Zest for Living in Disaster” –

Developments of Tools to Survive the Disasters –CivilEmpowermentof“ZestforLivinginDisaster”–

Survey Report: Developments of Tools to Survive the Disasters – Civil Empowerment of “Zest for Living in Disaster” –

Shosuke Sato∗, Fumihiko Imamura∗, Mari Yasuda∗, Motoaki Sugiura∗,∗∗,andRuiNouchi∗,∗∗,∗∗∗

∗International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University Aoba, 468-1 Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan E-mail: [email protected] ∗∗Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan ∗∗∗Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan [Received September 2, 2015; accepted January 4, 2016]

This paper introduces practical efforts to reduce lo- plans and enlightening tools to acquire “zest for living.” cal disasters in the “Project on civil empowerment for To summarize those activities and discuss future devel- ‘zest for life during a disaster”’ undertaken by the au- opment, the project involved the “symposium for promot- thors and the three projects that have been developed ing the project on civil empowerment for ‘zest for life and implemented thus far: “Pocket Notebook and during a disaster”’ in the third UN World Congress on Handbook for Family’s Disaster Resilience (MINNA- Disaster Reduction in March 2015. This report describes NO-BOSAI TECHO),” “Pocket Notebook and Hand- “Pocket Notebook and Handbook for Family’s Disas- book for Boys and Girls Disaster Resilience (BOKU- ter Resilience (MINNA-NO-BOSAI TECHO),” “Pocket NO-WATASHI-NO-BOSAI TECHO),” and “SENDAI Notebook and Handbook for Boys and Girls Disaster Re- CAMP (BOSAI CAMP).” These activities were resilience (BOKU-NO-WATASHI-NO-BOSAI TECHO),” ported on a public forum in the third UN World and “SENDAI CAMP (BOSAI CAMP)” that had been ac- Congress on Disaster Reduction, where the impor- tively undertaken in the project on civil empowerment for tance of involving all citizens in disaster reduction and ‘zest for life during a disaster.’ prevention through projects was recognized in a comprehensive discussion. 2. Pocket Notebook and Handbook for Fam- Keywords: zest for living in disaster, social implemen- ily’s Disaster Resilience (MINNA-NO- tation, disaster education, social education, disaster re- BOSAI TECHO) silience enlightenment “The Pocket Notebook and Handbook for Family’s Disaster Resilience (MINNA-NO-BOSAI TECHO)” is a 1. Introduction poket notebook-based tool that provides references by collecting information required for disaster reduction and The authors have been working on the “Project on civil prevention for general households and supports family empowerment for ‘zest for life during a disaster”’ since meetings to prepare for a disaster. The notebook in A6 January 2013 (led by Fumihiko Imamura from the Tohoku size includes ﬁve chapters and appendices across approx- University) [1]. Japan is one of the world’s most disaster- imately 150 pages. The authors developed the Pocket prone countries, and Japanese people have long coexisted Notebook and Handbook for Family’s Disaster Resilience with disasters. This situation will probably last into the to foster disaster reduction awareness and support prompt future. Japanese people must “face with a disaster” and reconstruction and rehabilitation during a disaster based “feel thoroughly threatened.” It is also important to en- on the research on past natural disasters including the hance intellectual, mental, physical, and communication Great East Japan Earthquake. The research institute cre- abilities to survive in an emergency by judging and acting ated an indispensable tool for households. The tool is in correctly. We deﬁne these abilities as “zest for life in co- the form of a handbook in which useful family rules and existence with disasters.” The authors believe that “zest information can be noted in case of an emergency. A pol- for life” strengthens Japan, making practical efforts to in- icy of the International Research Institute of Disaster Sci- crease the “zest for life in coexistence with disasters.” ence to which the authors belong is “promotion of practi- The project on civil empowerment for “zest for life dur- cal disaster prevention science,” or “development of prac- ing a disaster” promotes enlightening activities that allow tical studies for disaster responses.” The development and each citizen to be aware of the importance of cultivating popularization of the “Pocket Notebook and Handbook the “zest for life.” It also leads movements involving all for Family’s Disaster Resilience” serves to implement the citizens by developing and disseminating symbolic action idea of practical disaster prevention and reduction science

Journal of Disaster Research Vol.11 No.3, 2016 443 Sato,S.etal.

