The Olympic Dictionary D

D’INZEO PIERO AND RAIMONDO (equestrian, , Piero b. 4/3/1923; Raimondo b. Poggio Mirteto, RI, 8/2/1925). Piero: 8 Olympics (1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976), 2 silver medals (team jumping 1956, individual jumping 1960), 4 bronze medals (individual jumping 1956, team jumping 1960, 1964 and 1972). Raimondo: 8 Olympics (1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976), one gold medal (individual jumping 1960), 2 silver medals (individual jumping 1956, team jumping 1956), 3 bronze medals (team jumping 1960, 1964, 1972). Piero: 1956 0-1-1, 1960 0-1-1, 1964 0-0-1, 1972 0-0-1. Raimondo: 1956 0-2-0, 1960 1-0-1, 1964 0- 0-1, 1972 0-0-1. Italian record holders in terms of Olympic appearances ( consecutive Games, from 1948 to 1976), the D’Inzeo brothers began show jumping under the tuition of their father Carlo Costante, police officer and a respected instructor. When they were respectively 8 (Piero) and 6 (Raimondo), they became their father’s first pupils: Carlo ran the show jumping school at the Opera Nazionale Balilla in Rome, with the pony ridden by Mussolini’s children. Both embarked on a military career in the Carabinieri. The two brothers had different characters and personalities: Piero was cool and logical, while Raimondo was imaginative and impulsive. They were rivals and allies during their long competitive career, which for both began at international level in 1947. In their first appearance at the Games, in London, 1948, Raimondo ended up 30th overall, competing in the eventing course with a protective helmet, while Piero was part of the team that was unable to complete the show jumping event. Things went better in Helsinki, 1952, when Raimondo came ninth in the individual show jumping event, and Piero came sixth in the individual 3-day eventing. The first medals arrived four years later in Stockholm, where the equestrian events for the Melbourne Games were held due to the impossibility of getting the horses to Australia in time because of the strict regulations that set the quarantine period at six months. In Sweden, together with Salvatore Oppes, they won the silver medal for team show jumping, behind Germany, while in the individual jumping competition, Raimondo came second, Piero third. In 1960, the Rome Olympics, they achieved the best results of their career, Raimondo winning in individual show jumping, with his brother second. They won team show jumping bronze at each of the four successive Olympics, except for the Mexico City Games in 1968, where they came fifth. As well as the Olympic medals, Raimondo was world champion twice, and also won a world championship silver and bronze; Piero (one gold 1959, 3 European silvers) is the only Italian to have won the prestigious King George V Gold Cup three consecutive times (1957-61-62). Both remained in the world of show jumping after ending their competitive careers: Raimondo was in a number of positions at the Federation, leading the national team at the 1984 Los Angeles Games, and attempting to bring the sport up to date: “I am all in favour of riding in jeans, very comfortable”, he said in 1979. “I am also in favour of sponsorship. I think that riding without a red or blue jacket should be permitted, at least in regional events. Riders should be referred to using just name and surname, no titles”. Piero ran a military riding school, and played polo in a team with his son Giancarlo.

D’ORIOLA CHRISTIAN (, , b. Perpignan 3/10/1928, d. Nîmes 30/10/2007). Four Olympics (1948, 1952, 1956, 1960), 4 golds (individual foil 1952 and 1956, team foil 1948 and 1952) and 2 silvers (individual foil 1948, team foil 1956) medals. 1948 1-1-0, 1952 2-0-0, 1956 1- 1-0. He reached the final pool in the individual competition 4 times out of 4: silver in 1948, gold in 1952 winning all his 8 matches; gold again in 1956 (with 6 victories and one defeat) after having had a few problems getting used to the electric foil; and in 1960 in Rome, he came 8th. He was

40 The Olympic Dictionary world foil champion four times (in 1947, at the age of 19, the youngest of all time, and again in 1949-53-54), also winning an individual foil silver, plus 4 gold (1947-51-53-58) and four silver medals for team foil. At the age of 42, in 1970, he once again won the French title for team épée. After retiring, he became an international fencing judge and later vice president of the French Federation. His cousin Pierre Jonquères won 2 gold and 2 silver medals in Olympic show jumping.

D’ORIOLA PIERRE JONQUÈRES (equestrian, France, b. Corneilla-del-Vercol 1/2/1920). Five Olympics (1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968), 2 gold (individual show jumping, 1952 and 1964) and 2 silver medals (team jumping, 1964 and 1968). 1952 1-0-0, 1964 1-1-0, 1968 0-1-0. His cousin Christian won a gold medal in individual foil in Helsinki, wearing a lucky white hat. He asked his cousin to lend it to him, and ten days later he also won a gold medal, riding Ali Baba and winning a tie-break between five riders, with a clean round, after having ended level with the others with 8 penalties. Twelve years later he repeated this success, on Lutteur B. His other individual positions: 6th in 1956, 18th in 1960 and 17th in 1968. In 1966, on Pomone B, he became the first French world champion, after a silver (1954) and a bronze (1953) medal. He also won a European silver medal (1959) and 4 French titles (1954-56-58-59), totalling over 500 victories in 25 years of international competition. Then he returned to vine-growing.

DAMIAN-ANDRUNACHE GEORGETA (, Romania, b. Botoşani 14/4/1976). Two Olympics (2000, 2004) and 4 gold medals ( in 2000 and 2004, eight in 2000 and 2004). 2000 2-0-0, 2004 2-0-0. She has also won 6 gold medals (eight, 1997-98-99-2007, coxless pair 2001-02), 3 silvers and a bronze in the world championships.

DAMILANO MAURIZIO (track & field, Italy, b. Scarnafigi, Cuneo, 6/4/1957). Four Olympics (1980, 1984, 1988, 1992), one gold (20 km walk, 1980) and 2 bronze (20 km walk, 1984 and 1988) medals. 1980 1-0-0, 1984 0-0-1, 1988 0-0-1. He won the gold medal in Moscow with a time of 1h23:35.5, 1:09.9 ahead of the Soviet Pochinchuk and almost 10’ in front of his twin brother Giorgio, 11th, trained, like him, by his other brother Sandro (“I am 10 minutes older than Giorgio, I paid him back the difference…”). The race walk judges disqualified the Mexican Bautista, who was in the lead and had won gold medal four years earlier; and shortly after, the Soviet Solomin, who had taken the lead, was also disqualified. “I didn’t notice what was happening at first, I thought that Solomin was vomiting, because in that heat and humidity we all had stomach problems”. In 1984, Maurizio (who had started race walking, with Giorgio, after having met some Milanese enthusiasts of the sport in a college of St. Vincent missionaries) won the bronze medal in Los Angeles, where he challenged the judges’ rulings: “when I was in the lead, they gave me a warning three times, towards the 16th km. I was controlling the race, I slowed down and the two Mexicans overtook me, because they ignored the warnings”. Damilano took another bronze at Seoul in 1988, and came 4th at Barcelona in 1992. His medals also include two world championship golds for the 20 km walk (1987-91), a silver medal for the indoor 5 km world championships (1985), a European silver medal for the 20 km walk (1986), a European gold medal (1982) and a silver (1981) for the 5 km walk; and 21 Italian titles, both indoor (1), track (6) and road (14) race walks from 5 to 50 km. He set 9 world records and best performances in track events, as well as winning 12 European and 37 Italian records.

DANIELS CHARLES MELDRUM (swimming, USA, b. Dayton, Ohio, 24/3/1885, d. Carmel Valley, California, 9/8/1973). Three Olympics (1904, 1906, 1908), 5 gold medals (220 yards freestyle in 1904, 440 yards freestyle in 1904, 4x50 yards freestyle in 1904, 100 m freestyle in 1906 and 1908), one silver (100 yards freestyle in 1904) and 2 bronze medals (50 yards freestyle in 1904, 4x200 freestyle in 1908). 1904 3-1-1, 1906 1-0-0, 1908 1-0-1. He trained in Stony Creek Lake, in the Adirondack Mountains, and, comparing his times with those of the winners of races in New York, he found that he was at least as fast. When he was beaten by the captain of the Yale

41 The Olympic Dictionary swimming team, he returned home disappointed, measured his course again and discovered that it was 90 yards instead of 100. He trained harder, and succeeded in winning 5 Olympic gold medals. He was responsible for developing the American crawl, modifying the two kick-beat Australian crawl. He held all world records from 25 yards to the mile (in 1905 he set 14 records in just 4 days). He won 37 American titles and obtained a total of 314 medals and cups. He was a national junior rifle champion, and a squash champion at the New York Athletic Club. After having given up competitive swimming, he became an excellent golf player.

