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Data Compression: Dictionary-Based Coding 2 / 37 Dictionary-Based Coding Dictionary-Based Coding
Dictionary-based Coding already coded not yet coded search buffer look-ahead buffer cursor (N symbols) (L symbols) We know the past but cannot control it. We control the future but... Last Lecture Last Lecture: Predictive Lossless Coding Predictive Lossless Coding Simple and effective way to exploit dependencies between neighboring symbols / samples Optimal predictor: Conditional mean (requires storage of large tables) Affine and Linear Prediction Simple structure, low-complex implementation possible Optimal prediction parameters are given by solution of Yule-Walker equations Works very well for real signals (e.g., audio, images, ...) Efficient Lossless Coding for Real-World Signals Affine/linear prediction (often: block-adaptive choice of prediction parameters) Entropy coding of prediction errors (e.g., arithmetic coding) Using marginal pmf often already yields good results Can be improved by using conditional pmfs (with simple conditions) Heiko Schwarz (Freie Universität Berlin) — Data Compression: Dictionary-based Coding 2 / 37 Dictionary-based Coding Dictionary-Based Coding Coding of Text Files Very high amount of dependencies Affine prediction does not work (requires linear dependencies) Higher-order conditional coding should work well, but is way to complex (memory) Alternative: Do not code single characters, but words or phrases Example: English Texts Oxford English Dictionary lists less than 230 000 words (including obsolete words) On average, a word contains about 6 characters Average codeword length per character would be limited by 1 -
The Basic Principles of Data Compression
The Basic Principles of Data Compression Author: Conrad Chung, 2BrightSparks Introduction Internet users who download or upload files from/to the web, or use email to send or receive attachments will most likely have encountered files in compressed format. In this topic we will cover how compression works, the advantages and disadvantages of compression, as well as types of compression. What is Compression? Compression is the process of encoding data more efficiently to achieve a reduction in file size. One type of compression available is referred to as lossless compression. This means the compressed file will be restored exactly to its original state with no loss of data during the decompression process. This is essential to data compression as the file would be corrupted and unusable should data be lost. Another compression category which will not be covered in this article is “lossy” compression often used in multimedia files for music and images and where data is discarded. Lossless compression algorithms use statistic modeling techniques to reduce repetitive information in a file. Some of the methods may include removal of spacing characters, representing a string of repeated characters with a single character or replacing recurring characters with smaller bit sequences. Advantages/Disadvantages of Compression Compression of files offer many advantages. When compressed, the quantity of bits used to store the information is reduced. Files that are smaller in size will result in shorter transmission times when they are transferred on the Internet. Compressed files also take up less storage space. File compression can zip up several small files into a single file for more convenient email transmission. -
Lzw Compression and Decompression
LZW COMPRESSION AND DECOMPRESSION December 4, 2015 1 Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 3 2 CONCEPT 3 3 COMPRESSION 3 4 DECOMPRESSION: 4 5 ADVANTAGES OF LZW: 6 6 DISADVANTAGES OF LZW: 6 2 1 INTRODUCTION LZW stands for Lempel-Ziv-Welch. This algorithm was created in 1984 by these people namely Abraham Lempel, Jacob Ziv, and Terry Welch. This algorithm is very simple to implement. In 1977, Lempel and Ziv published a paper on the \sliding-window" compression followed by the \dictionary" based compression which were named LZ77 and LZ78, respectively. later, Welch made a contri- bution to LZ78 algorithm, which was then renamed to be LZW Compression algorithm. 