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NABER JOHN PHILLIPS (swimming, USA, b. Evanston, Illinois, 20/1/1956). One appearance (1976), 4 gold medals (100 backstroke, 200 backstroke, 4x200 freestyle and 4x100 medley) and one silver (200 freestyle). He won 4 gold medals in Montreal, all with world record times: respectively, 55.49 in the 100 backstroke (after 56.19 in the heats, also a record), 7:23.22 in the 4x200 freestyle, 3:42.22 in the 4x100 medley and 1:59.19 in the 200 backstroke (the first person below 2 minutes, one month after having set the record at 2:00.64). His world records in the 100 and 200 backstroke were broken only in 1983. He also won 3 gold medals at the 1977 Pan-American Games, a World Championship bronze (1973) in the 200 backstroke, 18 AAU titles (plus 7 in relay events) and 10 NCAA titles (plus 5). He began swimming only at the age of 13, after having lived with his family in and England, but while visiting the ruins of Olympia, in Greece, when he was 9, he said to his parents: “One day I will be an Olympic champion”.

NADI ALDO (fencing, Italy, b. 29/4/1899, d. Los Angeles, California, USA, 11/11/1965). One appearance (1920), 3 gold medals (team foil, team épée and team sabre) and one silver (individual sabre). In 1920, the year in which he was Italian foil champion, he won 3 gold medals in with his brother Nedo (q.v.), and he won silver in the individual sabre behind Nedo. In team foil, he fought 3 bouts in the final round (including the deciding match with , beaten 9- 7), winning 11 victories in 12 assaults; in épée, the Italians won 5 bouts out of 5 in the final round, which ended with a victory against the USA with just one assault, won by Nedo against Lyon, because the Americans hoisted the Italian onto their shoulders in triumph, abandoning the rest of the match; in the sabre Aldo won 22 assaults out of 24 in the final round, ending ahead of France, beaten 13-3. In the team foil final, he beat the French fencer Gaudin, and accepted a return match in for money. He lost in 20 assaults, and ended his amateur career because for this latter match he was considered a professional, and as a “pro” he won 8 Italian titles. After his marriage ended, he moved to Paris before the War and then to New York, teaching fencing in Elizabeth Arden’s beauty salon. He featured in a few cloak and dagger films, and coached many actors, including Tyrone Power. He was famous for his duels: during the Antwerp Games he won an unusual duel with Filippo Bottino (q.v.), weightlifting gold medallist: Nadi had a whip, Bottino a beam, which fell to the ground when Nadi struck Bottino’s right hand. On another occasion he challenged journalist Adolfo Cotronei, who had mocked him in public for erroneously forecasting a result: the duel ended when Cotronei, bleeding from many wounds, lowered his weapon as if to apologize, while his second and the doctors were very worried: “Nadi wants to kill him”. And in 1968 Nadi challenged (q.v.) because the latter had received a certificate from CONI with the citation “fencer of great repute”, while Edo’s certificate just had the phrase “excellent fencer”. Nadi refused the certificate that was to be presented to him by the ambassador in the USA, claiming that Mangiarotti was unfairly favoured by the CONI president, Giulio Onesti (q.v.). The duel was to have taken place in the Netherlands Antilles: the weapon chosen was the pistol, as Nadi could not fence because of a fall from a horse. Mangiarotti refused saying: “I am not a pigeon shooter”. Nadi spent the last years of his life in Los Angeles, and his ashes were scattered in the ocean. “He did not reach Nedo’s ‘undying glory’ purely because he did not have the same strict discipline that his brother applied to all things in life” ().

