Draft Report Drysdale Bypass, Jetty Road to Whitcombes Road, Drysdale, Victoria: Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Management Plan

Number 13839

Sponsor VicRoads (South Western Projects) 13 April 2017

Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Ltd

Cultural Heritage Advisor Author

Alison O’Connor Alison O’Connor

ADELAIDE . BRISBANE . CANBERRA . GEELONG . MELBOURNE . SYDNEY www.ehpartners.com.au | (03) 9377 0100

Drysdale Bypass, Jetty Road to Whitcombes Road, Drysdale, Victoria: Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Management Plan Number: 13839

ACTIVITY SIZE: Large ASSESSMENT: Complex SPONSOR: VicRoads (South Western Projects)

CULTURAL HERITAGE ADVISORS: Alison O’Connor AUTHORS: Alison O’Connor DATE: 13 April 2017

Cover Photo: Elevated rise on southern side of Andersons Road, looking east (Photo by Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Ltd)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank the following people and organisations for their contribution to the project:  Alastair Robinson and Jie Yun Cui (VicRoads) for project and site information.  Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation for assistance in the field, cultural heritage information and evaluation of the report.  Office of Aboriginal Affairs Victoria.

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DOCUMENT CONTROL

Activity Drysdale Bypass Address Jetty Road to Whitcombes Road, Drysdale Project number 13938 Project manager Alison O’Connor Report author(s) Alison O’Connor Report reviewer Oona Nicolson Other EHP staff Terence MacManus, Stacey Kennedy and Rick Bullers Mapping Monique Elsley File name P:\7300\7329\Reports\EHP_7329_DrysdaleBypass_CHMP_Preliminary_Draft_07042017.docx Client VicRoads (South Western Region) RAP Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation Bioregion Otway Plain CMA Corangamite Council Geelong City Council

Report versions Comments Comments updated by Date submitted Draft v1 Draft for QA Review Alison O’Connor 05.01.2016 Draft v2 Draft to Client for Comment Alison O’Connor 11.01.2016 Final v1 Final to RAP for Evaluation Alison O’Connor ##.##.2016 Final v2 Final Approved CHMP Alison O’Connor ##.##.2016

Protocols for Handling Sensitive Information Some of the information contained within this Cultural Heritage Management Plan (CHMP) is culturally sensitive. Before releasing the contents of this CHMP to the public, permission should be sought from the relevant authorities and communities. Copyright © Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Ltd This document is subject to copyright and may only be used for the purposes for which it was commissioned. The use or copying of this document in whole or part without the permission of Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Ltd is an infringement of copyright. Disclaimer Although Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Ltd have taken all the necessary steps to ensure that an accurate document has been prepared, the company accepts no liability for any damages or loss incurred as a result of reliance placed upon the report and its contents.

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ABBREVIATIONS

See Glossary (Appendix 7) for explanation of some of these terms.

Acronym Description Act, the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 AHHA Aboriginal and Historical Heritage Assessment CHA Cultural Heritage Advisor CHL Commonwealth Heritage List CHMP Cultural Heritage Management Plan CHP Cultural Heritage Permit CMA Catchment Management Authority DEPI Department of Environment and Primary Industries (Victoria) DoE Department of the Environment (Commonwealth) DPC Department of the Premier and Cabinet (Victoria) DEWLP Department of Environment, Water, Land and Planning EES Environment Effects Statement EPBC Act Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 EVC Ecological Vegetation Class HV Heritage Victoria LDAD Low Density Artefact Distribution OAAV Office of Aboriginal Affairs Victoria PMST Protected Matters Search Tool RAP Registered Aboriginal Party Regulations, the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 RNE Register of the National Estate RTH Radial Test Hole DoE Department of the Environment (Commonwealth) SGD Significant Ground Disturbance STH Shovel Test Hole STP Stratigraphic Test Pit T/O Traditional Owner/s VAHC Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Council VAHR Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register VCAT Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal WAC Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation WHL World Heritage List

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CONTENTS

PART 1 CULTURAL HERITAGE ASSESSMENT ...... 10 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 11 1.1 Background and Scope of Works ...... 11 1.2 Name of Sponsor ...... 11

1.3 Name of Owners and Occupiers of the Activity Area ...... 11 1.4 Location of Activity Area ...... 11 1.5 Heritage Legislation ...... 12

1.6 Reasons for Preparing the CHMP ...... 12 1.7 Notice of Intent to Prepare a Cultural Heritage Management Plan ...... 12 1.8 Registered Aboriginal Parties ...... 13

1.9 Native Title ...... 13 1.10 Name of Cultural Heritage Advisors ...... 13 2 EXTENT OF ACTIVITY AREA ...... 16

3 ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION ...... 17 3.1 The Activity ...... 17 3.2 Potential Impacts to Aboriginal Cultural Heritage ...... 17

4 DOCUMENTATION OF CONSULTATION ...... 18 4.1 Consultation in Relation to the Assessment ...... 18 4.2 Participation in the Conduct of the Assessment ...... 20

4.3 Consultation in Relation to the Recommendations ...... 22 4.4 Summary of Outcomes of Consultation ...... 22 5 DESKTOP ASSESSMENT ...... 23

5.1 Environmental Context ...... 23 5.1.1 Geographic Region ...... 23 5.1.2 Geology, Geomorphology and Soils ...... 23

5.1.3 Landforms and Hydrology ...... 24 5.1.4 Paleoenvironment and Climate...... 24 5.1.6 Late Holocene Vegetation ...... 26

5.1.7 Traditional Resources ...... 26

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5.1.8 Post-Contact Land Use History ...... 27 5.2 Aboriginal Context ...... 30 5.2.1 ...... 30

5.2.2 Archaeological Research ...... 30 5.2.3 History and Ethnohistory ...... 31 5.3 Database Searches ...... 35

5.3.1 Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register ...... 35 5.4 Previous Archaeological Investigations ...... 39 5.5 Aboriginal Archaeological Site Prediction Statement ...... 41

5.6 Desktop Assessment – Summary of the Results and Conclusions...... 46 6 STANDARD ASSESSMENT ...... 47 6.1 Methodology of the Standard Assessment ...... 47

6.2 Visibility, Exposure and Coverage ...... 47 6.2.1 Ground Surface Visibility ...... 47 6.2.2 Effective Survey Coverage ...... 48

6.2.3 Limitations of the Standard Assessment ...... 48 6.3 Results of the Standard Assessment ...... 49 6.3.1 Landforms ...... 49

6.3.2 Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Identified during the Standard Assessment ...... 49 6.3.3 Areas of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Likelihood ...... 50 6.3.4 Previous Ground Disturbance ...... 50

6.4 Standard Assessment – Summary of Results and Conclusions ...... 52 7 COMPLEX ASSESSMENT ...... 55 7.1 Aims of the Complex Assessment ...... 55

7.2 Methodology of the Complex Assessment ...... 55 7.2.1 Subsurface Testing ...... 56 7.2.2 Limitations of the Complex Assessment ...... 56

7.3 Results of the Complex Assessment...... 56 7.3.1 Stratigraphy...... 56 7.3.2 Subsurface Testing ...... 57

7.3.3 Surface Artefacts ...... 57

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7.4 Complex Assessment – Summary of Results and Conclusions ...... 73 MAPS ...... 74 REFERENCES ...... 114

Tables

Table 1: Consultation in Relation to the Assessment ...... 18 Table 2: Consultation in Relation to the Recommendations ...... 22 Table 3: Summary of Previously Identified Aboriginal Site Component Types within the Geographic Region 36

Table 4: List of Previously Identified Sites within the Geographic Region ...... 36 Table 5: Effective Survey Cover Calculations within the Activity Area ...... 48 Table 6: Ground disturbance types and level of impact across landforms within activity area ...... 52

Table 7: Calculation of Aboriginal likelihood within each survey unit of the activity area...... 53 Table 8: Total number of test pits within each survey unit under category of Aboriginal likelihood...... 54 Table 8: Stratigraphic Test Pits Excavated within the Activity Area (Map 10)...... 58