2 CONCEPT Many files in real time, especially text files, have certain set of strings that repeat very often, for example " The ","of","on"etc., . With the spaces, any string takes 5 bytes, or 40 bits to encode. But what if we need to add the whole string to the list of characters after the last one, at 256. Then every time we came across the string like" the ", we could send the code 256 instead of 32,116,104 etc.,. This would take 9 bits instead of 40bits. This is the algorithm of LZW compression. It starts with a "dictionary" of all the single character with indexes from 0 to 255. It then starts to expand the dictionary as information gets sent through. Pretty soon, all the strings will be encoded as a single bit, and compression would have occurred. LZW compression replaces strings of characters with single codes. It does not analyze the input text. -
Digital Communication Systems 2.2 Optimal Source Coding
Digital Communication Systems EES 452 Asst. Prof. Dr. Prapun Suksompong [email protected] 2. Source Coding 2.2 Optimal Source Coding: Huffman Coding: Origin, Recipe, MATLAB Implementation 1 Examples of Prefix Codes Nonsingular Fixed-Length Code Shannon–Fano code Huffman Code 2 Prof. Robert Fano (1917-2016) Shannon Award (1976 ) Shannon–Fano Code Proposed in Shannon’s “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” in 1948 The method was attributed to Fano, who later published it as a technical report. Fano, R.M. (1949). “The transmission of information”. Technical Report No. 65. Cambridge (Mass.), USA: Research Laboratory of Electronics at MIT. Should not be confused with Shannon coding, the coding method used to prove Shannon's noiseless coding theorem, or with Shannon–Fano–Elias coding (also known as Elias coding), the precursor to arithmetic coding. 3 Claude E. Shannon Award Claude E. Shannon (1972) Elwyn R. Berlekamp (1993) Sergio Verdu (2007) David S. Slepian (1974) Aaron D. Wyner (1994) Robert M. Gray (2008) Robert M. Fano (1976) G. David Forney, Jr. (1995) Jorma Rissanen (2009) Peter Elias (1977) Imre Csiszár (1996) Te Sun Han (2010) Mark S. Pinsker (1978) Jacob Ziv (1997) Shlomo Shamai (Shitz) (2011) Jacob Wolfowitz (1979) Neil J. A. Sloane (1998) Abbas El Gamal (2012) W. Wesley Peterson (1981) Tadao Kasami (1999) Katalin Marton (2013) Irving S. Reed (1982) Thomas Kailath (2000) János Körner (2014) Robert G. Gallager (1983) Jack KeilWolf (2001) Arthur Robert Calderbank (2015) Solomon W. Golomb (1985) Toby Berger (2002) Alexander S. Holevo (2016) William L. Root (1986) Lloyd R. Welch (2003) David Tse (2017) James L. -
Practical Parallel Hypergraph Algorithms
Practical Parallel Hypergraph Algorithms Julian Shun [email protected] MIT CSAIL Abstract v0 While there has been significant work on parallel graph pro- e0 cessing, there has been very surprisingly little work on high- v0 v1 v1 performance hypergraph processing. This paper presents a e collection of efficient parallel algorithms for hypergraph pro- 1 v2 cessing, including algorithms for computing hypertrees, hy- v v 2 3 e perpaths, betweenness centrality, maximal independent sets, 2 v k-core decomposition, connected components, PageRank, 3 and single-source shortest paths. For these problems, we ei- (a) Hypergraph (b) Bipartite representation ther provide new parallel algorithms or more efficient imple- mentations than prior work. Furthermore, our algorithms are Figure 1. An example hypergraph representing the groups theoretically-efficient in terms of work and depth. To imple- fv0;v1;v2g, fv1;v2;v3g, and fv0;v3g, and its bipartite repre- ment our algorithms, we extend the Ligra graph processing sentation. framework to support hypergraphs, and our implementations benefit from graph optimizations including switching between improved compared to using a graph representation. Unfor- sparse and dense traversals based on the frontier size, edge- tunately, there is been little research on parallel hypergraph aware parallelization, using buckets to prioritize processing processing. of vertices, and compression. Our experiments on a 72-core The main contribution of this paper is a suite of efficient machine and show that our algorithms obtain excellent paral- parallel hypergraph algorithms, including algorithms for hy- lel speedups, and are significantly faster than algorithms in pertrees, hyperpaths, betweenness centrality, maximal inde- existing hypergraph processing frameworks. -
