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November 14, 2017 William Green, M.A., R.P.A. Principal Investigator Terracon Consultants, Inc. 521 Clemson Rd Columbia, SC 2922

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November 14, 2017 William Green, M.A., R.P.A. Principal Investigator Terracon Consultants, Inc. 521 Clemson Rd Columbia, SC 2922 November 14, 2017 William Green, M.A., R.P.A. Principal Investigator Terracon Consultants, Inc. 521 Clemson Rd Columbia, SC 29229 Re: Culclasure Farm Mine CRRS Calhoun County, South Carolina SHPO Project No. 15-ED0162 Dear William Green : Thank you for your letter of October 24, 2017, which we received on October 26, 2017, regarding the above-referenced project. We also received the draft report, Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey of Approximately 68 Acres at the Proposed Culclasure Farm Mine Calhoun County, South Carolina as supporting documentation for this undertaking. The State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) is providing comments to the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (DHEC) pursuant to the South Carolina Mining Act (SC Code Title 48, Chapter 20, Sections 10-310) and its implementing regulations found at Chapter 89-120(C)(4) of the SC Code of Regulations. The reconnaissance survey investigated the approximately 68-acre project area. No archaeological or above-ground resources were identified. The project area was recommended as not likely to contain significant cultural and/or historical sites. No additional cultural resource investigations were recommended for the project area. Our office concurs with these recommendations. We accept the report as final. To complete the reporting process, please provide at least one (1) hard copy of a final report: one (1) unbound hard copy, as well as a digital copy in ADOBE Acrobat PDF format on CD. Investigators should send all copies directly to the SHPO. The SHPO will distribute the appropriate copies to SCIAA. Please refer to SHPO Project Number 15-ED0162 in any future correspondence regarding this project. If you have any questions, please contact me at (803) 896-6181 or [email protected]. Sincerely, Keely Lewis Archaeologist State Historic Preservation Office cc: Ed Haigler, DHEC October 18, 2017 Mr. Tom Rowland, CEO Culclasure Farms, LLC 1201 Main Street, Suite 1890 Columbia, South Carolina 29201 Re: Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey of Approximately 68 Acres at the Proposed Culclasure Farm Mine Calhoun County, South Carolina Terracon Project No. 73177239 Authors: Douglas Sain, Ph.D., and Shelby Linck, M.A. Dear Mr. Rowland: Terracon Consultants, Inc. (Terracon), on behalf of Culclasure Farms, LLC, has completed a Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey (CRRS) of approximately 68 acres at the proposed Culclasure Farm Mine in Calhoun County, South Carolina (Figures 1 and 2). The purpose of the survey was to identify and evaluate archaeological and historic resources within and immediately adjacent to the project area that could be eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The CRRS was done under contract to Culclasure Farms, LLC, in general accordance with Terracon Proposal No. P73177239, dated October 6, 2017, and was conducted pursuant to the South Carolina Mining Act (South Carolina Code of Regulations Chapter 89- 120(C) (4)). In a letter dated October 22, 2015, the South Carolina State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) recommended that a cultural resources survey was not necessary for the proposed project (SHPO Project Number 15-EDO162). However, additional information obtained from concerned individuals about possible cultural resources on or adjacent to the project area (e-mail from Debbie Benton to Keely Lewis dated August 18, 2017) caused the SHPO to revisit that initial decision. In a subsequent letter dated October 4, 2017, SHPO recommended that a cultural reconnaissance survey be conducted in areas that will be affected by the proposed mining activities. PROJECT DESCRIPTION The project area is located along Horsefeathers Lane near the northwestern boundary of Calhoun County, approximately eight miles east of Swansea and four miles south of the community of Sandy Run. The project area consists of a single tract approximately 68 acres in size (Figure 1). The project area is irregular in shape and is bordered on all sides by private property. Horsefeathers Lane bisects the central portion of the project area. Terracon Consultants, Inc. 521 Clemson Road Columbia, South Carolina 29229 P [803] 741 9000 F [803] 741-9900 terracon.com Responsive ■ Resourceful ■ Reliable Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Culclasure Farms, LLC ■ Calhoun County, South Carolina October 18, 2017 ■ Terracon Project No. 73177239 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT The project area is situated within the Upper Coastal Plain physiographic province and lies within the Santee River drainage basin. The closest natural water source is Sembly Branch, a tributary of Big Beaver Creek. Sembly Branch forms the southwest boundary of the project area (Figure 1). Topography in the project area is undulating to steeply sloped, with elevations ranging from about 200 ft. above mean sea level (AMSL) in the southwest portion of the property adjacent to Sembly Branch