Table 10: Shovel Test Holes Excavated within the Activity Area (Map 10)...... 61

Figures

Figure 1: Map of the eastern Bellarine Peninsula, showing the Bellarine Hills Squatting Run and the study area (Source: Spreadborough and Anderson 1983) ...... 28 Figure 2: Land purchased by the original squatters in relation to the study area (Source: Wynd 1988: 19) ... 28

Figure 3: Extract from Bellarine Parish Map 1887 (SLV image dq200018) ...... 29 Figure 4: Extract from Bellarine Parish Map 1952 (SLV dq200262) ...... 30 Figure 5: Stratigraphic Profile of STP01...... 58

Figure 6: Stratigraphic Profile of STP02...... 59 Figure 6: Stratigraphic Profile of STP02...... 60

Plates Plate 1: Activity area facing east showing poor ground surface visibility...... 48 Plate 2: Activity area facing west showing ground surface exposure due to horse treading. A sandy geology was confirmed within the low-lying plain landform...... 48 Plate 3: Quarzite flake (dorsal profile)...... 49

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Plate 4: Quartzite flake (ventral profile)...... 49 Plate 5: Location of the quartzite flake on top of the sandy rise situated north of Andersons Road...... 50

Plate 6: Activity area facing east showing intersection at Portarlington and Grubb Road...... 51 Plate 7: Activity area showing historic Bellarine railway line...... 51 Plate 8: Residential property within road alignment...... 51

Plate 9: Activity area facing north showing rabbit burrowing within sandy rise off Andersons Road...... 51 Plate 1: Silcrete artefact showing dorsal surface, identified on the ground surface...... 57 Plate 2: Stratigraphy of STP01 north section...... 58

Plate 3: Stratigraphy of STP02north section...... 59 Plate 4: Stratigraphy of STP02north section...... 60

Maps Map 1: Location of Activity Area ...... 75 Map 2: Extent of Activity Area and Area of Sensitivity ...... 76

Map 3: Proposed Development Plan ...... 77 Map 4: Relevant Geographic Region ...... 88 Map 5: Geology ...... 89

Map 6: Geomorphology ...... 90 Map 7: Pre-1750 Ecological Vegetation Classes...... 91 Map 8: Previously Recorded Aboriginal Archaeological Sites In and Around the Activity Area ...... 92

Map 9a: Standard Assessment Survey Results and Landform Types Identified ...... 93 Map 9b: Standard Assessment Survey Area and Areas of Archaeological Likelihood ...... 94 Map 10: Complex Assessment Preliminary Testing Results ...... 95

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PART 1 CULTURAL HERITAGE ASSESSMENT

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background and Scope of Works

Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Ltd was commissioned by VicRoads (South Western Region), to prepare a complex Cultural Heritage Management Plan (CHMP) for the proposed Drysdale Bypass in Drysdale, Victoria (Geelong City Council) (Map 1). The project brief agreed upon by Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Ltd and the Sponsor (VicRoads) is as follows:  Review the relevant heritage databases (e.g. Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register [VAHR] at the Office of Aboriginal Affairs Victoria [OAAV], Local Government Heritage Overlays, Heritage Victoria Inventory and Register, National Trust) and other relevant available literature;  Provide a brief review of land use for the activity area;  Conduct a site assessment by a qualified Cultural Heritage Advisor to identify any Aboriginal cultural heritage within the activity area;  Identify and provide a series of maps as required for a CHMP showing any Aboriginal archaeological heritage or areas likely to contain Aboriginal cultural heritage;

 Provide information in relation to any implications of Commonwealth and State environmental legislation and Government policy associated with the proposed development;  Discuss any opportunities and constraints associated with the activity area;

 Liaise with the key stakeholders, the Registered Aboriginal Party (RAP), the Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation, local government and OAAV; and  Produce a CHMP suitable for evaluation by the appropriate evaluation party (RAP).

1.2 Name of Sponsor

The Sponsor of this CHMP is VicRoads – South Western Region (ABN: 61 760 960 480).

1.3 Name of Owners and Occupiers of the Activity Area

The activity area is owned and occupied by various land owners within Drysdale.

1.4 Location of Activity Area

The activity area is located in Drysdale, Victoria (Geelong City Council). The activity area is approximately 7 km in length and 75 m in maximum width and is bounded to the north by Whitcombes Road and

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Portarlington Road, to the east by Murradoc Road, to the west by High Street and to the south by Grubb Road and Jetty Road (Map 2).

The cadastral details of the activity area are listed in Appendix 2. A more detailed description of the activity area is contained within Section 2.

1.5 Heritage Legislation

An overview of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006, the Commonwealth Native Title Act 1993, the Victorian Planning and Environment Act 1987 and the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 is included in Appendix 2. This legislation is subordinate to the Victorian Coroners Act 2008 in relation to the discovery of human remains.

1.6 Reasons for Preparing the CHMP

This CHMP has been prepared in accordance with Part 4 of the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 and is required by the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 (s.47). The specific Regulations which trigger the requirement for this plan are (Map 2):

 Under r.22, the activity area is located within an area of cultural heritage sensitivity as it is located within 50 m of one registered cultural heritage places which is listed on the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register (VAHR):

o VAHR 7821-0787 (Lake Lorne 2); and  Under r.23, the activity area is within an area of cultural heritage sensitivity as it is located within 200 m of a waterway, namely Lake Lorne.

This CHMP does not contain detailed information regarding non-Aboriginal historical heritage issues relating to the activity area. Non-Aboriginal historical heritage issues are discussed in a separate report (O’Connor 2015; HV #4674) which has been lodged with the Sponsor and with Heritage Victoria.

1.7 Notice of Intent to Prepare a Cultural Heritage Management Plan

Under s. 54 of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006, the Sponsor of a CHMP must give notice of their intention to prepare a CHMP. In accordance with s. 54(1)(a) of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006, the Sponsor submitted a Notice of Intent to prepare a Cultural Heritage Management Plan (NOI) to the RAP for the activity area, the Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation, on 13 October 2015. A copy of this NOI is attached in Appendix 1. The RAP responded to this NOI on 13 October 2015 and indicated that they would/would not evaluate this CHMP. A copy of this response is attached in Appendix 1. In addition, in accordance with s. 54(1)(c) of the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006, the Sponsor notified the owners and occupiers of the activity area of the Sponsor’s intention to prepare this CHMP.

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1.8 Registered Aboriginal Parties

The RAP for the activity area is the Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation. Details of all consultation undertaken with the RAP for the purposes of preparing this CHMP are contained in Section 4.

1.9 Native Title

There are currently no Native Title claims or determinations over the activity area and as the activity area comprises privately owned land Native Title has been extinguished.

In addition, the activity area comprises road reserves. The date on which a road reservation was created affects the Native Title determination (VicRoads 2007). Native Title will generally be extinguished in relation to all road reservations created before 31 October 1975, regardless of having a road constructed within them. For roads reservations created between 31 October 1975 and 23 December 1996, Native Title determination is dependent on whether the reservation is vacant or constructed (has a road built within it). If vacant, Native Title is not extinguished. If constructed, and the reservation area is or was necessary for or incidental to the construction, establishment or operation of the road, Native Title will be extinguished. Native title will generally not be extinguished in relation to road reservations created after 23 December 1996.

1.10 Name of Cultural Heritage Advisors

The Cultural Heritage Advisor of this CHMP is Alison O’Connor. The author of this CHMP is Alison O’Connor. The quality assurance review was undertaken by Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Ltd Director/Principal Heritage Advisor Oona Nicolson. The field work was undertaken by Alison O’Connor and Terence MacManus (Cultural Heritage Advisor). Mapping was provided by Monique Elsley (GIS Coordinator). Alison O’Connor Alison is a senior archaeologist at Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Ltd with over seven years of experience in Australian archaeology. Alison completed her archaeology degree with Honours at La Trobe University in 2008. Her thesis focused on historical archaeology, in particular the analysis of nineteenth-century ceramics. Alison was trained in artefact analysis during her undergraduate studies at La Trobe University. Alison has been involved in historical excavations since 2006 and has supervised many historical excavations within inner Melbourne. Alison is an experienced field supervisor and has overseen the investigation and salvage of large and complex archaeological sites. In regards to Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Management Plans, Alison specializes in the management of large residential subdivisions in the outer western suburbs of Melbourne. As a consultant Alison has conducted Cultural Heritage Management Plans, historical due diligence assessments, desktop assessments, survey and excavation reports, including the assessment of dry stone walls and household sites. In addition, she has built professional relationships working with Heritage Victoria and the Office of Aboriginal Affairs Victoria as well as consulting with various clients. Alison has a positive history of consulting with Registered Aboriginal Parties and Traditional Owner groups in Victoria.

