Also Inside: • OFC 2014 Preview • K

February 2014 Vol. 28, No. 1 www.PhotonicsSociety.org

Superradiance: Exploiting Quantum Phase Transition — by Peter Vasil’ev Optical Refrigerators Outshine Thermoelectric Coolers — by Richard Epstein et al. Integrated Transceivers for Flexible Terabit Networks — by P. Zakynthinos et al.

Also Inside: • OFC 2014 Preview • K. Kikuchi wins 2014 Tyndall Award

February 2014 Vol. 28, No. 1 www.PhotonicsSociety.org

Also Inside: • OFC 2014 Preview • K. Kikuchi wins 2014 Tyndall Award February 2014 Volume 28, Number 1

FEATURES

Research Highlights ��4 –– Superradiance: Exploiting Quantum Phase Transition in the Real World Peter P. Vasil’ev –– Optical Refrigerators Outshine Thermoelectric Coolers Richard I. Epstein, Mansoor Sheik-Bahae, Markus P. Hehlen –– Advanced Hybrid Integrated Transceivers to Realize Flexible Terabit Networking P. Zakynthinos, G. Cincotti, M. Nazarathy, R. Kaiser, Polina Bayvel, R. I. Killey, M. Angelou, S. B. Ezra, M. Irion, A. Tolmachev, B. Gomez Saavedra, J. Hoxha, V. Grundlehner, N. Psaila, G. Vollrath, R. Magri, G. Papastergiou, and I. Tomkos

20 News ...... 20 • Memoriam—IEEE Photonics Society Mourns the Loss of Ivan P. Kaminow, IEEE Life Fellow and Light-Wave Technology Pioneer • IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology Annonces Best Paper Award Recipients • The Year of Light in 2015 • Applauding 50 Years of Fellows • New Fellows Directory • IEEE Fellow Appointment and Book Spotlight ...... 28 • Editors of the IPS Newsletter Careers and Awards ��30 • Call for Nominations: IEEE Photonics Society 2014 Awards • Call for Nominations: IEEE Photonics Society 2014 Distinguished Service Awards • Call for Nominations: IEEE Medals and Recognitions • 2014 John Tyndal Award Winner—Kazuro Kikuchi 32 • 2014 Young Investigator Award Winner—Ertugrul Cubukco Membership ��34 • Member Spotlight on Claire Gmachi and Steven DenBaars • MentorCentre Program for IPS Members • IEEE MentorCentre • What is you Chapter’s Story? • My IEEE • First Year New Member Experience • IEEE Photonics Society Fellows—Class of 2014 Conferences �� 41 • Photonics Society 2014 Conference Calendar • OFC Conference Preview • IEEE Summer Topicals Meeting Series • 2014 Group IV Photonics Conference Call for Papers • 27th IEEE Photonics Conference 2014 Call for Papers 34 • MWP/APMP 2014 Call for Papers • 2014 Avionics Fiber-Optics and Photonics Conference Call for Papers • 2014 Co-Sponsored Calendar • Forthcoming Meetings with ICO Participation Publications �� 51 • Call for Papers: – JLT: Special Issue on the 23rd International Conference on OPTICAL FIBER SENSORS – JSTQE: Solid State Lasers – JSTQE: Superconducting Quantum Electronics and Photonics – JSTQE: Quantum Communications and Cryptography – JSTQE: Optical Micro- and Nano-Systems – JSTQE: Attosecond Photonics

COLUMNS

Editor’s Column .. . . . 2 President’s Column ...... 3

February 2014 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER 1 Editor’s IEEE Photonics Society Column hon tsang President Associate Editor of Asia & Pacific Dalma Novak Christina Lim Welcome to the first issue of 2014! This month we have Pharad, LLC Department of Electrical & 1340 Charwood Road Electronic Engineering three interesting research highlights articles on quite Suite L The University of Melbourne different topics. Peter Vasil’ev describes the obscure and Hanover, MD 21076 VIC 3010 Australia intriguing physics of superradiance, a phenomenon in Tel: +410 590 3333 Tel: +61-3-8344-4486 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] which the spontaneous output of different emitters have Past President Associate Editor of Canada phase coherence and which is distinct from coherent Hideo Kuwahara Lawrence R. Chen emission in lasers because it does not rely on optical cav- Fujitsu Laboratories Department of Electrical & 4-1-1, Kamikodanaka, Nakahara Computer Engineering ity feedback. Richard Epstein et al. provides an update Kawasaki, 211-8588, Japan McConnell Engineering Building, Tel: +81 44 754 2068 on recent progress in laser refrigeration, and the prom- Rm 633 Email: [email protected] ising applications that exist for vibration-free optical McGill University Secretary-Treasurer 3480 University St. cooling of soldis down to cryogenic temperatures. Pan- Peter Smowton Montreal, Quebec agiotis Zakynthinos et al. describes a major EU funded Cardiff University Canada H3A-2A7 School of Physics and Astronomy Tel: +514 398 1879 project, involving the collaboration among researchers Queens Building 5, The Parade Fax: 514 398 3127 from Greece, Italy, Israel, Germany, United Kingdom Cardiff, CF24 3AA, Wales Email: [email protected] Tel: + 44 2920 875997 Associate Editor of Europe/ and Switzerland on the development of a new type of Email: [email protected] optical transceivers that can enable next generation flex- Mid East/Africa Board of Governors Kevin A. Williams ible optical networks. The paper discusses the use of the J.S. Aitchison F. Koyama Eindhoven University of Technology all-optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing S. Bigo A. Larsson Inter-University Research Institute W. Chow X. Li COBRA on Communication (OFDM) and optically-shaped OFDM for the provision L. Chrostowski M. Nakazawa Technology of flexible superchannels that can provide bandwidth M. Dawson P. Smowton Department of Electrical A. Kirk M. Wu Engineering on demand instead of the fixed bandwidth allocation in PO Box 513 conventional networks which employ a fixed wavelength Vice Presidents 5600 MB Eindhoven, Conferences – D. Plant The Netherlands grid in dense wavelength division multiplexing. Finance & Admin – C. Jagadish Email: [email protected] This year we will also have a new series of spotlights Membership & Regional activities – P. Juodawlkis Staff Editor on members who provide voluntary service to the IEEE Publications – B. Tkach Lisa Manteria Photonics Society in different capacities. The spotlight Technical Affairs – K. Choquette IEEE Photonics Society 445 Hoes Lane describes a brief of the volunteers and we start this month Newsletter Staff Piscataway, NJ 08854 with the editors of IEEE Photonics Society News: Law- Executive Editor Tel: 1 732 465 6662 Hon K. Tsang Fax: 1 732 981 1138 rence Chen, Kevin Williams, Christina Lim and myself. Department of Electronic Engineering Email: [email protected] In this month’s conference section, we have a preview The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, Hong Kong of the 2014 OFC/NFOEC which will be held in March Tel: +852 - 39438254 at the Moscone Convention Center in San Francisco. Fi- Fax: +852 - 26035558 nally I apologize for the error in the December 2013 is- Email: [email protected] sue which incorrectly stated that the term of service of the newly elected members of the IEEE Photonics Soci- ety Board of Governors was 2015–2017. For the record, Weng Chow, Lukas Chrostowski, Anders Larsson and IEEE prohibits discrimination, harassment, and bullying. For more information, visit http://www. Xiuling Li are the newly elected members of the IEEE ieee.org/web/aboutus/whatis/policies/p9-26.html. Photonics Society Board of Governors serving from 2014 to 2016. I hope you enjoy the news and articles in this IEEE Photonics Society News (USPS 014-023) is published bimonth- month’s issue and as always I welcome your comments, ly by the Photonics Society of the Institute of Electrical and suggestions and feedback (or corrections!). Electronics Engineers, Inc., Corporate Office: 3 Park Avenue, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10017-2394. Printed in the USA. One dollar per Hon Tsang member per year is included in the Society fee for each member of the Photonics Society. Periodicals postage paid at New York, NY and at additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to Photonics Society Newsletter, IEEE, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854. Copyright © 2014 by IEEE: Permission to copy without fee all or part of any material without a copyright notice is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, and the title of the publication and its date appear on each copy. To copy material with a copyright notice requires specific permission. Please direct all inquiries or requests to IEEE Copyrights Office.

2 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER February 2014 President’s Column Dalma Novak

“It always seems impossible until it’s done.” – Nelson Mandela satisfaction. Meeting the needs of members and creating opportunities for volunteerism so they are empowered to make a As I write my first column as president of the IEEE Photonics difference in our community is essential for the future of our Society (IPS), I am pondering how best to articulate my excite- Society. It is readily apparent that truly satisfied members will ment and sense of honor at being given such an opportunity to both renew their membership and refer others to the IEEE. serve this prestigious organization. However I have to admit During the coming months I will provide more detail on some that I also feel some trepidation—will I be able to accomplish of the planned initiatives and new directions for the Society everything I would like to achieve during my two-year term? and I also seek your input and feedback. I would like to hear Fortunately, inspiration and best practices are all around me. from as many members as possible! Our Society is blessed with a large and diverse group of devot- ed volunteers around the world who work tirelessly to support Spotlights on Photonics all of our activities. The volunteers, along with a terrific group If you have ever read the mission statement of IPS, you will of 17 dedicated professional staff at IEEE headquarters, are the be aware of our Society’s mandate to serve as an advocate of backbone of IPS and the ones who make everything possible. photonics within the IEEE, the broader technical community, and the general public at large. We are excited about two ma- Changing Times jor photonics promotions efforts that are currently underway. As the incoming president, this is the appropriate time to try Firstly, the Society is actively participating in the National and convey my vision and ‘agenda’ for IPS over the next cou- Photonics Initiative (NPI), a collaborative alliance of photonics ple of years. The overarching mission of the Photonics Society associations working to raise awareness of photonics and unite which underpins all of our activities, is to be a pre-eminent industry, academia and government experts to identify and ad- global society for photonics professionals. We strive to provide vance areas of photonics critical to maintaining US competi- our members with valuable and rewarding opportunities for tiveness and national security. A major focus of the initiative professional growth, exchanging information, and continuing is the development of federal programs that encourage greater education; our high quality, successful conferences and publi- collaboration between industry and academia. In May of last cations are key examples of these activities. Our Chapters also year the NPI released a white paper which included some key play a fundamental role in facilitating these opportunities with recommendations to the US government to help guide funding educational events such as technical seminars, graduate confer- and investment in five major photonics driven fields: advanced ences, career fairs and workshops. manufacturing, communications and information technology, As we have all witnessed over the last decade, the evolution defense and national security, energy, and health and medi- of technology has changed our lives as photonics professionals cine. These recommendations have since been enthusiastically dramatically. Whether we work in industry or academia, or received but there is a great deal more educating to be done are currently enrolled students, everything related to how we with regards to how photonics is addressing and solving the learn, communicate, carry out research, disseminate informa- challenges of our modern world. I encourage members to learn tion, and network with one another, has changed markedly. more about the NPI (www.lightourfuture.org) and take up its The Society has been very successful so far in adapting to these photonics advocacy cause, wherever in the world you may re- changes and the evolving needs of its members. As an example, side. The promotion of photonics through public education is our on-line only Photonics Journal was the very first IEEE open key to building our community and our members are the best access journal and provides publication of papers in an aver- representatives for the Society in carrying out this role. age of seven weeks from submission. We have also made great Next year will also provide a tremendous opportunity efforts to increase our online presence and expand the global for photonics promotion and education activities around the nature of the Society. Through our new online newspaper, the world. 2015 is being commemorated as the United Nations IEEE Photonics Daily and social media sites such as Facebook, International Year of Light, recognizing a series of remarkable Twitter, and LinkedIn, Society followers and subscribers now milestones in the history of the physics of light dating back have immediate access to timely updates on photonics research 1,000, 200, 150, 100, and 50 years: The publication of the and innovation, our programs, educational opportunities, pub- great works on optics by Ibn al-Haytham during the Islamic lications, membership news as well as upcoming conference Golden Age, Fresnel’s introduction of the theory of light as information. a wave in 1815, Maxwell’s description of the electromagnetic Continuing to create new initiatives that enhance the rel- theory of light in 1865, Einstein’s development of the General evance and value of Society membership, particularly as the Relativity theory in 1915 which confirmed the centrality of needs of our various stakeholders continue to change and light in both space and time, and the discovery of the Cosmic evolve, is vitally important. Directly related to this objective is an increased focus on member outreach, engagement and (continued on page 8)

February 2014 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER 3 Research Highlights Superradiance: Exploiting Quantum Phase Transition in the Real World Peter P. Vasil’ev

Abstract—Superradiance (SR), or cooperative spontaneous that the emission wavelength, it has been then experimentally emission, has been predicted by R. Dicke before the invention observed in large samples of gases [2], solid-state systems [3] and of the laser. During the last few years one can see a renaissance 0D, 2D and 3D semiconductors [4]. SR emission from semicon- of both experimental and theoretical studies of the superradi- ductors proved to be the most peculiar and intriguing SR emis- ant phase transition in a variety of media, ranging from quan- sion among all types of media [5]. Generally speaking, SR can be tum dots and Bose condensates through to black holes. Until considered as a type-II quantum phase transition [6]. It is very recently, despite of many years of research, SR has been consid- likely that SR will become the first cooperative quantum phe- ered as a phenomenon of pure scientific interest without obvi- nomenon that finds a number of applications in the near future. ous potential applications. However, recent investigations of the femtosecond SR emission generation from semiconductors II. Basics of Superradiance have opened up some practical opportunities for the exploita- An essential feature of SR is the mutual phasing of emitters in- tion of this quantum optics phenomenon. Here we present a volved in radiative emission, without which the generation of SR brief review of some features, advantages and potential applica- cannot practically happen. This self-organisation of the quantum tions of the SR generation from semiconductor laser structures. oscillators and creation of order in the system originates from an exchange of photons of the internal electromagnetic field. In I. Introduction the case of a semiconductor, the self-organisation in the elec- The advent of the laser era 50 years ago has resulted in the obser- tron-hole (e-h) ensemble originates from the interplay of two vation of a variety of new phenomena in optics and light-matter processes, namely (i) the generation of resonant photons via the interactions, including photon echo, self-induced transparency, annihilation of e-h pairs and (ii) the generation of e-h pairs via optical harmonic generation, superluminal and subluminal light the annihilation of the photons. The most striking result of these propagation, etc. Superradiance [1] is one of these quantum op- interactions is the appearance of a distinctive form of emission as tics phenomena, which has the longest history of theoretical and a consequence of an active medium whose collective and ordered experimental study. Originally predicted in small systems shorter behaviour bears little resemblance to that expected from a material dominated by independent e-h pairs. Figure 1 illustrates the difference between ordinary spontaneous emission of a sys- Spontaneous emission tem with a population inversion and SR. Obviously, in the first Intensity Emission case one has a relatively low-power radiation pattern which is essentially isotropic and whose duration in time is characterized

by the spontaneous lifetime xsp. In contrast, in the case of SR, when the number N (density) of emitters becomes large enough, a delayed high-power and short optical pulse is generated, the emission pattern being highly anisotropic.