Convention Program
AAEESS 112244tthh CCOONNVVEENNTTIIOONN PPRROOGGRRAAMM May 17 – 20, 2008 RAI International Exhibition & Congress Centre, Amsterdam The AES has launched a new opportunity to recognize 1University of Salford, Salford, Greater student members who author technical papers. The Stu- Manchester, UK dent Paper Award Competition is based on the preprint 2ICW, Ltd., Wrexham, Wales, UK manuscripts accepted for the AES convention. Forty-two student-authored papers were nominated. This paper gives an account of work carried out The excellent quality of the submissions has made the to assess the effects of metallized film selection process both challenging and exhilarating. polypropylene crossover capacitors on key sonic The award-winning student paper will be honored dur- attributes of reproduced sound. The capacitors ing the convention, and the student-authored manuscript under investigation were found to be mechani- will be published in a timely manner in the Journal of the cally resonant within the audio frequency band, Audio Engineering Society. and results obtained from subjective listening Nominees for the Student Paper Award were required tests have shown this to have a measurable to meet the following qualifications: effect on audio delivery. The listening test methodology employed in this study evolved (a) The paper was accepted for presentation at the from initial ABX type tests with set program AES 124th Convention. material to the final A/B tests where trained test (b) The first author was a student when the work was subjects used program material that they were conducted and the manuscript prepared. familiar with. The main findings were that (c) The student author’s affiliation listed in the manu- capacitors used in crossover circuitry can exhibit script is an accredited educational institution. -
Randomized Lempel-Ziv Compression for Anti-Compression Side-Channel Attacks
Randomized Lempel-Ziv Compression for Anti-Compression Side-Channel Attacks by Meng Yang A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Applied Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2018 c Meng Yang 2018 I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract Security experts confront new attacks on TLS/SSL every year. Ever since the compres- sion side-channel attacks CRIME and BREACH were presented during security conferences in 2012 and 2013, online users connecting to HTTP servers that run TLS version 1.2 are susceptible of being impersonated. We set up three Randomized Lempel-Ziv Models, which are built on Lempel-Ziv77, to confront this attack. Our three models change the determin- istic characteristic of the compression algorithm: each compression with the same input gives output of different lengths. We implemented SSL/TLS protocol and the Lempel- Ziv77 compression algorithm, and used them as a base for our simulations of compression side-channel attack. After performing the simulations, all three models successfully pre- vented the attack. However, we demonstrate that our randomized models can still be broken by a stronger version of compression side-channel attack that we created. But this latter attack has a greater time complexity and is easily detectable. Finally, from the results, we conclude that our models couldn't compress as well as Lempel-Ziv77, but they can be used against compression side-channel attacks. -
A Software Tool for Data Compression Using the LZ77 ("Sliding Window") Algorithm Student Authors: Vladan R
