–75 reconstructionism, Heathen, 283–6 kabbalah and occult tradition Reformed Druids of North America (RDNA), 15, in Bureus, 160, 161–3 281. See also Druids; paganisms, modern Dee, influence of, 161, 164–8 relics in first manifestoes, 158 as invention of sacred tradition, 16 Fludd’s use of, 159 in Tibetan Buddhism, 228–32 Naude´’s analysis of doctrines, 159 religious freedom in Urantia Book copyright Palombara, Marquise, 171 case, 207 Runic and letter mysticism in Bureus, 161–3 Renatus, Sincerus (Samuel Richter), 175 Monas, 161, 164–8 Renaudot, Theophraste, 171 mythology of, 158 Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- northern antiquities and, 161 Day Saints (RLDS), 56 original perpetrator of hoax, 158 Respour, Mr. (Daniel Schwanter), 173 Paracelsians and, 159, 165, 166 Retcliffe, Sir John (Hermann Goedsche), 77, 78 publication of original manifestos, 158–9 Reuchlin, Johannes, 160, 162 Runic and letter mysticism, 161–3 rhetoric and invention of sacred tradition, 38, Spiritus Mundi (World Soul) in, 159, 174 47–51 Rothstein, Mikael, x, 4, 18 Riccius, Paulus, 174 Rountree, Kathryn, 288–9 Richter, Samuel (Sincerus Renatus), 175 Rubasch, Rich, 125 ritual Runic and letter mysticism of Rosicrucians, 161–3 as invention of sacred tradition, 16 Runyan, Margaret, 48, 49 in Mormonism, 65 Russia treasure revelation in Tibetan Buddhism and, ethnic paganisms of former Soviet Union 215, 227 states, 278, 286–7 Robertson, Pat, 86–7 Illuminati conspiracy and Russian Robison, John, 79, 93 Revolution, 87 Rollin, Henri, 75 Okhrana (secret police) and Protocols of the Roman world. See classical world Learned Elders of Zion, 76, 82 Ron’s Org, 26 Rorem, Paul, 244, 251 Sacks, Sir Jonathan, 89 Rosenkreutz, Christian, 158, 172 sacred tradition, inventing. See inventing sacred Rosicrucians, 8, 158–75 tradition actual orders founded in wake of original Sacrobosco, Giovanni, 194 hoax, 175 Sadler, Lena, 200 alchemy Sadler, William. See under Urantia Book in Bureus, 161, 163, 164 Saga of E´ırik the Red, 284–5