The duration of the SR pulse is proportional to xsp/N and its Pump Time intensity scales as N2. The delay time is normally 10–20 times longer than the main pulse. This is the initial stage of the pulse evolution or incubation period when mutual phasing and self-or- Superradiance dering of the oscillators takes place. Apparently, collisions within Intensity the ensemble and different relaxation processes prevent the build- Emission up of correlations and coherence in the system, thus obstructing the formation of the SR pulse. However, the high optical gain

Delay time of the system can overcome the destructive role of the relaxation and facilitate the creation of a macroscopically ordered state and, consequently, the generation of SR emission [7, 8]. Pump

Time III. Features and Advantages of SR Emission from Semiconductor Structures Figure 1. Sketch comparing normal spontaneous emission and In contrast to other types of media, semiconductors exhibit ultra- superradiance. fast relaxation rates of different types as well as ultrashort transit

4 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER February 2014 3

2.5

2 Pulsewidth 290 fs

5 SHG intensity 1

0.5

0 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 012345678 time delay (ps) (a) Figure 2. Microscopic pictures of some multiple section semiconductor structures for SR emission generation [9]. 1600 1400 times for light due to intrinsically small dimensions. For in- 1200 stance, typical values of the spontaneous emission lifetime xsp at 1000 room temperature are around 1 ns, whereas characteristic times of intraband processes, including the polarization relaxation 800

Intensity (a.u) 600 time T2, are in the femtosecond range. As a result, durations of SR pulses generated from semiconductor structures are supposed 400 to be well below 1 ps, which is potentially promising for appli- 200 cations. Indeed, experimentally obtained SR pulsewidths from 0 bulk, QWs and QDs structures were typically 200–400 fs [9]. 1.395 1.4 1.405 1.41 1.415 1.42 1.425 Figure 2 illustrates a number of multiple section semiconductor Photon energy (eV) devices, which were used for the generation of SR pulses. Normally, the two end sections of a three-contact device are (b) pumped by nanosecond current pulses, with a large amplitude to generate gain, whereas the central section is reverse biased to Figure 3. Typical SHG autocorrelation trace (a) and the corre- sponding optical spectrum of SR pulses (b) from a bulk 450-nm form a saturable absorber. Typically, a reverse bias up to –10 V long GaAs/AlGaAs 3-section device [5]. The dots in (b) corre- is applied to the absorber section to prevent lasing for a few spond to the experimental data, the solid line is the fitting us- additional nanoseconds and to allow high levels of e-h concen- ing parameters for Bogoljubov e-h quasiparticles [10]. The peak 18 –3 trations of up to 6 × 10 cm to be achieved. wavelength is around 888 nm. Figure 3 illustrates a typical optical spectrum and second harmonically generated (SHG) autocorrelation trace of typical SR pulses. The peak powers of SR pulses vary in the range of 100– 200 W in GaAs/AlGaAs bulk heterostructures depending on the device configuration. Both long wavelength (1580 nm) and violet (408 nm) MQW laser structures exhibit much low power levels ranging from 3 to 9 W [9]. An obvious and simple way for increasing both average and peak powers is to exploit either broad area or tapered waveguide laser structures. Unfortunately a simple increase of the emitting aperture of semiconductor lasers results in a strong degradation of both near- and far-field emission patterns due to self-focusing and Figure 4. Pictures showing the collimated beams of lasing (left) and SR emission (right) from the same structure. filamentation effects in the active region. In contrast to lasing, SR demonstrates almost ideal spatially single-mode emission patterns owing to intrinsic spatial coherence of e-h system [5, The far-field pattern in the superradiant regime has just 9]. For illustration we present in Figure 4 two photos of col- one lobe with a FWHM of less than 3°, which is about five limated beams generated by a 40-nm wide tapered 3-section times narrower than that in the lasing regime at the same cur- laser structure. They correspond to lasing and SR emission rent. The width of the central lobe of the pattern is virtually generation as seen on an IR sensor card. determined by diffraction at the structure facet at all driving

February 2014 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER 5 locates at 876.96 nm. The difference in the SR optical spectra 1 in Figs. 3 and 5 is due to different total lengths and the lengths 0.9 of the absorber sections of the 3-section semiconductor struc- 0.8 tures. If the total cavity length of a structure is below about 0.7 150 microns and at the same time the central absorber section 0.6 is shorter than around 20–25 nm, then coherent beating of 0.5 the electromagnetic field inside the active region is observed 0.4 [4, 5]. As a result, instead of a continuous optical spectrum as Intensity (a.u) 0.3 in Fig. 3, a spectral doublet or triplet is generated, the spacing 0.2 between the components being equal to the period of coherent 0.1 beating [4]. 0 The spectra in Fig. 5 are plotted with the wavelength axis –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1234 normalised to the two central modes to clearly show the differ- Wavelength (nm) ence in mode spacing. The spectra were measured at different Figure 5. Normalised c.w. lasing emission spectrum (red line) driving conditions, i.e. different gain section current ampli- and SR spectrum (blue line) of a 100 nm long 3-section GaAs/ tudes and reverse biases on the absorber. As expected, the meas- AlGaAs structure [12]. ured mode spacing of the lasing spectra was dependent on the cavity length but did not depend on the driving conditions. In contrast, SR spectra exhibited small variations of the spacing 0 510152025303540 45 of the spectral components, when the gain current and absorber 5 Lasing Measurement number reverse bias were changed. Simultaneous measurements in the 0 time domain using an SHG autocorrelator have provided fur- –5 ther evidence for deviations of the group refractive index from –10 that of lasing. Figure 6 presents the plot of the refractive index –15 change for a number of measurements and a number of 3-sec- –20 tion structures of different lengths. Each measurement repre- –25 sents the maximum measured change of the group refractive –30 SR index at all driving conditions for a given laser structure. One Refractive index change (%) –35 can see that the change of the group refractive index for the –40 laser emission is close to zero, whilst it is typically over 10% in case of SR, the largest measured values being around 35%. Figure 6. Plot of the group refractive index change for lasing The obtained results were very consistent within the variety and SR emission. The red and green dots correspond to laser of the semiconductor structures under test and whole range of and SR emission, respectively. the operation conditions. The measured changes of the refractive index imply a maximum increase by a third of the pulse conditions. Narrow far-field patterns of femtosecond superra- propagation velocity above the speed of light during the SR diant emission have been regularly observed from all broad area phase transition in the semiconductor medium as compared to samples and are very promising for applications. standard lasing. However, it has been previously demonstrated Among characteristic features of SR in semiconductors, [11] that despite superluminal propagation effects, no real sig- which include femtosecond pulsewidths and high peak powers, nal can be transmitted faster than the vacuum velocity of light, a large red shift of the emission wavelengths, uniform near- and and the causality principle is not violated. far-field emission patterns, coherence and long-range order of The physical reason behind the ‘fast light’ phenomenon the e-h system, superluminal pulse propagation is the most during the SR phase transition is unclear at the moment. It recently found. It has been observed that bursts of SR pulses appears to be different from faster-than-c propagation effects, instead of a single pulse were generated from some structures which have been recently observed in resonant media with [5, 9]. There were typically from 3 to 5 pulses in a burst with population inversion, including electromagnetically induced a separation close to the device round trip time. Consequently, transparency, coherent population oscillations, and gain-assist- a number of spectral components were observed in frequency ed light propagation (see [13] and reference therein). domain. Accurate measurements of the spectral and temporal periodicity of the SR emission have revealed that neither tem- IV. On the Way to Applications poral nor spectral separation corresponded to the round trip What make SR pulses especially advantageous within the com- time and longitudinal mode spacing of the cavity, respectively. munity of semiconductor optical sources are their large peak Moreover, they were not fixed as in case of lasing and were de- powers and femtosecond pulsewidths. High peak powers at pendent on driving. This fact can be explained by variations of low pulse energies allow for the creation of localized disruption the group refractive index during SR. in delicate samples such as biological tissues and materials. Figure 5 presents normalised optical spectra of c.w. and SR SR emission generators look also more promising as compared emission. The peak wavelength of the SR emission is around to another semiconductor lasers in different imaging applica- 889.62 nm, whereas the centre wavelength of the c.w. emission tions in biology and medicine based on nonlinear two-photon

6 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER February 2014 16 14 12

8 Count 6 4

2 0 020 2040 40066008800100 120120 140140 160160 1 18080 2 2000 deladelayy (ps) (a) 8

4 Count 3

0 050 100 150 200 250 delay (ps) (b)

Figure 7. Distribution of turn-on times of gain-switched (top) Figure 8. SR pulses detected by a photodiode and sampling os- and SR (bottom) pulses. cilloscope without (a) and with (b) optical feedback

processes. SR emission can provide a competitive source for feedback or optical self-seeding. They are often used for in- noninvasive techniques of fluorescent microscopy in tissues creasing of stability of optical emission. The optical feedback and 3-D reconstruction. Additionally, ultrafast recombination allows for triggering of an SR pulse by an injection into the la- of the macroscopic polarization during the SR emission and ser structure a tiny portion of the previous SR pulse in a train. the observed THz coherent beating [5] opens up a possibility If the round trip time of the feedback is precisely adjusted for THz beam generation from semiconductor structures. to the repetition rate of the SR pulses, then one can expect a One hurdle remains in the application of SR emission at strong decrease of both timing jitter and amplitude fluctua- present. Being one of the most remarkable features of SR, the tions. This effect is illustrated in Figure 8. stochastic nature of the cooperative emission manifests itself in It is hoped that SR semiconductor laser structures with a macroscopic fluctuations of pulse intensity and turn-on times properly designed optical feedback will soon become commer- of SR pulses (timing jitter). Fluctuations are particularly large cially available sources of high-power femtosecond optical pulses. due to very small values of the polarization relaxation time T2 in semiconductor media. It has been previously demonstrated that V. Conclusion inhomogeneous broadening of the emission line and decrease of Despite of a long history of research, superradiant phase tran- the dephasing time T2 leads to substantial increase of both delay sition, in semiconductor media in particular, still leave for time and intensity fluctuations of SR pulses. Figure 7 compares physicists a great deal of effects to be studied. A variety of fas- typical timing jitter of 18 ps long gain-switched pulses and <1 ps cinating phenomena at the boundary of quantum optics and SR pulses generated from the same 3-section laser structure. condensed matter have been observed during the SR emission The timing jitter is typically 2–3 and 40–50 ps for gain- generation from diode laser structures. Macroscopic quantum switched and SR pulses, respectively. The measured disper- coherence of the e-h system in SR semiconductor structures sion of the turn-on times for the SR pulses can be as large as is a characteristic feature which differs them from other opto- 40–50 % of typical values of the average delay times, which electronic and photonic devices. Further studies of e-h quan- is a few times greater than that of nanosecond SR pulses from tum coherence may result in the development of a novel type gaseous and atomic media. of quantum semiconductor photonic devices. It is anticipated An obvious and straightforward way for overcoming the that further optimization of parameters of SR semiconductor problem of enhanced jitter of SR pulses is to use an optical laser structures operating at different wavelengths allows for

February 2014 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER 7 the fabrication of commercial generators of ultrashort pulses KCl. Two-color superfluorescence, Phys. Rev. A, vol. 29, in the near future. pp. 2709–2715, 1984. [4] P.P. Vasil’ev, Superfluorescence in semiconductor lasers, Acknowledgements Quantum Electron., vol. 27, pp. 860–868, 1997. The author acknowledges the financial support from UK EP- [5] P.P. Vasil’ev, Femtosecond superradiant emission in in- SRC. He also would like to thank I.H.White, V.Olle, and organic semiconductors, Rep. Prog. Phys., vol. 72, A.Wonfor of the University of Cambridge for assistance and pp. 076501-1–076501-22, 2009. H.Kan and H.Ohta of Hamamatsu Photonics for the fabrica- [6] K. Hepp, E.H. Lieb, On the superradiant phase tran- tion of the semiconductor laser structures. sition for molecules in a quantized radiation field: the Dicke maser model, Ann. Phys., vol. 76, pp. 360–404 Author Information (1973); Y.K. Wang, F.T. Hioe, Phase transition in the Peter P. Vasil’ev graduated from MV Lomonosov Moscow State Dicke model of superradiance, Phys. Rev A, vol. 7, University (Honour degree), Russia, in 1981. He received pp. 831–836 (1973). the Ph.D. degree in 1985 and Doctor of Sciences degree in [7] P.P. Vasil’ev, Role of a high gain of the medium in su- 1999 from the PN Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow. He is perradiance generation and in observation of coherent ef- a Senior Research Associate at the University of Cambridge, fects in semiconductor lasers, Quantum Electron., vol. 29, Cambridge, U.K and a Leading Researcher at the Quantum Ra- pp. 842–846, 1999. diophysics Department, Lebedev Institute. His main research [8] P.P. Vasil’ev and I.H. White, Gain-enhanced optical co- interests include the generation of ultrashort pulses, their in- herence in a high optical gain semiconductor, Phys. Letts. teraction with semiconductors, and condensation phenomena A, vol. 376, pp. 2270–2273, 2012. in semiconductors. Prof. Vasil’ev received the Electronics Let- [9] P.P. Vasil’ev, R.V. Penty, I.H.White, Superradiant emis- ters Premium from the IEE, U.K., in 1990. He received the sion in semiconductor diode laser structures, IEEE J.Sel. Visiting Fellowship in 1992 and Kapitza Fellowship in 1994 Top.Quant.Electron., vol. 19, 1500210 (2013). from the Royal Society and Leverhulme Fellowship in 1996. [10] P.P. Vasil’ev, H. Kan, H. Ohta, and T. Hiruma, Experi- He was awarded the Basov Prize by Lebedev Physical Institute mental evidence of condensation of electron-hole pairs at in 2002 and 2012. He is the author of the book Ultrafast Diode room temperature during femtosecond cooperative emis- Lasers: Fundamentals and Applications (Artech House, 1995). sion, Physical Review B, vol. 64, 195209 (2001). [11] L. Brillouin, Wave propagation and group velocity (Academic References Press, N.Y., 1960). [1] R.H. Dicke, Coherence in spontaneous radiation process- [12] P.P. Vasil’ev, V. Olle, R.V. Penty and I. H. White, Superlu- es, Phys. Rev. vol. 93, pp. 99–110, 1954. minal pulse propagation in semiconductor laser structures [2] N. Skribanowitz, I.P. Herman, J.C. MacGillivray, and during superradiant emission generation, Int. Symposium M.S. Feld, Observation of Dicke superradiance in optically on Physics and Applications of Laser Dynamics, October pumped HF gas, Phys. Rev. Lett. vol. 30, pp. 309–312, 1973. 29–31, Paris, France, 2013. [3] R. Florian, L. O. Schwan, and D. Schmid, Time-resolving [13] R.W. Boyd and D.J. Gauthier, Controlling the velocity of

experiments on Dicke superfluorescence of O2-centers in light pulses, Science, vol. 326, 1074–1077 (2009).

his continuing contributions. Up until now, I have also had the President’s Column great fortune to carry out my IPS volunteer activities during the (continued from page 3) tenure of Rich Linke as Photonics Society Executive Director. Rich joined the Society more than seven years ago and has done Microwave Background by Penzias and Wilson in 1965, an an outstanding job leading the office staff, managing the suc- echo of the origin of the universe. The Society will be planning cessful execution of all the Society’s operations and initiatives, as a variety of special events to celebrate the International Year well as supporting the volunteer leadership and providing stra- of Light as well as collaborating with other organizations to tegic direction. Rich will be retiring in 2014 and his presence promote this unique initiative. will be sorely missed. We wish him all the very best for his well- deserved free time although we remain hopeful that he will not A Vote of Thanks be too far away. By the time this newsletter is published we will I would like to end this column by expressing my sincere thanks be fully in the process of recruiting a new Executive Director and and heartfelt appreciation to the leadership, vision and service of I will provide an update once an appointment is made. two individuals that have played significant roles in the Society Finally, I would like to wish you all a productive and pros- in recent years. Hideo Kuwahara, Photonics Society Past Presi- perous year and look forward to seeing many of you at upcom- dent, worked tirelessly during his term to support our strategic ing Society events. objectives; strengthening our ties with industry, and support- With warm wishes, ing global initiatives. As is standard procedure, Hideo will stay Dalma Novak closely connected with the Society and the volunteer leadership Pharad, LLC through his new position as Past President and I look forward to [email protected]

8 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER February 2014 Research Highlights Optical Refrigerators Outshine Thermoelectric Coolers Richard I. Epstein1,2, Mansoor Sheik-Bahae2, Markus P. Hehlen3 1ThermoDynamic Films, LLC, Santa Fe, NM 87505, USA. 2 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA. 3 Materials Science & Technology Division (MST-7), Mailstop E546, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.

Abstract—Solid-state refrigerators, which are compact and pro- duce no vibrations, are ideal for many electronics and sensor applications. If they could cool to sufficiently low temperatures, solid-state coolers could be integrated into infrared cameras, h gamma-ray spectrometers, low-noise amplifiers and superconducting electronics, eliminating the need for cryogens such as liquid nitrogen or bulky, noisy mechanical coolers. Currently, h f the dominant solid-state cooling technology is thermoelectric cooling, which uses the Peltier effect. For many years researchers have attempted to create thermoelectric coolers (TECs) that can reach the cryogenic temperatures that are needed for many applications. Despite decades of effort, the lowest achievable tem- Figure 1. The cooling cycle for rare-earth-doped solids. This is perature for multi-stage TECs is around 170 K. In the past few not to scale; for example, for a Yb:YLF crystal ho + 1.24 eV and years, a completely different solid-state cooling technology has the width of the ground-state manifold is only 0.05 eV. advanced to the stage where it cools to much lower temperatures than TECs. Optical refrigeration, which removes heat by anti-

Stokes fluorescence, has now cooled ytterbium-doped YLF crys- greater than kBT, so that in thermal equilibrium there are vir- tals from room temperature to 114 K. This report outlines the tually no ions excited to the upper manifold. ongoing program to develop optical refrigerators that can cool to To cool these materials, one illuminates them with laser below 70 K and to use these devices in a variety of applications. light that is tuned to the energy difference between the top of the ground-state manifold and the bottom of the excited-state Introduction manifold, ho. The solid absorbs the light and energizes ions to For the past two decades, our research teams at Los Alamos Na- the bottom of the excited manifold. The excited ions then absorb tional Laboratory (LANL), the University of New Mexico (UNM) thermal energy from the solid before they radiatively decay to the and more recently ThermoDynamic Films, LLC (TDF) have been ground-state manifold levels by emitting a photon with energy studying the physics of laser cooling of solids and developing op- hof that is greater than the energy of the pump photon. The cool- tical refrigeration technology to operate at ever lower tempera- ing cycle is completed when the ions absorb thermal energy from tures and higher efficiencies. Much of our success has been in the solid to repopulate the top level of the ground-state manifold. cooling rare-earth-doped solids, especially materials doped with Figure 1 is useful for understanding two key aspects of op- ytterbium. These results and other work are described in a recent tical refrigeration: the cooling efficiency and the minimum review article [1] and in an earlier article in this series [2]. achievable temperature. In each cooling cycle, the average en-

ergy removed from the solid is DE = hof – ho. Ideally, the cool- Principles of Optical Refrigeration ing efficiency is thus hc = DE/ho. Since the heat is removed by The low-lying energy levels for some of the rare-earth-doped thermal excitations of the ytterbium ion, it has to be on the or- crystals and glasses are similar to that shown in Figure 1. The der of kBT, giving a rough estimate of the cooling efficiency as ground state and first excited state of the rare-earth ions are kTB split by crystal-field interactions and, in glasses, also shifted by hc , ho inhomogeneous broadening. Good candidates for laser cooling have a ground-state manifold with a width that is comparable This indicates that choosing materials that require lower to the thermal energy kBT, where kB is Boltzmann’s constant frequency laser light can increase the efficiency of an optical

(kBT = 25 meV at room temperature). The energy spacing be- refrigerator. While the lowest temperatures have been achieved tween the ground state and first excited state should be much with ytterbium-doped materials, thulium-doped solids require

February 2014 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER 9 are trapped in the cooling element, but this effect is negligible 300 for the ytterbium-doped materials we have studied). Yb:ZBLAN 250 (glass) Yb:YLF Recent Progress

200 (crystal) Devices The earliest optical refrigeration experiments were conducted

Standard TEC with ytterbium-doped fluoride glasses like ZBLAN. These 150 123K (–150 C) glasses, which were developed for use as optical fibers, had very NIST-Cryogenic

Temperature (K) 100 low background absorption and thus allowed for the first dem- 77K Liquid N2 onstrations of optical refrigeration. From the first cooling result 50 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 of a 0.3 K temperature drop in 1995 [5], the Yb:ZBLAN-based Year coolers steadily improved, but never reached temperatures lower than those attainable with thermoelectric coolers (TECs); see Figure 2. The evolution of the minimum temperature achieved Figure 2. Several years ago, we shifted our attention to ytter- by optical refrigeration. bium-doped YLF (yttrium-lithium-fluoride) crystals and were able to show dramatically better results. The achievable temperatures of Yb:YLF–based coolers soon passed those possible 140 with TECs and then entered the cryogenic range. These im- 130 provements are largely due to the higher resonance absorption 120 in the Yb:YLF crystals compared to the Yb:ZBLAN glasses. 110 100 In contrast to the inhomogenously broadened lines in glasses, the absorption lines in crystals are narrower and therefore offer 90 a higher peak absorption coefficient at low temperatures. This 80 greatly reduces the value of ab/ar, which limits both the cooling 70 efficiency and minimum achievable temperature.