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NADI NEDO (fencing, Italy, b. Livorno 9/6/1894, d. 29/1/1940). Two appearances (1912, 1920), 6 gold medals (individual foil 1912 and 1920, team foil 1920, team épée 1920, individual sabre 1920, team sabre 1920). 1912 1-0-0, 1920 5-0-0. He first took to the piste at the age of 6, encouraged by his father Giuseppe, who had opened the Fides fencing gym in Livorno in 1892. The tough training that his father gave him when he was a child enabled him to win his first junior tournament in Milan when he was ten. His principal opponent was his brother Aldo (q.v.), 5 years younger but already on the piste when he was 4; the rivalry between the two brothers was encouraged by their father as a method of enabling both to improve. In 1908 Nedo made his international debut by winning the International Tournament, and four years later, he was in Stockholm for the Games. He took part in individual foil, and struggled to get through the first rounds, partly due to an attack of bronchitis. The Modena-born gymnast (q.v.) treated him with his own cure, giving him large quantities of Lambrusco wine; Nedo reached the eight-contestant final with one defeat, winning all the assaults and taking the gold medal ahead of his team mate (q.v.). He was unable to fence during the First World War, in which he was a cavalry officer in the Alessandria Regiment and won three military decorations, but in 1919 he returned to competition at the Inter-Allied Games in Joinville, where he won in individual foil and team sabre, coming second in team foil. At the 1920 Antwerp Games he was the star of the show, winning 5 gold medals. The first was team foil: in the final with France, he won 14 assaults out of 16 and lost 2 contests against France, but the victories by Aldo (q.v.) clinched gold for Italy. In individual foil he ended up with 22 wins and 2 defeats, achieving the gold thanks to ko of French Ducret at the last contest against Italian Speciale (q.v.). After the gold medal that he won in team épée, King Albert of Belgium, seeing him on the podium for the third time, thought that there must have been some error, but Nedo reassured him: “No error, Your Majesty. And with your permission, I will return again”. In fact he went on to win in team sabre (19 wins out of 20 assaults) and individual sabre, the only not Hungarian to win a gold between 1908 and 1964, with 11 wins and one defeat in eliminatory and 11 wins out of 11 in the final pool, finishing ahead of his brother Aldo. He missed only the individual épée contest because he came down with a fever. “ had a fantastic day”, reported La Gazzetta dello Sport describing the last of his 5 golds, “elegant, agile and confident on the piste; in both the semi-finals and the finals, he despatched his opponents with disdainful ease. In the final he achieved 33 hits, receiving just 4. In a bout with a Belgian considered as one of the best fencers, he hit him on target with a powerful sweeping cut, one that the hapless victim was not expecting. ‘Touché légérement!’ said the judge impassively, a wry smile appearing briefly on his lips. ‘Légérement, I’ll be damned’, retorted who was waiting for his bout, ‘he almost chopped him in half!’”. With his 5 wins in Antwerp, he became the only fencer to win a gold medal in all three specialities in just one Olympics. He returned to Livorno, and accepted the offer of a job from a fellow townsman as a fencing coach at the Buenos Aires Jockey Club. In Argentina he also began working as a journalist. He returned to Italy in 1923, weak and in bad health, but he recommenced competition, and at the 1930 World Masters Championships in Antwerp he won the title in individual épée, the only one that he had failed to win at the Games ten years earlier. He retired and became coach of the Italian team, leading them during the 1932 Los Angeles Games (the team won 2 gold, 4 silver and 2 bronze medals) and the 1936 Berlin Games (4 gold, 3 silver and 2 bronze medals). From 1936 he was also president of the Italian Fencing Federation, a position that he held until his death in 1940, following a haemorrhage suffered while praying with his wife Roma Ferralasco.

NAKAYAMA AKINORI (gymnastics, Japan, b. Aichi prefecture 1/3/1943). Two appearances (1968, 1972), 6 gold (rings 1968 and 1972, team 1968 and 1972, parallel bars 1968, horizontal bar 1968), 2 silver (floor exercise 1968 and 1972) and 2 bronze (individual all-round 1968 and 1972) medals. 1968 4-1-1, 1972 2-1-1. His performance, particularly innovative on the parallel bars, was crucial in 2 of the 5 consecutive gold medals won by Japan at the Olympics. He shared the gold for the 1968 horizontal bar with the Soviet gymnast Voronib (q.v.). In the World Championships he

137 The Olympic Dictionary won 7 gold (floor exercise 1966-70, team 1966-70, horizontal bar 1966, rings 1970, parallel bars 1970), 2 silver and 3 bronze medals.

NAMIBIA (Republic of Namibia, Africa, capital Windhoek, area 824.115 km2, population 2.074.148). 4 medals: 4 silvers. Best Olympics: 1992 and Atlanta 1996, 2 silvers. Best sport: track & field, with 4 silver medals. Most decorated athlete: Frankie Fredericks, track & field, who won all 4 medals, in the 100 m and 200 m in 1992 and 1996. The Olympic Committee, formed in 1990, received IOC recognition the following year: from 1992 Namibia has taken part in all the Olympics.