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Alison has shown commitment to the profession through her involvement in the La Trobe University Colloquium where she has presented the results of her excavations at Evansdale historical excavation in 2012 and the Lonsdale Street historical excavation in 2013. Alison has also produced papers for the Excavation, Surveys and Heritage Management in Victoria journal (La Trobe University) regarding the historical excavations at the Evansdale Farm Complex, Truganina (vol. 2) and 612-622 Lonsdale Street, 593- 599 Little Lonsdale Street and 5-11 Altson Lane, Melbourne (vols.3 & 4).  Bachelor of Archaeology (Honours), La Trobe University, Vic (2009) Terence MacManus

Terence is an archaeologist and cultural heritage advisor at Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Ltd. With over seven years of experience as a consultant, he has worked in a variety of roles, acting as field director and project manager for a wide range of cultural heritage investigations and letters of advice, including Aboriginal and historical site assessments, surveys, salvage programs and CHMPs. Terence has managed and/or directed fieldwork for a large number of projects including small to large residential developments, road and pipeline alignments, PSP areas, and large infrastructure and industrial projects.

Terence is experienced in a range of tasks related to archaeological research and practice such as background research, archaeological survey, subsurface testing, salvage excavation, Aboriginal and non- Aboriginal site identification, report preparation, and particularly in Aboriginal stone artefact analysis and interpretation. His formal qualifications include:  Bachelor of Archaeology (Honours), La Trobe University, Vic (2008). Stacey Kennedy

Stacey is an archaeologist and cultural heritage advisor at Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Ltd. With over eight years’ experience as a consultant, she has worked in a variety of roles, acting as field director and project manager for a wide range of cultural heritage investigations and letters of advice, including Aboriginal and historical site assessments, surveys, salvage programs and CHMPs. Stacey has managed and/or directed fieldwork for a large number of projects in Victoria and New South Wales including small to large residential developments, road and pipeline alignments, PSP areas, and large infrastructure and industrial projects. Stacey is experienced in a range of tasks related to archaeological research and practice such as background research, archaeological survey, subsurface testing, salvage excavation, Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal site identification, report preparation, and particularly in Aboriginal stone artefact analysis and interpretation. Stacey’s formal qualifications include:  Bachelor of Archaeology (Honours), La Trobe University, Vic (2008).

Oona Nicolson Oona Nicolson is a Director and the Principal Heritage Advisor at Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Ltd. She is a heritage specialist with over 20 years of experience in the archaeological consulting sector, working in Victoria, South Australia, New South Wales and Tasmania. Oona regularly appears before VCAT and independent panels as an Expert Witness in the areas of Aboriginal and historical heritage. Oona has extensive experience in over 800 projects with a wide variety of Agents.

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Oona’s skills include project management, peer reviews, background research and due diligence assessments, archaeological survey, subsurface testing and salvage excavation, Aboriginal and non- Aboriginal site identification, recording and photography, site significance assessment, development of recommendations to mitigate the impact of development upon Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal historical heritage, flaked stone artefact and historical artefact recording and interpretation, communication and consultation with regulatory bodies (OAAV and HV), Agents, landowners, RAPs and community representatives, preparation of conservation management plans, expert witness statements, Permits and Consents to Disturb for Heritage Victoria, Historical Heritage Assessments and, desktop, standard and complex Aboriginal CHMPs. Her formal qualifications and memberships include:  Bachelor of Arts (Honours in Archaeology; First Class), Flinders University (1996);  Bachelor of Arts (Australian Archaeology and Australian Studies), Flinders University (1995);

 Current Archaeology (Alternate) Member of the Victorian Heritage Council;  Maritime Archaeology Certificate: Part 1 (Part 2 pending), AIMA and NAS (U.K.);  Australian Association of Consulting Archaeologists Inc. AACAI (Full Member and current Treasurer of Victorian Chapter; Current National Secretary and Current Membership Committee);  Member, Australian Archaeological Association (AAA);  Victorian Planning and Environmental Law Association;

 Accredited UDIA EnviroDevelopment Professional (Accredited August 2012)  UDIA Sustainability Committee; and  Heritage member of the South Australian Chamber of Mines and Energy (SACOME) Sustainability and Development Committee.

1.11 Report Review and Distribution

Copies of this CHMP will be lodged with the following organisations:  VicRoads (South Western Region);

 Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation; and  Office of Aboriginal Affairs Victoria.

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2 EXTENT OF ACTIVITY AREA

The activity area is located in Drysdale, Victoria (Geelong City Council). The activity area is approximately 7 km in length and 75 m in maximum width and is bounded to the north by Whitcombes Road and Portarlington Road, to the east by Murradoc Road, to the west by High Street and to the south by Grubb Road and Jetty Road (Map 2).

The activity area runs through both residential and commercial properties as well as through farming and agricultural land.

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3 ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION

3.1 The Activity

The proposed activity area is defined by the Drysdale Bypass, running from Jetty Road to Whitcombes Road, Drysdale. The activity area is 7 km in length and 75 m at its maximum width. The proposed works associated with the construction of the Drysdale Bypass will include new roads, intersections, a bridge, shared path, drainage works and landscaping (Map 3).

The following engineering information was provided by VicRoads: Post alignment confirmation, the road will be set out via registered surveyor and vegetation cleared and stockpiled for later use where possible. The successful road construction contractor will then construct the road, drainage channels and anything else deemed required such as Overhead gantries, signage, comms to gantries. These activities will be carried out by 1 Main Contractor who will probably Sub-Contract electrical, communications, concrete works, traffic control amongst others.

Depths of dig will be from 4m to 8m, with 4m being the average and 8m catered for over a short area. Other areas will introduce material to build up the road construction as opposed to excavation. A Concrete Structure will be enabled over the tourist railway with foundations supporting."

All will be surveyed as the road const progresses and approved/or not by Vic Roads. Bunting or other means of separation will be introduced to ensure the boundaries defined are not entered into. Bunting will define the Right of Way (this will be the working areas between flagging/bunting). There will be no vegetation or soil disrupted outside these boundaries. Road construction teams will work within defined days and times, minimising as much noise and disruption as possible. Dust will be controlled via a water cart. The following depths of impact were provided by VicRoads:  Cone Penetration Testing, 20 m maximum depth;

 Boreholes, 7 m maximum depth; and  Test Pits, 3.5 m maximum depth.

3.2 Potential Impacts to Aboriginal Cultural Heritage

The proposed activity will impact upon sandy rises and within 100 m of minor watercourses, which may contain Aboriginal cultural heritage material. The construction of the roadway and associated infrastructure will disturb sub-surface archaeological deposits.

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4 DOCUMENTATION OF CONSULTATION

4.1 Consultation in Relation to the Assessment

The following representatives of the Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation (RAP) participated in consultation in relation to the assessment:  Katrina Thomas (RAP Manager); and  Simone Werts (Administration Officer).

The details of all consultation undertaken in relation to the assessment are presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Consultation in Relation to the Assessment

Date Participants Details and Outcomes of Consultation Alison O’Connor Notice of Intent (NOI) Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty A NOI was submitted to the RAP. 07.10.2015 Ltd; The RAP responded on 11.10.15 to advise that they would evaluate Simone Werts the CHMP. Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation

19.10.2015 Alison O’Connor Email

Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty A draft copy of the Desktop Assessment was sent to Katrina Ltd; Thomas for comment.

Katrina Thomas

Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation.

Alison O’Connor Meeting Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Project Inception Meeting held. Ltd; 20.10.2015 Katrina Thomas Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation. Alison O’Connor Email Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Request for representatives to attend survey. 07.10.2015 Ltd; Simone Werts Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation Alison O’Connor Meeting Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Meeting held to discuss results of the survey and proposed Ltd; subsurface testing methodology. 00.11.2015 Katrina Thomas Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation.