Achievable Temperature (K) 60 The next technical frontier for optical refrigeration is to pro- 10–6 10–5 10–4 10–3 duce devices that cool in the neighborhood of the boiling point –1 b (cm ) of liquid nitrogen (LN2), 77K. Our experiments have shown that the background absorption in the available Yb:YLF crys- Figure 3. The predicted achievable temperature with a Yb:YLF- tals is similar to what was measured in the Yb:ZBLAN sam- based optical cryocooler as a function of “background absorp- -4 -1 ples, ab + 4 × 10 cm . By using mass spectroscopy to analyze tion” by impurities. the impurity levels for different Yb:YLF crystals, the UNM researchers found a strong correlation between the abundance about half the pump frequency and can be twice as efficient of iron and the background absorption level. If iron impuri- [3]. Similarly, dysprosium-doped materials could be about ties are, in fact, the chief source of background absorption, then three times as efficient, though optical cooling has not yet been the prospects are good that improved Yb:YLF-based optical re- demonstrated in these materials. frigerators can reach LN2 temperatures; see Figure 3. LANL For the optical cooling cycle of Figure 1 to operate, there has researchers have developed a technique, chelation-assisted sol- to be sufficient population of thermally excited ions near the top vent extraction, for removing iron and other harmful impurities of the ground-state manifold. As the temperature falls, kBT be- from the starting materials used to grow Yb:YLF crystals [6]. comes much smaller than the width of the ground-state manifold, causing this population to decrease so much that it eventually be- Promising Applications comes impossible to cool further. To achieve low temperatures it Two special advantages of optical refrigerators are their complete is advantageous to choose combinations of dopant ions and host lack of vibrations and their compactness. These properties make materials that give rise to narrow ground-state manifolds. them better suited for a number of applications than mechani- Ultimately what determines the minimum temperature of cal coolers or liquid cryogens. Many infrared detectors and focal optical refrigeration is the competition between the cooling plane arrays have to be cooled to perform well, and the size, mass process sketched in Figure 1 and the sources of parasitic heat- and vibrations hinder their operation. This is especially true for ing. In our experiments we have found that the main source satellite-borne systems where the weight is an important con- of heating is absorption of the pump light by impurities that straint and even slight vibrations can cause intolerable image then decay by phonon emission and thus transfer heat to the degradation. Some modern infrared detectors function very well solid. Including this “background absorption” ab, the cooling at temperatures as high as 150 K [7], which is well within the efficiency is approximately capabilities of current optical refrigerators. High-purity germa- nium (HPGe) gamma-ray spectrometers can provide excellent o f hc = - 1, energy resolution and are widely used to identify nuclear materi- (/1 + aabr)o als. These devices need to be cooled to at least 120 K to perform where ar is the resonant absorption coefficient for the transi- well. However, since even minor vibrations generate variable ca- tion shown by the red arrow in Figure 1 (the full expression for pacitance that significantly blurs the HPGe spectra [8], optical the cooling efficiency [4] includes the probability that photons refrigeration could provide a clear advantage.

10 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER February 2014 There are scientific applications where the complete lack and solid-state laser cooling, with more than 7000 citations to of vibrations of optical refrigerators can be an important as- his work. He is a fellow of Optical Society of America and the set. One example is the recent demonstration of ultra-narrow recipient of society’s R. W. Wood prize in 2012. laser linewidth using an optical cavity formed from a single silicon crystal [9]. To achieve this result, the cavity was cooled Markus P. Hehlen is a Staff Scientist to 124 K, the temperature at which silicon has zero thermal at Los Alamos National Laboratory and expansion, and elaborate efforts were needed to eliminate vi- Adjunct Research Associate Professor brations. Using an optical refrigerator could make this type of at the University of New Mexico. He apparatus much more compact and robust. Another example received his Ph.D. in Inorganic Chem- where the elimination of vibrations is crucial is in using elec- istry from the University of Bern, Swit- tron microscopes to look at cryogenically cooled samples [10]. zerland, and conducted postdoctoral An optical refrigerator could cool these samples without gen- work at LANL and the University of erating even nanometers of jitter. Michigan. He was Senior Research Sci- There are other applications that could benefit from the entist and Project Manager at Gemfire small size and low mass of optical refrigerators. Conventional Corporation, where he developed phosphors and fiber-optic am- electronics, such as low-noise amplifiers have less noise when plifiers. He rejoined LANL in 2003 and focuses on the develop- cooled to cryogenic temperatures. Additionally, high-temper- ment of new optical materials and optoelectronic devices for de- ature superconducting electronics would be much more use- fense, homeland security, and threat reduction applications. He is ful if they were not shackled to the current cryogenic cooling a Founding Associate Editor of Optical Materials Express. technologies. Optical refrigeration is just advancing to the level where References it offers significant advantages in several niche applications. [1] Seletskiy, D. V., Hehlen, M. P., Epstein, and R. I., Sheik- As optical refrigeration is adapted to more uses, it can evolve Bahae, M., “Cryogenic Optical Refrigeration”, Advances in into a mainstream cooling technology that provides low mass, Optics and Photonics, 4, 78–107 (2012). vibration-free, cryogenic cooling with higher efficiencies and [2] Raman Kashyap, R., Galina Nemova, G., Soares de Lima lower costs. Filho, E., and Loranger, S. “How Cool is Laser Refrigera- tion?” http://photonicssociety.org/newsletters/apr13/RH_ Author Information LaserRefrig.html (2013). Richard I. Epstein is the CEO of [3] Hoyt, C. W., Sheik-Bahae, M., Epstein, R. I., Edwards, ThermoDynamic Films, LLC (TDF) B. C., and Anderson, J. E., “Observation of Anti-Stokes in New Mexico. TDF is a small tech- Fluorescent Cooling in Thulium-doped Glass”, Phys. Rev. nology company that focuses on com- Lett., 85, 3600–3603 (2000). mercializing innovative energy tech- [4] Sheik-Bahae, M. and R.I. Epstein, “Optical Refrigeration: nologies invented in house and by its Advancing toward an all-solid-state cryocooler”, Invited collaborators at Los Alamos National Progress Article, Nature Photonics, Vol. 1, 693–699 (2007). Laboratory and at the University of [5] Epstein, R. I., Buchwald, M. I., Edwards, B. C., Gosnell, New Mexico. Dr. Epstein received T. R., and Mungan, C. E. “Observations of Laser-induced his Ph.D. in Applied Physics from Fluorescent Cooling of a Solid”, 1995, Nature, 377, 500– Stanford University and worked at the University of Texas at 503 (1995). Austin, Harvard University and Nordita in Copenhagen, before [6] Patterson, W. M., Stark, P. C., Yoshida, T. M., Sheik-Bahae, joining Los Alamos National Laboratory where he was a Labora- M., and Hehlen, M. P., “Preparation and Characterization tory Fellow and initiated the program in optical refrigeration. of High-Purity Metal Fluorides for Photonic Applications” He has published over 170 papers in applied physics and astro- J. Amer. Ceramic Soc., 94, 2896–2901 (2011). physics. He is a fellow of the Optical Society of America. [7] Dhar, N. K., Dat, R., and Sood, A.K., “Advances in Infra- red Detector Array Technology” in Advanced Materials and Devices, pp. 149–190 ed. by Sergei L. Pyshkin and John Mansoor Sheik-Bahae is a profes- M. Ballato, (2013). sor of Physics and Astronomy and the [8] Upp, D. L., Keyser, R. M., and Twomey, T. R., “New cool- chair of Optical Science and Engineer- ing methods for HPGE detectors and associated electron- ing at the University of New Mexico, ics” Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 264, Albuquerque, NM (USA). He gradu- 121–126 (2005). ated from the State University of New [9] Kessler, T, Hagermann, C., Grebing, C., Legero, T., Sterr, York (Buffalo), and subsequently T., Riehle, F., Martin, M. J., Chen, L., and Ye, J., “A sub- spent seven years as a research scien- 40-mHz-linewidth laser based on a silicon single-crystal tist at CREOL – University of Central optical cavity”, Nature Photonics 6, 687–692 (2012). Florida before joining UNM in 1994, where he heads the Con- [10] Shirazi, R., Kopylov, O., Kovacs, A., and Kardynal, B. E., sortium for Laser Cooling of Solids. He has authored more than “Temperature dependent recombination dynamics in InP/ZnS 200 scientific papers in nonlinear optics, ultrafast phenomena, colloidal nanocrystals”, Appl. Phys. Lett., 101, 091910 (2012).

February 2014 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER 11 Research Highlights Advanced Hybrid Integrated Transceivers to Realize Flexible Terabit Networking P. Zakynthinos1, G. Cincotti2, M. Nazarathy3, R. Kaiser4, P. Bayvel5, R. I. Killey5, M. Angelou6, S. B. Ezra7, M. Irion8, A. Tolmachev3, B. Gomez Saavedra4, J. Hoxha2, V. Grundlehner8, N. Psaila9, G. Vollrath10, R. Magri11, G. Papastergiou6 and I. Tomkos1 1Athens Information Technology Center, 19.5km Markopoulo Ave., Peania, Athens, 19002, Greece 2University Roma Tre, via Della Vasca Navale 84, Rome, I-00146, Italy 3Electrical Engineering Department, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel 4Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, Einsteinufer 37, 10587 Berlin, Germany 5Optical Networks Group, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK 6Optronics Technologies S.A., 79-81 Thessalonikis str, 18346 Moschato, Athens, Greece 7Finisar Corporation, Nes Ziona, Israel 8Albis Optoelectronics AG, Moosstrasse 2a, 8803 Rueschlikon, Switzerland 9Optoscribe Ltd, Suite 0/14, Alba Innovation Centre, Alba Campus, Livingston, West Lothian, UK 10Aifotec AG, Herpfer Straße 40, D-98617, Meiningen, Germany 11Ericsson Telecomunicazioni S.p.A., PDU Optical Networks - Systems & Technology - XOS/P, Via Moruzzi 1-CNR–Pisa, Italy

Abstract—Flexible optical networking has been introduced these networks is limited to that allowed by frequency-tun- recently as a way to offer efficient utilization of the able lasers (i.e., each transponder can be assigned to a different available optical resources. Flexible transceivers capable of wavelength) and to the limited reconfigurations allowed by generating and receiving tributaries with variable bandwidth optical switching nodes. As a result, the process of upgrading/ characteristics are key subsystem elements for the realisation of modifying the network to adapt to changing traffic and net- a flexible optical networking system. This paper presents the work conditions is challenging. Additionally, there is a grow- main concept and developments envisioned by the EU funded ing awareness that the bandwidth of deployed optical fiber is project ASTRON, which targets the design, development and approaching its limit [1], termed capacity crunch. It is, thus, evaluation of a high-capacity, energy-efficient and bit-rate important, to maximise the use of scarce network resources - flexible optical transceiver capable of supporting rates from such as the fiber bandwidth—and to accommodate the ever- 10 Gb/s to beyond 1 Tb/s. The ASTRON technology relies increasing and dynamic traffic demands. on the combination of InP monolithic chips and Silica planar Flexible optical networking concepts have attracted much lightwave circuits to develop compact photonic integrated discussion [2]. The term “flexibility” refers to the ability of the modules that exploit hybrid integration technologies. network to dynamically adjust its resources—such as the optical bandwidth and the modulation format—according to the I. Introduction requirements of each connection and/or service. Note that the The emergence of bandwidth-consuming and highly dynamic terms “flexible”, “flexgrid or flexigrid”, “elastic”, “tunable”, and services, dictates the evolution of old fixed optical networks “gridless” are often used interchangeably in the literature. Re- that were based on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). cent advances in coherent optical orthogonal frequency division Traditional WDM-based networks offer the possibility to es- multiplexing (Co-OFDM) and Nyquist WDM (N-WDM) have tablish fixed connections (wavelengths) and bit rates, namely set the stage for the design of flexible optical networks [3-4]. 10 Gb/s, 40 Gb/s, and recently 100 Gb/s, where the channels These technologies enable the formation of spectrally-efficient are modulated with a common (pre-defined) modulation for- “super-channels”, consisting of densely packed sub-channels, of- mat (e.g. On-Off Keying (OOK), Differential Phase Shift Key- fering tunable bit-rates from a few tens of gigabits to the tera- ing (DPSK) or Quadrature Phase Shift Keying(QPSK)) and are bit per second range. Many elements are required to complete spaced at a fixed channel spacing of 50 GHz. Flexibility in the “flexible optical networking puzzle”, including the design

12 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER February 2014 of new advanced network architectures and wavelength-routing algorithms and Physical Layer Technological Aspects control plane). However, progress in the Flexible Transceivers: Superchannel Generation Flexible Frequency Gird development in the design of flexible Co-OFDM Nyquist-WDM Superchannel Superchannel Superchannel Fixed-Grid transceivers and switches is essential to en- Optical Superchannel able the generation, switching, and recep- Subcarrier Subcarrier Coarse (i) tion of such super channels [5–7]. Spacing Granularity Frequency Frequency Frequency Flexi-Grid Spectrum Degrees of Flexibility Guard-band Savings II. Flexible Transceivers Non-Sliceable Sub-Carrier Modulation Flexible As traffic growth drives the demand for Multiplicity Format Transceiver (ii) &Spacing increasingly higher interface rates, re- 1 (iii) Sliceable search under this programme is focused Symbol Rate FEC Flexible Fine Transceiver Granularity (iv) on channels in the terabit per second k range. To increase the total bit-rate, several options are open, including varying Flexible Optical Switches the symbol-rate, the modulation format Desirable Characteristics etc. The deployment of higher order Fine switching granularity multi-level modulation formats leads to Minimum physical impairments increased effective capacity and spectral Support of optical grooming efficiency—as a larger number of bits per symbol is transported. This improvement, however, results in reduced trans- Connection Level Performance Metrics Cost and Power Consumption Model parent transmission distance or reach. Effective Capacity Flexible Transceiver Similar trade-offs are observed when the Transparent Reach Flexible Node symbol rate is increased. Due to techno- Spectral Efficiency logical limitations, such as the maximum Tunability sampling rate of analogue-to-digital and digital-to-analogue converters (ADCs/ Figure 1. Physical layer concepts and solutions for flexible transceivers, flexible optical DACs), approaches that split up the tar- switches and the flexible frequency grid. geted data rate into multiple parallel lower data rate streams have emerged. This leads us to the concept and digital signal breakthroughs offering a cost-effective and of super channels composed of multiple subcarriers. There are reliable network solution. different approaches that enable the subcarriers to be efficiently Increasing the available degree of flexibility, may improve the aggregated: optical OFDM, N-WDM, and optical arbitrary tunability of the transceiver at the expense of more complex and waveform generation (OAWG). Optical OFDM uses orthogo- potentially cost-intensive transceiver design. Increasing the num- nal subcarriers with spacing equal to multiples of the inverse ber of subcarriers, leads to linear increase in the effective capacity, of the symbol period [2, 4]. N-WDM uses optical subcarriers but also decreases the maximum transparent reach—as the num- with almost rectangular frequency spectrum, close or equal to ber of co-propagating channels increases. Additionally, the spec- the Nyquist limit for inter-symbol-interference free transmis- tral efficiency is improved because the same inter-super channel sion, and these subcarriers are multiplexed with spacing close guard band is assumed for a connection having greater effective or equal to the symbol rate [3]. The ultimate spectral efficiency capacity. Finally, increasing the spacing of the subcarriers within is almost identical for both methods under ideal conditions [8]. a super channel leads to increased reach—as the effect of inter- As shown in Fig. 1, different bandwidth available from flex- channel interference becomes less significant (however, note, that ible transceivers with respect to the modulation format, the the effective capacity remains constant). Similar conclusions hold symbol rate, the ratio of the forward error correction (FEC) for the impact of the inter-super-channel spacing. Table 1 sum- and the payload, the number and the spacing of the subcarriers marizes the effects of tuning various transceiver parameters. composing a super channel, as well as the inter-super chan- While multiple options seem to be available from each of nel spacing. Of course, not all degrees of flexibility need to be these potential degrees of freedom, this is not the case. It must simultaneously available. Depending on the available degree be taken into account that it is not easy to have complete free- of flexibility, different variants of flexible networking archi- dom in the adaptability of each of these degrees of flexibility as tectures can be defined. For example, in [9] the SLICE concept the complexity in the control of all these parameters and their proposed that allows flexibility in the number of subcarriers, values is quite difficult and their optimisation can be cost pro- while in [10] a data-rate elastic optical network architecture is hibitive or/and impractical. For example, the maximum trans- proposed that only allows single-carrier transmission technol- parent reach is obtained at the optimum launch power, which ogy. Another proposed architecture is the filterless optical net- is a function of the symbol rate. It is a challenge to design work concept [11–12] where the active switching photonic de- transceivers to operate at different symbol rates within the same vices are replaced with passive optical splitters and combiners. network. By setting a constant launch power for all cases, “pen- This architecture has been enabled by the recent transponder alties” are introduced in terms of the maximum transparent

February 2014 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER 13 Connection Level Metrics Potential Degrees of Flexibility Effective Capacity Transparent Reach Spectral Efficiency Modulation Format - . - Symbol Rate - . - Ratio of FEC and Payload . - . Number of Subcarriers - . - Inter-Subcarrier Spacing within a Superchannel – - . Inter-Superchannel Spacing (Guard-band) – - .

