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Adam Pearce Bangor University English Translations of Daniel Owen 1888–2010: Nation, Canon and Welsh-English Cultural Relations Adam Pearce Bangor University A thesis submitted to Bangor University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1 Summary In this thesis, I analyse four English translations of the novels of Victorian Welsh- language novelist Daniel Owen from a variety of postcolonial and Translation Studies perspectives. Drawing on recent theories in Translations Studies and Welsh cultural studies, I suggest that translations of Owen’s work have been undertaken as part of a variety of political and cultural agendas. These often interrelated agendas have included attempts to reinvent the idea of the Welsh nation, attempts to reinforce and/or rehabilitate the reputation of Daniel Owen as a canonical author in the Welsh-language literary canon, and attempts to either inspire the tradition of Welsh Writing in English, or to distance that practice from Welsh-English translation. In presenting these arguments, I suggest that the role of Welsh-English translation in Welsh cultural history over the late nineteenth to twenty-first centuries has been underappreciated, and that it has in fact been central to processes of cultural and national re-imagination in Wales over this period. 2 Contents Note to the reader 5 Acknowledgements 6 Declaration and Consent 8 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Opening statements, research questions 12 1.2 Critical debates in Welsh-English translation 18 1.3 Translation and (post)colonial discourse in Wales 31 1.4 Translation and the Welsh-language literary canon 56 1.5 Welsh-English translation and the English-language literature of Wales 66 1.6 Chapter outlines 77 Chapter 2: Daniel Owen: His work, its translations and reputation 2.1 Introduction: Poor writer, great novelist? 89 2.2 The state of the novel in Victorian Wales 98 2.3 Daniel Owen the translator 117 2.4 Daniel Owen’s novels 121 2.5 Daniel Owen’s afterlives: Adaptations and editions 140 2.6 Daniel Owen’s afterlives: Translations 146 3 Chapter 3: Owen’s Rhys Lewis: Translation as Nationalist Activism 3.1 Introduction: Translation and nationalism in nineteenth-century Wales 154 3.2 Rhys Lewis: A nationalist’s novel? 160 3.3 Rhys Lewis, Minister of Bethel: An autobiography: Contexts 170 3.4 Textual analysis of Rhys Lewis, Minister of Bethel: An Autobiography 186 3.5 Conclusions 199 Chapter 4: Re-inventing the classics through translation: Gwen Tomos 4.1 Introduction: Welsh nationalism in the 1960s 203 4.2 Gwen Tomos in the Twentieth Century: Thomas Parry’s abridged edition 211 4.3 Gwen Tomos in English: Re-imagining Daniel Owen 221 4.4 Language and nation in the English Gwen Tomos 229 4.5 Conclusions 242 Chapter 5: Profedigaethau Enoc Huws: Retranslation, canon and the English-language literature of Wales 5.1 Introduction: Retranslation in Wales 248 5.2 Enoc Huws: Daniel Owen’s most English novel? 252 5.3 Claud Vivian’s Enoch Hughes: Translation as inspiration 260 5.4 The Trials of Enoc Huws: Retranslating the ‘classic’ 276 5.5 Conclusions 291 Chapter 6: Conclusions 294 Bibliography 304 4 Note to the reader This thesis is written in English but contains quotations from texts and translations originally written in both Welsh and English. Where an English translation of a specific text is already available, e.g. the English versions of Thomas Parry’s Hanes Llenyddiaeth Gymraeg hyd 1900, John Davies’ Hanes Cymru and Meic Stephens’ Cydymaith i Lenyddiaeth Cymru, I have quoted from that instead of the Welsh version. Where (to my knowledge) no English translation exists of a text, I have quoted the original Welsh, followed by a close English translation by my own hand. In cases where I wish to draw attention to the differences betewen the Welsh original and an English translation, I will usually quote the original first, followed by a close translation which emphasises the strict letter of the original, followed by a quotation from the English translation. Translations from the Welsh which are not credited to another hand in the text of the thesis and/or the bibliography are my own. Quotations from some older Welsh-language texts sometimes exhibit spelling or grammatical errors, a mark of a time when the language had yet to be standardised. I have, to the best of my ability, reproduced these and indicated (with [sic]) where this is the case. 5 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Bangor University for part-funding this project. I am extraordinarily grateful to my supervisor Dr. Helena Miguélez-Carballeira for proposing this work in the first place, and for her constant assistance at every stage of the project, from the initial research to reading successive drafts of the finished work. Grazas! I would also like to thank my co-supervisor Dr. Angharad Price for her continued support and enthusiasm for the project, for directing