DARNYI TAMÁS (swimming, , b. Budapest 3/6/1967). Two Olympics (1988, 1992), 4 gold medals (200 medley 1988 and 1992, 400 medley 1988 and 1992). 1988 2-0-0, 1992 2-0-0. Discovered and trained by Tamás Szecky, he came to public attention at the junior European championships at Innsbruck in 1982, when, at the age of 15, he won the 200 butterfly, the 200 and 400 medleys, and won silver medal in the 200 backstroke and bronze in the 100 butterfly. He has a normal build, but is very flexible, and can compete in all styles. He could have already excelled at the Los Angeles Games in 1984, but at 15 he was struck in the left eye by a snowball and was maimed for life (losing 50% vision) notwithstanding four operations. He was out of action for almost two years, but in 1985, at the European Championships, he won the 200 and 400 medleys. This was the first of his 7 double victories in the 2 specialities: he repeated the feat at the World Championships in 1986, the European Championships in 1987, at the Seoul Games in 1988 (with two world records: 2:00.17 and 4:14.75), the European Championships in 1989 (where he also won the 200 butterfly), and at the World Championships in 1991. He did not attend the European Championships in 1991, in order to concentrate on training for his last Olympics, Barcelona 1992, where he completed his last double victory in the 200-400 medley. He ended his career in 1993, after having been unbeaten for eight years, taking the European gold medal in the 400 medley. During his career he improved the world record 6 times (3 times in the 200 medley in which he was the first to go under 2:00 with 1:59.36 in 1991, and 3 times in the 400 medley). At the end of his competitive career, he became manager and trainer at the Budapest sports school.

DE BRUIJN INGE (swimming, Netherlands, b. Barendrecht 24/8/1973). Three Olympics (1992, 2000, 2004), 4 gold medals (50 freestyle in 2000 and 2004, 100 freestyle in 2000, 100 butterfly in 2000), 2 silver (4x100 freestyle 2000, 100 freestyle 2004) and 2 bronze medals (100 butterfly in 2004, 4x100 freestyle in 2004). 2000 3-1-0, 2004 1-1-2. After her first appearance in 1992 (8th in the 50 freestyle and in the 4x100 medley, 9th in 100 butterfly), she missed the 1996 Games: she had qualified, but the trainer of the Dutch squad, Jacco Verhaeren, considered her so demotivated as to drop her from the team. She changed trainer, working with Paul Bergen, who had previously trained Tracy Caulkins (q.v.): “I was frightened, but with him I wasn’t afraid of anyone. I felt invincible”. She also changed her swimming technique, in 1998. In 2000, she set 8 world records in less than 2 months: 3 for 50 freestyle, one for 100 freestyle, 2 for the non-Olympic distance of 50 butterfly, and 2 for 100 butterfly. At Sydney she won 3 gold medals, setting another 3 records: 24.13 (still standing) in the 50 freestyle semi-finals, 53.77 in the 100 freestyle semi-finals, 56.61 (still standing) in the 100 butterfly final, finishing 1.36 ahead of the Slovak Moravcova, the greatest margin in the Olympics in the history of this speciality. In 2004, she won her fourth gold medal (50 freestyle) at the age of 31, bringing her Olympic medals to 8. She has also won 5 world championship gold medals (50 freestyle in 2001-03, 100 freestyle in 2001, 50 butterfly in 2001-03) and a bronze, as well as one gold, one silver and one bronze in short course competitions; 3 gold (4x100 freestyle in 1991, 50 freestyle and 100 butterfly in 1999), 2 silver and 3 bronze European medals, plus 2 gold, one silver and 2 bronze medals in European short course competitions. She retired in 2007.

42 The Olympic Dictionary

DE COUBERTIN PIERRE DE FREDY Baron (Founder and President of the IOC, France, b. 1/1/1863, d. Geneva 2/9/1937). A French aristocrat, teacher and humanist, father of the Modern , founder of the IOC (International Olympic Committee) and its president from 1896 to 1925, when he became honorary president. In 1895 he married Marie Rothan, and lived in Paris, where their son Jacques was born in 1896 (he contracted a terminal illness when he was 2) and in 1902, their daughter Renée was born. In 1922 the family moved to Lausanne in Switzerland, and then to Geneva in 1934, where he died at the age of 74. He was buried in Lausanne (location of the IOC’s head offices), while his heart rests in a monument near the ruins of Olympia. Cf. the first chapter entirely dedicated to de Coubertin in The Modern Olympic Games, section II.

DE LA HOYA OSCAR (boxing, USA, b. Montebello, California, 4/2/1973). One Olympic appearance (1992) and one gold medal (lightweight 60 kg). His grandfather, father and brother were boxers. At the age of 17, he promised his mother Cecilia, who was dying of cancer, that he would win an Olympic gold medal, and he was 19 when he achieved his promise, defeating the German Rudolph on points (7-2). Rudolph had defeated him in the 1991 World Championships final. After 223 victories (163 knockouts) and 5 defeats as an amateur, he became world champion in 6 different divisions as a professional. He won the WBO world super featherweight title beating Jimmy Bredahl (TKO round 10) in 1994; the WBO world lightweight title beating Jorge Paez (TKO round 2) the same year; the WBC super lightweight title beating Julio Cesar Chavez (TKO round 4) in 1996; the WBC world welterweight title beating Pernell Whitaker (points 12) in 1997. He lost this title to Felix Trinidad in 1999 (points 12), his first defeat after 31 victories, and he failed to win it back in 2000 against Shane Mosley, losing on points in 12 rounds (though it was a split decision). He became WBC world super welterweight champion by beating Javier Castillejo (points 12) in 2001, and lost the title, again to Shane Mosley (points 12) in 2003. In 2004 he won the WBO world middleweight title beating Felix Sturm (points 12), but he lost it the same year to Bernard Hopkins (KO 9). In 2006 he regained the WBC super welterweight world title beating Ricardo Mayorga (TKO 6), but lost the title in 2007 to Floyd Mayweather (points 12, a split decision) in a pay-per- view match watched by a record number of 120 million people, which in any case earned him a purse of 50 million dollars. His career record: 38 victories (30 KO) and 5 defeats. He is also a TV producer, actor and singer.

DE POURTALÈS HÉLÈNE (sailing, Switzerland, b. New York, USA, 28/4/1868, d. Geneva, 2/11/1945). One Olympic appearance (1900), one gold (Class 1.2 tons race one) and one silver medal (Class 1.2 tons race two). On 22 May 1900 she was part of the crew of the yacht Lérina which won the first of the two regattas in the 1-2 ton class, and three days later she came second. Born Helen Barbey, to parents Henry and Mary Lorillard – the latter from a very wealthy family, in which Pierre Lorillard had founded a tobacco empire – she had six brothers. Her father was an affluent banker. In 1891, in the American church of Saint-Trinité in Paris, she married Hermann Alexandre, count de Pourtalès, son of Alexandre and Augusta Saladin, from an old Huguenot family, captain in the Cuirassiers de la Garde regiment in the Prussian Army, born in Neuchatel in 1847, one previous marriage. They had three sons, one of whom became the writer Guy. She inherited a passion for horses from her mother’s side of the family (Pierre Lorillard was the first American owner to win the Epsom Derby in 1881, with the horse Iroquois), and a love for sailing. The Lorillards were central figures in the Newport community, where America’s Cup regattas were held. In one of her diaries, later sold by auction, Hélène provides a vivid description of the 1887 edition of the Cup, that she watched. At the 1900 Paris Olympics – she lived in that city for extensive periods, in alternation with her home in Geneva – she also watched the golf tournament, for which her husband’s cousin Jacques was a course referee. Her 1900 participation makes her the first female Olympian in modern history, and the first female competitor of all time. On the yacht with her and her husband was Hermann’s nephew, count Bernard, two years younger than the

43 The Olympic Dictionary owner. Hélène had a dual passport, Swiss and American, while her husband had dual Swiss-German nationality. He died in Geneva in 1904.