Table 1. The impact of the potential degrees of flexibility on the connection level metrics

OS-OFDM Intergrated Rx

Band- MLL AO-OFDM Intergrated rx limiting ODFT MLL Optical (AWG) SPLITTER Filter AO-OFDM Intergrated Tx OS-OFDM Intergrated Tx MOD MOD COH Rx COH Rx MOD MOD COH Rx COMBINER Fiber Fiber COH Rx Fiber Fiber MOD MOD COH Rx Band- Out In COH Rx Out In OIDFT MLL MOD OIDFT MLL limiting MOD COH Rx ODFT COH Rx Optical (AWG) MOD (AWG) MOD COH Rx (AWG) COH Rx

Filter SPLITTER MOD MOD SPLITTER COH Rx COH Rx MOD COH Rx MOD COH Rx MOD COH Rx MOD COH Rx

Figure 2. Left: Optically-Shaped OFDM (OS-OFDM) superchannel architecture, Right: AO-OFDM superchannel architecture reach. On the other hand, by setting the optimum launch sub-carriers shaped in the frequency domain, such as (aliased) power for each case, the system design becomes impractical due sinc functions) such that the sub-carrier spectral shapes are no to limitations at the amplification stages. This is addressed in longer sinc-like but are more confined in frequency, with lower [13], where trade-offs with respect to the utilized spectrum and overlap, such that the inter-sub-carrier interference is reduced. the required transponders are identified. Defining the optimal We point out here for the first time that a quasi-Nyquist co- combined settings of all of these different flexibility degrees herent WDM” channel may be viewed precisely in these terms. is a complex optimization problem. Different combinations of The OS-OFDM scheme shown in Fig. 2 (left), features a these parameters imply different transceiver designs and, thus, multi-port optical comb generator (MPORT-OCG) generating different cost and power consumption characteristics. the OFDM CW un-modulated sub-carriers. The MPORT-OCG is implemented using a Mode-Locked-Laser (MLL), a band- III. The ASTRON Superchannel Architecture limiting optical filter (BL-OF) and an optical inverse discrete The ASTRON researchers have explored the feasibility of gen- Fourier transformer (OIDFT) device, realized by means of an erating OFDM-like ultra-broadband signals at the super-chan- integrated arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) device. The out- nel level and have concluded that an OFDM-like super-channel put ports of the MPORT-OCG optically feed an array of eight structure may be generated using two possible methods, ap- IQ modulators; these electro-optical modulators are driven by propriate for different applications: eight digital Nyquist transmitters equipped with a digital- 1) The so-called all-optical OFDM (AO-OFDM) tech- to-analog converter (DAC), each generating 25 GHz quasi- nique, generates OFDM sub-carriers all-optically [14– Nyquist channels, each consisting of 15 Nyquist shaped sin- 19] and is suited for access application [20–22], using gle-carriers, jointly generated by means of DFT-Spread OFDM both coherent and incoherent modulation formats. In [26]. The modulator outputs are then passively combined in the latter case, reduced or no digital signal processing the combiner module to generate the Tx optical output. (DSP) is needed, and the overall system power con- At the receive side, each channel is optically selected by co- sumption is largely reduced. herent detection and processed separately by means of a receiver 2) For long-haul and metro applications the preferred structure with novel DSP. The local oscillator (LO) ports are de- method is what is elsewhere sometimes called “quasi- rived as the outputs of another MPORT-OCG incorporated in Nyquist coherent WDM” [23], which may be alterna- the receiver, which would be matched to the one in the trans- tively viewed as optically shaped OFDM (OS-OFDM). mitter (reasonable frequency offsets between the two grids are Here, we briefly review the OS-OFDM and AO-OFDM corrected by the carrier recovery algorithms in the DSP). The architectures. performance of the OS-OFDM architecture was investigated using a MATLAB/Simulink platform and the simulation results OS-OFDM architecture are shown in Fig. 3 for QPSK and 16-QAM modulation formats. The term shaped-OFDM [24–26] describes in the wireless The OS-OFDM transceiver structure is also able to support literature a modification of conventional OFDM (which uses superchannels based on the Time/Frequency Packing technique

14 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER February 2014 pioneered by Ericsson [28-29] where the 8 sub-carriers spaced 25 GHz are QPSK modulated at faster than Nyquist signaling Before Combiner After Combiner rates up to 40 Gbaud. Spectral Efficiency higher than 5 bit/s/ Hz can be achieved allowing for high capacity over ultra long haul distance performances with a low complexity modulation format.

AO-OFDM architecture 200km Fiber 1000km Fiber Measured I-Q Constellation Measured I-Q Constellation The AO-OFDM architecture shown in Fig. 2 (right) uses the MER MER same photonic components as building blocks to generate, transmit and receive the OFDM sub-channels. In a conven- 28dB 17.5dB tional AO-OFDM scheme, the MLL at the Tx has repetition rate equal to the channel spacing (e.g., 25 GHz), that coincides also with the baud-rate of each OFDM sub-channel. However, (a) the ASTRON scheme allows additional bandwidth flexibility, since the baud rate can be suitably reduced to improve the sys- Before Combiner After Combiner tem performances reducing the channel crosstalk, or increased to implement the so-called frequency-packing scheme [28– 29], and enhance the system spectral efficiency. The laser pulse stream is passively split to feed the IQ modulators in parallel, which are driven by eight electrical RF signals. We have experimentally verified that the AO-OFDM 200km Fiber 1000km Fiber Measured I-Q Constellation Measured I-Q Constellation approach demands less bandwidth of optical modulators than MER MER the OS-OFDM scheme [16]. In a conventional AO-OFDM scheme, all the RF signals are synchronized and QAM-modu- 28dB 18.5dB lated; on the other hand, for access applications, it is possible to independently transmit eight RF channels, for an asynchronous multiple access. The eight modulator outputs are sent to (b) the input ports of the passive AWG-based device that optically implements the DFT. Figure 3. a) Top: Eye diagrams of individual channels before At the Rx, the same AWG-based performs the DFT and combiner and multiplexed all OS-OFDM subcarriers after combiner for QPSK modulation format. Bottom: Received constel- demultiplexes the OFDM sub-carriers. In access networks, lation diagrams after 200 and 1000km of transmission b) Top: where asynchronous access to shared media is the key feature, Eye diagrams of individual channels before combiner and mul- the sub-carriers are independently transmitted and received. tiplexed all OS-OFDM subcarriers after combiner for 16-QAM It is worth nothing that the ASTRON AO-OFDM approach modulation format. Bottom: Received constellation diagrams is identical to an optical code division multiple access (OCD- after 200 and 1000 km transmission. MA) scheme [30], that has been demonstrated as an effective method to scale 10-Gbps-class optical access systems. Using the ASTRON AO-OFDM scheme, transmission distance In the following two sections we briefly describe the pho- over 100 km single-mode fiber without dispersion compen- tonic block developments towards the realisation of the com- sation have demonstrated, in a fully bandwidth flexible 10G plete ASTRON transceiver. (WDM)- and OCDM-based access system [31]. On the other hand, in a conventional AO-OFDM scheme, IV. The ASTRON Integrated Transmitter the eight RF signals are synchronously transmitted and re- The development and fabrication of the novel superchannel ceived. In this case, we use a pulsed LO, i.e., the same MLL transmitter shown in Fig. 5 is based on the application and signal of the Tx, which is passively split to the eight 90o hy- combination of a monolithic and a hybrid integration tech- brids. Pulsed LO is equivalent to time gating, so that addi- nology (“monolithic-on-hybrid”). However a full monolithic tional ultra-fast devices (e.g Electro-absorption modulators) integration approach on InP would be the most attractive in- are not required. tegration concept to provide such complex transmitter compo- We have investigated the system performance of the scheme nents in a compact design. But monolithic integration of such of Fig. 2 (right) by evaluating the BER as function of the overall a large scale PIC is currently still a very ambitious and chal- optical power sent to the first fiber span of a compensated link, lenging task. For example, the expected large Tx PIC size and using Monte-Carlo simulations. From an inspection of Fig. 4(a), thus high optical loss, the limited InP substrate sizes, waste we observe that BER increases with the optical power, due to the of valuable InP space to provide purely passive optical func- nonlinear effects, that become dominant with respect to simpli- tions, optical and electrical RF crosstalk, heat management, fied spontaneous emission (ASE) noise by the optical amplifiers and device yield are only a few issues in this context. Thus the of the transmission link. Fig. 4(b) reports the maximum trans- monolithic-on-hybrid approach has been chosen for the transmission distance versus the launched power for BER=10–3. mitter fabrication in the ASTRON project.

February 2014 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER 15 mounted up-side down onto the planar glass board (Fig. 5) by –1 using flip-chip bonding technology and by means of a solder process. To this aim precise pick-and-place techniques are used –1.5 for hybrid chip assembly. The 4-channel MZM IQ PICs inte- –2 grate periodically capacitive loaded series push-pull InP travelling wave electrode (TWE) MZ modulators as a basic building –2.5 block [32-33] and high efficient GaInAs photodiodes for moni-

log (BER) –3 toring purposes and efficient setting of the IQ operating points. –3.5 In order to facilitate the hybrid assembly of the large InP MZM IQ PICs onto the glass motherboard, specific features are –4 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0123 integrated on chip level (e.g. cleave initiators for precise chip Lauched Power (dBm) cleaving, stand-off pillars for vertical waveguide alignment, (a) and solder bump pads for flip-chip bonding). 1200 On the glass board, a maskless 3D Ultrafast Laser Inscription (ULI) is used to fabricate the optical waveguides and all other 1000 passive devices (splitter/combiner, arrayed waveguide grating

–3 800 (AWG)). This process uses focused ultra-short laser pulses to in- duce a localized, permanent, sub-surface refractive index modi- 600 fication and subsequent waveguide structure. ULI has become a 400 well-established technique for forming sub-surface waveguides @BER = 10 in a range of materials. By exploiting nonlinear absorption, re- 200 fractive index changes can be induced in three dimensions with- Transmission distance (km) 0 in a bulk substrate. Through careful control of the fabrication –6 –4 –2 024 parameters, low loss 3D waveguides with a permanent isotropic Lauched Power (dBm) increase in refractive index can be fabricated in standard opti- (b) cal glasses. Computer-controlled translation of a bulk substrate through the focus of the laser beam provides a flexible, software- Figure 4. Simulation results for the AO-OFDM scheme consid- defined fabrication process which is able to create and arbitrarily ering a compensated transmission link of 800 km. a) BER versus route waveguides in three dimensions as shown in Fig. 6. launched power and b) Maximum transmission distance versus The development and fabrication of such a novel and com- launched power. pact high capacity transmitter component has never been demonstrated before, either by using a full monolithic or by a mono- The 8-channel ASTRON transmitter (Fig. 5) consists of a lithic-on-hybrid approach. Thus the transmitter development planar optical glass board and two InP-based 4-channel Mach- and assessment in ASTRON represents also a first general proof Zehnder modulator (MZM) IQ photonic integrated circuits regarding a possible commercial application of this technology. (PIC). The board integrates all required passive optical waveguide elements for OFDM/NWDM super channel genera- V. The ASTRON Integrated Coherent Receiver tion as well as all electrical RF/DC tracks to connect each IQ In recent years, numerous examples of multichannel integrated modulator on the board. The flip-chip ready MZM IQ PICs are receiver modules have appeared that rely on hybridisation of active components onto passive waveguides. Coherent modules typically con- sist of two arms, having two 90° hybrids that feed a total of 4 balanced photodiode Up-side down pairs. Furthermore, for both coherent and

MD non-coherent applications, the through- In IQ1 Rt N = 1 put of these state-of-the-art, highly inte- MD SSC π/2 grated multi-channel receivers typically Optical waveguide TWE In IQ2 IQ2 N = 4 ranges up to 100 Gb/s. 1x8 The ASTRON project brings that splitter 8x8 MD N = 5 figure beyond 1 Tb/s, which causes a In IQ3 IQ3 AWG Rx MD substantial increase in component count SSC π/2 Optical N = 8 and receiver module complexity. The in- waveguide TWE In IQ4 IQ4 tegrated coherent receiver consists of a Planar Lightwave Circuit (PLC)→Optical glass board planar silica receiver motherboard that integrates an 8 × 8 Arrayed Waveguide Figure 5. Schematic of the ASTRON transmitter integrated board. Two flip-chip ready Grating (AWG) based structure able to InP-based 4-channel MZM IQ PICs (left) are assembled onto the glass board by utilizing perform the DFT on incoming super- flip-chip bonding technology. channels, an integrated optical coupler,

16 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER February 2014 eight 90° optical hybrids and a large number of high speed InP-based, balanced photodiode arrays with low intra-channel optical cross-talk, that can be hybridized to the silica motherboard with very efficient optical coupling. Moreover 45° mir- rors for optimum optical board-to-chip coupling to the high speed InP photodiodes as well as all required electrical RF connections and transmission lines are fabricated on the glass motherboard. The InP chips are twin arrays of balanced, ultra high-speed photodiodes with an active diameter of 24 μm. These photodiodes are optimized to handle data rates of over 25 Gb/s with a low bias voltage of 2 V as shown in Fig. 7. The developed high speed photodiodes feature monolithically integrated backside lenses that greatly facilitate the optical coupling and ensure a Figure 6. Maskless 3D waveguide fabrication using ultrafast low loss optical path. In these chips the area with maximum laser irradiation with tightly focused beam. responsivity is about a factor of three larger for the photodiode with integrated backside lens compared to a photodiode with a conventional flat entry, which gives a significant advantage in enabling networks based on flexible WDM grids, and al- terms of optical alignment. lowing more efficient use of resources. The hybrid assembly of the photodiode chips onto the sili- To enable future ultra-high capacity flexible networks, one ca Rx motherboard is performed by a solder process. Therefore major objective is to extend the transmission reach and spectral the chips feature alignment marks and contact pads on the efficiency of OFDM super-channels well beyond the state-of-the- chip topside and solderable support pads on the backside. The art by digitally mitigating all optical channel impairments. Sub- hybrid assembly through a soldering process requires a pre- banded DSP with under-decimated filter banks is a recent DSP cise handling of the photodiode to place it with the necessary HW architecture whereby the bandwidth of the optical channel is accuracy onto the destination platform. Therefore a pick-up digitally partitioned into multiple spectrally disjoint sub-bands tool with the appropriate size to fit to the geometry of the to be processed in parallel [35-37]. The resulting optical receiver photodiode is used. The photodiodes are assembled onto the ASICs are applicable to long-haul and metro photonic commu- motherboard with the lens side facing down. The light out nication and may provide substantial energy efficiency savings of of the board silica waveguides is coupled into the photodiode 30%-50% in the power consumption of the DSP section. More- lens with a monolithic 45° mirror structure. The light beam over, as the processing is structured in multiple independent sub- is focused by photodiode the lens, travels through the trans- bands (e.g. for a channel of 25 GHz, 15 sub-bands of ~1.7 GHz parent substrate and reaches the photodiode active area where each), the performance of the multiple parallel sub-band receivers it is effectively absorbed and converted into an electrical cur- exceeds that of a reference full band 25 GHz conventional Rx rent. Besides the mirror structures, all passive structures (e.g. which processes the full 25 GHz wide spectrum at once. In AS- optical waveguides, optical splitter, AWG, 900 hybrids) are TRON we have conceived [35] a twice under-decimated filter fabricated using the same 3D laser inscription described in bank DSP structure enabling the partitioning into multiple sub- the previous section. band with high computational efficiency.