NAURU (Republic of Nauru, Oceania, seat of the Yaren government, area 21,2 km2, population 10.152). The Olympic Committee, formed in 1991, received IOC recognition in 1994: from 1996 it has taken part in all the Olympics, always and only in weightlifting. Yet to win a medal.

NEMOV ALEKSEY YURYEVICH (gymnastics, , b. Barashevo 28/5/1976). Three appearances (1996, 2000, 2004), 4 gold medals (vault 1996, team 1996, individual all-around 2000, horizontal bar 2000), 2 silver (individual all-around 1996, floor exercise 2000) and 6 bronze (pommel horse 1996 and 2000, floor exercise 1996, horizontal bar 1996, parallel bars 2000, team 2000). 1996 2-1-3, 2000 2-1-3. He missed the all-round gold in 1996 by just 49 thousandths of a point (the gap separating him from the Chinese gymnast Li Xiaoshuang), as a result of an error in the last floor exercise, but he won it four years later in Sydney, overcoming the many injuries that he had sustained, and finishing ahead of another Chinese, Wei Yang. In 2004 he came only 6th in the team competition and 5th in the horizontal bar: in the latter contest, the score of 9.725 originally assigned by the judges was fiercely disputed by the spectators, during 15 minutes of protest, and though the score was raised to 9.762, this was insufficient to bring him into the medals. In the World Championships he won 5 gold (vault 1995-96, floor exercise 1997-99, pommel horse 1999), 4 silver and 4 bronze medals; in the European Championships, 3 gold medals (parallel bars 1994, floor exercise 1998-2002) and one bronze.

NEPAL (Kingdom of Nepal, Asia, capital Kathmandu, area 147.181 km2, population 28.195.993). The Olympic Committee, formed in 1962, received IOC recognition the following year: since 1964, it has taken part at all Olympics except in 1968. Yet to win a medal.

NERI ROMEO (gymnastics, Italy, b. Rimini, at that time in the province of Forlì, 26/3/1903, d. Rimini 23/9/1961). Three appearances (1928, 1932, 1936), 3 gold medals (individual all-round 1932, team 1932, parallel bars 1932) and one silver (horizontal bar 1928). 1928 0-1-0, 1932 3-0-0. Previously a swimmer (2nd in the 22 km Abbiategrasso-Milan race, 3rd in the race across the Gulf of La Spezia, the city to which he moved at the age of just 13, in search of work), weightlifter and boxer, trained by Alberto Braglia (q.v.) who had won 3 Olympic gold medals, he won a silver medal in the horizontal bar at the Games (where he came 4th in the all-round, just 125 thousandths of a point outside the medals), and at Los Angeles he also won 3 gold medals “after 17 days of isolation”: in the individual all-round a massive 5.7 points ahead of the Hungarian Pelle, in the team exercise ahead of the USA, and then in the parallel bars “in which he had to take part, winning a magnificent victory, notwithstanding a pulled muscle that he had sustained the day before the contest”, as the Gazzetta reported. He became famous in the USA, and he was asked to play the part of Tarzan for the film, though in the end it was played by Johnny Weissmüller (q.v.). A torn muscle, the biceps of his right arm, prevented him from defending the title that he had won four years previously in Berlin: he retired after the second exercise. He also won an all-round silver and a bronze in the vault at the 1934 World Championships, 4 Italian all-round titles (1928-29-30-33) and one in the parallel bars (1926). “He was an instinctive gymnast, with unlimited imagination, capable of inventing routines spontaneously”, was how Savino Guglielmetti (q.v.) described him.

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NETHERLANDS (Kingdom of the Netherlands, Europe, capital Amsterdam, area 41.528 km2, population 16.418.826). 235 medals: 65 gold, 76 silver, 94 bronze. Best Olympics: Sydney 2000 with 12 gold, 9 silver and 4 bronze medals. Best sport: swimming, with 16 gold, 17 silver and 18 bronze medals. Most decorated athlete: Inge de Bruijn (q.v.), swimming, 4 gold medals (50 freestyle 2000 and 2004, 100 freestyle and 100 butterfly 2000), 2 silver (4x100 freestyle 2000, 100 freestyle 2004) and 2 bronze (100 butterfly and 4x100 freestyle 2004). The Olympic Committee, formed in 1912, received IOC recognition that year. The Netherlands took part in its first Olympics in 1900, and it has always been present since 1908 (in 1956 participating only in the riding events in Stockholm, boycotting the Melbourne Olympics in protest against the Soviet invasion of ). It hosted the 1928 Amsterdam Games.