DÉCUGIS MAXIME OMER “MAX” (tennis, France, b. Paris 24/9/1882, d. Biot 6/9/1978). Three Olympics (1900, 1906, 1920), 4 gold medals (singles 1906, doubles 1906, mixed doubles 1906 and 1920), one silver (doubles 1900) and a bronze medal (doubles 1920). 1900 0-1-0, 1906 3- 0-0, 1920 1-0-1. He won the gold medal in the mixed doubles with his wife Marie. The 1900 men’s doubles silver medallists were a “mixed” pair, France-USA: with Décugis was American Basil Spalding de Garmendia. He won 29 times at the Paris tournament, before it was opened to foreign players: 8 singles (1903-04-07-08-09-12-13-14), 14 in men’s doubles and 7 in the mixed doubles. In 1911 he also won the doubles at Wimbledon (where he had been junior champion twice, during the years that he had spent studying in England) and 48 national titles. He was one of the pioneers of approaching the net at centre court, and he was also the first tennis player to be involved in an enquiry on his professional status, after he had proposed replacing the crystal glass vases and silver cigarette cases that were usually given to tournament winners, with prize money tokens (which he apparently used to buy a car).

DELFINO GIUSEPPE (fencing, Italy, b. Turin 22/11/1921, d. Palazzo Canavese, Turin, 10/8/1999). Four Olympics (1952, 1956, 1960, 1964), 4 gold (team épée 1952, 1956 and 1960, individual épée 1960) and 2 silver (individual épée 1956, team épée 1964) medals. 1952 1-0-0, 1956 1-1-0, 1960 2-0-0, 1964 0-1-0. In Rome, he made a comeback against British fencer Jay who was leading 1-0, with a single thrust in extra time. “Before the tie break, the doctor gave me some oxygen and made me lie on a bed. I got up, smoked a cigarette and drank a sip of whisky”, and went on to beat Jay again, this time 5-2, winning the gold medal. “I would have liked to have taken part in the procession at the Olympic stadium during the closing ceremony, but I couldn’t because I had to catch a train for Turin. I had to go back to work after a 40-day permit”. He also won 3 team gold medals: in Helsinki he achieved 9 victories in 10 assaults in the heats, but he was knocked out when he lost 4 times out of 4 in the semi-final against Denmark; in Melbourne (where he scored 17 victories in 22 assaults) beating Hungary 9-3; and in Rome, beating Great Britain 9-5 in the final (after a 9-6 win against the USSR, in which he recovered from 1-4 down, 13” from the end of the bout, against Chernikov: his personal score was 11 victories and 3 defeats). He narrowly missed another gold medal in 1956: he just had to beat the American Pew, he was leading 4-3, but lost 5-4, and came 2nd in the double tie-break with (q.v.) and (q.v.). He also won six world championship gold medals for team fencing (1950-53-54-55-57-58) and an individual bronze; and 4 individual Italian titles (1959-60-62-63). He had begun the sport at the Fiat workers’ recreation facilities. “I went in: at the centre of the hall they were playing basketball. I went on: a boxing ring. I went further, and heard some frantic sounds; through curiosity I opened the door, and stood there watching, until I heard someone say: either inside or outside, but shut the door because it’s cold. It was the voice of the captain, Raimondi, fencing instructor. I went in”.

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (Africa, capital Kinshasa, area 2.344.858 km2, population 62.635.722). The Olympic Committee was formed in 1963 and received IOC recognition in 1968. In that year it took part in its first Games; it returned to competition as Zaire in 1984, and then in 1988, 1992 and 1996; and then with its present name in 2000 and 2004. Yet to win a medal.

DENG YAPING (table tennis, China, b. Zhengzhou 5/2/1973). Two Olympics (1992, 1996), 4 gold medals (singles 1992 and 1996, doubles 1992 and 1996). 1992 2-0-0, 1996 2-0-0. At the age of 9 she won a junior tournament, but she was turned down for the provincial team because she was too short. She missed a place in the national team for the same reason when she was 15, even though she had won the Chinese championship. At last she was given a place in the national team

44 The Olympic Dictionary when she was 16, and she immediately won gold medal in the doubles, with Qiao Hong. In 1991, she won gold medal in the individual world championships: she had grown to a height of 149 cm. The year after, at the Barcelona Games, she won gold in the doubles, again with Qiao Hong, and then in the singles, beating her partner (in 4 sets, recovering from 17-19 down in the last set). In Atlanta she brought her list of medals to four. She saved 2 match points in the 5th set against the Taiwan pair in the quarter finals, and (again with Qiao Hong) beat the other Chinese pair Wei- Yunping in the final. She beat Chen Jing in the singles final, at 21-5 in the 5th set: Jing had won gold medal for China in 1988, but had then moved to Taiwan. During the final, there was commotion on the stands and the police intervened to confiscate Taiwanese flags: the IOC had authorized its participation, but with the name Taipei. Deng Yaping also won 9 world championship gold (singles 1991-95-97, doubles 1989-95-97, team 1993-95-97) and 5 silver medals. She was world top seed from 1990 to 1997. In 2003 she was elected Chinese athlete of the 20th century.

DENMARK (Kingdom of Denmark, Europe, capital Copenhagen, area 43,098 km2, population 5.442.105). 169 medals: 42 gold, 63 silver, 64 bronze. Best Olympics: London, 1948, 5 gold, 7 silver, 8 bronze medals. Best sport: sailing, 11 gold, 8 silver and 6 bronze medals. Most decorated athlete: Paul Elvstrøm (q.v.), sailing, 4 gold medals (Finn class, from 1948 to 1960). The Danish Olympic Committee, founded in 1905, was recognised the same year by the IOC. Denmark has taken part in all Games except those of 1904.

DEVERS GAIL YOLANDA (track & field, USA, b. Seattle, Washington, 19/11/1966). Five Olympics (1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004), 3 gold medals (100 metres 1992, 1996, 4x100 1996). 1992 1-0-0, 1996 2-0-0. She began running at a young age, following the example of her brother Paranthesis, first in the 800 and then in the 400 metres. When she enrolled at UCLA, she took up sprinting and hurdles, under the guidance of Bob Kersee. In 1987 she won the 100 m at the Pan- American Championships, and made her Olympic debut a year later in Seoul, eliminated in the 100 hs semi-final. In Korea her health was already affected by Graves’ Disease, a rare thyroid disorder that caused her headaches, lethargy, speech difficulties, insomnia, weakened eyesight and hair loss. After the Games her health worsened, her weight dropped from 56 to 39 kg, she risked losing a foot, but over the next two years she underwent treatment and recovered successfully. She returned to competition in 1991, winning the American title and a silver medal at the World Championships in the 100 hs, the first of a series of 5 world championship gold medals (100 1993, 100 hs 1993-95-99, 4x100 1997), 3 world silvers as well as 4 golds (60 m 1993-97-2004, 60 hs 2003) and 2 silvers at the World indoor championship. The year after, she took part in the Barcelona Games, where she won the 100 m in 10.82, ahead of Jamaican Juliet Cuthbert, with five athletes in the time of 0.06 on the finish line. She was unable to double her success in the 100 hs: she fell at the last hurdle, when she was in the lead, and finished fifth. Four years later in Atlanta, she obtained another Olympic gold in the 100 m, running in 10.94, the same time as Jamaican Merlene Ottey (q.v.); her victory was announced only after analysis in thousandths of seconds. At Atlanta she also won a gold for the 4x100 in 41. After the Sydney Games, 2000, when she withdrew before the 100 hs semi-final due to a pulled muscle, she seemed to be on the point of retirement, but she carried on and took part in her fifth Olympics, Athens 2004, where at the age of 37 she reached the 100 m semi-final and was forced to withdraw from the 100 hs due to a calf injury. Today, after two children, she continues to compete, while also running her charity foundation.