VI. Digital Signal Processing Software defined optical transceiv- 3 ers offer flexibility in channel coding, VR = –2.0 V modulation, and the number of sub- 0 carriers per wavelength. Modulation format and coding levels are flexible –3 and controlled by software; adjusting PDCS24L on submount the number of bits per symbol, choos- –6 Vb = 5.0 V V = –5.0 V ing the right modulation format and Vb = 3.0 V R optimising the filter bandwidths al- Vb = 2.5 V

Response (dB) –9 lows throughput to be maximized for a Vb = 2.0 V simulation with submount given set of link parameters, including –12 simulation without submount link length, amplifier noise figures, dispersion and fibre nonlinearity. Re- –15 1 10 programmable DSP allows optimum Frequency (GHz) network utilization [34] with respect to applications, channel requirements Figure 7. Left: Photodiode chips frequency response measurements for different bias and quality of service. For example, voltages. A 3-dB bandwidth of over 20 GHz for a low bias voltage of –2 V is achieved. the signal bandwidth can be varied, Right: Eye diagrams at at a bit rate of 28 Gb/s for applied bias voltages of –2 V and –5 V.

February 2014 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER 17 Sub-band Rx-s developed devices assume a role as key enablers for the next ARRAY VxUdeciA-FB generation core, metro and access infrastructures. Besides, BPF 1 sub-band 0 ↓ 2M OFDM Rx the project provides the complete path to turn its innovative research into a high-value photonic integrated product, rein- CONVENTIONAL OPT Rx 1 sub-band ADC BPF ↓ M OFDM Tx front-end 2 OFDM Rx forcing EU’s position in the field. The great involvement of H (z) industry in the project gives a good insight into the marketing BPF 1 sub-band M –1 ↓ M 2 OFDM Rx leverage and commercial potential of ASTRON.

Figure 8. Novel sub-banded reception in an OFDM link using a Acknowledgements conventional OFDM The ASTRON project is funded by the EU Seventh Frame- work Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n° 318714. We briefly address the root causes of sub-banded performance improvement and the resulting improved characteris- References tics of adaptive acquisition and tracking under the sub-banded [1] R. Essiambre, G. Kramer, P. Winzer, G. Foschini, and paradigm. In terms of DSP hardware architecture, digital sub- B. Goebel, “Capacity limits of optical fiber networks,” banding amounts to an alternative mode of parallelizing the Lightwave Technology, Journal of, vol. 28, no. 4, signal processing task to multiple slower processors, whereby pp. 662–701, 2010. the parallelization is performed in the frequency-domain (FD) [2] O. Gerstel, M. Jinno, A. Lord, and S. J. B. Yoo, “Elas- rather than in the time-domain (TD). 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February 2014 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER 19 News

In Memoriam

IEEE Photonics Society Mourns the Loss of Ivan P. Kaminow, IEEE Life Fellow and Light-Wave Technology Pioneer

The IEEE Photonics Society mourns the loss of a good friend consultant. He also established Kaminow Lightwave Technol- and innovator in the field of photonics, Ivan Kaminow, who ogy to provide consulting services to technology companies, as died on 18 December 2013. He was 83. well as patent and litigation law firms. Kaminow was born in New Jersey and attended Passaic Beginning in 2004, Kaminow served as an adjunct professor High School. He received degrees from Union College (BSEE, of electrical engineering at the University of California, Berke- 1952), the University of California, Los Angeles ley. Previously, he had been a visiting professor at (UCLA) (MSE, 1954) and Harvard University Princeton, UC Berkeley, Columbia, the Univer- (AM, Ph.D., 1957, 1960). As a Hughes Fellow sity of Tokyo, and Kwangju Univer sity (Korea). at Hughes Aircraft Co. and UCLA (1952–1954) Recently in 2013, Ivan was honored with the he did research on microwave antenna arrays. prestigious IEEE Edison Medal “for pioneer- He joined Bell Labs in 1954 and served as a Bell ing, life -long contributions to and leadership Labs Fellow at Harvard from1956–1960. in photonic devices and networks instrumental Kaminow had a 42-year career at Bell Labs to global high-capacity optical networks.” Back (1954–1996), where he developed several key in 2010, he was awarded the IEEE Photonics aspects of light-wave communication sys- Award “For seminal contributions to electro- tems. He did seminal studies on electro optic optic modulation, integrated optics, and semi- modulators and materials, Raman scattering conductor lasers, and leadership in optical tele- in ferroelectrics, integrated optics (including communications.” titanium-diffused lithium niobate modulators), Kaminow published over 240 papers, re- semiconductor lasers (including the distributed Bragg reflector ceived 47 patents, and wrote or co-edited ten books includ- laser, ridge waveguide, and multi-frequency lasers), birefrin- ing the Optical Fiber Telecommunication Series, editions II gent optical fibers, and wave division multiplexing (WDM) (1988) through VI (2013). He received other numerous awards lightwave networks. Later, as head of the Photonic Networks and honors during his caree r, including the Bell Labs Dis- and Components Research Department, Kaminow led research tinguished Member of Technical Staff Award, IEEE Quantum on WDM components, including the erbium-doped fiber am- Electronics Award, IEEE Third Millennium Medal and Union plifier, arrayed waveguide grating router and the fiber Fabry- College Alumni Gold Medal. Kaminow was a member of the Perot resonator, and on WDM local and wide area networks. National Academy of Engineering, a Diplomate of the Ameri- After retiring from Bell Labs, Kaminow served as an IEEE can Board of Laser Surgery, a Fellow of the New York Academy Congressional Fellow on the staffs of the House Science Com- of Medicine, a Life Fellow of IEEE, Fellow Emeritus of the mittee and the Congressional Research Service (Science Policy OSA and a Fellow of APS. Research Division) in the Library of Congress. From 1997 Kaminow is survived by his loving wife of more than 60 to 1999, he retur ned to Lucent Bell Labs as a part-time years, Florence, three children and several grandchildren.

20 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER February 2014 IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology is Pleased to Announce

Best Paper Award Recipients

This annual award recognizes the most impactful paper published in JLT 2 to 3 years ago. This year, the editorial board has thus considered all JLT papers published in 2011, and in addition to a variety of paper download and citation metrics has gone through all candidate papers independent of their statistics to identify the winner. The two papers receiving the 2014 JLT Best Paper Award are:

Title, “On the Performance of Nyquist-WDM Terabit Superchannels Based on PM-BPSK, PM-QPSK, PM-8QAM or PM-16QAM Subcarriers” Authors: Gabriella Bosco, Vittorio Curri, Andrea Carena, Pierluigi Poggiolini, and Fabrizio Forghieri and Title, “Elastic Bandwidth Allocation in Flexible OFDM-Based Optical Networks” Authors: Kostas Christodoulopoulos, Ioannis Tomkos, and Manos Varvarigos

The winners will be presented at OFC 2014 Copies of these papers will be made available at various places at this conference and the winning manuscripts will be turned into open-access

February 2014 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER 21 The Year of Light in 2015 THE UNITED NATIONS PROCLAIMS AN INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF LIGHT IN 2015 The United Nations (UN) General Assembly 68th Session during its 71st Plenary Meeting proclaimed 2015 as the International Year of Light and Light-based Technologies (IYL 2015). In proclaiming an International Year focusing on the topic of light science and its applications, the United Nations has recognized the importance of raising global awareness of how light-based technologies promote sustainable development and provide solutions to global challenges in energy, education, agriculture and health. This International Year will bring together many different stakeholders including UNESCO, scientific societies and unions, educational and research institutions, technology platforms, non-profit organizations and private sector partners to promote and celebrate the significance of light and its applications during 2015. Light plays a vital role in our daily lives and is an imperative cross-cutting discipline of science in the 21st century. It has revolutionized medicine, opened up international communication via the Internet, and continues to be central to linking cultural, economic and political aspects of the global society. For centuries light has transcended all boundaries, including geographic, gender, age and culture. It is also a tremendous subject to motivate education. It is critical that the brightest young minds continue to be attracted to optics and photonics in order to ensure the next generation of engineers and innovators in this field. IYL 2015 will promote an improved public and political understanding of the central role of light in the modern world while also celebrating a number of important significant anniversaries that take place in 2015. From the first studies of optics 1000 years ago during the Islamic Golden Age to discoveries in internet optical fiber technology in 1965. The IYL 2015 resolution was adopted with co-sponsorship from 35 countries around the world. As the Chairman of the IYL 2015 Steering Committee John Dudley explains: “An International Year of Light is a tremendous opportunity to ensure that policymakers are made aware of the problem-solving potential of light technology. Photonics provides cost-effective solutions to challenges in so many different areas: energy, sustainable development, climate change, health, communications and agriculture. For example, innovative lighting solutions reduce energy consumption and environmental impact, while minimizing light pollution so that we can all appreciate the beauty of the Universe in a dark sky. IYL2015 is a unique opportunity to raise global awareness of advances in this field.” The IYL 2015 is endorsed by a number of international Scientific Unions and the International Council for Science (ICSU). The IYL 2015 will be administered by an International Steering Committee in collaboration with the UNESCO International Basic Sciences Programme and a Secretariat at The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) which is a UNESCO Category 1 Institute. The Founding Scientific Sponsors of IYL2015 are: the European Physical Society (EPS), international society for optics and photonics (SPIE), The Optical Society (OSA), the IEEE Photonics Society (IPS), the American Physical Society (APS) and the lightsources.org international network. National and regional committees and contact points currently being established will ensure all nations of the world can participate. Downloads are available on www.eps.org/light2015. Further Information The International Year of Light 2015 (IYL 2015) partnership was formed in 2010 and consists of a wide range of stakeholders including learned societies, educational institutions, networks, technology platforms and other non-profit organizations. The partners include professionals and volunteers in areas ranging from technology and engineering to art and culture, and come from Africa, Europe, the Americas, Eurasia, Asia and Australasia. Young people are represented prominently through the many international student chapters of international learned societies. Support during the construction phase of the project came from many partners, including the African Physical Society, the Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences, the International Commission for Optics, the International Union for Pure and Applied Physics, the Russian Academy of Sciences, the New Zealand Institute of Physics and the Royal Society of New Zealand, the National Autonomous University of Mexico, and many other groups and individuals. A number of preparatory actions are already planned during 2014, including coordinated outreach by the European Consortium for Outreach in Photonics via the GoPhoton! project, and many other local, regional and international events to raise awareness and to plan exciting activities throughout 2015.

22 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER February 2014 The Year of Light in 2015

The major scientific anniversaries that will be celebrated during 2015 are: the works on optics by Ibn Al-Haytham in 1015; the notion of light as a wave proposed by Fresnel in 1815; the electromagnetic theory of light propagation proposed by Maxwell in 1865; Einstein’s theory of the photoelectric effect in 1905 and of the embedding of light in cosmology through general relativity in 1915; the discovery of the cosmic microwave background by Penzias and Wilson, and Charles Kao’s achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibres for optical communication, in 1965. For more information, please contact: John Dudley EPS President IYL2015 Steering Committee Tel: +33-3-81666494 Cell: +33-6-22752861 E-mail: [email protected]

Ana María Cetto IYL2015 Steering Committee Research Professor at National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) Tel: +52-55-56225152 E-mail: [email protected]

IYL 2015 Secretariat Joe Niemela International Centre of Theoretical Physics ICTP Strada Costiera, 11 I - 34151 Trieste Italy Tel: +39 040 2240 607 Email: [email protected]

UNESCO Contact J.P. Ngome Abiaga International Basic Sciences Programme UNESCO 1, rue Miollis 75732 Paris France Tel.: +33 1 53693224 E-mail: [email protected]

IEEE Photonics Society Contact Lauren A. Mecum Membership Development Specialist 445 Hoes Lane Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA E-Mail: [email protected] Fax: 732-562-8434

February 2014 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER 23 IEEE Announcements

Applauding 50 Years of Fellows By Rosann Marosy

In 2014, IEEE will mark its 50th Fellow Class. It represents bers to this honor. This is a very small percentage com- decades of honoring IEEE Fellows whose extraordinary accom- pared to the total membership. Unquestionably, Fellows plishments have changed the world. are the crown jewels of the organization. One can only The IEEE grade of Fellow was born in 1964 out of the imagine what the next fifty years will bring, and the new merge of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE) technology that will be developed, discovered, or taught, and the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE). The emphasis on and what new IEEE Fellows will be recognized for their the elevation was and still is reserved for select IEEE members achievements. who have contributed importantly to the advancement of en- Throughout the year, various celebrations will take place to gineering, science, and technology, bringing the realization of honor those who have achieved this distinction. If you know significant value to society. an IEEE Fellow, congratulate him/her again for receiving this Only one-tenth of one percent of the total voting honor. You can recognize them personally, or you can acknowl- membership can be elevated in any one year. Over the edge them publicly at region meetings, society meetings, sec- last fifty years, IEEE has elevated roughly 10,000 mem- tion meetings, and/or conferences.

New Fellows Directory By Rosann Marosy

New to the Fellow Web Site is the redesigned Fellows Direc- example, a report can be compiled on all Fellows within tory. It is the most comprehensive online search and network- a specific region elevated in a particular year. The direc- ing tool available to members. If you need to complete an IEEE tory allows members to view the profiles of Fellows plus Fellow Nomination, gather information for a region, section, the ability to network with the Fellows. If you are not or society, it’s now easy to accomplish. an IEEE member, you will have limited access to certain The information in the directory can be accessed by six information. categories: alphabetical by last name, year elevated, gen- Check it out today. The directory works on handheld de- der, IEEE region, IEEE society, and deceased. Within these vices and computers. To access the directory, go to www.ieee. categories, members can search, sort, or run a filter. For org/fellows, then click the Fellow Directory icon.

24 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER February 2014 IEEE Announcements continued

University College Cork (UCC), Ireland, President Dr. Michael Murphy (Photo: Right) appoints Nabeel Riza (IEEE Fellow 2007), UCC Chair Professor of Electrical & Electronic Engineering & 2011-13 EEE Dept. Head as the new Head (Dean) of the School of Engineering (SoE) effective June 2013. The occasion also marked the Publica- tion of the undergraduate textbook by Prof. Riza called, Photonic Signals and Systems: An Introduction, McGraw Hill, 2013. In 2014-15, UCC SoE celebrates the Year of George Boole marking the esteemed UCC Chair Professor’s 200th Birthday.

“Nick” Cartoon Series by Christopher Doerr

February 2014 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER 25 IEEE/OSA JOURNAL OF

LightwaveTechnology

New issue every 2 weeks Why Publish in JLT? ••• • Reputation for excellence and timeliness Rapid online posting • High journal impact factor of 2.5 within two weeks • Author-friendly process of acceptance • Easy-to-use secure online submission site ••• Special Issues! • High-quality peer review • Excellent support provided by dedicated IEEE staff • Expanded conference paper submissions welcome IEEE/OSA JLT Easy-to-Use Authors’ Tools welcomes original advances related to state-of-the-art • Reference Validation capabilities in the theory, • Graphics Checker design, fabrication, application, performance, packaging and reliability of: Plus: • Lasers and optical devices • FREE for authors—No mandatory publication fees! • Fiber, cable and • FREE posting of multimedia links & color images wavelength technologies • Posted & archived in IEEE Xplore® • Systems, subsystems, sensors and detectors

About IEEE Xplore®: • One of the most widely used engineering Contact us: resources in the world [email protected] • Delivers over 6 million articles and papers worldwide http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/jlt-ieee Get Connected, Stay Informed: Social Network with IEEE Photonics

The IEEE Photonics Society (IPS) invites you to join us on Facebook and Twitter, and now on our new online newspaper, IEEE Photonics Daily. Social media is a way for us to engage in conversation while providing our followers with useful optics and photonics resources, top news stories and conference updates. You can share, learn and connect with society staff, IPS members and others interested in photonics all over the world. Join the conversation, follow and learn more today!

Like Us Follow Us Subscribe to On Facebook on Twitter IEEE Photonics Daily Our IEEE Photonics Daily Facebook.com/ @IEEEPhotonics online newspaper pulls our most PhotonicsSociety active and popular tweets together Follow us on Twitter and onto one online newspaper page. It you will get quick updates allows our members and followers to “Like” the IPS Facebook Fan and micro-blogs on IPS find and read engaging articles, Page and connect with a programs, photonics photos and videos on photonics, community of others interested research and innovation, optics, physics, laser tech, in photonics! Read posts and publications, membership nanotechnology and quantum share ideas! We post daily news and upcoming computing easily. optics, photonics and laser conference information - technology articles, updates, without cluttering your Not on Facebook or Twitter? videos, podcasts, photos and inbox. Readers can subscribe to receive more. When you see an You choose whether you the daily blog via email or check the interesting post, click the “share” want to see the latest news website daily. button! Our goal is to make - in real time. We tweet all photonics news informative and day long about all things To learn more, visit: fun for everyone! Photonics. http://bit.ly/15VMwp5

Visit our Websites for more IPS Information: PhotonicsSociety.org PhotonicsConferences.org

February 2014 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER 27 Spotlight

This new section will focus on the IPS community and spotlight members who provide voluntary service to the IEEE Pho- tonics Society in different capacities. Please send any submissions to IPSNEWSLETTER if you wish to highlight a member and any outstanding work they may be doing.