sites, and contact information of each local government after the occurrence of a disaster. Chapter 6 can be replaced and updated separately because the handbook uses a plastic cover. iv The handbook contains narrations of victims in the Great East Japan Earthquake. The narrations (experi- ences and tips) relevant to each page are included in a column to communicate feelings and practical lessens reported by the victims. Fig. 1. Pocket Notebook and Handbook for Family’s Disas- ter Resilience. v Verbs are used in the opening sentence of each page to present specific activity policies during a disaster: e.g., pages on “threats of tsunami” and “safety con- as a practical approach. This chapter describes the design firmation methods” start with “acknowledge tsunami and cases of distribution and usage. threads” and “ensure family members’ safety,” respec- tively. 2.1. Design of Pocket Notebook and Handbook for vi Sentences comprise 140 letters (in Japanese) as a Family’s Disaster Resilience guide: 140 characters is the limit for Twitter posts. The idea of the Disaster Resilience Notebook came This number was adopted because people can easily from a maternity passbook. As a maternity passbook is read 140 letters in a paragraph even during an emer- used before and after birth, the “Pocket Notebook and gency. Handbook for Family’s Disaster Resilience” can be used before a disaster as well as for restoration and reconstruc- 2.2. Distribution and Usage of “Pocket Notebook tion during a disaster. The notebook consists of five chap- and Handbook for Family’s Disaster Re- ters and appendices across approximately 150 pages (de- silience” pending on local governments that introduce the hand- 2.2.1. Tagajo City of Miyagi Prefecture book) in A6 size as that of a general maternity passbook (Fig. 1). It is handy and easily fits into a pocket and bag. Tagajo city of Miyagi prefecture first introduced the The “Pocket Notebook and Handbook for Family’s “Pocket Notebook and Handbook for Family’s Disaster Disaster Resilience” has six characteristics: Resilience.” One hundred and eighty-eight victims were killed and more than 11,000 buildings were damaged in i Users can write down useful family rules and impor- Tagajo city in the Great East Japan Earthquake. The tant information in case of an emergency. Evacua- city attempts to evolve into a disaster reduction city that tion sites and safety ensuring methods that should be minimizes damage during a disaster based on the lessons shared among family members before a disaster can and findings from the disaster. This project involved the be written in the first chapter, “Pocket Notebook and uniform distribution of the “Pocket Notebook and Hand- Handbook for Family’s Disaster Resilience,” facilitat- book for Family’s Disaster Resilience” to approximately ing family meetings on disaster preparedness. 25,000 households in the city in April 2014. The Tagajo City’s edition includes original local information in Chap- ii The handbook is edited according to the “temporal ter 6: tsunami hazard map of Tagajo City, inundation haz- axis of a disaster” to refer to the required informa- ard map due to heavy rain, maps indicating large-scale tion accordingly before a disaster and during restora- and temporal shelters, and contact information for apply- tion and reconstruction. It is believed that situations ing restoration and reconstruction strategies. and required responses in a disaster change quantita- tively by the exponential in decimal hours (10 hours, 2.2.2. Takanabe Town in Miyazaki Prefecture 100 hours, 1,000 hours, and 10,00 hours) from the occurrence of a disaster [2]. The handbook includes The “Pocket Notebook and Handbook for Family’s generally used information according to time phases Disaster Resilience” has been introduced in areas not af- based on this rule: Chapter 1: Preparation for survival fected by the Great East Japan Earthquake, e.g., Takanabe before a disaster, Chapter 2: To protect lives from the town in Miyazaki Prefecture, in April 2014. Although occurrence to 10 hours after a disaster, Chapter 3: To there have been no major disasters in the town, it was survive 10 to 100 hours after a disaster, Chapter 4: To found that a tsunami of 10 m may hit the town per the remain alive 100 to 1,000 hours after a disaster, and “damage estimation of huge Nankai Trough earthquakes” Chapter 5: To live better 1,000 to 1,000 hours after a by the Central Disaster Management Council of Japan in disaster. September 2012. The distribution and usage in Takan- abe town is characterized by the following: (1) the health iii Chapter 6 incorporates specific information on each and welfare department of the town introduced the hand- local government. This information includes disaster book, and (2) popularization measures based on disaster history in the region, hazard maps, list of evacuation preparedness education for children were taken.

444 Journal of Disaster Research Vol.11 No.3, 2016 Developments of Tools to Survive the Disasters –CivilEmpowermentof“ZestforLivinginDisaster”–