DHYAN CHAND SINGH (field hockey, India, b. Allahabad 29/8/1905, d. Delhi 3/12/1979). Three Olympics (1928, 1932, 1936) and 3 gold medals (1928, 1932 and 1936). 1928 1-0-0, 1932 1- 0-0, 1936 1-0-0. He is considered as the greatest field hockey player of all time. He learnt the game from British officers (he joined the Army at the age of 16, and went on to become captain) and led India to its first 3 (of 6 consecutive) Olympic gold medals, with 12 victories in 12 matches, 102 goals scored (38 by him) and 3 goals against. In 1936, after having risked not being able to take part

45 The Olympic Dictionary

(his regiment was engaged in the suppression of a revolt in Waziristan, and he was initially denied leave), he was on the reserves bench during the 1st half with Germany, who had beaten India in a tournament before the Olympics. He came on when the score was 1-0, barefoot, broke a tooth in a collision with the German goalkeeper, and scored six goals. The match ended 8-1. Even though he was still the star of the team, in the last year of his career he turned down the invitation to take part in the 1948 Games (where India won). He was elected player of the century. He is the only field hockey player to have received the Padma Bhushan, one of the highest civilian awards of his country. He was depicted on a commemorative stamp. Many statues have been dedicated to him: one in front of the National Stadium in New Delhi, and one in , where he is shown with 4 hands and 4 hockey sticks. The Day of Sport in India is 29 August, his birthday. He was named “Chand” (moon) by his first trainer, Pankaj Gupta, who told him that one day he would shine as brightly as the moon. His team mates for the 2nd and 3rd Olympic gold medals included his younger brother Roop Singh (highest goalscorer in 1932 with 16 goals, and record-holder for the 12 goals that he scored against the USA in a single match). His son Ashok Kumar won an Olympic bronze medal in 1972, again in field hockey, and in 1975 he scored the winning goal against Pakistan to win the World Championship.

DI CAPUA GIUSEPPE (rowing, Italy, b. Salerno 15/3/1958). Three Olympics (1984, 1988, 1992), 2 gold medals (coxed pair, 1984 and 1988) and a silver (coxed pair 1992). 1984 1-0-0, 1988 1-0-0, 1992 0-1-0. As cox for the brothers Carmine (q.v.) and Giuseppe (q.v.) Abbagnale, he won the 1984 gold medal ahead of Romania, and the 1988 gold in Seoul, preceding East Germany. “Pre- race nerves? No, this morning I woke even later than usual. Now I have more medals than Ivo Stefanoni (q.v.), the king of coxes, and a legend for me. He works at the Quirinale, and some time ago he gave me the Moto Guzzi stroke rate timer: I have never used it, I keep it at home and every so often I look at it”. He just missed the triple, coming second in Barcelona 1992 behind the British Searle brothers, who ended their unbeaten record which had lasted from 1986. The “big brothers” always threw him into the water after every victory. During the Games he weighed 50 kg “thanks to salad”, while he reached “60 kg in winter, I did this on purpose so that they trained with a greater weight in the boat”. He also won 7 world championship gold medals (1981-82-85-87-89-90-91), 2 silvers and a bronze, all in the coxed pair, and another gold medal (1982) in the lightweight Eight.

DIBIASI KLAUS (diving, Italy, b. Solbad Hall, 6/10/1947). Four Olympic appearances (1964, 1968, 1972, 1976), 3 gold (platform, 1968, 1972, 1976) and 2 silver medals (platform, 1964, springboard 1968). 1964 0-1-0, 1968 1-1-0, 1972 1-0-0, 1976 1-0-0. Born in Austria, his family moved to Bolzano when he was young. He was trained from a young age by his father Carlo, 10th in platform diving at the 1936 Berlin games, Italian champion from 1933 to 1936. His talent emerged young, and Klaus was selected for the 1964 Tokyo Games at the age of just 17, after an event specially organized in Bolzano to enable the Federation experts to see him in action. In Japan, after the first day he was 18th for platform diving; over the next two days, the difficulty coefficient increased, and he moved up in the rankings, gaining access to the final with the highest score, but in the last dives he was overtaken by the American Robert Webster, previously gold medallist in Rome. He returned to Bolzano, where in winter he could train only in the gym and on the trampoline, because in the city there was no indoor pool. In summer he dived 130-150 times per day for six days a week. Four years later he dominated platform diving at the Mexico City Games, becoming the first Italian to win an Olympic gold medal either in diving or swimming. In the same edition he also won a silver medal for springboard diving. He won easily on the platform in Munich, 1972, while in Montreal, at his fourth and last Olympiad, he came eighth on the springboard and won his third gold on the platform, beating rising star Greg Louganis (q.v.). “Before him, diving was completely different”, said his friend and rival Giorgio Cagnotto, “he changed it, like the Beatles changed music”. Apart from the Olympics, in the World Championships he won 2 gold medals for platform (1973-75), and 2 silver medals; at the European Championships,

46 The Olympic Dictionary he won 3 gold (platform 1966-74, springboard 1974) and 2 silver medals; he also won 18 Italian titles (11 for springboard, 7 for platform and 11 indoor). He retired after the Montreal Games, became coach for the Italian diving team, a Federation director, and coach in the club that he founded in Rome.

DIDRIKSON-ZAHARIAS MILDRED ELLA “BABE” (track & field, b. Port Arthur, Texas, 26/6/1911, d. Galveston, Texas, 27/9/1956). One Olympic appearance (1932), 2 gold medals (80 hs and javelin) and one silver (high jump). Born in Texas to Norwegian parents, she was an athlete for just three years, but this was enough for her to win 2 Olympic titles. At the 1932 Los Angeles Games (where by rule she can dispute only 3 events), she won gold medals for the javelin, with 43.68 m, and the 80 hs, with a world record of 11.7 notwithstanding a bad start. In the high jump, she lost the gold in the contest with fellow American Jean Shiley: both cleared 1.657, beating the world record, but Shiley was assigned the gold medal because Didrikson cleared the bar head first, a technique that was forbidden by the regulations at that time. In track & field events, she also won four national titles between 1930 and 1931: 80 hurdles, long jump, javelin, and baseball throwing, a speciality that later disappeared, and for which her world record still stands, at 90.22 metres. Before taking up athletics, she had played basket as pivot, steering the Golden Cyclones to the national final for three consecutive years, and winning a championship. After her 2 medals in Los Angeles, she capitalized her talent and turned professional: she won 41 golf professional tournaments including 10 Major (the last, the US Open in 1954, one year before dying from cancer). She practiced tennis, rowing, hockey, softball, swimming, diving, riding, polo and shooting at top levels. Her masculine appearance, her ability to compete with men, her attitude and the fact that she never had children in her marriage with Greek wrestler George Zaharias have always led to doubts about her sexual identity. Didrikson herself fuelled such speculation, such as when, to a journalist’s question (“Is there anything at which you have never played?”), she replied, “Yes, dolls”. In 1950 she was awarded the title of best American athlete of the first half of the 20th century.