Hon K. Tsang was awarded the B.A. (Hons) and PhD degrees from University of Cam- bridge in 1987 and 1991 respectively. He is a Professor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong and he is currently the Chairman of the Department of Electronic Engineering. He has published over 130 journal papers and 280 conference papers. His research interests include optical communications and silicon photonics. His recent research on silicon photonics has included contributions on sub-wavelength structures for polarization independent and apodized wideband grating couplers, graphene on silicon waveguide photodetectors, mid-infrared silicon photonics, tunable filters and integrated photodetectors, silicon Ra- man amplifiers and other nonlinear silicon photonic devices. He has served as Chair of the IEEE LEOS (Hong Kong) Chapter (2003-05) and on various technical committees of conferences including the IEEE LEOS Annual Meetings (2003-09), IEEE Group Four Photonics Conference (2010-11), Optical MEMS and Nanophotonics Conference (2008) and CLEO Pacific RIM (2011). He is also currently an associate editor of OSA Photonics Research. Apart from his acade mic and research activities, Hon Tsang is also a FIDE chess master and he was captain and top board of the Hong Kong team in the 2012 FIDE Chess Olympiad.

Lawrence R. Chen received the BEng in Electrical Engineering from McGill University in 1995 and the MASc and PhD in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the Uni- versity of Toronto in 1997 and 2000, respectively. Since 2000, he has been with McGill University where he is currently a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. His research interests are in fiber and integrated optics and include optical n a

g signal processing for fiber optic communications, arbitrary waveform generation, and mi- E

en crowave photonics. He is an Associate Editor for the IEEE Photonics Society Newsletter, a w O member of the Editorial Advisory Board for Optics Communications, and a Topical Editor d by d by

e for Optics Letters. His conference organization activities include serving on the Technical h p a Program Committees for the IEEE Photonics Society Annual Meeting, Conference on Op- gr tical Fiber Communications, OSA Topical Meeting on Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Waveguides, and the Opto- Electronics Communications Conference, ©Photo among others. He is a Fellow of the Optical Society of America

28 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER February 2014 Christina Lim received the B.E. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Electronic Engi- neering from the University of Melbourne, Australia in 1995 and 2000, respectively. She is currently a Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, the University of Melbourne, Australia. She also serves as the Director of the Photon ics and Electronics Research Laboratory at the same department. She joined the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at the University of Melbourne as a Research Fellow (1999-2001), a Senior Research Fellow (2001-2007), a Principal Research Fellow (2007- 2010) and an Associate Professor (2010-2012). She was awarded the Australian Research Council (ARC) Australian Research Fellowship from 2004-2008 and the ARC Future Fel- low (2009-2013). Between 2003 and 2005, she was a Key Researcher and also the Project Leader of the Australian Photonics CRC Fiber-to-the-Premises Challenge Project. Christina Lim was also one of the recipients of the 1999 IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society (IEEE LEOS) Graduate Student Fellowship. Her research interests include fiber-wireless access technology, modeling of optical and wireless communication systems, microwave photonics, application of mode-locked lasers, optical network architectures and optical signal monitoring. She has served in numerous conference committees includ ing European Conference on Communications (ECOC), Microwave Photonics (MWP), and IEEE Photonics Society Annual Meeting. She is a member of the Steering Committee for the IEEE Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics and the Asia Pacific Microwave Photonics Conference series. She is also a member of the IEEE Microwave Theory and Tech- nique Subcommittee 3 (MTT3) - Microwave Photonics Technical Committee. She is currently an Associate Editor for the IEEE Photonics Society Newsletter and IEEE Photonics Technology Letter. She has also served as a Guest Editor for Optic Express Special Focus on Microwave Photonics an d IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications Special Issue on Emerging Technologies in Communications.

Kevin Williams received the BEng degree in Electronic Engineering from the University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K., in 1991, and the PhD degree from the University of Bath, Bath, U.K., in 1995. He was awarded a Royal Society University research fellowship at the University of Bristol, Bristol, U.K in 1996 to study high power and high speed lasers. He moved to the University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. in 2001. He became an affiliated member of staff with Intel Labs, Cambridge, where he studied the application of photonics for data and computer networks. He was elected Fellow and Tutor at Churchill College, Cambridge. In 2006, he was awarded a European Commission Marie Curie Chair and moved to the COBRA research institute at the Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands. In 2011, Kevin received a Vici award from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) to research large scale integrated optoelectronic circuits. Kevin is Associate Editor with the IEEE Photonics Society Newsletter.

February 2014 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER 29 Careers and Awards

IEEE PhotonicsIEEE Society—CallPhotonics Society -for Call Nominations for Nominations

IEEE Photonics Society 2014 Awards Nomination deadline: 5 APRIL 2014 Nomination Form Previous Recipients The Aron Kressel Award is given to recognize those individuals who have made important contributions to opto-electronic device technology. The device technology cited is to have had a significant impact on their applications in major practical systems. The intent is to recognize key contributors to the field for developments of critical components, which lead to the development of systems enabling major new services or capabilities. These achievements should have been accomplished in a prior time frame sufficient to permit evaluation of their lasting impact. The work cited could have appeared in the form of publications, patents products, or simply general recognition by the professional community that the individual cited is the agreed upon originator of the advance upon which the award decision is based. The award may be given to an individual or group, up to three in number. The award is administered by the Aron Kressel Awards Committee and presented at the IEEE Photonics Conference.

The Engineering Achievement Award is given to recognize an exceptional engineering contribution that has had a significant impact on the development of lasers or electro-optics technology or the commercial application of technology within the past ten years. It may be given to an individual or a group for a single contribution of significant work in the field. The intention is to recognize some significant engineering contribution which has resulted in development of a new component, a new processing technique, or a new engineering concept which has had a significant impact in either bringing a new technology to the market, significantly improving the manufacturability of a component or device, or creating a new technology which will greatly accelerate or stimulate R&D. No candidate shall have previously received a major IEEE award for the same work. Candidates need not be members of the IEEE or the Photonics Society. The award will be presented at the IEEE Photonics Conference.

The Quantum Electronics Award is given for exceptional and outstanding technical contributions that have had a major impact in the fields of quantum electronics and lasers and electro-optics. This award is given for truly excellent and time-tested work in any of the fields of interest of the Photonics Society. It may be given to an individual or to a group for a single outstanding contribution or for a long history of significant technical work in the field. No candidate shall have previously received a major IEEE award for the same work. Candidates need not be members of the IEEE or the Photonics Society. The award will be presented at the IEEE Photonics Conference.

The William Streifer Scientific Achievement Award is given to recognize an exceptional single scientific contribution, which has had a significant impact in the field of lasers and electro-optics in the past ten years. The award is given for a relatively recent, single contribution, which has had a major impact on the Photonics Society research community. It may be given to an individual or a group for a single contribution of significant work in the field. No candidate shall have previously received a major IEEE award for the same work. Candidates need not be members of the IEEE or the Photonics Society. The award will be presented at the IEEE Photonics Conference.

30 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER February 2014 Call For Nominations

IEEE Photonics Society 2014 Distinguished Service Award Nomination deadline: 30 April 2014 The Distinguished Service Award was established to recognize an exceptional individual contribution of service that has had significant benefit to the membership of the IEEE Photonics Society as a whole. This level of service will often include serving the Society in several capacities or in positions of significant responsibility. Candidates should be members of the Photonics Society. The award is presented at the IEEE Photonics Conference formerly known as the IEEE Photonics Society Annual Meeting. Nomination Form Previous Recipients

IEEE Medals and Recognitions

Nominations are due 1 July 2014 for the 2015 IEEE Medals and Recognitions. IEEE Medals are the highest recognition within the IEEE awards hierarchy, with the prestigious IEEE Medal of Honor as the premier award. IEEE Medals embrace broad and significant contributions within the technical fields of interest of IEEE. IEEE Recognitions reward member’s individual contributions to IEEE, published papers, and corporate advancements within the IEEE fields of interest. Recipients are recognized at the formal IEEE Honors Ceremony. All IEEE members are encouraged to submit a nomination for a worthy candidate within their technical fields.

For more information visit www.ieee.org/awards or email [email protected].

February 2014 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER 31 Kazuro Kikuchi Wins 2014 John Tyndall Award

The Optical Society (OSA) and the IEEE Photonics Society are pleased to announce that Kazuro Kikuchi of the University of Tokyo in Japan is the recipient of the 2014 John Tyndall Award. Kikuchi is being recognized for “for pioneering contributions to the fundamental understanding of coherent detection techniques.” The award will be presented to Kikuchi during the plenary session of the 2014 Optical Fiber Com- munication (OFC) Conference taking place in San Francisco March 9-13.

Kikuchi received a B.S. in electrical engineering and an M.S. and Ph.D. in electronic engineering from the University of Tokyo. In 1979, he joined their Department of Electronic Engineering and is currently a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems. Kikuchi has also worked at the Research Cen- ter for Advanced Science and Technology, the Department of Frontier Informatics, and Bell Communications Research. He presently serves on the board of directors for Alnair Labs Corporation.

Throughout his career, Kikuchi’s research has focused on optical fiber communications including optical devices and systems. He is currently involved in coherent optical communication systems that realize multi-level modulation formats with digital signal processing.

“Kazuro’s continued leadership in revolutionizing optical fiber communications has resulted in transmission speeds that were once unheard of,” said OSA CEO Elizabeth Rogan. “The Tyndall Award was specifically designed to recognize the results of this caliber and we are honored to present the award to Kazuro for his momentous achievements.”

Kikuchi has published more than 200 peer-reviewed journal articles, 250 conference papers, several book chapters, and three books. He is a Fellow of the IEEE Photonics Society, a member of OSA, and a Fellow of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers (IEICE). He is the recipient of numerous awards including the IEICE Achievement Award, Ichimura Award, Japan IBM Science Prize, Sakurai Memorial Award, Hattori Hokosho Prize, Ericsson Telecommunications Award, Shida Rinzaburo Prize, Japan’s Prime Minister Award for the promotion of academy-industry collaboration, and the NEC C&C Prize.

“Kazuro’s development of coherent optical communications technologies to help satisfy the ever-increasing demand for bandwidth is an important breakthrough to optical communications.” said IEEE Photonics Society Executive Director Rich Linke. “OFC is the ideal venue to recognize Kazuro’s invaluable contribution to optical fiber communications as the entire community will be in attendance.”

The John Tyndall Award is named for the 19th century scientist who was the first to demonstrate the phenomenon of internal reflection. First presented in 1987, the Tyndall Award recognizes an individual who has made pioneering, highly significant, or continuing technical or leadership contributions to fiber optics technology. Corning, Inc. endows the award, a prize check and a glass sculpture that represents the concept of total internal reflection. The award is co-sponsored by OSA and the IEEE Photonics Society

32 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER February 2014 2014 IEEE Photonics Society Young Investigator Award

The IEEE Photonics Society Young Investigator Award was established to honor an individual who has made outstanding technical contributions to photonics (broadly defined) prior to his or her 35th birthday. The 2014 Young Investigator Award will be presented to Ertugrul Cu- bukcu, “For contributions to photonics beyond the diffraction limit with nanoantenna-based devices and sensors.”

Ertugrul Cubukcu received his Ph.D. degree in Applied Physics at Harvard University in 2008. Following this he was a post-doctoral researcher in the Mechanical Engineer- ing department at the University of California, Berkeley. In 2011, he joined the faculty at the University of Pennsylvania as an assistant professor of Material Science and Engineering and Electrical and Systems Engineering, where he is currently leading the Nanoengineered Photonics Lab.

Dr. Cubukcu is the author or coauthor of more than 50 peer-reviewed journal and conference papers. His group explores the nanoscale opto-electro-mechanical devices and sensors that utilize unique features of nanoantennas and two-dimensional materials. His work has been featured in Optics and Photonics News, Newsweek, Nature Photonics, and Laser Focus World and selected as one of the 10 emerging technologies of the year 2007 by the MIT Technology Review. He also has agreed to serve as the Nanophotonics topic chair for the 2014 IEEE Photonics Society Conference.

Dr. Cubukcu is a member of IEEE, OSA, SPIE, and MRS.

February 2014 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER 33 Membership

Member Spotlight

Senior Member Claire Gmachl

IEEE Photonics Society Senior Member mental monitoring and health care. She is the director of the Claire Gmachi was named Vice Dean University’s MIRTHE Center (Mid‐InfraRed Technologies for of the School of Engineering and Ap- Health and the Environment). MIRTHE, sponsored by the plied Science at Princeton University. National Science Foundation and involving researchers from She will be responsible for making de- several universities, is using lasers and related technology to cisions about the school’s budget, fund- develop systems to detect small amounts of chemicals in the ing for faculty projects, and hiring new atmosphere or in human breath. The systems have applications faculty. She will also work to create new in environmental protection, medical diagnosis and national international internship opportunities security. for undergraduate students. Gmachi’s research focuses on quantum devices, particularly Adapted from :http://www.princeton.edu/engineering/news/ lasers, and their potential use in sensor systems for environ- archive/?id=10353

UCSB Engineering Professors Named to National Academy of Inventors

Engineering professor Steven DenBaars efficient LED lights.—See more at: http://www.news.ucsb. has been named to the rank of Fellows edu/2013/013850/two‐ucsb‐engineering‐professors‐named‐ of the National Academy of Inventors. national‐academy‐inventors#sthash.nsHLDsPv.dpuf DenBaars’ research focuses on elec- “It is a great honor to be recognized for my inventions by NAI, tronic materials growth and semi- and to have my research supported by UCSB for over 20 years,” conductor devices, particularly in the said DenBaars, professor of materials and of electrical and comput- realm of compound semiconductors er engineering at UCSB. DenBaars is the co‐director of the Solid such as indium phosphide and gallium State Lighting and Energy Center and holder of the Mitsubishi nitride (GaN). He holds more than Chemical Chair in Solid State Lighting and Displays at UCSB. 165 patents, with several more pending on GaN growth and processing. Recently, he was part of a team that determined Adapted from: http://www.news.ucsb.edu/2013/013850/ the optimal structure for phosphors (a key component in LED two‐ucsb‐engineering‐professors‐named‐national‐academy‐ lighting), a breakthrough that can lead to brighter and more inventors

34 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER February 2014

IEEE MentorCentre www.ieee.org/mentoring

IEEE MentorCentre is an online program which facilitates the matching of IEEE members for the purpose of establishing a mentoring partnership. By volunteering as a mentor, individuals use their career and life experiences to “I went to the site and found it help other IEEE members in their professional easy to navigate, searched by development. location, and was astounded to have such a wide selection of local potential mentors. I Program Benefits and Privileges contacted my mentor and  Connect with IEEE engineering professionals arranged a meeting. It is a  Global community from which to select a mentor pleasure to have made such a  strong connection, IEEE has Career resource offering peer-to-peer guidance honed a valuable service and  Included with IEEE membership whether you are a mentor or  Web-based program providing online practical mentee, there is a great deal of information for mentoring partnerships value in this program.” Jamie Garcia (mentee) Requirements of being an IEEE Mentor or Mentee IEEE Member  Giving time and effort to develop a partnership  Need understanding of role and responsibilities “Helping young engineers develop in their careers is very rewarding.  Staying in touch and following a plan Working with some of these  Define goals and outline expectations individuals has proven to be quite a challenge, because of the diversity among those seeking mentors. I’m glad to be contributing to this program.” Gary C. Hinkle (mentor) IEEE Member

Watch “IEEE MentorCentre” on IEEE.tv, www.IEEE.tv.

Participation in the program is voluntary and open to all IEEE members above the grade of Student Member. For more information on the program, go to www.ieee.org/mentoring. If you have questions, please contact the IEEE MentorCentre Program Coordinator at [email protected].

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February 2014 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER 35

IEEE MentorCentre www.ieee.org/mentoring

Joining the IEEE MentorCentre The Matching Process When you visit the IEEE MentorCentre Web Once you have entered the program, you will site, you will be prompted to sign-up as a complete a user profile form with basic mentor or mentee. Sign in using your IEEE information. Next, the application form requires Web Account. Complete the required fields information to assist in identifying and on you, your work, and interests. requesting the search for a match.

If you are a mentee begin your search for a The mentees then decide who their ideal mentor. mentor will be. Are they looking for someone with their same If you are a mentor, you functional background, or are will be approved within three they interested in a mentor business days and then who can help bridge the gap visible in the IEEE into a new career field? As MentorCentre system. mentees consider these questions, they will complete their developmental goal setting plan. Frequently Asked Questions

Q. What is a mentor? Q. Who selects the mentoring partners? A mentor is someone who offers his or her The IEEE mentoring program uses the wisdom or experience. A mentor is defined “informal style” of mentoring, where the as a wise and trusted counselor or friend. mentee self-selects their mentor from a Successful mentors draw from a broad database of available IEEE members who background that is rich with lessons from have volunteered to participate. The search past experience. criteria is selected by the mentee and can be determined by their geographical preference Q. What is a mentee? (country), by technical competencies, A mentee has made a commitment of time societal affiliation, industry, or several other and energy to engage in a mentoring factors. partnership in hopes of learning from a mentor’s “wisdom of experience”. Q. What kind of commitment should I expect? Q. How do I start a mentoring Each participant in a mentoring partnership partnership? should be committed to giving time and effort You will have two forms to complete that to develop their partnership. There must be a capture your basic information, technical clear understanding of the roles and interests, educational background and other responsibilities of each partner and follow an information about your work. If you are a action plan that defines goals and outlines mentee, you will then search the available expectations for the partnership. Successful mentors in the program to find one you feel mentoring partnerships should commit to at match your mentoring needs. Mentors will least two hours per month. also be asked to upload their resume or curriculum vitae.