Fig. 2. Workshop “family meetings on disaster preparedness.” Fig. 3. Lecture on how to use the “Pocket Notebook and Handbook for Family’s Disaster Resilience.” The handbook was introduced by disaster management departments in areas outside the town of Takanabe. The problem of aging population is increasing in Takanabe and other areas. People in the town got anxious about and in 21 inland municipalities in the fall of 2015. The tsunami after the announcement based on Nankai trough introduction of the handbook in Iwate Prefecture was sup- earthquake damage estimation. In addition, it was antic- ported by the charity project for disaster restoration in ipated that public assistance would be insufficient during Iwate performed by the “24 hour TV” (Nippon Television a large-scale disaster, so civil empowerment through self- Network) in collaboration with Television Iwate Corp., a help and mutual assistance were required. Because in- commercial TV station in Iwate Prefecture. creasing the self-help capabilities of elderly citizens was A seminar on the usage of Disaster Resilience Note- prioritized in Takanabe town with aging population, the book was held for the leaders of voluntary disaster man- health and welfare department introduced the handbook agement organizations and government officers in Iwate considering cooperation in normal circumstances. The Prefecture. Supported by the charity project of disas- authors held a “family meeting on disaster preparedness ter restoration in the “24 hours TV” of Television Iwate for everyone” for the fifth grade pupils of a Takanabe- Corp., the seminars on the handbook usage were widely Nishi elementary school in March 2015 (Fig. 2). This held in the distribution areas. The seminars were held workshop simulated family meetings on disaster pre- in January 2015 at the Kamaishi Otsuchi Industrial Re- paredness with 91 pupils using the Pocket Notebook and search Development and Training Center (targeting Ka- Handbook for Family’s Disaster Resilience. In the fi- maishi City, Ofunato City, Rikuzentakada City, and Ot- nal phase of the workshop, the authors asked the pupils suchi Town), the Miyako Public Hall (targeting Miyako to chair a family meeting on disaster preparedness using City, Iwaizumi Town, and Tanohata Village), and the Kuji the “Pocket Notebook and Handbook for Family’s Disas- Disaster Management Center (targeting Kuji City, Hirono ter Resilience.” In order to support workshop facilitators Town, Noda Village, and Fuda Town). The lecture was in the region, local disaster prevention experts “BOSAI- held to promote family meetings on disaster management SHI” (from Saito and Koyu branches of the disaster pre- by supporting lecturers for local residents (Fig. 3). Eighty vention experts network in Miyagi Prefecture) and the attendees commented, “I would like to take actions imme- local community staff in the school district attended the diately in the local voluntary disaster preparedness meet- workshop. ing,” “the notebook makes it easy to hold family meet- The workshop was supported by NHK Miyazaki, ings,” and “I explored the convenience of the notebook which created a short program, “Disaster preparedness in the lecture.” Questionnaire-based surveys were con- with everyone” using images of the workshop. The pro- ducted with the attendees. Fig. 4 shows responses to the gram composed of (1) Confirm family members’ informa- question “how confident do you feel about chairing fam- tion, (2) Prepare emergency supplies, (3) Confirm contact ily meetings on disaster preparedness in your family (af- information in case of a disaster, (4) Assign roles for dis- ter the seminar)?” while Fig. 5 indicates responses to the aster preparedness, (5) Confirm evacuation sites, (6) As- question “how confident do you feel about holding a sem- sign roles after the occurrence of a disaster. These have inar related to family meetings on disaster preparedness been broadcasted regularly as a popularization measure in your community (after the seminar)?” More than 80% since May 2015. of the attendees were confident about chairing their own family meetings on disaster preparedness (Fig. 4). How- ever, an issue is that slightly less than 20% of the attendees 2.2.3. Iwate Prefecture felt anxious about holding a lecture on family meetings The Disaster Resilience Notebook was uniformly dis- on disaster preparedness in their community, whereas ap- tributed to approximately 520,000 households in Iwate proximately 70% of the attendees were confident about Prefecture in 12 coastal municipalities in the fall of 2014 holding a lecture (Fig. 5). At the time of writing this pa-

Journal of Disaster Research Vol.11 No.3, 2016 445 Sato,S.etal.

Somewhat Somewhat ⮬ಙ䛜䛴䛔䛯Confident 䜔䜔⮬ಙ䛜䛴䛔䛯 ᑡ䛧୙Ᏻ䛜䛒䜛䛛䛺䜚୙Ᏻ䛜䛒䜛Anxious Confident anxious

30 36 5

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Fig. 4. How conﬁdent do you feel about chairing family meetings on disaster prevention preparedness in your family (after the seminar)? Fig. 6. TV announcement on distribution of Pocket Note- book and Handbook for Family’s Disaster Resilience (Tele-

Somewhat Somewhat vision Iwate). Confident⮬ಙ䛜䛴䛔䛯䜔䜔⮬ಙ䛜䛴䛔䛯 ᑡ䛧୙Ᏻ䛜䛒䜛䛛䛺䜚୙Ᏻ䛜䛒䜛Anxious ↓ᅇ⟅N.A. Confident anxious

15 37 14 3 2

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Fig. 5. How conﬁdent do you feel conﬁdent about holding a seminar on family meetings on disaster preparedness in your community (after the seminar)?

Fig. 7. Short dramatic program simulating family meetings per, lectures on the handbook usage were being held in on disaster preparedness (Television Iwate). coastal municipalities; they will be conducted in inland municipalities after February 2016. The usage of the Disaster Resilience Notebook was disasters and overcome the effects on their life. Therefore, promoted in Iwate Prefecture using a media mix strat- the “Pocket Notebook and Handbook for Boys and Girls egy because this was a relevant project of the “24 hours Disaster Resilience” was developed as a tool for children. TV” of Television Iwate Corp. The project included The “Pocket Notebook and Handbook for Boys and (1) introduction of distribution on “24 hours TV” (relay Girls Disaster Resilience” is used for clarifying the rela- from a special site), (2) announcement of distribution an- tionship between families and disaster (disaster reduction nouncement on TV for a certain period, (3) production and prevention) and was derived from a maternity pass- and broadcasting of a special program introducing the book used for clarifying the relationship between child “Pocket Notebook and Handbook for Family’s Disaster and parent. Junior high schools and other schools dis- Resilience” and a short dramatic program simulating fam- tribute a “student handbook.” Therefore, a handbook tool ily meetings on disaster preparedness (Figs. 6 and 7). was developed for children (Fig. 8). The following were the objectives behind the development of the handbook: (1) to promote zest for life 3. Disaster Resilience Notebook for Boys and among children during a disaster, and 2) to use a de- Girls sign for children. To achieve (1), i.e., children’s zest for life after the Great East Japan Earthquake, a survey was “Pocket Notebook and Handbook for Boys and Girls conducted. The survey questioned 10 now-high school Disaster Resilience” is used for disaster prevention edu- students (they were junior high-school students during cation for children (from elementary to high school) and the disaster in January 2014) in Miyagi Prefecture who contains 26 pages in A6 size. had been affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake. The survey was conducted in a workshop. They were 3.1. Development of Pocket Notebook and Hand- asked the following questions: (1) what was difﬁcult to book for Boys and Girls Disaster Resilience achieve, (2) what they worked on hard, and (3) what To strengthen local disaster reduction, children empow- made their efforts feasible during and during the disas- erment is also an important approach. The authors con- ter. The results shows the zest for life during the disaster sider that potential for disaster prevention can increase if included “knowledge and preparation power,” “informa- children grow to have the power to protect lives against tion power,” “calm power,” “cohesion power,” “physical

446 Journal of Disaster Research Vol.11 No.3, 2016 Developments of Tools to Survive the Disasters –CivilEmpowermentof“ZestforLivinginDisaster”–

Fig. 8. Pocket Notebook and Handbook for Boys and Girls Disaster Resilience.