DIETRICH WILFRIED (, Germany, b. Schifferstadt 14/10/1933, d. Durbanville, Cape Town, South Africa, 3/6/1992). Five Olympic appearances (1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972), one gold (freestyle heavyweight >87 kg 1960), 2 silver (Greco-Roman heavyweight >87 kg, 1956 and 1960) and 2 bronze (Greco-Roman heavyweight >97 kg 1964, freestyle heavyweight >97 kg 1968) medals. 1956 0-1-0, 1960 1-1-0, 1964 0-0-1, 1968 0-0-1. He was the only wrestler to win five medals. After having come close to gold in 1956 for Greco-Roman wrestling (he defeated Parfenov in the first round, but the appeal jury reversed the ruling, and in the end he came second, behind the Russian), he won the gold medal in freestyle four years later, after 6 victories – with just one penalty – and a final draw with the previous champion, Turk Kaplan. In Rome he also won the silver medal in Greco-Roman because, though with the same number of penalties as Kubat, he was 40 kg lighter than the Czechoslovakian, 90 as compared to 130. In 1964 he won the gold medal in Greco-Roman and came 7th in freestyle; in 1968 he won his fifth medal, bronze in freestyle. At almost 39 years of age, he took part in the 1972 Games, coming 5th in freestyle and just missing the medals in Greco-Roman. In the first round he was up against the US wrestler Taylor, a 186 kg giant who had beaten him in freestyle, but he lifted and threw him with a move that has gone down in history. Later however he was disappointed when he received a disqualification in the third round against the Romanian Dolipschi, and resigned even though he had only four penalties, and in the end he came fourth. He also obtained one gold (freestyle >87 kg in 1961), 2 silver and 2 bronze medals in the World Championships; a European gold medal (freestyle >97 kg in 1967); and 30 victories in German championships.

DILLARD HARRISON WILLIAM (track & field, USA, b. Cleveland, Ohio, 8/7/1923). Two Olympic appearances (1948, 1952) and 4 gold medals (100 m 1948, 110 hs 1952, 4x100 m 1948 and 1952). 1948 2-0-0, 1952 2-0-0. The only athlete to have won gold medals in the sprint and

47 The Olympic Dictionary hurdles events in the same Olympics. When he was 13 he had watched the parade in Cleveland in honour of Jesse Owens (q.v.), and soon after it was the hero of the Berlin Games who gave him his first running shoes. In 1948 he became world record holder in the 110 hs (with his 13.6 over 120 yards) and had a series of 82 consecutive wins that had just been brought to an end, when he failed to qualify in the Trials, hitting three hurdles and stopping at the seventh. But the day before, he had obtained qualification for the 100 m by coming 3rd, and he achieved a surprise victory in London, beating Barney Ewell who thought he had won and was embracing everybody until the Panama athlete LaBeach, third, told him, “Look, Bones won”. Bones was Dillard’s nickname, because he was tall and thin. Then he won gold in the 4x100, assigned to USA after a three-day delay. They had been disqualified, with Great Britain replacing them in first place (the medal ceremony had already been held), because of an alleged fault in a baton change, a decision later overturned by the appeal jury. In 1952, Dillard at last won the 110 hs (“Good things happen to people who know how to wait”) and attained another medal in the relay, equalling the 4 golds of the legendary Owens. He also won 13 United States titles, including indoor events, and set 15 world best performances in 50 and 60 yard dash indoor races.

DIMAS PYRROS (weightlifting, , b. Himara, Albania, 13/10/1971). Four Olympic appearances (1992, 1996, 2000, 2004), 3 gold medals (middle heavyweight 82.5 kg 1992, 83 kg 1996, 85 kg 2000) and one bronze medal (middle heavyweight 85 kg 2004). 1992 1-0-0, 1996 1-0- 0, 2000 1-0-0, 2004 0-0-1. Born Pirro Dhima in Albania, part of the Greek minority of Albania, for whom he competed in the 1990 European Championships, becoming a Greek citizen – and changing his name – in 1991. The following year, he won his first Olympic goal, lifting a total of 370 kg like the Pole Siemion and Russian Samadov, winning because the latter weighed 5 grams more (he was then disqualified for throwing the bronze medal onto the ground); and because, though equal in weight to Siemion, Dimas had lifted the 202.5 kg in the clean and jerk first. In 1996 he won another gold, setting 3 world records: snatch 180 kg, clean and jerk 212.5 kg and total 392.5 kg, even though the competition continued (after the medals had already been decided), Dimas winning another record in the clean and jerk, 213 kg, immediately beaten by the 213.5 kg of British Huster, who had won silver medal. His third gold came in 2000, with a total of 390 kg, equal to Huster and the Georgian Asanidze, who weighed 16 and 64 grams more than him respectively. Lastly, a bronze in 2004, his fourth medal (equalling the record), won – just after a knee operation and notwithstanding a wrist problem – in the last contest before his retirement, announced by leaving his shoes on the podium while the spectators in Athens gave him a standing ovation. He also won 3 gold medals (1993-95-98) and one silver medal in the World Championships; one gold (1995), one silver and 2 bronze medals in the European Championships; and he set 11 world records.

DISABLED ATHLETES See Paralympics.

DITTMER ANDREAS (canoeing, Germany, b. Neustrelitz, 16/4/1972). Three Olympic appearances (1996, 2000, 2004), 3 gold medals, (C2 1000 m 1996, C1 1000 m 2000, C1 500 m 2004), one silver (C1 1000 m 2004) and one bronze (C1 500 m 2000) medal. 1996 1-0-0, 2000 1-0- 1, 2004 1-1-0. He won the gold medal in the 1000 metres in 1996 with Gunar Kirchbach, before winning his other 4 medals in one-man events in the two successive Games. He also won 8 gold (C2 1000 m 1994, C1 1000 m 1997-2001-02-03-05, C1 500 m 2003-05), 4 silver and 10 bronze medals in the World Championships; and 5 gold (C1 1000 m 2001-02-04-05, C1 500 m 2007), 8 silver and 2 bronze medals in the European Championships.

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DITYATIN ALEKSANDR NIKOLAYEVICH (gymnastics, Russia, b. St. Petersburg, at that time Leningrad, 7/8/1957). Two Olympic appearances (1976, 1980), 3 gold medals (individual all- around 1980, team 1980, rings 1980), 6 silver medals (team 1976, rings 1976, horizontal bar 1980, parallel bars 1980, vault 1980, pommel horse 1980) and one bronze medal (floor exercise 1980) for USSR. 1976 0-2-0, 1980 3-4-1. After 2 silver medals in 1976, when he missed the gold medals by just 5 hundredths of a point, in Moscow he became the first athlete to win 8 medals in a single edition of the Games (the record was equalled in 2004 by United States swimmer Michael Phelps q.v.). On 22 July he won the team gold medal; on the 24th he beat the reigning champion, another Russian, Andrianov (q.v.), in the all-around competition; on the 25th he won 6 medals in six exercises. In those Games he was the first male gymnast to receive “10” for the vault. In the World Championships he won 7 gold medals (individual all-around 1979, team 1979-81, rings 1979-81, vault 1979, parallel bars 1981), 2 silver and 3 bronze medals; in the European Championships, 2 gold medals (rings and pommel horse 1979), 2 silver and 2 bronze medals; 6 gold, 7 silver and 5 bronze medals in the Soviet championships, in which he won the individual all-around competition in 1975 and 1979.

DIVING Introduced at the 1904 St. Louis Games and from then on always part of the Olympics, diving is governed by the same Federation as swimming, FINA (www.fina.org). Cf. Sports (Section IV).

DJIBOUTI (Republic of Djibouti, Africa, capital Djibouti, area 23.200 km2, population 833.025). Medals: one (bronze for Ahmed Salah in the 1988 marathon). The Olympic Committee, formed in 1983, received IOC recognition the following year; ever-present since 1984.

DOHERTY HUGH LAWRENCE “LAURIE” (tennis, England, b. Wimbledon 8/10/1875, d. Broadstairs 21/8/1919). One Olympic appearance (1900), 2 gold medals (singles, men’s doubles) and one bronze (mixed doubles). “Little Do”, height 1.77 m, won his singles gold after his brother had resigned in the semi-finals (the two had never met in a minor competition, and the Olympics were considered as a minor competition), and with him he also won in the men’s doubles. He won 5 times consecutively, from 1902 to 1906, also winning the US International Lawn Tennis Challenge once (1903). Together with his brother Reggie, he won the men’s doubles at Wimbledon 8 times (1897-98-99-1900-01-03-04-05), and twice in the USA (1902-03). He also won 4 Davis Cups (1903-04-05-06), and remained unbeaten for 13 matches (8 singles, including one won by resignation, and 5 doubles).