Index 303

Saints Church, 56 Trementina, NM, underground vaults storing sampradaya tradition, 128 texts in, 25 Sanchez, Victor, 47 Scottish kilt, invention of, 1 Sarma Buddhism, 220 SCP (Spiritual Counterfeits Project), 129 Satan and Devil worship, Jews associated with, Scripture. See Bible; Hebrew Bible; New 77–8 Testament Schein, Edgar, 106 sealing in Mormonism, 65–7 Schiff, Jacob, 87 Sebastian, Tim, 280 scholiasts and Pseudo-Dionysius, 251–2 Seidr, 284, 285 Schwanter, Daniel (Mr. Respour), 173 Sendivogius, Michael (the Cosmopolite), 170–4 Scientology, 4, 18–37 Serapion, bishop of Antioch, 145 anonymity of text editors, 35 Sethianism, 190 anti-cultist polemic against, 18, 26, 29, 30 Seventh-Day Adventists authorship of all sacred texts by L. Ron counterfeit movement, identified as, 130 Hubbard Sadler, William, and Urantia Book, 199, 203, church insistence on, 18 204–5, 209 impossibility of, 21–3 Severus of Antioch, 244, 251 internal hermeneutics to explain alterations, shamanism lack of, 36 Castaneda’s work viewed as presentation of, revision of texts according to ‘‘policies’’ and, 42–5 26–9, 37 Heathen reconstructionism, 283–6 canonical list of texts, 21–2 neo-shamanism, 46, 51, 52, 277 change, flexibility, and endurance, methods Seidr, 284, 285 of, 26–9, 32–3 Welsh Druidism as form of, 277 common history, identification of members Western fascination with, 38 with, 6 Shapiro, Eli, 102 conflation of sacred texts with L. Ron Shepherd of Hermas, 145, 149 Hubbard’s life, 19–21 Sibylls, 161, 162 construction as religious tradition, Siegelman, Jim, 103, 105 methodology of, 29–31 Silberman, N. A., 268, 270 critics of church as unfaithful to Hubbard, 26–9 Siloam Inscription, 259 CST (Church of Spiritual Technology), 25, Sinaiticus codex, 147 29, 32, 34 Singer, Margaret, 105, 108 defense strategies of, 33–5 Sirach (Ben Sira), 258, 261 epistemological end time created by texts, skepticism about invented sacred tradition, 12–15. 25, 31 See also critical self-analysis fact vs. truth in, 18, 29, 30, 37 Smith, Alvin, 69 human transmission of tradition, interest in, 2 Smith, Joseph, 13, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62–4, 66, 69, information age, problems posed by, 11 70, 72, 206. See also Mormonism legal strategies used to protect texts, 29, 34–5 Socrates, 242, 249, 250 Miscavige, David, 25, 32, 35, 36 Solinus, 186 organizational structure, 36 Solomon, 260, 268–70 ‘‘policies,’’ 26–9, 37 Song of Songs, 270 presence of L. Ron Hubbard in world, Songtsen Gampo, 214, 222 member belief in, 32 Sosipater, 245, 253 recognition as bona fide religion, desire for, ‘‘soteriology of the senses,’’ 229 18, 33 Soviet Union, ethnic paganisms of former states revision of texts according to ‘‘policies,’’ of, 278, 286–7 26–9, 37 spiritual counterfeit RTC (Religious Technology Center), 24–5, concept of, 129–31 27, 29, 32, 34 Unificationism accused of. See under skepticism and belief in, 13 Unificationism social and historical forces creating and Spiritual Counterfeits Project (SCP), 129 maintaining texts, 23–6 Spiritualism Thetan, 35 Blavatsky, Madame, 39, 50, 205

304 Index

Spiritualism (cont.) Timotheus and Pseudo-Dionysius, 243, 248, 250 channelling as method of reception of Urantia Timothy Aelurus, 245 Book, 203–5 Toltec Path, 44, 46 Theosophy and Theosophical Society, 8, tradition as canonical criterion for New 47, 205 Testament. See under New Testament Spiritus Mundi (World Soul) in Fluddian tradition, sacred. See inventing sacred tradition Rosicrucianism, 159, 174 transcendent sources, traditions assigned to Squire, Bill, 129 Bible as divinely inspired, 147–9, 258 S´r¯ı Sim. ha, 229 copyright issues and divine authorship, 206–8 Star Trek pagans, 289 in information age, 11 Stark, Rodney, 72 as legitimation of tradition, 2 Stausberg, Michael, x, 177 Qur’an, 2 Stewart, Don, 129–30 Urantia Book, 199, 200–1 Stiglmayr, Josef, 244 Zoroastrian corpus, foundational act of divine Still, William, 86 revelation in, 177 Stolcius (Stoltz von Stoltenberg), Daniel, 166 Transcendental Meditation, 129 Stoller, Paul, 45 treasure revelation in Tibetan Buddhism, 12, subversion 213–36. See also Padmasambhava discovery of NRMs’ subversive qualities by authenticity, assessing, 224, 225–6 anti-cult movement, 101, 102–3, 107–9 authorship of treasure texts, framing of, 217–20 as ideology of anti-cult movement, 98 charisma Suda, 186 of historical figures through treasure objects, Sun Bear, 46 228–32 Swidler, Ann, 96 of terto¨ns, 216, 228 SwiftDeer, Harley, 46 critical self-analysis, 224 in different schools of Buddhism, 214 tartan, invention of, 1 discovery process, 226–7 Templars, Order of, 80 dissemination of texts, 227 temples emergence as phenomenon, 220–5 Jerusalem temple, lawbook ‘‘discovered’’ in, as form of tradition, 216 265, 267 ‘‘golden age’’ trope of decline and revival, 214 in Mormonism, 57, 65 heterogenous/accretive/collaborative nature of Terdag Lingpa, 229 texts, 219 terto¨n. See under treasure revelation in Tibetan innovation, as mechanism for, 214 Buddhism kutsabs, 229–31 Tertullian, 147, 242 landscape, relationship to, 224, 226, 234 texts as invention of sacred tradition. materiality of treasures, problems raised by, 224 See inventing sacred tradition, and specific Nyingma Buddhism, 12, 214, 217–25 texts Om. Man.ipadme Hu¯m. mantra, 222 Thatcher, Margaret, 286 ontological conception of past in, 213, 215 Theodosius the Monothelite, 244 relic status of treasure items, 228–32 Theophilus, Christianus, 165 revival of religion in Tibet since 234–6 Theosophy and Theosophical Society, 8, 47, 205 rituals associated with, 215, 227 Thetan in Scientology, 35 terto¨n or ‘‘treasure revealer’’ (gter ston), 214 Thomas Aquinas, 10, 255 authenticity of texts and, 225–6 Thomas, Gospel of, 143, 146 charismatic authority of, 216, 228 Thomassen, Einar, xi, 7, 141 dissemination of texts by, 227–8 Thus Spake Zarathustra (Nietzsche), 178, 195 as inheritors of imperial period legacy, 222 Tiass, Mustapha, 90 as ritual focal points, 215 Tibetan Buddhism. See also treasure revelation in role in transmission theology, 218 Tibetan Buddhism routinization into new lineage, 232–4 revealed texts in, 12 transmission theology, 218–19 ‘‘soteriology of the senses’’ in, 229 trickster, Castaneda as, 45, 51, 52 Tiele, Cornelius, 286 Trisong Detsen, 214, 221, 222, 232 Timmerman, Kenneth, 76 Trithemius, Johannes, 167