Page 2 3 July 2013

36 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER February 2014 Does Your Chapter have an Interesting Story to Share?

Over the years the IEEE Photonics Society (IPS) has come across many wonderful stories about our chapters’ experiences all around the world. Moving forward, we’d like to feature these stories in the print & electronic IEEE Photonics News- letter and IEEE Institute. The members and chapters of IPS help advance our mission of representing the laser, optoelectronics and photonics community. You are the advocates and driving force of our society around the world. We want to hear from you!

• Did your chapter hold a recent, innovative event you are proud to share? • Is your chapter actively involved in the community, promoting the photonics profession or breakthroughs in the field? • How does your chapter educate students and foster profes- If you have a story to tell, submit an article with pictures, sional growth? video, etc. to:

We want to hear your voice! Stories about your chapter’s activi- [email protected] ties can help spark new ideas for other chapters! Attention: Lisa Manteria

How to submit an article to the IPS Newsletter: Please note: That by submitting a story you agree to have it featured in IPS material, such as membership and recruitment IPS will feature 1–2 stories in the bi-monthly newsletter and publications. For more information, please review the newslet- share chapters’ best practices via e-blast monthly. ter Submission Guidelines at PhotonicsSociety.org

February 2014 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER 37 your personal gateway to IEEE Membership

Get the most from your IEEE membership with myIEEE— your one-stop Web portal to the member beneﬁ ts you use most.

IEEE Knowledge Desktop IEEE Community Desktop IEEE Profession Desktop connects you to valuable lets you keep in touch with is all about developing IEEE information. Manage IEEE colleagues around your career. Grow your your subscriptions, browse the world. View upcoming professional contacts, sign up IEEE publications, and learn conferences and IEEE for one-on-one mentoring, or about the latest technology section activities, or see what view job opportunities and on IEEE.tv. other members are up to. career information.

Stay connected to IEEE. Use your Web Account to log in today at www.myieee.org

38 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER February 2014 12-MEMB-0023a_myIEEE Ad_Update_7x10_float_Final.indd 1 1/30/12 6:22 PM IEEE First Year New Member Experience

IEEE has an outreach program, First Year New Member Experience, for newly inducted members. It was designed to help each understand and navigate IEEE during their first year experience. Whether a member joined to build a professional network, save money on conferences or keep current with technology, this program can help. It includes a website portal, a monthly online orientation to help the new member get connected to IEEE and basic services on how to participate in various member activities. Please inform new members and chapter participants of this program when they first join the society.

To get started visit: www.IEEE.org/Start

Get Connected & Stay Informed @:

@IEEEPhotonics

www.PhotonicsSociety.org / www.IEEE.org/Membership Facebook.com/ PhotonicsSociety

February 2014 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER 39 IEEE Photonics Society Fellows—Class of 2014

IEEE Fellow is a distinction reserved for select IEEE members whose extraordinary accomplishments in any of the IEEE fields of interest are deemed fitting of this prestigious grade elevation. The IEEE Grade of Fellow is conferred by the Board of Directors.

Please join us in congratulating the 24 Photonics Society Members who are included in the Class of 2014.

Brice Achkir, Cisco Systems, Inc. Mohammad Alam, University of South Alabama Evert Basch, Verizon Igal Brener, Sandia National Laboratories Babu Chalamala, MEMC Electronic Materials, Inc. Shoou-Jinn Chang, National Cheng Kung University Steven Cundiff, JILA, NIST & University of Colorado Sarath Gunapala, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Majeed Hayat, University of New Mexico Fred Heismann, JDS Uniphase Corp. Ilko Ilev, US Food and Drug Administration, US FDA, CDRH Ursula Keller, ETH Zurich Sanjay Krishna, University of New Mexico Anders Larsson, Chalmers University of Technology Byoungho Lee, Seoul National University Robert Magnusson, University of Texas at Arlington Taiichi Otsufji, Tohoku University Martin Reisslein, Arizona State University Martin Richardson, University of Central Florida Senichi Suzuki, NTT Corporation Takunori Tairi, National Institutes of Natural Science Hiroshi Takahashi, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation Kerry Vahala, California Institute of Technology Rui Yang, University of Oklahoma

40 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER February 2014 Conferences

February 2014 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER 41 OFC Conference Preview By Ken-ichi Sato, Kathy Tse and Chris Doerr

Introduction It is time to book your travel and hotel for OFC 2014 in San Francisco, March 9-13! You might be wondering why we did not say “OFC/NFOEC”: the conference still contains all the content of OFC and NFOEC, but the name has been simplified to just “OFC”. By many standards, OFC is the largest optical communication conference in the world. After a brief decline at the beginning of the century, the number of submitted papers has been on the rise. OFC covers every optical communication distance scale from interplanetary to intrachip. This year, some of the big topics are optical coherent communications, 100+ Gb/s per channel communications, software-defined networking (SDN), space-division multiplexing (SDM), silicon photonics, Ken-ichi Sato Chris Doerr and cloud computing. OFC comprises both research sessions and a product show. If you get a technical registration badge you can attend both. formats, and radio over fiber technologies. Optical space If you get an exhibition badge, you can attend only the prod- division multiplexing has been the subject of enthusiastic uct show. The research sessions include 11 parallel sessions of studies over the last few years. To properly cover SDM ad- contributed and invited talks and tutorials. They also include vances, three workshops have been organized this year; one 13 workshops, 2 symposia, and 1 rump session. There is a ses- discusses optical amplifiers, one of the key elements for en- sion of exciting late-news/postdeadline papers at the end of the abling spatial division multiplexing, another discusses the conference. The product show includes Market Watch talks and issues created by nonlinearity, and the other raises the ques- a Service Provider Summit. Furthermore, there are 55 short tion of whether SDM will ever reach commercial deploy- courses on many topics in optical communications throughout ment. Those who are interested in the technologies should the conference. attend the workshops to hear opinions from various experts To help you navigate through all this there will be an OFC in the field. smart phone application. Also, with so many parallel sessions, you are likely to miss something you wanted to see. Many of Workshops the sessions will be video taped, and your registration gives Workshops take controversial topics and debate them with au- you access to these online videos. dience participation led by invited speakers. Topics include the role of standards, the future of space division multiplexing, the Hot Topics practicality of silicon photonics, and optics in wireless. They One hot topic at OFC this year is 100+ Gb/s optical communi- give a rare opportunity to get frank opinions from experts on cations. With the advent of powerful, low-power CMOS digi- where a technology is headed. There is an interesting workshop tal electronics, one can now process multi-Tbit/s real time in a on quantum cryptography this year. single chip. This has enabled advanced modulation transmitters and coherent reception to flourish. One can now transmit data Symposia at 100 Gb/s on a single carrier with higher performance than a 10-Gb/s transceiver. There are many talks on this technology at Emerging New Area-Cloud and Datacenters- OFC 2014 and how we get to the next steps of 400 Gb/s and Relatively new areas that OFC/NFOEC will continue to em- 1 Tb/s per channel. phasize are software defined networks, the cloud and datacen- Another hot topic is photonic integrated circuits (PICs). ters. Cloud computing is innovating network services, and PICs combine multiple optical functions on a single die driving the evolution of inter- and intra- datacenter networks. to create smaller and lower cost transmitters, receivers, This year, we have a special symposium on “Enabling the switches, etc. Especially hot is silicon PICs, but other tech- Cloud; Data Center as a Network” which is a follow-up to last nologies such as indium phosphide are very well represent- year’s successful Cloud Symposium. The focus of the sympo- ed. A popular topic is integrated optics for space-division sium will be on cloud data center architectures and network multiplexing. virtualization and control. Several workshops have also been The bandwidth expansion of optical networks is another created to focus on key issues, “Does SDN spell the end for important area. Various technology options are explored in- GMPLS”—this will discuss network control technologies, and cluding space division multiplexing (SDM) and flex-grid “Software-Defined optical access: hope or hype?” will explore or elastic optical path technologies, different modulation the application of SDN to access networks. By following these

42 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER February 2014 programs including technical sessions, you will be able to bet- This year’s Rump Session will explore whether there are ad- ter understand these cutting-edge technologies. vances in the works that can possibly keep pace with the data growth needs and the continuing push for ever lower cost per Advanced Electro-optic Packaging and bandwidth. There are many technologies that can help with Assembly Technologies bandwidth growth, from multicore fiber to SDM, there are Traditionally, electronic devices have been put in electronic new technique to improve network operational costs like flex- packages and optical devices have been put in optical pack- ible network designs, and also new ways to drive cost out of ages, and they have connected by pins and traces. However, as systems like silicon photonics and integration. But are any of bit rates continue to increase the electronics and optics worlds these enough? And will they actually keep up with the band- must come together inside a single package in order to more ef- width/cost curves? There should be lots of good discussion ficiently transfer signals. This year, there is a special symposium on these topics at the Rump Session led by Andrew Lord and on electro-optic packaging. The goal is to help jump-start a new Jorg-Peter Elbers. discipline in electronic and optical assembly and packaging. Conclusion Rump Session We hope you will join us at OFC this year. We expect ex- The Rump Session is always a fun place for people to come citing discussions of new research and products. OFC—you and share their thoughts on a topic that has many opinions. don’t want to miss it!

February 2014 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER 43 IEEE Summer Topicals 2 Meeting Series Call for Papers 0 1 4

Featured Topics: Functional Meta- and Two-dimensional Materials Nanowire Materials and Integrated Photonics Midwave Infrared Integrated Photonics Space-division Multiplexing Technologies for High Capacity Transmission Nonlinear-Optical Signal Processing

General Chair: Weidong Zhou 14-16 July 2014 University of Texas at Arlington, USA Paper Submission Deadline: 10 March 2014 Delta Montreal Montreal, Quebec Canada www.SUM-IEEE.org

44 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER February 2014 11 th InternatI onal ConferenC e on

2 014 groUP IV PhotonICs

CALL 27-29 FOR PAPERS AUGUST DEADLINE Cité Internationale 18 MarCh Universitaire de Paris 2014

PAPER SUBMISSION SITE OPENS: 10 febrUary 2014

CONFERENCE REGISTRATION DEADLINE: 25 JUly 2014

EXHIBITORS DEADLINE: 1 aUgUst 2014

general ChaIr: laUrent VIVIen University of Paris SUD France

PrograM ChaIr: gUang-hUa DUan III-V Lab www.GFP-IEEE.org France

February 2014 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER 45 IPC 2014 26th IEEE 27th IEEE Photonics Conference PHOTONICS Call for Papers

Submission deadline - 2 May 2014 2013 IEEE PHOTONICS SOCIETY ANNUAL MEETING CONFERENCE 12-16 October 2014 2013 Hyatt Regency La Jolla San Diego, California, USA 8-12 SEPTEMBER 2013 Hyatt Regency Bellevue Bellevue, Washington USA General Chair Susumu Noda Kyoto University, Japan

Member-at-Large Martin Dawson University of Strathclyde, Scotland

Program Chair FINAL PROGRAM Thomas Clark Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, USA GENERAL CHAIR David Plant McGill University, Canada

For more information: MEMBER-AT- LARGE www.IPC-IEEE.org Susumu Noda www.PhotonicsConferences.org Kyoto University, Japan

PROGRAM CHAIR Martin Dawson Get Connected, Stay Informed: Apply online today: University of Strathclyde, Scotland www.ieee.org/membership PhotonicsSociety.org PhotonicsConferences.org www.photonicssociety.org @IEEEPhotonics PhotonicsJournal.org

Facebook.com/ PhotonicsSociety

FOR MORE INFORMATION VISIT www.PhotonicsConferences.org

IPC 2014 Cover.indd 1 10/17/13 5:06 PM

46 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER February 2014 First call for paper International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics / The 9th Asia-Paciﬁc Microwave Photonics Conference (MWP / APMP 2014) MWP/APMP 2014 20-23 October 2014 Sapporo Convention Center, Sapporo, Japan Submission deadline : 5 May 2014 http://www.mwp2014.com Conference scope: ・Optical technologies for high-frequency wireless systems ・Photonic techniques for microwave backhaul ・Photonic systems for antennas and beam forming ・Photonic systems based on non-binary signals ・MIMO technologies for microwave photonics ・Microwave photonic technologies for biomedical applications ・High-speed and/or broadband photonic devices ・Integration technologies for microwave photonic devices ・Optical analog-to-digital converters ・Optical probing and sensing of microwave ﬁelds or properties ・Optical generation of RF, microwave, millimeter-wave and THz waves ・Optical processing and control of analog and digital signals ・Novel device/technology for microwave photonics ・Innovative applications of microwave photonics

Sponsored by Sapporo Convention Center “SORA”

IEICE Electronics Society IEEE Microwave Theory IEEE Photonics Society and Techniques Society

February 2014 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER 47 Avionics Fiber-Optics and Photonics Conference 2 Call for Papers 0 1 4 AVFOP 11 - 13 November

Hyatt Regency Atlanta General Chair: Atlanta, Georgia USA Milan Mashanovitch Freedom Photonics, USA Submission Deadline: 10 June 2014 Pre-Registration Deadline: 6 October 2014 Program Chair: Gregory Abbas www.AVFOP-IEEE.org EOSPACE, USA

48 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER February 2014 IEEE PhotonicsInformation Society Technology Co-Sponsored Solutions Events

2014

ICONN February 2—6, 2014 LDC June 19—20, 2014 2014 International Conference on Nanoscience 2014 3rd Laser Display Conference and Nanotechnology National Chung Hsing University Adelaide Convention Center Dhanbad, India Adelaide, Australia http://ldc.top-one.com.tw/main.asp? http://www.aomevents.com/ACMMICONN url=110&cid=1

OFC March 9—13, 2014 LO June 30— July 4, 2014 2014 Optical Fiber Communications Conference 2014 International Conference “Laser Optics” and Exhibition Holiday Inn Moskovsky Vorota Moscone Center Saint Petersburg, Russia San Francisco, CA, USA http://www.laseroptics.ru/2014 http://www.ofcconference.org

OFS June 2—6, 2014 OMN August 17—21, 2014 2014 23rd International Conference on Optical 2014 International Conference on Optical MEMS Fiber Sensors and Nanophotonics Santemar Hotel University of Strathclyde Cantabria, Spain Glasgow, Scotland, UK http://www.teisa.unican.es/OFS23/ http://www.omn2014.org/

CLEO June 8—13, 2014 ECOC September 21—25, 2014 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 2014 European Conference on Optical San Jose Convention Center Communication San Jose, CA, USA Palais des Festivals et des Congrѐs http://www.cleoconference.org/home/ Cannes, France http://www.ecoc2014.org

PVSC June 8—13, 2014 MWP/APMP October 20—23, 2014 2014 IEEE 40th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference 2014 International Topical Meeting on Microwave Colorado Convention Center Photonics Denver, CO, USA 2014 9th Asia-Pacific Microwave Photonics http://www.ieee-pvsc.org/PVSC40/ Conference Sapporo Convention Center Sapporo, Japan http://www.mwp2014.com/

February 2014 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER 49 Forthcoming Meetings with ICO Participation

ICO, THE PLACE WHERE THE WORLD OF OPTICS MEET

Responsibility for the correctness of the information on this page rests with ICO, the International Commission for Optics; http://www.ico-optics.org/. President: Prof. Duncan T. Moore, Biomedical Engineering and Business Administration, Univer- sity of Rochester, USA; [email protected]. Associate Secretary: Prof. Gert von Bally, Centrum für Biomedizinische Optik und Photonik, Uni- versitätsklinikum Münster, Robert-Koch-Straße 45, 48149 Münster, Germany; [email protected]

13–18 January 2014 fax: +81-78-332-2506 25–29 August 2014 LAM 10 International Workshop: [email protected] 23rd General Congress of the ICO Lasers Optics and Photonics http://www.odf.jp/ “Enlightening the Future” and Applications Santiago de Compostella, Spain Dakar, Senegal 5–8 March 2014 contact: Eva Cid, contact: Ahmadou Wague, Int. Conference on Optics and phone: +34988387276, phone: +221 772778046, Optoelectronics (ICOL 2014) fax: +34988387227, fax: +221338246318 Dehradun, India [email protected] [email protected] contact: Amitava Ghosh, http://ico23org http://www.lamnetwork.org phone: +911352787167, fax: +911352787128, 1–5 September 2014 10–21 February 2014 [email protected] 2nd International Symposium on Winter College on Optics: http://www.icol2014.com Optics and its Applications Fundamentals of Photonics— Yerevan-Ashtarak, Armenia Theory, Devices and Applications 28 April–9 May 2014 contact: Narine Gevorgyan, Trieste, Italy College on Optics and Energy phone: +37410288150 contact: Shirley Fairclough, Tuxtla, Mexico fax: +37423231172 phone: +39-040-2240555 contact: Arnulfo Zepeda [email protected] fax: +39-040-224163 phone: +42(961)617-80-00ext.1380 [email protected] [email protected] 14–17 October 2014 http://cdsagenda5.ictp.trieste.it/full_ International Conference on Optics, display.php?smr=0&ida=a13188 10–12 June 2014 Photonics & Photosciences (CIOFF) Int. Conference on Optics Within Havana, Cuba 12–14 February 2014 Life Sciences (OWLS 2014) contact: Angel Augier, 9th International Conference on Ningbo, China phone: +537 8705707 ó Optics-photonics Design and contact: Stephen Morgan, [email protected] Fabrication (ODF’14) phone: +44 115 9515570 Tokyo, Japan [email protected] contact: Tsuyoshi Hayashi, http://www.owls2014.org phone: +81-78-332-2505

50 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER February 2014 Publications

Announcement of an IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology Special Issue on:

The IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology presents a forum for authors to publish expanded papers in a Special Issue on the 23rd International Conference on OPTICAL FIBER SENSORS. The Chairs of the conference serve as Guest Editors in this endeavor.