A Software Tool for Data Compression Using the LZ77 ("Sliding Window") Algorithm Student authors: Vladan R. Djokić1, Miodrag G. Vidojković1 Mentors: Radomir S. Stanković2, Dušan B. Gajić2 Abstract – Data compression is a field of computer science that close the paper with some conclusions in the final section. is always in need of fast algorithms and their efficient implementations. Lempel-Ziv algorithm is the first which used a dictionary method for data compression. In this paper, we II. LEMPEL-ZIV ALGORITHM present the software implementation of this so-called "sliding window" method for compression and decompression. We also include experimental results considering data compression rate A. Theoretical basis and running time. This software tool includes a graphical user interface and is meant for use in educational purposes. The Lempel-Ziv algorithm [1] is an algorithm for lossless data compression. It is actually a whole family of algorithms, Keywords – Lempel-Ziv algorithm, C# programming solution, (see Figure 1) stemming from the two original algorithms that text compression. were first proposed by Jacob Ziv and Abraham Lempel in their landmark papers in 1977. [1] and 1978. [2]. LZ77 and I. INTRODUCTION LZ78 got their name by year of publishing. The Lempel-Ziv algorithms belong to adaptive dictionary While reading a book it is noticeable that some words are coders [1]. On start of encoding process, dictionary does not repeating very often. In computer world, textual files exist. The dictionary is created during encoding. There is no represent those books and same logic may be applied there. final state of dictionary and it does not have fixed size. -
INFORMATION THEORY in the Benelux and FIRE CONTROL
INFORMATION THEORY in the Benelux and FIRE CONTROL Han Vinck Univ. Duisburg‐Essen Univ. Johannesburg, South Africa IT starts with Shannon The book co‐authored with Warren Weaver, The Mathematical Theory of Communication,reprintsShannon's1948 article and Weaver's popularization of it, which is accessible to the non‐specialist.[5] In short, Weaver reprinted Shannon's two‐part paper, wrote a 28 page introduction for a Weaver changed the title from“ "transformed cryptography 144 pages book, and changed the title from Amathematicaltheory...“ from an art to a science." "A mathematical theory..." to "The to "The mathematical theory..." mathematical theory..." BUT ... WIC meeting Gent May 2019 2 BEFORE ... (1946) “there is an obvious analogy between the problem of smoothing the data to eliminate or reduce the effect of tracking errors and the problem of separating a signal from interfering noise in communications systems.” WIC meeting Gent May 2019 3 RVO –TNO (Rijks Verdedigings Organisatie RVO ‐ Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast‐ Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek TNO. Ir. J.l. van Soest: Director RVO‐TNO 1927 – 1957 Extra ordinary Professor TU Delft Information and Communication Theory 1949 ‐ 1964 Task: NEW Research Directions. From mechanical (pre‐war) via analogue to digital methods for fire control Prof. van Soest, started (1955) a group on Information theory (Topics: game theory, cryptography and correlators WIC meeting Gent May 2019 4 But also this: hearing aids WIC meeting Gent May 2019 5 #1 Prof. IJ. Boxma successor of van Soest(director) in 1957: • After 1947: Digital Fire‐control development by ir. IJ. Boxma in the group Electronic computing, later Information Processing Systems (Militaire Spectator, 1958) 1950, Head Engineer: E.W. -
Practical Forward Secure Signatures Using Minimal Security Assumptions
Practical Forward Secure Signatures using Minimal Security Assumptions Vom Fachbereich Informatik der Technischen Universit¨atDarmstadt genehmigte Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) von Dipl.-Inform. Andreas H¨ulsing geboren in Karlsruhe. Referenten: Prof. Dr. Johannes Buchmann Prof. Dr. Tanja Lange Tag der Einreichung: 07. August 2013 Tag der m¨undlichen Pr¨ufung: 23. September 2013 Hochschulkennziffer: D 17 Darmstadt 2013 List of Publications [1] Johannes Buchmann, Erik Dahmen, Sarah Ereth, Andreas H¨ulsing,and Markus R¨uckert. On the security of the Winternitz one-time signature scheme. In A. Ni- taj and D. Pointcheval, editors, Africacrypt 2011, volume 6737 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 363{378. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, 2011. Cited on page 17. [2] Johannes Buchmann, Erik Dahmen, and Andreas H¨ulsing.XMSS - a practical forward secure signature scheme based on minimal security assumptions. In Bo- Yin Yang, editor, Post-Quantum Cryptography, volume 7071 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 117{129. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, 2011. Cited on pages 41, 73, and 81. [3] Andreas H¨ulsing,Albrecht Petzoldt, Michael Schneider, and Sidi Mohamed El Yousfi Alaoui. Postquantum Signaturverfahren Heute. In Ulrich Waldmann, editor, 22. SIT-Smartcard Workshop 2012, IHK Darmstadt, Feb 2012. Fraun- hofer Verlag Stuttgart. [4] Andreas H¨ulsing,Christoph Busold, and Johannes Buchmann. Forward secure signatures on smart cards. In Lars R. Knudsen and Huapeng Wu, editors, Se- lected Areas in Cryptography, volume 7707 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 66{80. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. Cited on pages 63, 73, and 81. [5] Johannes Braun, Andreas H¨ulsing,Alex Wiesmaier, Martin A.G. -
Deutsch Plus 1: Compact Disc Pack: Cds 1-4 PDF Book
DEUTSCH PLUS 1: COMPACT DISC PACK: CDS 1-4 PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Reinhard Tenberg,Susan Ainslie | 4 pages | 26 Aug 2004 | Pearson Education Limited | 9780563519256 | English, German | Harlow, United Kingdom Deutsch Plus 1: Compact Disc Pack: CDs 1-4 PDF Book Music box cylinder or disc 9th century Mechanical cuckoo early 17th century Punched card Music roll Error scanning can reliably predict data losses caused by media deteriorating. They are also handy for a variety of applications. Viva Elite. Your feedback helps us make Walmart shopping better for millions of customers. Note that the DVD case falls into this category. Philips Research. Product of Verbatim. Designed with cubed ends to help prevent breakage during shipping. Shop by Capacity. Blank Recordable Discs. Skip to main content. If you really need to mail jewel cases, get some bubble mailers also. Main article: Compact Disc. The readable surface of a compact disc includes a spiral track wound tightly enough to cause light to diffract into a full visible spectrum. This causes partial cancellation of the laser's reflection from the surface. Jewel Case: Standard. You must add 21 cents to the first class postage if the package is non-machineable. Questions Answered on this web page:. Maxell Inc. Mini-DV tape in case 1. Brand Find a brand. Toggle navigation. This is only the VHS tape, without any cardboard or plastic case. The Mini CD has various diameters ranging from 60 to 80 millimetres 2. Guaranteed Delivery see all. This article is based on material taken from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November and incorporated under the "relicensing" terms of the GFDL , version 1. -
AWAR Volume 24.Indb
THE AWA REVIEW Volume 24 2011 Published by THE ANTIQUE WIRELESS ASSOCIATION PO Box 421, Bloomfi eld, NY 14469-0421 http://www.antiquewireless.org i Devoted to research and documentation of the history of wireless communications. Antique Wireless Association P.O. Box 421 Bloomfi eld, New York 14469-0421 Founded 1952, Chartered as a non-profi t corporation by the State of New York. http://www.antiquewireless.org THE A.W.A. REVIEW EDITOR Robert P. Murray, Ph.D. Vancouver, BC, Canada ASSOCIATE EDITORS Erich Brueschke, BSEE, MD, KC9ACE David Bart, BA, MBA, KB9YPD FORMER EDITORS Robert M. Morris W2LV, (silent key) William B. Fizette, Ph.D., W2GDB Ludwell A. Sibley, KB2EVN Thomas B. Perera, Ph.D., W1TP Brian C. Belanger, Ph.D. OFFICERS OF THE ANTIQUE WIRELESS ASSOCIATION DIRECTOR: Tom Peterson, Jr. DEPUTY DIRECTOR: Robert Hobday, N2EVG SECRETARY: Dr. William Hopkins, AA2YV TREASURER: Stan Avery, WM3D AWA MUSEUM CURATOR: Bruce Roloson W2BDR 2011 by the Antique Wireless Association ISBN 0-9741994-8-6 Cover image is of Ms. Kathleen Parkin of San Rafael, California, shown as the cover-girl of the Electrical Experimenter, October 1916. She held both a commercial and an amateur license at 16 years of age. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Printed in Canada by Friesens Corporation Altona, MB ii Table of Contents Volume 24, 2011 Foreword ....................................................................... iv The History of Japanese Radio (1925 - 1945) Tadanobu Okabe .................................................................1 Henry Clifford - Telegraph Engineer and Artist Bill Burns ......................................................................