Fig. 10. A game titled “survive a disaster with the bosai sibling.”

To achieve (2), characters were created for “Pocket Notebook and Handbook for Boys and Girls Disaster Resilience.” The main characters are Bosai, sibling of Jijo (a male third grade student of a junior high school) and Kinjo (a female ﬁfth grade student of an elementary school). They are supported by the advisers of Kojo (in second grade of a high school, a cousin of the sibling) and a doctor (a professor) (Fig. 9).

3.2. Usage of Pocket Notebook and Handbook for Boys and Girls Disaster Resilience A game titled, “Survive a disaster with the Bosai sibling” was designed to use the “Pocket Notebook and Handbook for Boys and Girls Disaster Resilience.” Be- fore the game began, a lecture on each chapter of the handbook was held. The importance of the above six powers to overcome situations in a disaster was emphasized in the ﬁnal phase of the lecture. Following this, the lecturer encouraged the attendees to measure the six powers Fig. 9. Characters for “Disaster Prevention Handbook for and started the game of visualizing the six components of Boys and Girls Pocket Notebook and Handbook for Boys the zest for life among children during a disaster. First, a and Girls Disaster Resilience.” situation in a disaster and four optional actions were presented. Some of the four actions were related to each of the six components of zest for life. After the attendees se- power,” and “power to believe the future.” Refer to Sato lected an action, the correlation between actions and zest et al. [3] for details on the workshop. Based on these six for life was explained. In some cases, the options did not components of zest for life, the “Pocket Notebook and correspond to each component of zest for life. A seal was Handbook for Boys and Girls Disaster Resilience” was attached to the answer sheet when an option correspond- organized with headings, “what houses and towns will being to each component of the zest for life was selected. come,” “protect lives through preparation,” “earthquake! The attendees acknowledged their zest for life when re- Save your own lives,” “protect yourself from tsunami,” viewing the answer sheet after repeated questions and an- “help people in trouble,” “collect and share information,” swers. Fig. 10 illustrates the game, and Figs. 11 and 12 “how to live in affected areas.” The former four chapters show an example of the questions and answer sheet, re- describe natural disasters and basic life protection, mainly spectively. Refer to Nouchi et al. [4] for further descrip- related to self-help. The latter three chapters discuss actions of the game. tual situations wherein the six components of the zest for life were effective based on the research of Sato et al. [3], mainly related to mutual assistance (neighborhood, as dis- cussed later).

Journal of Disaster Research Vol.11 No.3, 2016 447 Sato,S.etal.

ܼỉễẦỊẆờỉầẺấủềẆἂἓἵἂἓἵẻẇ Table 1. The structure of SENDAI CAMP. ẰỤỆẆềẟỂỮờẲẺỚẺẟẻẇ Sub-Event =>ẨỚỊẆỄỉỄạẴỦᾎ Core Event Stage Events Booths Exhibitions • Sanitation and Beauty during the • Sanitation and ᘘ Beauty during the Disaster • Bulletin clothing Disaster ίShiseidoὸ ṞẴẫỆẆẬẟẺẟᩓᛅὉἋἰἭỂấ༵ẰỮὉ ίShiseidoὸ Board for Positive • ”Gochibo” • ”Gochibo” ấ൐ẰỮỆᩓᛅẴỦẇ ᫢ Events and Lunch Lunch ṟộẵẆܼỉờỉửẦẺỀẬỦẇ food Troubles • Essential Items • Sendai city during the ṠẴẫỆẆọễỮẰẨỆẆẟỄạẴỦẇ ˰ • Lodging Usable up to 72 • LOGOS Disaster living Hours after a Experien DisasterίLOGOSὸ • Konno Pack ṡ൦ửấ᫘ԏỆẺỜềấẪẇ ce ಏ • Miki Live fun • Pocket Notebook Fig. 11. Sample question in “survive a disaster with the • Tagajo High and Handbook for School Boys and Girls bosai sibling.” ܖ • Tohoku Fukushi academic Disaster Resilience Univ. s ίIRIDeS, Tohoku • Tohoku Univ. Univ. ὸ 1

Fig. 13. Logo of SENDAI CAMP.