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Date Participants Details and Outcomes of Consultation Alison O’Connor Email Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Request for representatives to attend subsurface testing. 07.10.2015 Ltd; Simone Werts Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation Alison O’Connor and Terence Fieldwork - Survey MacManus A survey of the activity area was undertaken. Sandy rises were Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty identified during the survey and their sensitivity for Aboriginal 02.11.2015 Ltd; material was discussed with the field representatives. Chloe Clark and Kacie Mitchell Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation Alison O’Connor Post-survey Meeting Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Results of the survey were discussed and a preliminary sub-surface Ltd; methodology was agreed upon. The sandy rises would be the focus 10.11.2015 Katrina Thomas and Kacie Mitchell of testing with an STH excavated at 50 m intervals and a STH excavated every 100 m across the low-lying plains. An STP was to Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation be conducted on each landform type; two within the sandy rises. Jie Yun Cui VicRoads Alison O’Connor Email Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty A draft copy of the Standard Assessment was sent to Katrina 14.11.2015 Ltd; Thomas for comment. Katrina provided feedback regarding Simone Werts clarification of landform types and identification of areas surveyed. Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation Alison O’Connor, Terence Fieldwork - excavation MacManus and Stacey Kennedy A total of 93 STHs and three STPs were conducted across the 16- Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty activity area. 19.11.2015 Ltd; and 1- Kasey Mitchell, Tim Kennedy, 3.12.2015 Ashleigh Skinner, Chloe Clark, Daniel Clark and Blair Gilson Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation Alison O’Connor Post Excavation Meeting Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty It was agreed that a single 1 x 1 m test pit and four radial test pits Ltd; would be hand excavated around each single artefact find. Katrina Thomas and Brian Powell The excavation of three 50 x 50 cm STPs would be excavated 12.02.2016 Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation towards the northern end of the activity area to finish off the first stage of complex testing. Testing is limited in this area due to the Jie Yun Cui and Matt Mooney horse paddocks. VicRoads Mechanical excavation of 4 x 1 m trenches would be conducted on the sandy rises in the place of RTPs (Radial Test Pits). The artefact scatters on the sandy rises would then be registered via landform.

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Date Participants Details and Outcomes of Consultation Alison O’Connor Change of Activity Area Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty The activity area has been extended to include the area west of Ltd; Lake Lorne and east of Grubb Road The CHMP is now mandatory 28.11.2017 Katrina Thomas and Brian Powell under the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006. Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation We agreed that the new portions of the activity area would be surveyed. Alison would consult with field representatives regarding Matt Grigg testing locations and report back to Katrina. VicRoads Alison O’Connor, Henry Lion and Fieldwork – excavation and survey Erica Weston Fieldwork was conducted over ten days. Nine mechanical test pits, Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty three STPs, eight RTPS and two 1 x 1 m TPs were excavated. Over Ltd; 600 artefacts were identified within the mechanical trenches and a Sean Kelly, James Brown, Justin single STP. No artefacts were identified within the RTPs or 1 x 1 m McCarthy and Stephen Compton test pits. Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation An extensive surface artefact scatter was identified west of Lake 13- Lorne. A low density number of artefacts were identified along the Matt Grigg 24.02.2017 rise east of Grubb Road. VicRoads An informal meeting was held at the end of the fieldwork with the Wathaurung field representatives and VicRoads. We discussed possible locations for testing within the new sections of activity area. The representatives recommended an increased amount of testing due to the artefact scatter that was identified west of Lake Lorne. All agreed that the proposed testing locations would be run by Katrina before progressing further. Alison O’Connor Email Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Alison sent an email to Katrina regarding testing locations within Ltd; new sections of the activity area. An extensive surface artefact 07.04.2017 Katrina Thomas scatter was identified in a paddock west of Lake Lorne. A 1 x 1 m test pit and two transects of 50 x 50 cm STPs was proposed both in Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation the paddocks near Lake Lorne and within the paddock east of Grubb Road. Alison O’Connor Fieldwork – excavation Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Fieldwork is proposed over two days within the new sections of the 27- Ltd; activity area. 28.04.2017 XXXX Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation

4.2 Participation in the Conduct of the Assessment

The following representatives of the Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation community participated in the fieldwork conducted as part of the assessment, including the survey conducted on 02 November 2015 and the subsurface testing program, conducted on/from 11 November 2015 to 20 November 2015.

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Table 2: Participation in Conduct of the Assessment

Date Participants Details and Outcomes of Consultation Alison O’Connor Fieldwork - Survey Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty A survey of the activity area was undertaken. 02.11.2015 Ltd; Chloe Clark and Kacie Mitchell Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation Alison O’Connor and Terence Fieldwork – excavation (week one) MacManus A total of 40 STHs and one STPs were conducted across the activity Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty area. Ltd; 10.11.2015 Kasey Mitchell, Tim Kennedy, Ashleigh Skinner, Chloe Clark, Daniel Clark and Blair Gilson Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation Alison O’Connor, Terence Fieldwork – excavation (week two) MacManus and Stacey Kennedy A total of 50 STHs and two STPs were conducted across the activity 16- Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty area. 19.11.2015 Ltd; and 1- Kasey Mitchell, Tim Kennedy, 3.12.2015 Ashleigh Skinner, Chloe Clark, Daniel Clark and Blair Gilson Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation Alison O’Connor, Henry Lion and Fieldwork – excavation and survey Erica Weston Fieldwork was conducted over ten days. Nine mechanical test pits, Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty three STPs, eight RTPS and two 1 x 1 m TPs were excavated. Over Ltd; 600 artefacts were identified within the mechanical trenches and a Sean Kelly, James Brown, Justin single STP. No artefacts were identified within the RTPs or 1 x 1 m McCarthy and Stephen Compton test pits. Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation An extensive surface artefact scatter was identified west of Lake 13- Lorne. A low density number of artefacts were identified along the Matt Grigg 24.02.2017 rise east of Grubb Road. VicRoads An informal meeting was held at the end of the fieldwork with the Wathaurung field representatives and VicRoads. We discussed possible locations for testing within the new sections of activity area. The representatives recommended an increased amount of testing due to the artefact scatter that was identified west of Lake Lorne. All agreed that the proposed testing locations would be run by Katrina before progressing further. Alison O’Connor and Erica Weston Fieldwork – excavation Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Fieldwork is proposed over two days within the new sections of the 27- Ltd; activity area. 28.04.2017 XXXX Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation

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4.3 Consultation in Relation to the Recommendations

The following representatives of the Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation participated in consultation in relation to the recommendations:

 Katrina Thomas (RAP Manager); and  Simone Werts (Administration Officer).

Table 3: Consultation in Relation to the Recommendations

Date Participants Details of Consultation Jie Yun Cui Meeting VicRoads; Meeting held to discuss management recommendations. Alison O’Connor

xx.xx.2016 Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Ltd; Katrina Thomas Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation.

4.4 Summary of Outcomes of Consultation

The survey and fieldwork methodologies were discussed and agreed upon during each of the meetings. The extent of testing put forward in the post-survey meeting was agreed to be a preliminary program only. It was agreed that further testing around the artefact locations identified during the complex assessment would be discussed with Katrina prior to additional site extent testing proceeding.

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5 DESKTOP ASSESSMENT

The desktop assessment includes research into information relating to Aboriginal cultural heritage in or associated with the activity area.

5.1 Environmental Context

Environmental factors influence how land may have been used in the past. This section reviews the environmental context of the activity area to gain an understanding of environmental factors relevant to Aboriginal cultural heritage.

