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Evaluation of Electric Energy Generation from Sound Energy Using Piezoelectric Actuator

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Evaluation of Electric Energy Generation from Sound Energy Using Piezoelectric Actuator International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2014): 5.611 Evaluation of Electric Energy Generation from Sound Energy Using Piezoelectric Actuator Mohana Faroug Saeed Attia1, Afraa Ibraheim Mohmmed Abdalateef2 1Department of Physics, University of Dongola, Sudan 2Collaborator Instructor University of Khartoum, Sudan Abstract: This paper presents the work done on the conversion techniques and methodologies of converting sound energy to its electrical counterpart, and focuses on the future of this type of energy sources than wind energy, solar energy, and biogas. Also, it includes the increase in energy consumption due to ever growing number of electronic devices, and the harvesting energy from humans and using of piezoelectricity. In the experimental work, a piezoelectric generator lead zirconate titante (PZT actuator) is used to extract sound energy from the loudspeaker from various distances and then to convert this energy into electrical energy. The maximum voltage generated by the piezoelectric generator occurs when its resonant frequency is operating near the frequency of sound. The result shows that the maximum output voltage of 28.8 mVrms was obtained with the sound intensity of 80.5 dB resonant frequency of 65 Hz at 1 cm distance in the first mode. In the second mode, the maximum output voltage of 94 m Vrms was obtained with the sound intensity of 105.7 dB at resonant frequency of 378 Hz at 1 cm which is larger than that of the first mode. However, for both modes, voltage decreases as distance increases. Keywords: piezoelectric effect, sound energy, piezoelectric material, resonant frequency, PZT actuator, electricity 1. Introduction Piezoelectric materials have a crystalline structure that provides a unique ability to convert an applied mechanical The “law of conservation of energy” states that energy strain into an electrical potential or vice versa. Our paper cannot be created nor be destroyed. Under the consideration includes how to utilize the energy which is wasted, creates of this law the technological giants have discovered pollution to the environment. The sound energy of the numerous sources to extract energy from them and use it as moving train wheels which is nothing but pollution can be a source of power for conventional use.[1] converted into electrical energy with the help of piezoelectric material or transducer. Then this electrical There are various so called eco-friendly sources of energy energy will be saved with the help of a rechargeable DC that we have discovered till the present artificial era. Some source. This energy can be used to run a train compartment’s of them are implemented to great extent under the suitable lights and fans and other necessary purpose. Here we circumstances to overcome the short run of the energy due to discover the technology to generate electric power from technological boom that has led the energy needs to its apex. sound of train wheels in which the system used is reliable [2] and this technique will help conserve our natural [5] resources. Solar energy is one in the list that came up with the wide range of applications such as solar heaters, solar cookers and 2. Sound Energy it gained success due to its easy implementation. There are various other sources of renewable energy which includes We all know sound energy is a mechanical energy which harassing energy form wind, Biomass, water etc. [3] travel in the form of wave, mechanical wave that is an oscillation of pressure which need medium to travel i.e. it Renewable energy sources such as hydropower, solar power could not travel through vacuum as it need medium. and wind power require high financial investments but give lower power output with respect to its cost. Another source Through liquid and gas state sound is transmitted as nuclear power plant gives a good source of power butthe longitudinal wave whereas through solid it could be initial setting up and maintains costs are higher than other transmitted as both longitudinal wave and transverse wave.[6] renewable sources. In recent years, there has been growing interest in harnessing the power of mechanical vibrations Longitudinal waves are of alternating pressure deviation and pressure to generate electricity. from the equilibrium pressure, causing local region of compression and rarefaction, while transverse wave (in Piezoelectric materials play a vital role in generating power solid) are waves of alternating shear and stress at right angle which range is μW to mW. It is one of the most interesting to the direction of propagation, fig 1. When sound wave methods of obtaining the energy surrounding a system is to travel through a medium mater in that medium is use piezoelectric materials. This deformations produced by periodically displaced and thus oscillates with sound wave.