DOHERTY REGINALD FRANK “REGGIE” (tennis, England, b. Wimbledon 14/10/1872, d. London 29/12/1910). Two Olympic appearances (1900, 1908), 3 gold medals (doubles 1900 and 1908, mixed doubles 1900) and one bronze medal (singles 1900). 1900 2-0-1, 1908 1-0-0. “Big Do”, height 1.85 m, but weighing less than 65 kg, was often ill with lung problems (“I don’t know what it’s like to feel well”, he told a friend), and he usually played with cuffs unbuttoned and flapping sleeves. He won his gold medal in the mixed doubles in 1900 with Charlotte Cooper, and the gold in the men’s doubles in 1908 with 44-year old George Hillyard, saving 7 match-points during the semi-final with Cazalet-Dixon. He won 4 consecutive times at Wimbledon from 1897 to 1900 (in 1898 he beat his brother Laurie in the challenge round) before concentrating, due to ill health, on just doubles, a speciality in which he won 8 times at Wimbledon and twice in the USA with his brother Laurie. He also won 4 Davis Cups.

DOMINICA, COMMONWEALTH OF (Commonwealth of Dominica, Caribbean, capital Roseau, area 751 km2, population 67,390). Its Olympic Committee was formed in 1987 and recognized by the IOC in 1993. The country took part in the 1996, 2000 and 2004 Games. Yet to win a medal.

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DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (Caribbean, capital , area 48.671 km2, population 9.759.665). 2 medals: one gold (Felix Sanchez in the 400 metres, 2004) and one bronze (Pedro Nolasco in boxing, bantamweight 54 kg, 1984). The Olympic Committee, formed in 1946, received IOC recognition in 1962. Since 1964 it has taken part at all Olympics.

DOPING This term denotes the act of enhancing sporting performances through the use of any one of a number of types of substances (drugs), medication (with direct effect or to mask the presence of illegal substances), procedures (“blood doping” for example), and even, by extension, extreme forms of psychological training (psychological doping). The origins of the word are unclear: the most widely-held view is that “doping” derives from the Dutch “doop”, which is used to describe a very thick soup, a sauce to accompany a main dish, or a very strong drink. The term actually comes from the South African “dop”, the name of a coca, caffeine extract and alcohol-based drink. Transferred to the English vocabulary as “dope” at the end of the 18th century, it was first used in the modern sense in 1889 in reference to the practice of smoking opium. Because of the effect of the opiates, it also came to describe someone who was a bit stupid. The practice of doping is considered contrary to the ethics and spirit of sport by the main sporting associations, and is punishable with sanctions that go as far as life bans (usually a first positive test results in a two-year ban, with a second test resulting in a life ban proposal). In the most industrialised countries there are also various pieces of legislation designed to combat the practice. The Anti-Doping Convention adopted by the European Council in Strasbourg on 16 December 1989 has so far been signed by 48 countries, including four non-EU nations (Australia, Belarus, Canada and Tunisia), and remains open to other nations. Doping in ancient Games The practice of doping as we know it was unknown in ancient times. Coaches and doctors limited themselves to recommending special diets, ointments, massages, and invocations to the gods (the first cases of psychological doping) to their athletes prior to competitions. The only real exceptions were sesame seeds, possession of which was illegal in Olympia. Today we know that sesame seeds contain unsaturated fats and have anti-oxidising and hepatoprotective properties, yet no real effect on sporting performances. To give wrestlers an extra boost before bouts, one well-known doctor of the time, Galeno, prescribed a drink produced by boiling the hoof of an Abyssinian horse in oil and flavouring it with rose petals. Origins of modern doping As cited by Tacitus among others, before going into battle the legendary Viking “Berserkers” used to down a drink called “butotens”, probably produced from the urine of those who had regularly consumed a mushroom - the Amanita muscaria - known for its stimulating and neurotrophic properties. Often toxic for those who ate it, the mushroom was harmless after it had been metabolised. Meanwhile, according to French missionary Albert Schweitzer, in Gabon at the beginning of the nineteenth century people used to eat the roots of a plant to stave off tiredness, much like the Andean practice of chewing coca leaves to quell hunger. The first admission In October 1806 two Britons, Abraham Wood and Robert Barclay Allardice – commonly known as “Captain Barclay” – met for a 24-hour barefooted race on a track in Newmarket, with 600 guineas waiting for the winner. Wood retired after 40 miles: he later claimed that his supporters had given him drops of laudanum, an opiate, to diminish his tiredness and keep him awake. The popularity of such endurance races, mainly contested by cyclists, lasted until the end of the nineteenth century and they often took place over distances of 500 miles or more. Particularly popular among the substances taken to provide an energy boost was nitroglycerin, a drug used to stimulate the heart and that, in certain doses, improved the breathing of competitors. Later, before such practices were banned, cocaine was also a popular substance. Olympic doping ante-litteram Although you can only talk about doping, and therefore anti-doping procedures, at the Games from 1968 onwards, at least two prior competitions – both marathons – are remembered partly for some of the substances consumed by the protagonists. Aside from the improvised alcoholic (usually brandy but sometimes also champagne-based) and egg-based concoctions used to massage and revive ailing athletes, and that were even at times drunk during

50 The Olympic Dictionary races, the main stimulant around at the beginning of the twentieth century was strychnine. An alkaloid mainly used in pesticides for small animals – essentially rodents – and extracted from the seeds of the nux vomica, strychnine is an odourless, crystalline substance with a very bitter flavour. In large quantities it can result in muscular spasms and convulsions, paralysis and, in extreme cases, death. In controlled doses, it acts as a heart stimulant. There is little doubt, for example, that it was used by Thomas Hicks, winner of the St. Louis marathon and, according to the testimony of the doctor that treated him on his arrival at the finish line, in all likelihood also (q.v.) Dorando Pietri at the 1908 London Games. Hicks’ coach injected his charge with a milligram of strychnine sulphate, topping this off with a nice glass of brandy, after he had collapsed for a first time, and used his syringe for a second time another four miles down the road. Stimulants For many years the most commonly-used doping substances were stimulants and, in particular, amphetamines. The most effective of these, Benzedrine, was isolated in the US in 1934, and according to a Council of Europe report was widely used at the 1936 Berlin Games. The use of caffeine and derivatives, ephedrine and similar substances became commonplace in cycling straight after the Second World War, but there are accounts of stimulants being used during the Tour de France as far back as the 1920s. The illegal use of stimulants and related products resulted in the death of a Danish cyclist at the Rome Games of 1960 (cf. The first doping scandal in the Rome 1960 chapter in section II, The Modern Olympic Games). The discovery of anabolic steroids During the Vienna World Championships in 1954, US weightlifting doctor John Ziegler learned from his Soviet counterpart that the USSR lifters were receiving doses of testosterone, the male sex hormone. After a few tests had evidenced a number of dangerous side effects, Ziegler began carrying out tests on a synthetic derivative, methandrostenolone, which would be marketed by Ciba as Dianabol from 1958 onwards. The drug had astonishing effects and its popularity began to spread to other disciplines. In 1977 East German sprinter Renate Neufeld defected to West Germany, taking the pills she had been given by coaches and doctors with her: they were identified as anabolic steroids. The same year, another East German, shot putter Ilona Slupianek, became the first athlete to be banned (12 months) for steroid abuse after failing a drugs test at the European Cup final in Helsinki. Doping and the IOC The IOC introduced both gender and drug testing at the Grenoble Winter Olympics in 1968. The first failed test occurred in Mexico City when Swedish pentathlete Hans- Gunnar Liljenvall tested positive for alcohol. His team was subsequently stripped of its bronze medal and the athlete also disqualified from the individual event (see modern pentathlon note in section II, The Modern Olympic Games, Mexico City). Since then, the following athletes have failed drug tests at the Summer Games (60 before Athens 2004, another 27 at the Athens Games) - Mexico City 1968: Hans-Gunnar Lijenwall (modern pentathlon). Munich 1972: Bakhaavaa Buidaa (judo), Miguel Coll (basketball), Rick DeMont (swimming), Jaime Huelamo (cycling), Walter Legel (weightlifting), Mohamad Nasehi Arjomond (weightlifting), Aad van der Hoeck (cycling). Montreal 1976: Blagoi Blagoev (weightlifting), Marc Cameron (weightlifting), Paul Cerutti (shooting), Dragomir Ciorosian (weightlifting), Phililppe Grippaldi (weightlifting), Zbigniew Kaczmarek (weightlifting), Valentin Khristov (weightlifting), Arne Norrback (weightlifting), Peter Pavlasek (weightlifting), Danuta Rosani (track & field). Los Angeles 1984: Serafim Grammatikopoulos (weightlifting), Vésteinn Hafsteinsson (track & field), Tomas Johansson (wrestling), Stefan Laggner (weightlifting), Lorne Leibel (sailing), Goran Petersson (weightlifting), Eiji Shimomura (volleyball), Mikiyasu Tanaka (volleyball), Ahmed Tarbi (weightlifting), Mahmud Tarha (weightlifting), Gianpaolo Urlando (track & field), Martti Vainio (track & field), Anna Verouli (track & field). Seoul 1988: Alidad (wrestling), Kerrith Brown (judo), Kalman Csengeri (weightlifting), Mitko Grablev (weightlifting), Angell Genchev (weightlifting), Ben Johnson (track & field), Fernando Mariaca (weightlifting), Jorge Quezada (modern pentathlon), Andor Szányi (weightlifting), Alexander Watson (modern pentathlon), Sergiusz Wolczaniecki (weightlifting). Barcelona 1992: Madina Biktagirova (track & field), Bonnie Dasse (track & field), Jud Logan (track & field), Nijole Medvedeva (track & field), Wu Dan (volleyball). Atlanta 1996: Iva