NEW ZEALAND (Oceania, capital Wellington, area 270.534 km2, population 4.178.523). 77 medals: 33 gold, 14 silver, 30 bronze. Best Olympics: Los Angeles 1984 with 8 gold, one silver and 2 bronze medals. Best sport: track & field, with 8 gold, one silver and 9 bronze medals. Most decorated athlete: (v.) Ian Ferguson, canoeing, 4 gold medals (K1 500 m 1984, K2 500 m 1984 and 1988, K4 1000 m 1984) and one silver (K2 10.000 m 1988). In 1908 and 1912 it took part in the Games together with Australia, under the name Australasia. Harry Kerr, bronze in the 3500 metres walk in 1908; Anthony Wilding, bronze in indoor tennis in 1912; and Malcolm Champions, gold in the 4x200 freestyle medley in 1912 (medals not included in the total above) were all New Zealanders. The Olympic Committee, formed in 1911, received IOC recognition in 1919: the following year it attended its first Games as an independent nation, and from then on it has never missed the Olympics.

NEWALL SYBIL FENTON “QUEENIE” (archery, Great Britain, b. Calderbrook 17/10/1854, d. Cheltenham 24/6/1929). One appearance (1908) and one gold medal (national round). She is the oldest woman to have won a gold medal: she was 53 years and 276 days old when she finished ahead of “Lottie” Dod, 688 to 642, pulling back from 10 points behind, the position at the end of the first day. In that contest, the finest archer of the era, Alice Legh, did not take part; Legh, British champion 23 times between 1881 and 1922, beat Newall by 151 points one week after the Olympics, in a meeting at Oxford. Newall went on to win 2 national titles (1911-12) and continued the sport until 1928, when she was 74.

NI XIONG (diving, China, b. Chang-Sha 6/1/1974). Four appearances (1988, 1992, 1996, 2000), 3 gold medals (springboard 1996 and 2000, synchronized springboard 2000), one silver (platform 1988) and one bronze (platform 1992). 1988 0-1-0, 1992 0-0-1, 1996 1-0-0, 2000 2-0-0. He won his first Olympic medal when he was just 14. In the lead before his last dive, 3 points ahead of (q.v.), he was beaten by 1.14 by the American (who, at 28, was twice his age) who performed a reverse 3 ½ somersault, 3.4, higher than Ni’s 3.2. After winning the Olympic bronze in 1992, Ni’s many injuries induced him to concentrate on springboard in 1995, and the year after, he won the gold medal in Atlanta, finishing almost 11 points ahead of the other Chinese diver Yu Zhuocheng, at that time world champion. He retired in 1997, but changed his mind in 1998. In 2000, at his fourth and last appearance, he won 2 gold medals. He clinched his second springboard gold at the last dive: the Russian Sautin (q.v.) was leading, 10.98 points ahead, but he was given a score of just 65.10 by the judges and so was overtaken by Ni (81.60) and by the Mexican Platas Alvarez. “A thrilling contest, I was unable to hold back my tears”. Then he won the gold in synchronized springboard with Xiao Hailiang. He also won a silver medal in the World Championships (platform, 1992). “In my opinion, the title of ‘king of diving’ should by rights be awarded to ” (Dmitri Sautin, his greatest rival).

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NICARAGUA (Republic of Nicaragua, Central America, capital Managua, area 130.373 km2, population 5.603.192). The Olympic Committee, formed in 1959, received IOC recognition in the same year: since 1968, it has taken part at every Olympics, except for the 1988 Olympics. Yet to win a medal.