5.1.1 Geographic Region The geographic region defined for this CHMP a 3km radius of the activity area within the Bellarine Peninsula. The Bellarine Peninsula is a peninsula located south-west of Melbourne in Victoria, Australia, surrounded by Port Phillip, Corio Bay and Bass Strait. The peninsula, together with the Mornington Peninsula separates Port Phillip from Bass Strait. The Bellarine Peninsula is a gently to moderately undulating landform that protrudes in an east and north-easterly direction into Port Phillip. The uplifted block of the Bellarine Peninsula forms a very weakly dissected undulating plain of low elevation, less than 150 m. Drainage from the remnant basalts of the Palaeogene Older Volcanics forms a vaguely radial pattern on the elevated plateau. A narrow strip of deeply weathered Cretaceous Otway Group rocks occurs in outcrop along the southern edge of the Curlewis Monocline, which forms the northern boundary of the peninsula. Landslides and narrow gullies have formed along the northern edge of the monocline. A sheet of marine sands of Late Neogene age covers the southern portion of the uplifted Bellarine block. The majority of soils on the peninsula consist of grey-brown sedimentary sandy loams, overlaying medium to heavy textured clay. Much of the native vegetation throughout the peninsula has been cleared for agriculture, notable exceptions being areas of land around Swan Bay, parklands in Portarlington, coastal areas along the Barwon Coast and some small remnant pockets around the Barwon River lakes and wetlands, many of these last remaining areas are protected or included in parklands. The largest area of original native woodland vegetation remaining on the Peninsula lies in the 143 ha Ocean Grove Nature Reserve. The peninsula contains several significant wetlands, many of which form part of the Port Phillip Bay (Western Shoreline) and Bellarine Peninsula Ramsar Site and are of international significance for the protection of waterbirds and the critically endangered Orange-bellied Parrot.

5.1.2 Geology, Geomorphology and Soils The northern coast of the Bellarine Peninsula was formed by an uplifted block between the west-dipping Bellarine fault to the east and an un-named east-dipping fault to the west (just east of Point Henry). Changes in sea level over the past 125,000 years and other records suggest that some of the faults in the Geelong region are amongst the most active in Australia, which contributes to the reasonably rapid changes to coastal geomorphology in Clifton Springs (PJ Yttrup and Associates, in Thompson Berrill 2008: 7).

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The geology of the area east of jetty Road consists primarily of Quaternary aeolian sediments comprising unnamed Holocene dune deposits (Qrd) of sand, clay and calcareous sand and some swamp deposits (Vanden Berg 1997). These Holocene-aged deposits comprise beach and coastal dune sand and scattered inland quartz sand sheets across the Bellarine Peninsula (Abele 1977: 49), and overlie older Pleistocene-aged aeolian dune deposits of the same materials (Qpb). West of Jetty Road, these latter sediments are the primary geological structure (Vanden Berg 1997). Between Geelong and Portarlington, these deposits comprise sandy clay with carbonate nodules (Abele 1977: 46-47). The Otway Plain bioregion as a whole contains several terrains and soils, with the higher areas consisting of texture contrast soils (Chromosols and Sodosols) and gradational texture soils (Dermosols), whilst the floodplain and swamp areas consist of earths and pale yellow/grey texture contrast soils (Hydrosols). The bioregion also contains a third major class of soil and ecology along the coastline, consisting of predominantly sandy soils (Podosols and Tenosols) in the dune systems. The activity area is situated in the Southern Uplands unit, specifically a geomorphological unit defined by DEPI (2014) as ‘Plateau (Bellarine Peninsula, Cape Liptrap, Moorooduc Plains; including Mt Martha and Mt Eliza)’. Within this unit the uplifted block of the Bellarine Peninsula forms a very weakly dissected undulating plain of low elevation (less than 150 m). Landslides and narrow gullies have formed along the northern edge of the Curlewis Monocline. A sheet of marine sands of Late Neogene age covers the southern portion of the uplifted Bellarine block (Map 5) (Map 6).

5.1.3 Landforms and Hydrology The Bellarine Peninsula is a gently to moderately undulating landform that protrudes in an east and north- easterly direction into Port Phillip. The (DEWLP 2015b). Port Phillip Bay is located to the north and east of the activity area and west of Corio Bay. Several small watercourses, creeks and artificial lakes are located within the geographic region. The Ballarine Peninsula also contains large rivers and lakes such as the Barwon River and Lake Connewarre.

5.1.4 Paleoenvironment and Climate During the Late and Terminal Pleistocene from 60,000 to 12,000 years ago, climactic conditions in southeastern Australia were considerably drier and cooler. Although there is uncertainty as to how much cooler the conditions actually were at the Last Glacial Maximum approximately 18,000 years, a significant variation of 8°C below current temperatures is considered likely for southern Australia (Markgraf et al. 1992; Mills et al. 2013:5, Pickett et al. 2004: 1431). River channels in the Murray-Goulbourn system were much larger during the terminal Pleistocene; this is attributed to much greater seasonality of flows related to snow melt during periods of overall drier landscape (Mills et al. 2013:5-6). Sedimentary and microfossil data from lakes in Victoria suggest the period of maximum aridity was after the LGM, from 15,000 to 10,000 bp (Mills et al. 2013: 6).

Due to the significant lowering of sea level at this time, a land bridge extended from southern Victoria across Bass Strait to Tasmania (Lambeck and Chappell 2001). Several studies indicate that increased aridity also resulted in significant reduction in Australia's forests and expansion of arid steppe or savannah vegetation. Reconstructions of LGM forest loss in temperate Australia suggest that a thin and broken band of temperate

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forest or woodland persisted along the eastern and south-eastern coast of Australia as some coastal pollen sites indicate forest and others do not (Dodson et al. 1988). Other studies (Thom et al. 1994) suggest woody vegetation was confined to localised favourable microsites such as river valleys. In Tasmania pollen evidence shows that areas now mainly covered by temperate evergreen forest were a semi-arid steppe, rich in chenopods, during the LGM (Markgraf et al. 1992, Pickett et al. 2004: 1430). This sparse xerophytic vegetation would have extended across the land bridge to southern Victoria. By the beginning of the Holocene around 6,000 years ago, Pollen cores indicate vegetation was similar to that which existed just before European settlement though a moister climate, and hence moisture-demanding vegetation, prevailed (Pickett et al. 2004). The modern climate of Geelong is characterised by cool summers and wet winters; temperatures range between an average maximum of 25.5°C and minimum of 14°C in February to an average maximum 13.9°C and minimum 5.1°C in June. Rainfall varies between a maximum of 63.4 mm in October and 34.6 mm in March, with annual average rainfalls of 552.7 mm (BOM 2015).

5.1.5 Aboriginal Land Use and Anthropogenic Change As numerous studies have sought to demonstrate; the pre-European Australian landscape was a product of Aboriginal land management, not a passive field for Aboriginal habitation. Gammage (2012: 46) notes that early European settlers were amazed at the ‘park-like’ character of the landscape west of Melbourne, a character established through regular fire management. In regard to the current geographic area he suggests the stretch of land depicted between the You Yangs and Mt Macedon depicted in Hoddle’s View from Batman’s Hill (1840) represents a vast stretch of land with “no stumps and barely a tree, and those distant few are in lines.” Gammage argues this was an anthropogenic vista of open grasslands and “the greenness of the country proceeds from its having been recently burnt and some heavy rains falling since”. He further surmises “this land may have been sheet-burnt regularly to expose Yam Daisy, which grew in millions here. Perhaps the yellow streaks in Hoddles’s painting depict them” (Gammage 2012: 46). Likewise, Presland (2008: 119-120) has noted the extensive burning regimes practiced in the grasslands west of Melbourne: “in grassland areas, firing led to new growth, which attracted game and, carried out at the right time of year, promoted higher yields in some tuber-bearing plants. Aboriginal targeting of specific plants for food, for example Murnong Microseris lanceolata, would most likely have had an impact on such species” (Presland 2008: 119).

Regular burning by Aborigines almost certainly kept large parts of the Melbourne area, particularly to the west of the Maribynong River and in the north, clothed with a structure of grassland…. Similar results almost certainly defined smaller-scale changes such as the assisted growth of particular plants. The range of plants such as Murnong may have been extended to some degree but it still only occurred within the areas that provided its preferred habitat. It remained a plant of the plains and dry foothills; the actions of Aboriginal people did not lead to it growing in damp river valleys or swampy locations. For the purpose of the current report, the changing character of the Port Phillip hinterland ecosystems reflects the changing resources that were available to Aboriginal populations through the last 40,000 years. Significantly, the climatic and paleoenvironmental history of the recent Holocene (the last 5000 years) is

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likely to have corresponded with the types of plains and forest-adapted resource exploitation of the region by Aboriginal people recorded ethnographically (see below).