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Prandzheva (track & field), Natalya Shekhodanova (track & field). Sydney 2000: Fritz Aanes (wrestling), Ashot Daneelyan (weightlifting), Izabela Dragneva (weightlifting), Stian Grimseth (weightlifting), Ivan Ivanov (weightlifting), Marion Jones (track & field), Alexander Leipold (wrestling), Sevdalin Minchev (weightlifting), Oyunbileg Purevbaatar (wrestling), Andreea Răducan (gymnastics), Andris Reinholds (rowing). Athens 2004: Wafa Ammouri (weightlifting), Adrián Annus (track & field), Andrew Brack (baseball), Viktor Chislean (weightlifting), Róbert Fazekas (track & field), Mabel Fonseca (wrestling), Anton Galkin (track & field), Ferenc Gyurkovics (weightlifting), Zoltan Kecskes (weightlifting), Konstantinos Kenteris (track & field), Albina Khomic (weightlifting), Aye Khine Nan (weightlifting), Irina Korzhanenko (track & field), Pratima Kumari Na (weightlifting), Aleksey Lesnichiy (track & field), David Munyasia (boxing), Derek Nicholson (baseball), Cian O’Connor (equestrian), Olena Olefirenko (rowing), Leonidas Sampanis (weightlifting), Thinbaijam Sanamcha Chanu (weightlifting), Mital Sharipov (weightlifting), Olga Shchukina (track & field), Sahbaz Sule (weightlifting), Ekaterini Thanou (track & field), Ludger Beerbaum (equestrian). At the Winter Olympics there were 5 cases before the 2002 Salt Lake City Games, 7 in Salt Lake City, and one in Turin – Sapporo 1972: Alois Scholder (ice hockey). Innsbruck 1976: Galina Kulakova (cross country skiing), Frantisek Pospisil (ice hockey). Sarajevo 1984: Batsukh Purevjal (cross country skiing). Calgary 1988: Jaroslaw Morawiecki (ice hockey). Salt Lake City 2002: Alain Baxter (downhill skiing), (cross country skiing), (cross country skiing), Marc Meyer (cross country skiing), Johann Mühlegg (cross country skiing), Vasily Pankov (ice hockey), Achim Walcher (cross country skiing). Turin 2006: Olga Pyleva (cross country skiing). Olympic regulations Rule no. 48 of the Olympic Charter prohibits doping and prescribes that the IOC keeps a list of banned substances, to be periodically updated. Since 1999 the IOC has entrusted this task to WADA, the World Anti-Doping Agency, an organisation headquartered in Lausanne, founded by Canadian IOC member Dick Pound and currently headed by 63 year-old New Zealand- born Australian John Fahey, the former Liberal prime minister who chaired the committee that organised Sydney’s 2000 Olympic bid, who will fill the role until 2010. The WADA has gradually taken on the role not only of monitoring and promoting the fight against sport on behalf of the IOC, but also for numerous other sports federations that adhere to the World Anti-Doping Code, organising unscheduled tests during training periods well before competitions and overseeing the sample-taking and control process during the Games and other meetings: in 2006 it carried out testing for 41 federations in 72 countries on athletes from 108 nations. This included 3000 urine samples and 1200 EPO tests. The tests are “RCT” - Randomized, Controlled, double-blind – with the illegal substances compared with a placebo. The list of substances Several organisations, such as the European Union, and a number of countries that have produced anti-doping legislation have lists of illegal substances. The WADA’s list of banned substances comprises over 100 drugs and products, and is divided into the following categories: 1. Anabolic agents, divided into endogenous steroids, exogenous steroids and “others” 2. Hormones and related substances: erythropoietin (EPO), growth hormone, gonadotrophins, insulin and corticotrophins 3. Beta-2 agonists, such as salbutamol 4. Agents with anti-estrogenic activity 5. Diuretics and other “covering” or “masking” agents, substances that enable you to dilute or eliminate other illegal substances consumed: these include diuretics, epitestosterone, probenecid, alpha-reductase inhibitors, plasma expanders. As well as the list of banned substances, WADA also has a list of illegal procedures: 1. Enhancing the transport of oxygen, such as blood doping (blood transfusions) and the taking of modified haemoglobin 2. Chemical and physical manipulation, such as tampering with samples and catheters 3. Gene doping, more a declaration of intent than a procedure subject to controls at the moment.

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The WADA also lists other classes of substances which may not be used during competition: 1. Stimulants, which no longer include caffeine or pseudoephedrine, once considered doping substances; 2. Narcotics such as heroin and morphine 3. Cannabinoids, such as hashish and marijuana 4. Glucocorticosteroids, such as cortisone and derivates. Finally, the WADA also lists a number of prohibited substances in particular sports: 1. Alcohol, banned in Olympic archery and modern pentathlon competitions 2. Beta-blockers, prohibited, at the Olympics, in archery, bobsleigh, curling, gymnastics, wrestling, modern pentathlon, skiing, snowboarding, shooting and sailing.

DORDONI GIUSEPPE “PINO” (track & field, Italy, b. Piacenza 28/6/1926, d. Piacenza 24/10/1998). Four Olympic appearances (1948, 1952, 1956, 1960) and one gold medal (50 km walk 1952). At Helsinki he won in 4h28:07.8 – the first to break the 4 and a half hour mark, even though it was raining – after having broken away at the 35 km refreshments station, leaving behind Swede Ljunggren who had won in 1948; before entering the stadium, already sure of his victory (the Czechoslovakian Dolezal, who came second, finished 2:10 behind), he took off the hat that he had worn for the whole race. After crossing the finishing line, “I swayed about a bit and lay down on the grass. Some paramedics put me on a stretcher, put a blanket over me, and I remained there lying down, watching my name appear in lights on the stadium scoreboard”. Just before leaving for Helsinki, the nails of his big toes had been removed due to an infection (“Not the ideal condition for an Olympic 50 km walk”), but three days before the race he wrote to his father, “Dear Dad, I am writing to say that I am in excellent health and I hope that you and all the others are likewise. This morning I had my last training session, I was fairly happy and suffered no problems, and even my feet are better”. His profile in the Gazzetta was titled: “Giuseppe Dordoni / 26 years old, 84 victories”. Gianni Brera wrote on the front page: “Dear old Dordoni from Piacenza, I hope that this evening the people of your town will light festive bonfires on our river, as was done after victories in the regattas of ancient times”. He also won a European gold medal (in 1950) in the 50 km walk, and 26 Italian titles: 11 in the 10 km, 10 in the 20 km and 5 in the 50 km walk.