NIELSEN SOFUS ERHARD “SOPHUS” (football, Denmark, b. Copenhagen 15/3/1888, d. Copenhagen 6/8/1963). Two appearances (1908, 1912) and 2 silver medals (1908 and 1912). 1908 0-1-0, 1912 0-1-0. He scored 10 goals against France A, of which three in the first six minutes, in the match that Denmark won 17-1 against France in the quarter-finals of the 1908 tournament: a record that was equalled four years later at the Olympics by the German Gottfried Fuchs (q.v.), and equalled at World Cup level only in 2001 by the Australian Archie Thompson, who scored 13 goals in a 31-0 win against American Samoa during the World Cup qualifying matches. Nielsen played in all 6 of the matches in the two Olympics in which he won his silver medals, also scoring a goal against France B (1908, 9-0 for Denmark in the first official match in their history) and 2 against Norway (1912, 7-0), but none in the finals against Great Britain, who won 2-0 in London and 4-2 in Stockholm.

NIGER (Republic of Niger, Africa, capital Niamey, area 1.267.000 km2, population 14.225.523). The Olympic Committee, formed in 1964, received immediate IOC recognition: from that year it has taken part in all Olympics except for 1976 and 1980, missed due to the boycotts. Yet to win a medal.

NIGERIA (Federal Republic of Nigeria, Africa, capital Abuja, area 923.768 km2, population 148.092.542). 19 medals: 2 gold, 8 silver, 9 bronze. Best Olympics: Atlanta 1996, 2 gold, one silver and 3 bronze medals. Best sport: track & field, one gold, 4 silver and 6 bronze medals. Most decorated athlete: the gold medals were won by Chioma Ajunwa (women’s long jump, 1996) and by the men’s football team, also in 1996; but 3 athletes achieved 2 medals: Falilat Ogunkoya (silver in 4x400 and bronze in the 400 m in 1996), Udo-Obong Enefiok (silver in 2000 and bronze in 2004 in 4x400 m) and Mary Onyali (bronze in 1992 in 4x100 and bronze in 1996 in 200 m). The Olympic Committee, formed in 1951, received IOC recognition in that year: from then on it has taken part at all Olympics, except for 1976 which it missed due to the boycott.

NOMURA TADAHIRO (judo, Japan, b. Koryo 10/12/1974). Three appearances (1996, 2000, 2004) and 3 gold medals (featherweight 60 kg 1996, 2000 and 2004). 1996 1-0-0, 2000 1-0-0, 2004 1-0-0. The first judoka to win 3 consecutive Olympic golds. In the Trials for Atlanta he beat the 1993 World Champion, Ryoji Sonda, but he wasn’t considered among the favourites for the Olympics: “At the airport, the photographers pushed me aside”. In the first round he beat the then current world champion, Russian Oyegin (who was in the lead up to eight seconds from the end), and went on to reach the final, in which he beat the Italian Giovinazzo in 4:33. In Sydney his most difficult match was the semi-final with Cuban Poulot Ramos: then it took him just 12 seconds to beat South Korean Bu-Kyung, beating the record for the brevity of an Olympic final which had been held (at 27 seconds) by his uncle Toyokazu Nomura, middleweight winner (70 kg) in 1972. After a break of 2 years, in Athens he won his third medal by beating Georgian judoka Khergiani in the final, on points. He also won one gold (1997) and one bronze medal in the World Championships.

NORTH BORNEO Ex-independent state, which was a British protectorate and colony of Great Britain in the South China Sea, and took part in the 1956 Games without winning any medals.

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NORTH KOREA (People’s Democratic Republic of Korea, Asia, capital Pyeongyang, area 122.762 km2, 23.790.241 inhabitants). 35 medals: 8 gold, 11 silver, 16 bronze. Best Olympics: Barcelona 1992 with 4 golds and 5 bronze medals. Best sport: wrestling, with 3 golds, 2 silvers and 4 bronze medals (all in freestyle except one bronze in Greco-Roman wrestling). Most decorated athlete: Kim Il, freestyle wrestling, with 2 golds (light flyweight 1992 and 1996). The Olympic Committee was founded in 1953 and was recognised by the IOC in 1957, however its debut was made, after a lot of controversy, only in 1972. Since then the 1984 Games were missed due to the boycott, and also the 1988 Games to protest against the decision to hold the in South Korea.

NORWAY (Kingdom of Norway, Europe, capital Oslo, area 323.802 km2, population 4.695.883). 135 medals: 51 gold, 43 silver, 41 bronze. Best Olympics: Antwerp 1920 with 13 gold, 7 silver and 8 bronze medals. Best sport: sailing, with 17 gold, 11 silver and 3 bronze medals. Most decorated athlete: Ole Andreas Lilloe-Olsen (q.v.), shooting, with 5 gold medals (individual running deer double shots 1920 and 1924, team running deer double shots 1920, team running deer single shots 1920 and 1924) and one silver (team running deer double shots 1924). The Olympic Committee, formed in 1900, received IOC recognition in that year: from then on it has taken part at all Olympics except for 1904 and 1980.