5.1.6 Late Holocene Vegetation Prior to European settlement, the unnamed aeolian dune deposits and Moorabool Viaduct Sand of the activity area would have historically supported Southern Uplands Plateau, with considerable variation in structure and species depending on climate, elevation and soil parent material. According to the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning’ (DEWLP) mapping of vegetation prior to European colonisation (Pre-1750 EVCs; Map 7), the activity area would have contained vegetation classified as Grassy Woodland (EVC175) and Heathy Woodland (EVC 48). Damp Sands Herb-rich Woodland (EVC) were also located along some watercourses. Many of these types of vegetation would have been utilised by Aboriginal people in the area for food and the creation of weapons and vessels, and would have supported a range of game that could be hunted for food.

In particular, Spiny-headed mat-rush was used to make baskets, and to build fish-traps (Gott and Conran 1991:58). Kangaroo Grass seeds ripen in summer and can be ground into a flour for the preparation of damper. Riceflower bark could be made into a fine net for the purpose of catching Bogong Moths during the summer (Nash 2004). The starchy roots of Austral Braken (common to both EVCs), were eaten raw or roasted and prepared into a past (Flood 1980, Gott and Conran 1992: 25; Zola and Gott 1992:37). Blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon) is a very hard wood, used for spear-throwers and shields, and according to Gott and Conran (1991: 50) the bark was heated and infused in water to bathe rheumatic joints. Soft Tree- fern (Dicksonia antarctica), found in the moist mountain forests and riparian zones, the top half-metre of the stem was split down, and the starchy pith inside it was scooped out for food, raw or cooked” and fern regrew (Zott and Conran 1992:40). Other plants and fungi were also valuable food and medicine, however, the ethnobotanical records of their use are limited. Eucalypt and tea tree leaves were crushed and soaked in water to prepare medicinal ointments. Bowls and dishes were made from the bark and gnarled growths, for food and water transportation. Canoes were also made from the bark of gum trees. The removal of bark characteristically results in visible modification of the trees that make them identifiable as scarred or culturally modified trees. Other items such as spears, boomerangs and spears were made from the timber of Eucalypts (Nash 2004).

5.1.7 Traditional Resources Before European arrival, the area was being occupied by Aboriginal people; the Wadawurrug people. The creek environs are home to significant animal species such as the Growling Grass Frog and the Striped Legless Lizard, as well as migratory birds. Native vegetation along the creek including Red River Gum and White Mangroves would have provided important timber resources and eel habitat. Native reptiles, including the Tiger snake, Eastern Blue-tongued Lizard, Common Snakeneck Turtle and Eastern Brown Snake have been recorded along the creek. Numerous native birds have been recorded in the catchment. Those of economic value to Aboriginal hunter-gatherers would have included Pacific Black Duck, Australian Pelican, Australian Ibis, Great Egret and the Sulphur-crested Cockatoo.

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Kangaroos and wallabies would also have been abundant in the level plains of the Geographic area. As noted above the rich riparian habitat and vegetation of the Creek valley would have provided bountiful food and tool resources for Indigenous people. Native vegetation, fresh water, fish, shellfish, water birds and small mammals would have provided a ready resource within this landscape. Consequently, all of these plants and animals would have made the area an attractive location for Aboriginal communities to camp for extended periods.

5.1.8 Post-Contact Land Use History The first known European person to arrive in the Bellarine Peninsula was Lieutenant John Murray, who entered the mouth of Port Phillip Bay on 14 February 1802. He sailed around the area for one month and was then forced to return to Sydney due to a lack of supplies. Later in the same year (26 April) Captain Matthew Flinders entered and crossed Port Phillip Bay on the Investigator and later landed at Indented Head where he camped and moved further northwest along the Bellarine Peninsula, in the vicinity of Portarlington. He crossed Port Phillip Bay again to investigate the You Yangs, later returning to Indented Head. Other early exploration involved Surveyor-General Charles Grimes’ survey along the northern coast of the Bellarine Peninsula in 1803, between Portarlington and Point Henry, looking for potential settlement areas. That same year the ships Ocean and the Calcutta arrived at Sorrento, laden with convicts, settlers and marines. The settlement was soon abandoned due to the poor quality of the soil. Before leaving, one of the convicts, William Buckley, escaped from the Sorrento settlement, and went on to live with the Wadawurrung for the next 32 years, during which time there was little or no European exploration of the Bellarine Peninsula. In 1835 John Batman’s Port Phillip exploration party arrived and explored much of the Peninsula, before moving on to the Yarra River. The early European settlement of the Bellarine Peninsula spread from the west, with Point Henry being an important landing place, and from the eastern or bay end, following in the tracts of Batman and other explorers. Wynd (1986: 8) noted that while ‘[M]ost people are aware that 500,000 acres around Melbourne were purchased [through a deed – ‘Batman’s Treaty’]… it is not so well known that in a separate deed 100,000 acres around Geelong, including the whole of the Bellarine Peninsula, were purchased’ .

Large tracts of land were initially taken up by squatters, many of whom did little more than run stock over loosely defined runs. According to Spreadborough and Anderson (1983), the activity area past the western boundary of the Bellarine Hills Run, a 1,280 acre pastoral run held by the Reverend Thomas Sproat between 1842 and 1852 (Figure 1). Little is known of Sproat the clergyman but he was a successful squatter. Sproat’s run took advantage of the local water resources which became known as ‘Sproat’s Waterholes’ (Wynd 1988: 17).

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Figure 1: Map of the eastern Bellarine Peninsula, showing the Bellarine Hills Squatting Run and the study area (Source: Spreadborough and Anderson 1983)

Figure 2: Land purchased by the original squatters in relation to the study area (Source: Wynd 1988: 19)

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Maps prepared by Wynd (1988: 19) show that the majority of the study area in and around the Drysdale township was not part of the original squatting runs; however the land east of Portarlington Road, north of Murradoc Road (where the northern section of the proposed bypass traverses) was part of Sproat’s land holdings, as was the land northwest of Clifton Springs Road and Wyndham Street (Figure 2). To the east was William Harding’s large estate, which totalled over 7,000 acres. Harding’s land included much of the north eastern end of the Peninsula. Other notable squatters in the area were Anne Drysdale (who the town was later named after) who settled on 10,000 acres just east of Geelong with her partner Caroline Newcomb, where they established a sheep run (Wynd 1988: 14-16). By 1843, their increasing flocks needed more land and they bought land from James Austin (of Barwon Park), where they built a fine house called Coryule just west of Drysdale in 1849 (still existing as HO3 on the Greater Geelong Heritage Overlay and H0272 on the VHR).

As the various land Acts were introduced in the 1840s and 50s however, squatting runs began to dissolve and were replaced by smaller farming allotments purchased by ‘Selectors’. During the 1870s, the township of Clifton Springs was established around extensive jetties used to dock steamships that transported tourists around the bay. The locality included a hotel and kiosk and a spa tourism industry flourished for a time. McLeods Water Hole (located between High Street and Geelong-Portarlington Road) is named after one of the earliest settlers in the area, Dr Angus McLeod. The water hole is one of the few reliable fresh water resources on the peninsula, and became an important stopover between Geelong and Portarlington. The area immediately surrounding the Water Hole was reserved by 1873, however the area was levelled and cleared for a racecourse and a road was built around its perimeter (Marshall 1997: 2).

Figure 3: Extract from Bellarine Parish Map 1887 (SLV image dq200018)

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Parish maps show a pattern of ownership following the breakup of the large pastoral runs in the 1850s and 1860s. By 1887, the current alignment of the Geelong-Port Arlington Road, High Street and Andersons Road had already been surveyed and established (Figure 3) (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Extract from Bellarine Parish Map 1952 (SLV dq200262)

Today parts of the study area have been highly developed, comprising roads, footpaths and roadside utilities, as well as other infrastructure in addition to greenfield areas where previous development has been minimal.

5.2 Aboriginal Context

The following section reviews the Aboriginal context of the activity area and includes; an examination of historical and ethnohistorical sources, previously recorded Aboriginal archaeological site types and locations in the geographic region of the activity area and, archaeological studies undertaken in the area. Together, these sources of information can be used to formulate a predictive site model concerning what types of sites are most likely to occur in the activity area, and where these are most likely to occur.