Fig. 12. Answer sheet used in “survive a disaster with the (academics)” is incorporated in the design training by a bosai sibling.” research institute based on academic findings. Point (2) was used for future development and popularization. For the first time, all the programs described 4. SENDAI CAMP (BOSAI CAMP) in the following sections (Table 1 and Fig. 13) were performed in Kotodai Park (Sendai City of Miyagi Prefec- In the project on civil empowerment of “zest for life in ture) during the Sendai Television Incorporated festival a disaster,” a disaster-training program “SENDAI CAMP” on September 27–September 28, 2014. It is beneficial to was developed and implemented to simulate disaster ex- formulate a package program that can be arranged and perience in a practical manner. “SENDAI CAMP” is a customized per the locations and time to develop and pop- comprehensive disaster-training program to provide di- ularize a program. SENDAI CAMP in September 2014 is verse information about the affected people. It consists of now packaged as BOSAI CAMP. “Customize” means to a core event (lodging experience) and multiple sub-events freely select and combine each element of clothing, food, (Table 1). This is the most authentic and comprehensive housing, having fun, and learning in Table 1 according to disaster experience training in Japan, and the enlighten- the scale of an event and needs of the attendees. ing project is one step ahead of other evacuation training Point (3) was undertaken to create a disaster reduc- programs. tion event involving non-interested people including the young. In general, a disaster-based event faces difficulty in attracting people. Therefore, a fun and joyful event 4.1. Design and Implementation of SENDAI CAMP was intended for people in their 20s and 30s. In addition, The SENDAI CAMP includes three concepts: (1) dis- through the inclusion of children including elementary aster and clothing, food, housing, having fun, and learn- school pupils, parents will also participate in the event. ing, (2) free combination, and (3) involvement of non- Sendai Camp includes a lodging experiment as a core interested people including the young. event, and sub-events such as stage events and exhibitions Point (1) was implemented because the program in- (overall and in booths). cluded disaster training related to the affected people. Foundation for life comprises clothing, food, and housing (living), indispensable elements for designing disaster 4.2. Core Event: Lodging Experience training. The reason behind including “having fun” is de- The lodging experience is a program aiming to increase scribed later because it is related to point (3). “Learning the self-help potential for a night outdoors in the event

448 Journal of Disaster Research Vol.11 No.3, 2016 Developments of Tools to Survive the Disasters –CivilEmpowermentof“ZestforLivinginDisaster”–

Participant A F1:ʴửộểỜỦщ leadership 100

ဃ෇ửΪܱẰẶỦ 80 F8: active health F2:բ᫆ỆݣࣖẴỦщ solution щ 60

20 F7: self- ʴဃỉॖԛỉᐯᙾ 0 F3:ʴử࣬ẟởỦщ altruism transcendent

F6:ൢਤẼửૢảỦщ emotion F4:̮ࣞửᝦẪщ tenacity control Before᚞ጀЭ After᚞ጀࢸ ẨẼỮểဃ෇ẴỦщF5: etiquette F1:ʴửộểỜỦщ leadership Participant B 100

ဃ෇ửΪܱẰẶỦ 80 F8: active health F2:բ᫆ỆݣࣖẴỦщ solution 15 щ 60

Fig. 14. Lodging experience. 40

20 F7: self- ʴဃỉॖԛỉᐯᙾtranscendent 0 F3:ʴử࣬ẟởỦщ altruism of a disaster (Fig. 14). The program is in collaboration with Shibuya Camp by Project 72. Mr. Ryuich Asano, a mission trainer in charge of the training of Japan Self-

Defense Forces and other organizations was invited to an ൢਤẼửૢảỦщF6: emotion F4:̮ࣞửᝦẪщ tenacity control ᚞ጀЭBefore overnight program. In the lodging experience, the lectur- ᚞ጀࢸAfter ers explained risk management and the attendees walked ẨẼỮểဃ෇ẴỦщF5: etiquette

around the town at 5:00p.m., 8:00p.m., and 5:00a.m. The F1:ʴửộểỜỦщ leadership Ave. 䠄n=20䠅 100 Before᚞ጀЭ attendees visualized disaster situations and considered po- After᚞ጀࢸ ဃ෇ửΪܱẰẶỦ 80 tential risks when walking around the town. Following F8: active health F2:բ᫆ỆݣࣖẴỦщ solution щ this, they made the After Action Report to increase aware- 60

ness and self-help potential. They took turns watching 40

and sleeping. 20

Questionnaire-based surveys related to the eight ele- ʴဃỉॖԛỉᐯᙾF7: self- 0 F3:ʴử࣬ẟởỦщ altruism ments of zest for life were conducted before and after transcendent the lodging experience (Fig. 15). These elements were determined based on the questionnaire-based survey results presented by Sugiura et al. [6] who had questioned ൢਤẼửૢảỦщF6: emotion F4:̮ࣞửᝦẪщ tenacity 1,412 residents living in the coastal areas of Miyagi Pre- control