Index 305

truth vs. fact. See fact vs. truth description of, 199 Tsele Natshok Rangdrol, 233 Forum, The, 201, 202, 203, 208 Turner, Edith, 38 innovative nature of content and reception, stress on, 199, 204 Ukrainian paganism, 278, 286–7 Jesus papers, 207–8, 210–11 Unam Sanctam, 253, 254 lack of authorship, significance of, 205–6 Unificationism, 7, 118–38 legitimation efforts, 210, 211 anti-cult movement estimates of numbers, 109 as plagiarized, 209 anti-cult movement’s attempts to delegitimate, Sadler, William 6, 100, 104. See also anti-cult movement as charismatic leader, 203, 265 Christianity and on Contact Commission, 200 Christian or non-Christian identity of explanations for events provided by, 201–3 Unificationism, 131–2, 137 as former Seventh-Day Adventist, 199, 203, Divine Principle and Christian scripture, 204–5, 209 133–6 The Forum’s connection to, 201 fundamentalist/evangelical Christians, 133, ‘‘sleeping subject’’ as patient of, 199, 200 134, 135, 136, 137 secrecy, stress on, 201–3 Korean Christians’ dislike of Moon, 126 Seventh-Day Adventism and, 199, 203, Divine Principle, accusations of unoriginality 204–5, 209 against, 118–38 skepticism and belief in, 208–12 accusations of literal plagiarism, 120, 125–7 ‘‘sleeping subject’’ receiving, 199, 200–1, accusations of plagiarism of ideas, 127–9 202–3, 209 accusations of spiritual counterfeit, 129–38 ‘‘student visitors’’ or ‘‘celestial beings’’ damage done by plagiarism claims, 118–20 presenting, 199, 200–1 Israel Monastery and Kim Baek-moon, 120–2, 125–7, 128 Valentine, Carol, 88 revelations of Moon, validity of, 133 Valla, Lorenzo, 14, 241, 254 ‘‘The Principle’’ and Divine Principle Vaticanus codex, 147 distinguished, 122 Vedas, 2 writing and translation of Divine Principle, Vergil, 162 122–5 Verheyden, J., 144 Divine Principle and Christian scripture VERITAS, 27–9 canonical status of Divine Principle, 133–6 Vettius Valens, 192 unbiblical nature of Moon’s revelations, 133 vicarious baptism (of the dead) in Mormonism, Hoon Dok Hon Texts, 124 67–70 human history, eras of, 135 Vietnam War, 99 messiah, Moon’s claims to be, 119–20, 126, Villanovanus, Johannes, 166 128, 134, 137 Vimalamitra, 229 spiritual counterfeit, accusations of, 129–38 Virgil, 162 canonical status of Divine Principle, 133–6 Visˇta¯spa, 179, 182–3, 184 Christian or non-Christian identity, Vlastov, Stephen, 236 131–2, 137 von Shirach, Baldur, 84 concept of spiritual counterfeit, 129–31 revelations received by Moon, validity of, Wach, Joachim, 177 132–3 Wales and Druidism, 277–8, 280 salvation offered by Unificationism, 136–8 Walker, Barbara, 288 terminology for, 118 Wallis, Roy, 48, 51, 52 Unknown Life of Jesus Christ, 10 Warburg, Paul, 87 Urantia Book, 11, 199–212 Warrior Path, 44, 46 appearance of, 201 Wasson, Gordon, 42 automatic speaking/writing, rejection as Weber, Max, 4, 20, 24, 47–8, 51, 215 product of, 201, 203 Webster, Nesta, 86 channelling as method of reception, 203–5, 211 Weishaupt, Adam, 79, 87 Contact Commission, 200 Weldon, John, 134 copyright issues, 206–8 Welsh Druids, 277–8, 280