5.2.1 Archaeological Research Archaeological evidence suggests that Aboriginal peoples had occupied all of Australia’s environmental zones by 40,000 years BP. Pleistocene archaeology of the Port Phillip Bay and Hinterland area documents human occupation dating back at least 40,000 years. The oldest dated archaeological site in Victoria occurs at Keilor in Melbourne. Charcoal from a hearth excavated in 1973 has been dated to 31,000 years BP (Flood 1995: 286). More recently research at the Bend Road site in Melbourne’s southeast has dates extending back to

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30–35,000 BP (Hewitt and Allen 2010). The archaeological record of the Greater Melbourne area includes a rich record of artefact scatters, scarred trees and stone arrangements that documents Aboriginal life dating from the Pleistocene through to the immediate pre-European past. Most of these sites point to important relationships between sites and landscapes and resources within the immediate area.

5.2.2 History and Ethnohistory The Wadawurrung/Watha wurrung language was one of the five primary languages spoken in south-western Victoria. The Wadawurrung people are part of the greater Kulin nation surrounding Port Phillip and Western Port Bays (Clark 1990), with an area that is bounded to the east by the Werribee River, to the south by Port Phillip Bay and Bass Strait, to the west by various watercourses and roadways including Painkallac Creek at Aireys Inlet, Salt Creek at Woorndoo Upper and Fiery Creek to the west of Beaufort and the ridgeline of the Great Dividing Range to the north (J. Young, pers. comm. 7 May 2013). Linguistically, the Wadawurrung were most similar to the Djadja wurrung to the north and the Woi wurrung, Bun wurrung and Daung wurrung to the east (Clark 1990: 276). Collectively these five groups form the Kulin Nation, who shared similarities in language, customs, and some traditions. It appears that the Wadawurrung were genetically related to the other four Kulin groups, but diverged enough in terms of language, their burial practices and distinctive facial and body markings at corroborees (Clark 1990: 276-277) to be a separate tribal group. Their traditional land includes both coastal and inland environments, and thus the Wadawurrung interacted with neighbouring clans along their western boundary (Gulidjan and Djargurd wurrung), whose speech was essentially the same, as well as various clans belonging to other Eastern Kulin groups, such as the Woi wurrung (Wurundjeri), and the Bun wurrung to the east, the Dja Dja wurrung to the north.

The Wadawurrung and their eastern and northern neighbours shared a patrilineal form of moiety system. The Kulin social world was divided into either one of two moieties; the Waa (crow) or Bunjil (eaglehawk) moieties (Clark 1990: 276). Marriage was always across the moieties, with a Waa person having to marry a Bunjil person, preferably from a distant clan group (Barwick 1984: 104-105). In some instances, members of the Wadawurrung clans intermarried with the matrilineal clans of the Gulidjan, Djab wurrung, and the Djargurd wurrung, although in many instances, these practices ended in inter-clan hostility.

Land Tenure The Wadawurrung were divided into 25 or 26 clans, each of which was responsible for a specific area of land within the wider Wadawurrung territory, with group sizes between 40 to 60 people. According to Clark (1990: 311) and Presland (2010: 28-29), each of these clans occupied a distinctive geographical area and belonged to one of the two moieties. Wadawurrung groups that belong to the Waa moiety include the Beerekwart balug (Mount Emu), Bengalat balug (Indented Head), Carninje balug (Emu Hill station, Lintons Creek), Corrin corringer balug (Carranbulluc), Moner balug (Trawalla station, Mount Emu Creek), and the Tooloora balug (Mount Warrenheip, Lal Lal Creek, west branch of Moorabool River). Clans of the Bunjil moiety include the Burrumbeet balug (Lakes Burrumbeet and Learmonth), Keyeet balug (Mount Buninyong), Marpeang balug (Blackwood, Myrniong, Bacchus Marsh), Moijerre balug (Mount Emu Creek), Peerickelmoon balug (near Mount Misery), Wadawurrung balug (Barrabool Hills), and the Wongerrer balug (head of Woady Yallock Creek).

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Clans of unknown moiety association include the Barere barere balug (Colac and Mount Bute stations), Borogundidj (Yarrowee River), Carringum balug (Carngham), Corrac balug (Commeralghip station and Kuruc- a-ruc Creek), Gerarlture (west of Lake Modewarre), Neerer balug (between Geelong and the You Yangs), Pakeheneek balug (Mount Widderin), Woodealloke gundidj (Wardy Yallock River, south of Kuruc-a-ruc Creek), Worinyaloke balug (west side of Little River), and the Yaawangi (You Yang Hills).

Nowadays, descendants of a Wadawurrung woman named ‘Queen Mary’ and her son John Robinson (aka Robertson), and are identified as members of the Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation (WAC). Resources

The mainstays of the Aboriginal diet were plants and roots. One of the most important foods was called Murnong (Microseris lanceolata), a tuber that resembled a dandelion, also known as Yam Daisy or Native Dandelion. Other roots that were also cooked by boiling them in hot water include potatoes (Milkmaids: Burchardia umbellata), tarook (Blushing bindweed) and puewon (Bulbine lily). In a similar fashion to other Kulin clans, especially the Wurundjeri, the Wadawurrung used sharp sticks (karni) to dig roots out, separate bulbs and aerated the soil. Other commonly utilised plants and fruits included watercress (Boyungkaal: Nasturtium officinal), Warrigal Cabbage (New Zealand Spinach, Captain Cook’s Lettuce: Terragonia tetragoniodes) and native raspberry (Rubus parvifolius), all of which can be eaten either fresh or used as a flavour enhancer. Other plants consumed all over Australia were also utilised by the Wadawurrung, including aquatic plants such as the water ribbons (Triglochin procera) (Gott and Conran 1991: 9). The coastal and riverine Wadawurrung clans had access to a wide variety of fish, including mullet, whiting, flounder, flathead, salmon, trevally, tommy-rough and many other species were speared and netted, particularly along tidal flats and in estuaries. Shellfish and seafood were also exploited including abalone (Haliotis sp.), turbot (gastropod) and pipi shell (Paphies australis) (Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary 2012). Finally, all mammals present were probably target species for hunting. Birds and eggs were also taken, along with lizards and insects. When the Wadawurrung were migrating to the north where there are fewer freshwater streams, women used to collect water from freshwater wells. These wells are natural depressions on rocks, of which there are still some in use, one located near the Werribee River (about a mile from its mouth), and one more located on Big Rock in the You Yangs (Presland 2010: 62-63). Presumably the Wadawurrung along with the Girai wurrung clans gathered at Lake Bolac with local Djab wurrung clans in early Autumn to take advantage of the annual migratory season of eels (Anguilla australis) (Clark 1990: 276). Conflict

It has been reported that during the 1830s the Wadawurrung were ‘at enmity’ with both the Dgargurd wurrung and the Gulidjan clans as a result of disputes related to marriage arrangements (Robinson journal 7.04.1840, in Clark 1990:275). This ‘war’ was the result of Djargurd wurrung and Wadawurrung men competing for Gulidjan women. During the early years of the Buntingdale mission, it was reported that the Wadawurrung and the Djargurd wurrung clashed several times as they competed for superiority within the mission (Clark 1990: 275).