fecture that had been affected by the Great East Japan ẨẼỮểဃ෇ẴỦщF5: etiquette Earthquake. The survey was conducted to investigate the experience of avoiding risks and overcoming difﬁculties Fig. 15. Visualization of the eight factors of zest for life during the Great East Japan Earthquake along with the related to disaster. personalities, attitudes, and customs that were favorable for the experience. A factor analysis using 40 personalities, attitudes, and customs revealed eight component of 4.3.1. Sanitation and Beauty During the Disaster zest for life: organizing people (F1: leadership), coping (closing) with problems (F2: solution), caring for others (F3: al- A stage event was organized by Shiseido Japan Co., truism), persisting beliefs (F4: tenacity), living gracefully Ltd., a hygiene and beauty (cosmetics) company, and (F5: etiquette), coordinating the mind (F6: emotion con- body-touch care during a disaster was demonstrated. trol), giving meaning to life (F7: self-transcendent), and enhancing life (F8: active health). The attendees of the lodging experience were asked to respond to the 40 ques- 4.3.2. Gochibo Lunch – From Disaster Preparedness tions to measure the eight components of zest for life to Food to Wonderful Meal (Food) visualize the changes in zest for life before and after the experience. Ms. Hiromi Yoshida, who planned “Gochibo lunch,” implemented the stage event. She lectured on the rolling stock method associated with the expiration dates of dis- 4.3. Sub-Event: Stage Event aster preparedness food, introduced Gochibo (a mixed A stage event was held at the regular stage of Kotodai wood for wonderful meal and disaster prevention food Park during SENDAI CAMP. Fig. 16 illustrates the stage in Japanese) for cooking delicious disaster preparedness event. food, and provided Gochibo lunch.

Journal of Disaster Research Vol.11 No.3, 2016 449 Sato,S.etal.

Fig. 16. Stage events. Fig. 17. Workshop on creating bulletin board for useful goods and troubles during disaster.

4.3.3. Essential Items Usable up to 72 Hours After a Disaster Occurrence (Living) This stage event was organized by Logos Corporation. Mr. Asano, a lecturer of the lodging experience, introduced essential items for a disaster and described his own relevant experience.

4.3.4. Miki Live (Having Fun) Miki, an artist living in Zao Town of Miyagi Prefecture and neighboring affected areas, gave a live performance.

4.3.5. Game: Survive a Disaster with Bosai Sibling (Learning) The game described in Section 3.2., using the “Pocket Fig. 18. Notebook and Handbook for Boys and Girls Disaster Re- Bulletin board for positive events and troubles during disaster. silience” was conducted with young children and pupils. A lecture on disaster and disaster preparedness was held using the notebook, and then the game was played. (housing, chairs, and tables made from cardboard, and ap- plications during a disaster), Kagome Co., Ltd. (food, in- 4.4. Sub-Event: Overall Exhibitions and Booths troduction of stored goods, and distribution of samples), 4.4.1. Bulletin Board for Positive Events and Troubles Tagajo high school in Miyagi Prefecture (learning, disas- During the Disaster ter reduction and prevention learning), training division of Positive events and troubles up to approximately one disaster prevention experts at Tohoku Fukushi University month after the Great East Japan Earthquake were inves- (learning, introduction of lectures for disaster prevention tigated with affected people in a workshop. The results experts), and the International Research Institute of Dis- were presented on a bulletin board for positive events and aster Science of Tohoku University (learning, introduc- troubles during the event. The workshop was held with tion of research outcomes of disaster research). The third 274 students in the ﬁrst grade of Tagajo high school, three UN World Congress on Disaster Reduction was held in disaster prevention community heads in Sendai City, three Sendai City, which supported the event, so an outline of members of Washin Club (a disaster prevention organiza- the congress was presented, although this was not related tion in Sendai), and students of Tohoku Fukushi Univer- to clothing, food, housing, having fun, and learning. sity. Fig. 17 illustrates the workshop. Fig. 18 presents the bulletin board for positive events and troubles. 5. Conclusion

4.4.2. Booth Exhibitions This paper described the intent behind practical ap- Booth exhibitions were conducted by organizations that proaches to increase local disaster resilience power, fol- also conducted stage events (Section 4.3.). Exhibitions lowed by the authors in the project on civil empower- were also conducted by Konno Wrapping Cooperation ment for “zest for life” during a disaster. It also re-

450 Journal of Disaster Research Vol.11 No.3, 2016 Developments of Tools to Survive the Disasters –CivilEmpowermentof“ZestforLivinginDisaster”–