DOUBLES In the Olympic Games, there are many cases of multiple successes in different sports. However the only case of an athlete winning a gold medal in both Summer and Winter Olympics is the American Eddie Eagan (q.v.), who won a gold for boxing in 1920 and then won the 4-man bobsled at Lake Placid, 1932. Norwegian Jacob Tullin Thams almost succeeded doing the same, winning the ski-jumping event in 1924, and obtaining a silver medal for sailing in 1936. As regards success in different events, amongst women, East German Christa Rothenburger-Luding (q.v.) won a gold and a silver medal speed-skating in 1988, and in the same year came second in cycling, more specifically for track cycling. Behind her is Canadian Clara Hughes, who won 2 bronze medals for cycling in 1996, and also won a gold, silver and bronze medal for speed-skating in the 2002 and 2006 Games. At the Summer Games, the first athlete to win in different sports was German Carl Schuhmann, who won three gold medals in gymnastics and one for wrestling in 1896. Similarly, Swede Daniel Norling won 2 gold medals in gymnastics in 1908-1912, and also won a medal for show-jumping in 1920. Three medals in 3 different sports is a record held by Frank Kugler, GER, who in 1904 was silver medallist for wrestling, bronze in the tug of war, and also winning two bronze medals in weightlifting.

DOUILLET DAVID (judo, France, b. Rouen 17/2/1969). Three Olympic appearances (1992, 1996, 2000), 2 gold medals (heavyweight >95 kg 1996, heavyweight >100 kg 2000) and one bronze (heavyweight >95 kg 1992). 1992 0-0-1, 1996 1-0-0, 2000 1-0-0. He was beaten by Ogawa in the 1992 semi-final, but took his revenge on the Japanese judoka four years later, again in the semi- final, before beating Spaniard Pérez Lobo in the final. In Atlanta he was assisted by the absence of

53 The Olympic Dictionary the reigning champion, Georgian Khakhaleishvili, who was disqualified because he did not turn up at the right time for weighing in (which is actually unnecessary for heavyweights): weighing in was at the Olympic Village, while he had gone to the Judo Hall. Two months after the Games, Douillet had a serious motorcycling accident, but this did not prevent him from winning his fourth World Championship gold in 1997 (after those of 1993 and 1995, in the heavyweight class, and also in the open category in 1995), beating Shinohara in a controversial semi-final. After an interval of 15 months caused by back problems, he once again faced the Japanese judoka in the Olympic final in Sydney, where he won 46 seconds from the end of the contest following a challenge regarding a previous action: one judge had assigned an ippon to his opponent, who would have won, but the other judge and the referee assigned a yuko to Douillet. Four weeks later, after having examined the video, a commission for the International Federation established that neither of the two judokas should have received points for that action: but by then, the gold medal had been assigned. Douillet’s medals also include one gold (1994), one silver and 2 bronze medals in the European Championships.

DOWNING BURTON CECIL (cycling, USA, b. San José, California, 5/2/1885, d. Red Bank, New Jersey, 1/1/1929). One Olympic appearance (1904), 2 gold medals (2 miles, 25 miles), 3 silver medals (1/4 mile, 1/3 mile, one mile) and one bronze (half mile). His medals are a record in cycling: he surprised everyone when he won them, because the Eastern US riders did not know about him when he arrived from California to race in St. Louis. Then he continued his journey to New York, where he settled and found employment at the Spearin Company, becoming its president in 1909.

DREAM TEAM The USA basketball team at the 1992 Barcelona Games, in which for the first time Olympic basketball was opened to NBA professionals, and so the United States were able to field their Dream Team, comprising the finest basketball players in the world. The “all-star” American team attracted great media attention and won the Olympic gold without difficulty. The team was: Charles Barkley, Larry Bird (q.v.), Clyde Drexler, Patrick Ewing, Earvin “Magic” Johnson (q.v.), Michael Jordan (q.v.), Christian Laettner, Karl Malone, Chris Mullin, Scottie Pippen, David Robinson, and John Stockton. Successive American teams participating in later editions of the Games were named Dream Team II, III etc., but until now the 1992 team has been the most memorable.

DRECHSLER-DAUTE HEIKE (track & field, Germany, b. Gera, former East Germany, 16/12/1964). Three Olympic appearances (1988, 1992, 2000), 2 gold medals (long jump 1992 and 2000), one silver (long jump 1988) and 2 bronze medals (100 m 1988, 200 m 1988). 1988 0-1-2, 1992 1-0-0, 2000 1-0-0. She won her first World Championship gold medal in the long jump at the age of just 18, and a string of 27 consecutive victories was brought to an end only in 1987. The following year she was beaten by 18 cm (7.40 to 7.22) by Jackie Joyner Kersee (q.v.) at her fifth jump. Then she won 2 gold medals out of two, missing the 1996 Games due to injury. In her career, which ended in 2004, she jumped further than 7 metres more than 400 times. She won two World Championship gold medals (long jump 1983 – competing under her maiden name Daute - and 1993), 2 silver and 2 bronze medals (plus 2 indoor gold medals, 200 and long jump in 1987, and a silver medal in the 1991 long jump); 5 European Championship gold medals (200 metres 1986, long jump 1986-90-94-98) and one silver, plus 4 gold medals (long jump 1986-87-88-94) and 2 silvers for indoor events. Twice in 1986 she equalled, at 21.71, the 200 metre world record set by Marita Koch (q.v.), later beaten by Florence Griffith (q.v.) but still standing as a European record. From 1985 to 1986 she set 3 world records in the long jump, 7.44 and twice 7.45, which was then improved by Galina Chistyakova (7.52, which she herself bettered at Sestriere in 1998, but the +2,1 m/s wind meant that her 7.63 could not be accepted). The early part of her career was blemished by the use of steroids.

54 The Olympic Dictionary

DRUGS See Doping.

DUCRET ROGER (fencing, France, b. Paris 2/4/1888, d. Beaumont-en-Véron 10/1/1962). Three Olympic appearances (1920, 1924, 1928), 3 gold medals (individual foil 1924, team foil 1924, team épée 1924), 4 silver medals (team foil 1920 and 1928, individual épée 1924, individual sabre 1924) and one bronze (individual foil 1920). 1920 0-1-1, 1924 3-2-0, 1928 0-1-0. One of the only two fencers who have won individual medals in foil, épée and sabre: the other is Albertson Van Zo Post, USA. In 1920 he had the gold for foil in his grasp, surprisingly, because he was considered as only the third French fencer after , absent due to injury, and : “I just had to beat the last fencer in the last round, the Italian (q.v.), no victories and ten defeats up until then. I could have done it with my eyes closed. I already felt myself Olympic champion. (q.v.) was crying in a corner”. But Speciale won, and Ducret received just the bronze medal. He did better in 1924, struggling (13 victories, 6 defeats) to reach the final round, in which he achieved 6 victories out of 6, including a 5-4 against the other Frenchman Cattiau, and he received silver because of that single defeat in 24 assaults. In Paris he won 5 medals, almost winning gold in sabre as well, but he lost against Hungarian Sandor Posta in the three-sided contest for the medals. He also won a bronze medal for épée in the 1923 European Championships.

DURACK SARAH FRANCIS “FANNY” (swimming, Australia, b. Sydney 27/10/1891, d. Sydney 21/3/1956). One Olympic appearance (1918), one gold medal (100 freestyle). Australia’s first female Olympic athlete, she took part in the 1912 Stockholm Games paying her own ticket for the long voyage during which she was accompanied by her friend and rival Wilhelmina Wylie: her country’s sports authorities had decided to finance just the men’s team. In Stockholm, where women’s swimming was included in the Olympics for the first time, she broke the world record (1:19.8) in the heats, and then won the final in 1:22.2, ahead of Wylie. During her career she set 9 world records, from 100 yards to the mile, bringing the 100 freestyle record down to 1:16.2. She had to withdraw from the 1920 Antwerp Games due to an inflamed appendix that had to be operated just before the Olympics.

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