[7] different means are directly converted to electrical charge via piezoelectric effect.[4] The sound wave displace back and forth between the potential energy of compression or lateral displacement strain of the matter and the kinetic energy of the oscillation. Volume 5 Issue 1, January 2016 www.ijsr.net Paper ID: NOV152677 Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 218 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2014): 5.611 engineer is interested in the accuracy of this transformation, a concept he thinks of as fidelity.[9] The basic idea is that sound is mechanical wave. When sound travels through any medium then it disturbs the particles of that particular medium and these disturbances caused by the sound can be used to produce electricity. The efficiency of the transducers and several such devices is quiet low and cannot be utilized for practical applications. Thus the major arena to focus is how we can increase the efficiency of the electricity produced by conversion of sound energy. Let us now see various methods by which we can make a system to convert sound to electrical energy. The basic parameters that determine the energy characteristics of noise are oscillation frequency and sound pressure. Oscillation frequency is represented in Hertz (Hz) and the Figure 1: Propagation of Phonons in Sound sound pressure level is represented by decibels (dB). Such electrical properties include Voltage (V), Current (I), As sound energy is a mechanicalenergy it could be resistance (R) and power (P). These quantities are related to converted into electricity asmechanical energy could be each other as: converted into electricity bythe law of thermodynamics. Sound energy could beeasily converted into heat energy I=V/R which could be easilyconverted into electricity but it is not P=V2/R ……………………… (1)[10] highly efficient asthe loss in conversion will be more whereas the othermethod is converting sound energy to 3.1 Method 1 electricity by piezoelectric material, piezo electric materials are the crystalwhich converts mechanical strain to electric The first method illustrates the use of the “faradays law of [8] energy bysuch method, fig 2. electromagnetic induction” which states that the induced electromotive force (Ԑ) in any closed circuit is equal to the So we could see that sound is a form ofmechanical energy negative of the time rate of change of the magnetic flux (Φ) and according to third law ofthermodynamics mechanical through the circuit. energy could be convertedinto electric energy. ε= - dΦB/dt ……………………….. (2) Sound that is perceptible by humans has frequencies from In this method we will place a very thin layer of diaphragm about 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. In air at standard temperature and which will be fluctuated by the pressure created by the pressure, the corresponding wavelengths of sound waves sound waves. Now we can attach a conductor to the [8] range from 17 m to 17 mm. diaphragm which will be placed between the magnetic poles. So when the diaphragm oscillates then the conductor will have magnetic flux around it change and as per the faradays law the (emf) is induced in the conductor causing the current to flow to conductor. Generated voltage (emf) = (Velocity of Conductor) X (Magnetic Field) X (Length of Conductor). ………………………. (3) As the frequency of the sound waves is high thus oscillations will be fast and considerable amount of electricity could be produced. But only limitation is that we require sound of very high decibels to generate usable quantity of electric [10] Figure 2: Transformation of Energy power. 3. Practical Methods of Conversion In our day to day life we actually come across various devices that serve the same purpose that is they convert the sound to electrical signals. For example a microphone is an example of a transducer, a device that changes information from one form to another. Sound information exists as patterns of air pressure, the microphone changes this Figure 3: Diaphragm information into patterns of electric current. The recording Volume 5 Issue 1, January 2016 www.ijsr.net Paper ID: NOV152677 Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 219 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2014): 5.611 3.2 Method 2 is called the direct piezo electric effect, and the crystals that exhibit it are classed as piezoelectric crystal.[12] In this method we could convert sound energy to heat energy as sound wave travel by oscillating the particles of the medium so when sound energy travel through the medium it will disturbs the particle of the medium these disturbance created by sound will be used to convert it into heat energy as when the particles of the medium will be pushed by the sound wave it will collides with adjacent particle of the medium this collision will result production of heat energy the production of heat energy will be more in the denser medium so for more heat production we will need a material with very high density.
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