me to useful articles and for proof- reading my work. Diolch yn fawr. Thanks to every individual and group who helped me at any point with my research, regardless of the size of the contribution. A particular thanks is due to John Mainwaring at Brown Cow for answering my questions, and for giving me the opportunity to work with the Daniel Owen project; to Les Barker for answering my questions about his own translation; Mold Library for providing the scans of the Vivian translation (via John Mainwaring); Charles Vivian for answering my questions about his ancestors; Robert Rhys for answering some questions about his biography of Owen; to Sarah Skripsky (nee Yoder) for sending me a copy of her Ph.D thesis on 19th-century Welsh periodicals; to Rebecca Butler for translating some Irish for me; to Bangor University’s Theatre of Thoughts reading group for helping me understand some theoretical concepts in translation and literature; and to wife and my family for their support, especially my 6 parents and grandparents, for proof-reading this thesis; as well as to anyone else who contributed, in however small a way. Diolch yn fawr iawn i chi gyd! Lastly, I owe a considerable debt to my secondary school Welsh teacher, Meleri Jones, who some time around 2003 handed me a copy of Enoc Huws and suggested I might enjoy it. Unknowingly, she set in motion a fascination with Daniel Owen that will persist with me throughout my life. 7 Declaration and Consent Details of the Work I hereby agree to deposit the following item in the digital repository maintained by Bangor University and/or in any other repository authorized for use by Bangor University. Author Name: Adam Pearce Title: English Translations of Daniel Owen 1888-2010: Nation, Canon and Welsh- English Cultural Relations Supervisor/Department: Dr. Helena Miguélez-Carballeira / Modern Languages Funding body (if any): N/A Qualification/Degree obtained: PhD This item is a product of my own research endeavours and is covered by the agreement below in which the item is referred to as “the Work”. It is identical in content to that deposited in the Library, subject to point 4 below. Non-exclusive Rights Rights granted to the digital repository through this agreement are entirely non- exclusive. I am free to publish the Work in its present version or future versions elsewhere. I agree that Bangor University may electronically store, copy or translate the Work to any approved medium or format for the purpose of future preservation and accessibility. Bangor University is not under any obligation to reproduce or display the Work in the same formats or resolutions in which it was originally deposited. Bangor University Digital Repository I understand that work deposited in the digital repository will be accessible to a wide variety of people and institutions, including automated agents and search engines via the World Wide Web. I understand that once the Work is deposited, the item and its metadata may be incorporated into public access catalogues or services, national databases of electronic theses and dissertations such as the British Library’s EThOS or any service provided by the National Library of Wales. I understand that the Work may be made available via the National Library of Wales Online Electronic Theses Service under the declared terms and conditions of use (http://www.llgc.org.uk/index.php?id=4676). I agree that as part of this service the National Library of Wales may electronically store, copy or convert the Work to any approved medium or format for the purpose of future preservation and accessibility. The National Library of Wales is not under any obligation to reproduce or display the Work in the same formats or resolutions in which it was originally deposited. 8 Statement 1: This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree unless as agreed by the University for approved dual awards. Signed ………………………………………….. (candidate) Date …………………………………………….. Statement 2: This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. Where correction services have been used, the extent and nature of the correction is clearly marked in a footnote(s). All other sources are acknowledged by footnotes and/or a bibliography. Signed …………………………………………. (candidate) Date ……………………………………………. Statement 3: I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying, for inter-library loan and for electronic storage (subject to any constraints as defined in statement 4), and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed …………………………………………. (candidate) Date ……………………………………………. NB: Candidates on whose behalf a bar on access has been approved by the Academic Registry should use the following version of Statement 3: Statement 3 (bar): I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying, for inter-library loans and for electronic storage (subject to any constraints as defined in statement 4), after expiry of a bar on access.
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