306 Index

West, Louis, 103, 108 Zand, 185 Western culture, 7–9 Zarathustra. See Zoroastrianism and Zoroastrian exoticism in, 8–9 corpus Islamic humiliation by, 91 Zeno, 249, 250 rationality and desire for alternate reality, Zoroastrianism and Zoroastrian corpus, 9, 177–95 tension between, 38, 39, 40, 45 astronomy/astrology, 178, 192–4 skepticism and belief in, 12, 13, 14, 15 Avesta, 179, 185 Wicca/Witchcraft. See also paganisms, Christianity and, 183–4, 189–91 modern foundational act of divine revelation in, 177 Druidism and, 280, 283 foundational text in, 179 feminist paganisms in New Zealand, Ga¯tha¯s, 179–81 287–9 Gnostics, 189–91 Gardner and developments of Gardner, Islam and, 184, 192–4 281–3, 286 Ja¯ma¯spa, 182–3, 184, 193 Wilk, Stan, 45 lapidary texts on, 186 Wilson, Brian, 48 misattribution of texts Winrod, Gerald, 76 Ga¯tha¯s ascribed to Zoroaster, 180–1 Wisdom of Jesus Ben Sira, 258, 261 Islamic misattributions, 192–4 Woodruff, Wilson, 64 scripturalization process and, 183–5 Word-Faith Movement, 130 Western misattributions, 180–1, 185–94 World Bank, Illuminati linked to, 81 Nietzsche’s Also Sprach Zarathustra, 178, 195 world domination, theory of Jewish plans of, Plato as plagiarizer of Zoroaster, 187–9 78–9 Pliny the Elder on, 186–7, 192, 194 ‘‘World Religions,’’ concept of, 286 pre-modern texts, 178–85 World Soul (Spiritus Mundi) in Fluddian pseudepigraphy in, 178, 189 Rosicrucianism, 159, 174 Rosicrucians, 162 World Trade Organization (WTO), Illuminati scripturalization of, 183–5 linked to, 81 Visˇta¯spa, 179, 182–3, 184, 185 Yasna, 179, 181 Yamamoto, J. Isamu, 129 Zand, 185 Yaqui sage. See Castaneda, Carlos, and Zoroaster Don Juan Matu´s Ga¯tha¯s misattributed to, 180–1 Yasna, 179, 181 Islamic misattributions, 192–4 Yates, Frances, 164, 174 as key figure, 181–2 Yeshe O¨ , 221 scripturalization of corpus and, 184 Yeshe Tsogyal, 219, 226, 227, 234 Western misattributions, 180–1, 185–94, 195 Young, Brigham, 70 Zostrianos, 189–90