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The Social Construction of Risk in Trustworthy Digital Repository Audit and Certification

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The Social Construction of Risk in Trustworthy Digital Repository Audit and Certification The Social Construction of Risk in Trustworthy Digital Repository Audit and Certification By Rebecca D. Frank A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Information) in the University of Michigan 2018 Doctoral Committee: Professor Elizabeth Yakel, Chair Associate Professor Paul Conway Professor Paul N. Courant Professor Shobita Parthasarathy Rebecca D. Frank [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2064-5140 © Rebecca D. Frank 2018 Dedication To Graham. And in memory of Robert Frank and Dean Henricks. ii Acknowledgments I would like to thank my advisor and dissertation committee chair Beth Yakel, who has been an incredible mentor through my doctoral studies and the dissertation process. I am grateful for her guidance, encouragement, and insight. Beth has been generous with her time and support, and has shown me what it means to be both a researcher and a member of an intellectual community. I would also like to thank the members of my dissertation committee, Paul Conway, Paul Courant, and Shobita Parthasarathy for their guidance and feedback on this dissertation. I would like to thank Megh Marathe and Carl Haynes, who provided valuable assistance in the data analysis process by acting as additional coders for my interview transcripts. I would also like to thank the research participants who contributed to this study. This dissertation would not have been possible without their generous cooperation. It has been my great fortune to be part of a vibrant research community. I am thankful for the encouragement, inspiration, and unwavering support of many people, including Andrea Barbarin, Matt Burton, Melissa Chalmers, Joanne Evans, Ixchel Faniel, Kristin Fontichiaro, Patricia Garcia, Tamy Guberek, Margaret Hedstrom, Caitlin Holman, Liz Kaziunas, Adam Kriesberg, Allan Martell, Ricky Punzalan, Tonia Sutherland, Kara Suzuka, Andrea Thomer, and David Wallace. I would like to thank Joanne Mihelcic, who has been a wonderful friend, colleague, and writing partner. Her thoughtful feedback, willingness to talk about research iii methods, and periodic reminders to think about the big picture have been invaluable throughout the dissertation process. I would like to thank the staff of the University of Michigan School of Information, who have helped me to navigate the doctoral program. I am particularly grateful to Veronica Falandino and Allison Sweet, and Rebecca Epstein and Barb Smith. To my parents, Kent and Michelle, and Kathy and Gary, my brother Henry, and my sister Ruthie, I would like to say thank you. Your unconditional support and love have made this possible. To my grandparents, Dorothy and Bob, Lucille and Dean, and Marianne and Larry, thank you for showing me in so many different ways what it means to live an intellectually adventurous life. And finally, to Graham Hukill – thank you is not enough. This research was funded in part by a Rackham Graduate Student Research Grant. iv Table Of Contents Dedication ...................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................ iii List Of Tables ............................................................................................................................... ix List Of Figures ............................................................................................................................... x List Of Appendices ....................................................................................................................... xi Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ xii Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background and Problem Statement .................................................................................... 1 1.2 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................................ 11 1.3 Research Questions ............................................................................................................... 15 1.4 Research Design Overview ................................................................................................... 15 1.5 Significance ............................................................................................................................ 16 1.6 Structure ................................................................................................................................. 17 Chapter 2: Literature ................................................................................................................. 19 2.1 Social Construction of Risk .................................................................................................. 21 2.1.1 Definitions: Risk and Risk Perception ....................................................................... 22 2.1.2 Factors That Influence Risk Perception ..................................................................... 24 2.1.2.1 Communication: Amplification/Attenuation .............................................................. 24 v 2.1.2.2 Complexity ................................................................................................................. 26 2.1.2.3 Expertise ..................................................................................................................... 27 2.1.2.4 Organizations .............................................................................................................. 28 2.1.2.5 Political Culture .......................................................................................................... 30 2.1.2.6 Trust ............................................................................................................................ 32 2.1.2.7 Uncertainty ................................................................................................................. 34 2.1.2.8 Vulnerability ............................................................................................................... 35 2.1.3 Risk Assessment & Management ............................................................................... 38 2.2 Digital Preservation and Risk .............................................................................................. 40 2.2.1 Definition: Digital Preservation ................................................................................. 40 2.2.2 Risk in the Digital Preservation Literature ................................................................. 41 2.3 Trusted Digital Repositories ................................................................................................. 44 2.3.1 Understanding Digital Repositories and Trust ........................................................... 45 2.3.2 Audit Processes for Trustworthy Digital Repositories ............................................... 47 2.3.2.1 ISO 16363: Trustworthy Repositories Audit and Certification (TRAC) & ISO 16919: Requirements For Bodies Providing Audit And Certification Of Candidate Trustworthy Digital Repositories (PTAB) .................................................................................................... 48 2.3.2.2 DIN 31644: nestor Seal for Trustworthy Digital Archives ........................................ 51 2.3.2.3 Data Seal of Approval ................................................................................................ 52 2.3.2.4 CoreTrustSeal ............................................................................................................. 53 2.3.2.5 The European Framework .......................................................................................... 54 2.4 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 55 Chapter 3: Research Methods ................................................................................................... 59 3.1 Pilot Study .............................................................................................................................. 62 3.2 Analytical Focus .................................................................................................................... 63 3.3 Data Collection & Analysis ................................................................................................... 63 3.3.1 Population and Sample ............................................................................................... 65 3.3.1.1 Standard Developers ................................................................................................... 66 vi 3.3.1.2 Auditors ...................................................................................................................... 67 3.3.1.3 Repository Staff Members from TRAC Certified Repositories ................................. 68 3.3.2 Interviews ................................................................................................................... 78 3.3.2.1 Testing Interview Protocol ......................................................................................... 81 3.3.2.2 Analysis of Interview Data ........................................................................................
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