to 350 ft. AMSL in the north central portion of the property. The vast majority of the project area consists of an old clear-cut that is currently regrowing with pines and hardwoods (Figure 3). The project area has been significantly disturbed with a number of large pits and erosional features across the property (Figure 4). Surface visibility in the forested areas was negligible, whereas surface visibility in the clear-cut areas was approximately 40 percent. Soils in the project area are composed of sandy and loamy clay soils formed in marine sediments. These include somewhat excessively drained Troup coarse sand, well drained Ailey-Vaucluse complex soils, and poorly drained Totness loamy coarse sand. Approximately 84 percent (57 acres) of the soils in the project area are classified as somewhat excessively to well drained, while 16 percent of the soils on the tract (11 acres) are classified as poorly drained (Figure 5). BACKGROUND RESEARCH Previously Recorded Sites and Cultural Resource Investigations Background research for the current project was conducted on October 13, 2017, using ArchSite, a GIS program depicting previously recorded archaeological and historic resources in South Carolina. Also examined were the archaeological site files at SCIAA and prior cultural resources reports pertaining to the project area. The area examined was a 0.5-mile radius around the project area. Based on the background research one archaeological site, 38LX47, and no aboveground historic resources were found within a 0.5-mile search radius of the project area (Figure 1). Site 38LX47 is a Woodland and Mississippian period ceramic and lithic scatter located on the north side of Big Beaver Creek. The site was recommended as being ineligible for inclusion in the NRHP. Historic Context The project area was originally located in Orangeburg district, which was composed of Lexington, Orange, Winto, and Lewsiburg in 1785, and was later formed into Lexington, Calhoun, Orangeburg, Bamberg, Allendale, Barnwell, and Aiken counties. Sparse European settlement occurred in this area at the beginning of the 1700s, with more concentrated settlement of Swiss and German immigrants occurring around the 1730s. George Sterling is attributed as being the first settler in the area in that would later be the town of Orangeburg. The nearby Congaree River Responsive ■ Resourceful ■ Reliable 2 Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey Culclasure Farms, LLC ■ Calhoun County, South Carolina October 18, 2017 ■ Terracon Project No. 73177239 and tributaries like Beaver Creek near the project area gave settlers easy access to transportation routes. The Seawright family, composed of Robert, John, and William Seawright, were a group of early settlers in the area. Northwest of the project area, William Seawright established the Seawright Beaver Creek Plantation in 1740 that consisted of 2,626 acres along Beaver Creek (Richards n.d.). To the east of the project area, on an offshoot of Beaver Creek known as Little Beaver Creek, was Corbin’s Mill, which is depicted on Mills Atlas (1825) Orangeburg District map (Figure 6). During the 1760s, early settlers of this region faced the effects of both the Cherokee War and Regulator movement. The Cherokee War, which lasted from 1759 to 1761, began after Cherokee warriors were attacked and killed in Virginia in 1758, and the conflict then spread southward. Due to the effects of the Cherokee War, a crime wave spread over the backcountry of South Carolina. Settlers banded together to rectify this, starting the Regulator movement in 1767. The Regulators were self-made law enforcers who took justice into their own hands and enforced punishments for bandits, hunters, and households. These Regulators were usually small-scale planters and farmers. An opposition group called the Moderators was formed from prosperous, commercial settlers to counterattack the violence of the Regulators. A truce between these two groups in 1769 ended the movement (Klein 2016). During the Revolutionary War, Calhoun County had several skirmishes. The closest to the project area occurred on August 22, 1781, at Howell’s Ferry to the east of Sandy Run (Lewis 2012). Another fight occurred at a British fortified outpost known as Fort Motte located on the west side of the Congaree River. On May 12, 1781, Fort Motte was set on fire by troops led by General Francis Marion, forcing the British to fall back to Charleston (Lewis 2012). After the Revolutionary War, Calhoun County developed into a more successful plantation economy. The area remained largely rural until the expansion of railroads in the mid-1800s. The South Carolina Railroad was built through the area, which contributed to the growth of St. Matthews. The addition of the Manchester and Augusta railroad in 1894 led to the creation of other small towns. Cotton production continued into the twentieth century, but saw a decline in the early 1920s after an infestation of boll weevils. After World War II, Calhoun County left its agrarian economy roots and moved toward an industrial economy (Roland 2016). Historic Map Research During the eighteenth through late nineteenth century, the project area was located in a rural setting in Orangeburg District, approximately 18 miles northwest of Orangeburg, the nearest major city.
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