On behalf of the Guest Editors and the Editor‐in‐Chief, we encourage you to submit an expanded version of your accepted conference paper to the journal. Typically, these papers are 5 to 7 pages in length. Mandatory page charges of $260USD per page are enforced in excess of 7 pages. This paper would appear in an upcoming JLT special issue titled "OFS 23." Normally, a large number of invitees take advantage of the opportunity. Based on this, we hope you will be able to submit such a paper. Tutorial presenters will be invited individually. Tutorial review papers can range up to 16 pages in length.

Submissions by website only: http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/jlt‐ieee Manuscript Type: “OFS23” Submission questions: Doug Hargis, Journal of Lightwave Technology [email protected]

Relevant topics include, but are not limited to the following:

• Physical, Mechanical, and Electromagnetic Sensors • Chemical, Environmental, Biological and Medical Sensors and Biophotonics • Interferometric and Polarimetric Sensors including Gyroscopes • Micro‐ and Nano‐structured Fiber Sensors including the Photonic Crystal Fibers and Gratings Sensors • Multiplexing and Sensor Networking • Distributed Sensing • Smart Structures and Sensors including the SHM systems • Sensor Application, Field Tests and Standardization • New fibers, Devices and Subsystems for Photonic Sensing including the ones for security and defense • New Concepts for Photonic Sensing

Guest Editors: Prof. José Miguel López‐Higuera, University of Cantabria, Spain; Prof. Julian Jones, Heriot Watt University, UK; Prof. Manuel López‐Amo, Public University of Navarra, Spain; Prof. Jose L. Santos, Universida de do Porto, Portugal.

Submission deadline: 7 September, 2014

February 2014 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER 51 Call for Papers

Announcing an Issue of the IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS on Solid-State Lasers

Submission Deadline: April 1, 2014

The IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics (JSTQE) invites manuscript submissions in the area of Solid-State Lasers. Advances in solid-state lasers and nonlinear frequency conversion provide powerful tools for an increasingly broad range of applications including spectroscopy, metrology, remote sensing, security, material processing, astronomy, medicine, biology, display, and ignitions. Especially, the high-brightness as achievable with giant pulses from Q-switching and amplified mode-locking enable fruitful nonlinear interactions for materials. The purpose of this issue of JSTQE is to highlight the recent progress and trends in the development of leading-edge Solid-State Lasers. The solicited areas include (but are not limited to): • Solid-state laser physics, spectroscopy, theory, and modeling for materials and cavities • Tunable and new wavelength solid-state lasers, including nonlinear frequency conversions • High-power lasers and power scaling strategies (oscillator, amplifier, injection seeding/locking, and beam combining) • Short-pulse lasers (mode-locking, Q-switching, and their pulse gap) • Laser and nonlinear materials (single crystal, glass, semiconductor, and ceramics) • Laser structures (slab, disk, fiber, waveguide, microchip, and other micro-structures) • Pump sources for lasers such as high-power and wavelength-stabilized diode arrays • Narrow-linewidth, frequency-stable, and low-noise lasers • Applications in science, medicine, remote sensing, industry, display and ignitions

The Primary Guest Editor for this issue is Takunori Taira, Laser Research Center, Institute for Molecular Science, Japan. The Guest Editors are Tso Yee Fan, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, USA; and Guenter Huber, University of Hamburg, Germany.

The deadline for submission of manuscripts is April 1, 2014. Unedited preprints of accepted manuscripts are normally posted online on IEEE Xplore within 1 week of the final files being uploaded by the author(s) on the ScholarOne Manuscripts submission system. Posted preprints have digital object identifiers (DOIs) assigned to them and are fully citable. Once available, final copy- edited and XML-tagged versions of manuscripts replace the preprints on IEEE Xplore. This usually occurs well before the hardcopy publication date. These final versions have article numbers assigned to them to accelerate the online publication; the same article numbers are used for the print versions of JSTQE. Hardcopy publication of the issue is scheduled for January/February 2015.

For inquiries regarding this Special Issue, please contact: JSTQE Editorial Office - Chin Tan Lutz (Phone: 732-465-5813, Email: [email protected]) IEEE/Photonics Society

The following documents are required during the mandatory online submission at: http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/jstqe-pho.

1) PDF or MS Word manuscript (double column format, up to 12 pages for an invited paper, up to 8 pages for a contributed paper). Manuscripts over the standard page limit will have an overlength charge of $220.00 per page imposed. Biographies of all authors are mandatory, photographs are optional. See the Tools for Authors link: www.ieee.org/web/publications/authors/transjnl/index.html.

2) MS Word document with full contact information for all authors as indicated below: Last name (Family name), First name, Suffix (Dr./Prof./Ms./Mr.), Affiliation, Department, Address, Telephone, Facsimile, Email.

JSTQE uses the iThenticate software to detect instances of overlapping and similar text in submitted manuscripts and previously published papers. Authors should ensure that relevant previously published papers are cited and that instances of similarity are justified by clearly stating the distinction between a submitted paper and previous publications.

52 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER February 2014 Call for Papers

Announcing an Issue of the IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS on Superconducting Quantum Electronics and Photonics

Submission Deadline: June 1, 2014

The IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics (JSTQE) invites manuscript submissions in the area of Superconducting Quantum Electronics and Photonics. The purpose of this issue is to document recent and leading-edge progress in superconducting electronic, photonic and optoelectronic devices and systems from device physics and modeling to experimental characterization and system integration. This issue highlights the important role of superconducting structures in quantum technological platforms for computation, communication, sensing/imaging and metrology. The solicited areas include (but are not limited to): Superconducting Quantum Electronics Superconducting Quantum Photonics • Quantum information devices and circuits • Single and entangled photon sources • Circuit cavity quantum electrodynamics and • Single photon detectors microwave quantum optics • Quantum optoelectronics using hybrid • Novel Josephson junction and SQUID devices, superconductor/semiconductor structures structures and circuits • Novel electromagnetic structures • Hybrid superconducting quantum circuits and systems

The Primary Guest Editor for this issue is Hamed Majedi, University of Waterloo, Canada. The Guest Editors are Cathy P. Foley CSIRO, Australia; Yasunobu Nakamura, University of Tokyo, Japan; William D. Oliver, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, USA; and Sergio Pagano, University of Salerno, Italy.

The deadline for submission of manuscripts is June 1, 2014. Unedited preprints of accepted manuscripts are normally posted online on IEEE Xplore within 1 week of the final files being uploaded by the author(s) on the ScholarOne Manuscripts submission system. Posted preprints have digital object identifiers (DOIs) assigned to them and are fully citable. Once available, final copy- edited and XML-tagged versions of manuscripts replace the preprints on IEEE Xplore. This usually occurs well before the hardcopy publication date. These final versions have article numbers assigned to them to accelerate the online publication; the same article numbers are used for the print versions of JSTQE. Hardcopy publication of the issue is scheduled for March/April 2015.

For inquiries regarding this Special Issue, please contact: JSTQE Editorial Office - Chin Tan Lutz (Phone: 732-465-5813, Email: [email protected]) IEEE/Photonics Society

The following documents are required during the mandatory online submission at: http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/jstqe-pho.

February 2014 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER 53

Call for Papers

Announcing an Issue of the IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS on Quantum Communication and Cryptography

Submission Deadline: August 1, 2014

The IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics (JSTQE) invites manuscript submissions in the area of Quantum Communication and Cryptography. The purpose of this issue is to present a broad overview of cutting-edge research in the field of quantum communication and cryptography. This issue highlights practical quantum key distribution systems and research in the implementations of next-generation quantum communication, as well as photonic quantum device technologies. The solicited areas include (but are not limited to): Quantum communication systems: Photonic quantum devices: • Quantum key distribution systems • Single and entangled photon sources • Quantum random number generation • Single photon detectors • Quantum hacking and countermeasures • Quantum interfaces (frequency conversion, photonic • Quantum communication protocols quantum memories, etc.) • Quantum repeaters • Integrated quantum photonics • Quantum communication networks

The Primary Guest Editor for this issue is Hiroki Takesue, NTT Laboratories, Japan. The Guest Editors are Eleni Diamanti, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France, Thomas Jennewein, University of Waterloo, Canada, Robert Thew, University of Geneva, Switzerland, and Zhiliang Yuan, Toshiba Research Europe Ltd, UK.

The deadline for submission of manuscripts is August 1, 2014. Unedited preprints of accepted manuscripts are normally posted online on IEEE Xplore within 1 week of the final files being uploaded by the author(s) on the ScholarOne Manuscripts submission system. Posted preprints have digital object identifiers (DOIs) assigned to them and are fully citable. Once available, final copy- edited and XML-tagged versions of manuscripts replace the preprints on IEEE Xplore. This usually occurs well before the hardcopy publication date. These final versions have article numbers assigned to them to accelerate the online publication; the same article numbers are used for the print versions of JSTQE. Hardcopy publication of the issue is scheduled for May/June 2015.

For inquiries regarding this Special Issue, please contact: JSTQE Editorial Office - Chin Tan Lutz (Phone: 732-465-5813, Email: [email protected]) IEEE/Photonics Society

The following documents are required during the mandatory online submission at: http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/jstqe-pho.

54 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER February 2014 Preliminary Call for Papers

Announcing an Issue of the IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS on Optical Micro- and Nano-Systems

Submission Deadline: October 1, 2014

The IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics (JSTQE) invites manuscript submissions in the area of Optical Micro- and Nano-Systems.

The Primary Guest Editor for this issue is Deepak Uttamchandani, University of Strathclyde, UK.

The deadline for submission of manuscripts is October 1, 2014. Unedited preprints of accepted manuscripts are normally posted online on IEEE Xplore within 1 week of the final files being uploaded by the author(s) on the ScholarOne Manuscripts submission system. Posted preprints have digital object identifiers (DOIs) assigned to them and are fully citable. Once available, final copy- edited and XML-tagged versions of manuscripts replace the preprints on IEEE Xplore. This usually occurs well before the hardcopy publication date. These final versions have article numbers assigned to them to accelerate the online publication; the same article numbers are used for the print versions of JSTQE. Hardcopy publication of the issue is scheduled for July/August 2015.

For inquiries regarding this Special Issue, please contact: JSTQE Editorial Office - Chin Tan Lutz (Phone: 732-465-5813, Email: [email protected]) IEEE/Photonics Society

The following documents are required during the mandatory online submission at: http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/jstqe-pho.

February 2014 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER 55 Preliminary Call for Papers

Announcing an Issue of the IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS on Attosecond Photonics

Submission Deadline: December 1, 2014

The IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics (JSTQE) invites manuscript submissions in the area of Attosecond Photonics.

The Primary Guest Editor for this issue is Zenghu Chang, University of Central Florida, USA.

The deadline for submission of manuscripts is December 1, 2014. Unedited preprints of accepted manuscripts are normally posted online on IEEE Xplore within 1 week of the final files being uploaded by the author(s) on the ScholarOne Manuscripts submission system. Posted preprints have digital object identifiers (DOIs) assigned to them and are fully citable. Once available, final copy- edited and XML-tagged versions of manuscripts replace the preprints on IEEE Xplore. This usually occurs well before the hardcopy publication date. These final versions have article numbers assigned to them to accelerate the online publication; the same article numbers are used for the print versions of JSTQE. Hardcopy publication of the issue is scheduled for September/October 2015.

For inquiries regarding this Special Issue, please contact: JSTQE Editorial Office - Chin Tan Lutz (Phone: 732-465-5813, Email: [email protected]) IEEE/Photonics Society

The following documents are required during the mandatory online submission at: http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/jstqe-pho.

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10-PIM-0300a-eLearning-Ad-Updates-Final.indd 1 9/9/10 2:26 PM ADVERTISER’S INDEX The Advertiser’s Index contained in this issue is IEEE Photonics compiled as a service to our readers and advertisers. The publisher is not liable for errors or omis- sions although every effort is made to ensure its Society Newsletter accuracy. Be sure to let our advertisers know you found them through the IEEE Photonics Society Advertising Sales Offices Newsletter. 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway NJ 08854 Advertiser ...... Page # www.ieee.org/ieeemedia Impact this hard-to-reach audience in their own Society General Photonics ��CVR 2 publication. For further information on product and recruitment advertising, call your local sales office. Optiwave Systems Inc ��CVR 4 MANAGEMENT Midwest/Ontario, Canada New England/ James A. Vick Will Hamilton Eastern Canada Sr. Director, Advertising Phone: 269-381-2156 Liza Reich Phone: 212-419-7767 Fax: 269-381-2556 Phone: +1 212 419 7578 Fax: 212-419-7589 [email protected] Fax: 212-419-7589 [email protected] IN, MI. Canada: Ontario [email protected] ME, VT, NH, MA, RI Susan E. Schneiderman West Coast/Northwest/ Canada: Quebec, Business Development Western Canada Nova Scotia, Manager Marshall Rubin Prince Edward Island, Phone: 732-562-3946 Phone: +1 818 888 2407; Newfoundland, Fax: 732-981-1855 Fax: +1 818 888 4907 New Brunswick [email protected] [email protected] Photonics Society AZ, CO, HI, NM, NV, Southeast Marion Delaney UT, AK, ID, MT, WY, Cathy Flynn Mission Statement Advertising Sales Director OR, WA, CA. Canada: Phone: 770-645-2944 Photonics Society shall advance the interests Phone: 415-863-4717 British Columbia Fax: 770-993-4423 of its members and the laser, optoelectronics, Fax: 415-863-4717 [email protected] [email protected] VA, NC, SC, GA, FL, AL, and photonics professional community by: Europe/Africa/Middle East MS, TN • providing opportunities for information PRODUCT Heleen Vodegel Phone: +44-1875-825-700 exchange, continuing education, and ADVERTISING Midwest/Texas/Central Fax: +44-1875-825-701 professional growth; Midatlantic Canada [email protected] • publishing journals, sponsoring confer- Lisa Rinaldo Darcy Giovingo Phone: 732-772-0160 Europe, Africa, Middle East ences, and supporting local chapter and Phone: 224-616-3034 Fax: 732-772-0161 Fax: 847-729-4269 student activities; [email protected] Asia/Far East/ [email protected]; • formally recognizing the professional NY, NJ, PA, DE, MD, DC, Pacific Rim AR, IL, IN, IA, KS, LA, contributions of members; KY, WV Louise Smith MI, MN, MO, NE, ND, • representing the laser, optoelectronics, Phone: +44-1875-825-700 SD, OH, OK, TX, WI. New England/South Central/ Fax: +44-1875-825-701 and photonics community and serving as Canada: Ontario, Eastern Canada [email protected] Manitoba, Saskatchewan, its advocate within the IEEE, the broader Jody Estabrook Asia, Far East, Pacific Rim, Alberta scientific and technical community, and Phone: 774-283-4528 Australia, New Zealand Fax: 774-283-4527 West Coast/Southwest/ society at large. [email protected] RECRUITMENT Mountain States/Asia ME, VT, NH, MA, RI, CT, ADVERTISING Tim Matteson AR, LA, OK, TX Photonics Society Midatlantic Phone: 310-836-4064 Canada: Quebec, Nova Scotia, Lisa Rinaldo Fax: 310-836-4067 Field of Interest Newfoundland, Prince Edward Phone: 732-772-0160 [email protected] The Field of Interest of the Society shall be la- Island, New Brunswick Fax: 732-772-0161 AZ, CO, HI, NV, NM, sers, optical devices, optical fibers, and associat- [email protected] UT, CA, AK, ID, MT, Southeast ed lightwave technology and their applications NY, NJ, CT, PA, DE, MD, WY, OR, WA. Thomas Flynn DC, KY, WV Canada: British Columbia in systems and subsystems in which quantum Phone: 770-645-2944 electronic devices are key elements. The Society Fax: 770-993-4423 Europe/Africa/Middle East is concerned with the research, development, [email protected] Heleen Vodegel design, manufacture, and applications of ma- VA, NC, SC, GA, FL, AL, MS, TN Phone: +44-1875-825-700 terials, devices and systems, and with the vari- Fax: +44-1875-825-701 ous scientific and technological activities which Midwest/Central Canada [email protected] contribute to the useful expansion of the field of Dave Jones Europe, Africa, quantum electronics and applications. Phone: 708-442-5633 Middle East The Society shall aid in promoting close coop- Fax: 708-442-7620 [email protected] eration with other IEEE groups and societies IL, IA, KS, MN, MO, NE, in the form of joint publications, sponsorship ND, SD, WI, OH of meetings, and other forms of information Canada: Manitoba, exchange. Appropriate cooperative efforts will Saskatchewan, Alberta also be undertaken with non-IEEE societies.

60 IEEE Photonics Society NEWSLETTER February 2014 Members share fascinating ﬁ rst-person stories of technological innovations. Come read and contribute your story.

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