ported three projects developed and implemented thus far: In the third UN World Congress on Disaster Reduc- 1) Pocket Notebook and Handbook for Family’s Disaster tion, the Sendai Framework for Action on Disaster Risk Resilience, 2) Pocket Notebook and Handbook for Boys Reduction Action (SFA) was formulated. The four prior- and Girls Disaster Resilience, and 3) SENDAI CAMP itized actions of the SFA are (1) Understanding disaster (BOSAI CAMP). risks, (2) Disaster risk governance for disaster risk man- To summarize these approaches, a symposium to pro- agement, (3) Investment in disaster prevention to rein- mote the project on civil empowerment for zest for life force, and (4) Enhancing preparedness for effective emer- during a disaster was held as a public forum in the third gency responses and Build Back Better. “Disaster reduc- UN World Congress on Disaster Reduction. In the forum, tion education” “understanding disaster risks,” “prevail- eight presentations on each approach and public discus- ing disaster reduction in all sectors,” and “disaster risk sions were held on March 18, 2015 with 122 attendees [7]. governance for disaster risk management” are related to The symposium included sessions on presentation of dis- the “Pocket Notebook and Handbook for Family’s Disas- aster reduction and prevention after the Great East Japan ter Resilience,” the “Pocket Notebook and Handbook for Earthquake by the students of five high schools in Miyagi Boys and Girls Disaster Resilience,” and SENDAI CAMP Prefecture. (BOSAI CAMP) reported in this paper. As these activi- The following comments were garnered in a free dis- ties are recognized as international prioritized actions, the cussion held in the last phase of the symposium. authors aim to develop and enhance practical activities to increase zest for life in coexistence with disasters. 1) At first, the attendees understood that the enlightening activities on disaster reduction and prevention were performed by local governments, schools, pri- Acknowledgements vate companies, and news agencies. The “Pocket Hakuhodo Inc. and Tohoku Hakuhodo Inc. have generously sup- Notebook and Handbook for Family’s Disaster Re- ported the project on civil empowerment for “zest for life during silience,” the “Pocket Notebook and Handbook for a disaster.” The projects described in this paper were funded and Boys and Girls Disaster Resilience,” and SENDAI supported by leading model projects of “new Tohoku,” “project CAMP are used by local governments, schools, and for zest for living citizen movements to enhance practical disaster news agencies. Most attendees first acquired the re- resilience power” of the Reconstruction Agency in 2013, “Devel- ported information and were impressed by the fact opment of SENDAI CAMP, a disaster training program” of the that the advanced approaches to disaster reduction Reconstruction Agency in 2015, Support Center for Disaster Re- construction on the “24 hours TV” of Television Iwate, “Develop- and prevention had been actively promoted by local ment of Social Technology related to Disaster Reduction and Pre- governments, schools, private companies, and news vention Using the Great East Japan Earthquake Archive (Michi- agencies. noku Sinrokuden)” (led by Shosuke Sato), and a technical development support project for construction work by Tohoku District 2) There were insufficient programs to describe the ac- Development Association in 2012–2014. The authors wish to ex- tivities in view of the experience of and lessons from press their sincere gratitude. the Great East Japan Earthquake. This comment was made by many attendees when the coordinator asked to specify the inadequacies that could possibly be References: worked on. As most attendees initially knew about [1] International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Civil Em- powerment of “Zest for Living in Disaster,” http://ikiru.irides. the presented activities, communicating and transmit- tohoku.ac.jp/ [accessed September 1, 2015] ting information on the activities was not adequate. [2] H. Hayashi, “Initiative Citizen Principle,” Koyo Shobo, p. 52, 2001. [3] S. Sato, T. Ono, M. Okada, Y. Kobayashi, F. Imamura, “An Analysis of “Zest for Living in Disaster” in Young Generation – Worshop 3) There were certain gaps in the willingness for dis- Survey to Tagajo High School Students Affected in the 2011 East aster reduction and prevention among and within re- Japan Earthquale Disaster –,” J. of Social Safety Science, pp. 21-24, gions. Some pointed out that the gaps among active Nov. 2014. [4] R. Nouchi, S. Sato, and F. Imamura, “Disaster education for ele- and inactive regions were conspicuous after the Great mentary school students using the disaster prevention pocket note- East Japan Earthquake. Taking the speculated areas books and quizzes,” J. of Disaster Research, Vol.10, No.6, pp. 117- 1125, 2015. of Naknai trough earthquake as examples, the resi- [5] Project 72, http://www.project72.jp/ [accessed September 1, 2015] dents expressed anxiety about a tsunami in coastal [6] M. Sugiura, S. Sato, R. Nouchi, A. Honda, T. Abe, T. Muramoto, areas, but not in inland areas. Community bonds are and F. Imamura, “Power to live with disasters: Eight personal characteristics suggested by the survivors of the 2011 Tohoku Earth- not strong in urban areas because more people move quake,” PLOS ONE, Vol.10, No.7, e0130349, Jul. 2015. in such areas than those in suburban areas. [7] Symposium on Civic Participation adn Empowerment of “Zest for Living in Disaster,” http://drr.tohoku.ac.jp/en/archives/966 [accessed September 1, 2015] Points (2) and (3) reflect that this project’s objective [8] Sendai Committee for the 3rd UN World Conference on Dis- to involve all Japanese citizens to increase disaster re- aster Risk Reduction, Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Re- silience power of individuals and local communities was duction 2015–2030 (substance), http://www.bosai-sendai.jp/article /f/20150402161221659499.pdf [accessed September 1, 2015] not achieved. Clearly, the authors should address the issue of quantity to involve as many people as possible along with the issue of quality to increase the effects of each enlightening tool.

Journal of Disaster Research Vol.11 No.3, 2016 451 Sato,S.etal.

Name: Name: Shosuke Sato Mari Yasuda

Afﬁliation: Afﬁliation: Assistant Professor, Ph.D. Informatics, Inter- Research Associate, International Research In- national Research Institute of Disaster Science stitute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS), Tohoku (IRIDeS), Tohoku University University Licensed Disaster Mitigation Specialist in Japan