NOVIKOVA-BYELOVA YELENA DMITRIYEVNA See BYELOVA.

NURMI PAAVO JOHANNES (track & field, Finland, b. Turku 13/6/1897, d. Helsinki 2/10/1973). Three appearances (1920, 1924, 1928), 9 gold medals (1500 m 1924, team 3.000 m 1924, 5000 m 1924, 10.000 m 1920 and 1928, individual cross-country 1920 and 1924, team cross- country 1920 and 1924), 3 silvers (5000 m 1920 and 1928, 3000 steeplechase 1928). 1920 3-1-0, 1924 5-0-0, 1928 1-2-0. His difficult childhood (he lost his father, killed by cholera, and two sisters) induced him to take up running, an activity in which he found inner peace. He was 11 when he took part in his first race, running the 1500 m in 5:02. He practiced his sport every day, after he finished work as a porter at Turku station. “To save money, I didn’t wear boots or shoes. I had to run barefoot behind the tram. On the dark evenings I often fell on the slippery streets, and I hurt my feet and legs; my knees still have the scars from those times, but I didn’t worry about it. I ran because I had to run”. Only during military service was he able to dedicate more time to running. In the army he was noticed by his officers, who launched him in the world of athletics. In 1920 he won the national 3000 m title, the first of 20 outdoor and indoor titles over all distances from medium to long distance. That performance, 8:36.2, enabled him to qualify for the Olympics. At the Antwerp Games he was beaten in the 5000 m by Frenchman Joseph Guillemot but three days later, on 20 August, he took his revenge by beating him in the 10.000 (31:45.8); and on 23 August he won the individual cross country gold and likewise in the team event. His defeat against Guillemot made him realize that he had to work on his sense of rhythm. From then on, he ran with a stopwatch in his hand – the first to do so – checking his time every lap. On 22 June 1921 in Stockholm, he ran the 10.000 m in 30:40.2, improving ’s time by 18 seconds and setting the first of his 22 official world records. In three years he set records in eight events (1500 m, mile, 2000 m, 3000 m, 3 miles, 5000 m, 6 miles and 10.000 m) and in 1924 he was the favourite at the Paris Games, holding two world records (3:52.6 in the 1500 m and 14:28.2 in the 5000 m) set within the space of one hour on 19 June in Helsinki. At the Olympics he won 5 gold medals in 5 races: he started on 10 July with the 1500 m, won easily in 3:53.6; one hour later, in the 5000 m final, he was racing against his team mate (q.v.), who had already won gold medals in the 10.000 m and the 3000 steeplechase, and he beat him in 14:31.2 sprinting ahead on the last lap after a long period in which they were neck and neck, during which Ritola fruitlessly tried to take the lead several times. Two days later he won the cross-country, both the individual and team events, in a race held in prohibitive conditions due to the high heat and humidity, and the gruelling course, completed by only 15 of the 38 athletes; Nurmi ended his participation in those Games on 13 July winning gold in

141 The Olympic Dictionary the team 3000 m. In 1928 he beat Ritola in 10.000 m achieving 9 golds, exceeded only by Ray Ewry (q.v.). He wanted to end his career by running the marathon at Los Angeles, 1932. He was then 35, but still competitive: a few months before leaving for America, he ran a trial in Viipuri in which, running in spiked shoes even on the tarmac, he stopped at the 40th km, satisfied with his time of 2h22:03, which when projected over the complete distance, was close to the world record. Having arrived in the USA, he discovered that the IAAF had suspended him, considering him a professional because in some races he had received sums exceeding his expenses. He continued to compete at a national level up until 1933, when he retired and opened a sports shop. He reappeared in 1952, as the last torchbearer, lighting the Olympic flame at the Helsinki Games. To him, Finland dedicated an opera (Paavo Suuri. Suuri Juoksu. Suuri Uni, translation Paavo the Great. A Great Race. A Great Dream) and a statue, and they gave his name to an aircraft in the state airline.

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