Address: Address: Aoba, 468-1 Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai 980-0845, Japan Aoba, 468-1 Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai 980-0845, Japan Brief Career: Brief Career: 2009- JSPS Research Fellows (DC2) 1998- Research Support Staff, Disaster Control Research Center (DCRC), 2011- Assistant Professor, Disaster Control Research Center (DCRC), Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University 2012- Research Associate, International Research Institute of Disaster 2012- Assistant Professor, International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS), Tohoku University Science (IRIDeS), Tohoku University Selected Publications: Selected Publications: • M. Yasuda et al., “Practical education program for improving response • S. Sato and F. Imamura, “A Survey and Analysis on Publicity Activity of capability to survive from natural disaster,” Tohoku Journal of Natural Recovery Progress Visualization in the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster Science, Vol.50, pp. 269-273, 2014. Disaster – Focus on Affected Local Governments in Miyagi Prefecture –” • M. Yasuda et al., “Practical education program in affected areas for Journal of Social Safety Science, No.24, pp. 171-181, Nov., 2014. improving response capability to survive from tsunami and storm surge,” • S. Sato et al., “An Analysis of Human Resource Management by the Tohoku Journal of Natural Disaster Science, Vol.51, pp. 37-40, 2015. Local Government Office in the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake Academic Societies & Scientific Organizations: Disaster – Focus on Ishinomaki City, Miyagi Prefecture –” Journal of • Japan Society for Natural Disaster Science (JSNDS) Social Safety Science, No.21, pp. 169-177, Nov., 2013. • Society for risk Analysis Japan (SRA) Academic Societies & Scientific Organizations: • Institute of Social Safety Science (ISSS) • Japan Society for Natural Disaster Science (JSNDS) • Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) • Japan Society for Disaster Information Studies (JASDIS) • Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers Name: (IEICE) Motoaki Sugiura

Affiliation: Professor, MD, Ph.D. Meidcine, Institute of De- Name: velopment, Aging and Cancer (IDAC) / Inter- national Research Institute of Disaster Science Fumihiko Imamura (IRIDeS), Tohoku University Affiliation: Professor of Tsunami Engineering and Director of IRIDeS, Dr. Eng., Address: International Research Institute of Disaster Sci- Seiryo-cho, 4-1 Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan ence (IRIDeS), Tohoku University Brief Career: 2001- Assistant Professor, NICHe, Tohoku University 2002- Guest researcher, Juelich Research Center, Germany 2004- Associate Professor, Miyagi University of Education Address: 2006- Associate Professor, National Institute for Physiological Sciences Aoba, 468-1 Aramaki, Aoba, Sendai 980-0845, Japan 2008- Associate Professor, IDAC, Tohoku University Brief Career: Selected Publications: 2000-2012 Prof., Disaster Control Research Center, Tohoku University • M. Sugiura, S. Sato, R. Nouchi, A. Honda, T. Abe, T. Muramoto, and F. 2004-2006 Head of the Disaster Control Research Center Imamura, “Eight personal characteristics associated with the power to live 2012-2013 Deputy Director of IRIDeS, Tohoku University with disasters as indicated by survivors of the 2011 Great East Japan 2014-present Director of IRIDeS, Tohoku University Earthquake disaster,” PLoS One, Vol.10, No.7, e0130349, 2015. Selected Publications: • M. Sugiura, R. J. Seitz, and H.-F. Angel, “Models and neural bases of the • Y. Oishi, F. Imamura and D. Sugawara, “Near-field tsunami inundation believing process,” Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science, Vol.5, pp. forecast using the parallel TUNAMI-N2 model: Application to the 2011 12-23, 2015. Tohoku-Oki earthquake combined with source inversions,” Geophysical • M. Sugiura, “Associative account of self-cognition: extended forward Research Letters, Vol.42, Issue 4, pp. 1083-1091, 28 February 2015. model and multi-layer structure,” Front Hum Neurosci, Vol.7, p. 535, • A. Muhari, I. Charvet, F. Tsuyoshi, A. Suppasri, and F. Imamura, 2013. “Assessment of tsunami hazards in ports and their impact on marine Academic Societies & Scientific Organizations: vessels derived from tsunami models and the observed damage data,” • Organization for Human Brain Mapping (OHBM) Natural hazards, DOI 10.1007/s11069-015-1772-0, 2015. • Society for Neuroscience (SFN) Academic Societies & Scientific Organizations: • Japan Neuroscience Society (JNS) • Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) • Japan Psychological Association (JPA) • Japan Society for Natural Disaster Science (JSNDS) • American Geophysical Union (AGU) • Science Council of Japan, the Central Disaster Management Council in Japan, and the study group of the reconstruction design council in response to the great east Japan earthquake, Cabinet office

452 Journal of Disaster Research Vol.11 No.3, 2016 Developments of Tools to Survive the Disasters –CivilEmpowermentof“ZestforLivinginDisaster”–

Name: Rui Nouchi

Afﬁliation: Assistant Professor, Ph.D. Psychology, Cre- ative Interdisciplinary Research Division, Fron- tier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sci- ence (FRIS), Tohoku University

Address: 4-1 seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan Brief Career: 2009-2011 Post-Doctor Researcher, Smart Ageing International Research Center, Institute of Development, Aging & Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University 2011-2012 Research Fellowship for Young Scientists, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 2012-2015 Assistant Professor, Human and Social Response Research Division, International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS), Tohoku University 2015- Assistant Professor, FRIS, Tohoku University Selected Publications: • R. Nouchi and R. Kawashima,“Improving cognitive function from children to old age: A systematic review of recent Smart Ageing intervention studies,” Advances in Neurosience, Vol.2013, 235479, Aug., 2014. • R. Nouchi and M. Sugiura, “Beneﬁcial effects of learning with game-book on education for disaster prevention in Children,” Journal of Disaster Research, Vol.9, pp. 1079-1087, Dec, 2014. Academic Societies & Scientiﬁc Organizations: • Japanese Psychological Association (JPA) • Association for Psychological Science (APS) • Society for Neuroscience Institute of Social Safety Science (ISSS)

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