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Shortly after the first contact with the Europeans, the clan populations diminished rapidly. Contact between the Wadawurrung and European people first occurred in 1802, when Matthew Flinders and his party made their way to the nearby You Yangs. By 1803 contact between European explorers and Wadawurrung people had turned violent on at least one occasion, whereby one or two Wadawurrung were killed and several others were injured (Clark 1990: 277). Violent encounters between Aboriginal people and settlers continued through the late 1830s and early 1840s. By 1841 some of the clans had rapidly declined and by 1849 one report estimated that the number of Aborigines in the Geelong region had been reduced to 25% of their 1836 population. Restricted access to resources, disease, inter-tribe hostility and European extermination were cited as the main causes (Clark 1990: 308). Religion The basic unit of Wadawurrung social organisation was the clan, a group based on kinship through the male line with a shared religious identity (Barwick 1984: 105-6). The clan was a land-owning unit whose territory was defined by ritual responsibilities (Barwick 1984: 106). The common spiritual identities resulted in the larger tribal groups also being intimately interconnected. The basis of the Wadawurrung religious identity is totemism, which is likened to the Dreamtime – the time of creation when the ancestral being roamed the land, creating people and naming the animals and plants. Wadawurrung society is divided into two groups, called moieties, each with specific Totemic Beings belonging to it. Every person belongs to one or the other moiety (Bunjil the eaglehawk or Waa the crow) (Barwick 1984: 105-6). Clan moiety in Wadawurrung society is patrilineal. For the members of this unit, the clan, the totem is a symbol of membership of the unit. It is recognised for the members of this clan and those of other clans. This totem has strong territorial and mythological ties associated with it, and it is believed that it can warn them of approaching danger. Ritual and Magic

The Wadawurrung beliefs system is shared with the other Kulin clans; however, the ethnographic information regarding the Wadawurrung is scarce. All Kulin groups believe in black magic and the curative powers of medicine-men or witchdoctors. A peculiar practice by the Wadawurrung was to put the rough cones of the She-oak (Casuarina quadrivalvis) into a man’s fire, so that the smoke might blow into his eyes and blind him (Howitt 2001: 366). In terms of disposal of the dead, the Wadawurrung from the Barrabool Hills (the Wathawurrung balug) and those from around Port Phillip practiced the inhumation of their dead as a symbol of respect. This practice is in sharp contrast to that of neighbouring clans from the Woi wurrung (such as the Gunung willam balug) who practice cremation (Howitt 2001: 458). Different disposal practices are one of the cultural differences between the Wadawurrung and their neighbours that set them apart, as mentioned earlier (Clark 1990: 276- 277). However, being part of the larger Kulin sub-group, the Wadawurrung share some ritual practices, included cannibalism. Cannibalistic practices have been documented, including the ceremonial consumption of human flesh and/or blood, not only from enemies, but also from relatives. The connotations of these two practices are different, with the former being more a sign of revenge, and the latter mostly ceremonial. In

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1837 some members of the Wadawurrung killed an old man and a child and brought with them on the ends of their spears portions of their flesh, which they ate with great exultation (Howitt 2001: 752).

European Settlement From the 1830s, European settlement of the coast, as well as settlement of the inland by explorers and overlanders from NSW, resulted in Aboriginal people experiencing displacement from their lands and massive changes in their way of life. The encroachment onto Aboriginal land by pastoralists resulted in numerous conflicts, reduction in the availability of food resources and the introduction of new diseases. Despite the upheavals, Aboriginal people tried to maintain some of their traditions, with some ceremonies such as initiations and occasionally corroborees observed by settlers. In many places Aboriginal people became part of the new colonial life, finding work as shepherds, stockriders, shearers, bark cutters and domestic servants.

By the 1850s the Wadawurrung had suffered a massive decrease in numbers (Clark 1990: 298). Between 1837 and 1852 the Wadawurrung population went from 275 to 30 people, a decline of 90% as the result of disease and conflict. Many of the clans were also driven away from the heavily settled areas of Geelong and Melbourne to the north and west. Widespread conflict led to a system of official protectorates (1835-1849), reserves and rations depots aimed at providing protection and supplies to displaced Aboriginal people. In 1839 the Aboriginal Protectorate Scheme was introduced in Victoria. Four Assistant Protectors were appointed under a Chief Protector, George Augustus Robinson. The role of the protectorates was to provide food, shelter and medical supplies, record cultural and population information and to indoctrinate Aboriginal peoples in to the western European cultural and economic systems. Aboriginal reserves and stations were established across Victoria and Aboriginal peoples were encouraged to move to them (Clark 1990: 311-329). Wadawurrung clans moved to the reserves and stations set up at Wesleyan Mission Station and Buntingdale Station (Clark 1990: 293). The Protectorate was largely unsuccessful and was disbanded in 1849.

The Central Board for the Protection of the Aborigines was founded in 1860 to provide an administrative structure to manage Aboriginal people in Victoria. This involved local reserves and local guardians who operated Honorary Correspondent Depots, distributing food and clothing to local Aboriginal people (Clark 1990: 301). By the end of 1861 three reserves were established for the Wadawurrung; Steiglitz, Karngun, and Mt. Duneed (Clark 1990: 300). In addition a rations station was established at Stockyard Hill in 1860, which operated until 1874. Between 1901 and 1906, all three reserves were handed back to the Department of Lands as they were no longer required due to the decrease in Aboriginal population (Clark 1990: 307). While many Aboriginal people lived on the missions and government stations, a significant number of people worked and lived on farms and pastoral stations. Some Aboriginal people farmed the land on smallholdings, or worked in industries such as fishing, goldmining and logging. People outside the reserves sometimes gathered together in camp sites on the outskirts of towns. They were also involved in sports such as cricket, football and athletics.

Today the descendants of the Wadawurrung are represented by the RAP for the activity area, the Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation. Oral History

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The Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation did not offer any oral histories relating to the activity area for inclusion in this report.

5.3 Database Searches

Searches were conducted of the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register and the Heritage Overlay of the Greater Geelong Planning Scheme.

5.3.1 Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register A search of the Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register (VAHR) was conducted on 19 October 2015 for sites within a 3 km radius of the study area. Searching an area with this radius ensured that a relevant and representative sample of information was obtained. The search identified a total of 73 registered Aboriginal Places, comprising a total of 106 site components, within a 3 km radius of the study area (Table 1). These sites consist of a total of six site component types (Table 2). The difference between the number of sites and number of site component types is because several sites contain two or more site component types.

No Aboriginal Historical References were identified within a 3 km radius of the study area. None of these sites are located within the activity area (Table 4 and Map 8). Table 4 shows that stone artefact sites, either isolated artefacts or artefact scatters, account for most of the site component types in the search area and are by far the most prevalent site type in the region (n=89%). It should also be noted that due to changing conventions for the recording of archaeological sites over time, some of the sites listed as ‘artefact scatters’ may in fact represent ‘isolated artefacts’, as early recording forms made no distinction between the two site types. Furthermore, isolated artefacts are today recorded as a form of LDADs. A review of the VAHR indicates that stone artefacts (either isolated artefacts, artefact scatters or low density artefact distributions) account for the majority of site types in the search area (n=95; 90%). Four components are also stone artefact related, being object collections whereby the in situ stone artefacts from four sites were collected and stored either elsewhere or reburied in or near the original site. Other site types recorded in the region are scarred trees, Aboriginal human burials and earth features (usually mounds), although these account for only a very low percentage of the sites in the region. The nearest sites to the study area are located around the margins of Lake Lorne, on the southern side of the Geelong Port Arlington Road. These sites are:  7821-0786 (Lake Lorne 1). This site comprises four stone artefacts in an area measuring 9.6 x 2.65 m. The site is located on level/flat floodplain landform, adjacent to a permanent lake (southern side), on sandy soils. The site was recorded as being in good condition, though impacted by wind and water erosion, as well as bioturbation from rabbit activity (artefacts were found in burrow spoil).  7821-0787 (Lake Lorne 2). This site is the nearest to the study area, and comprises a total of seven quartz and quartzite occupying an area of 10 m diameter on the ground surface. The site is located on level/flat floodplain landform, adjacent to a permanent lake (western side), on sandy soils. The

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site was recorded as being in good condition, though impacted by wind and water erosion, as well as bioturbation from rabbit activity.

 7821-0788 (Lake Lorne 3). This site comprises 21 quartz and quarzite artefacts in an area measuring 44 x 21 m. The site is located on level/flat floodplain landform, adjacent to a permanent lake (eastern side), on sandy soils. The site was recorded as being in good condition, though impacted by wind and water erosion, as well as bioturbation from rabbit activity. These sites were all located within 100 m of the lake edge. All were in a surface context, so it is likely that additional subsurface material will be present around the lake and possibly into undisturbed sections of the adjacent road reserve within in the study area. A summary of the Aboriginal archaeological site component types appears in Table 4 and a list of all sites in the search area is shown in Table 5.

Table 4: Summary of Previously Identified Aboriginal Site Component Types within the Geographic Region

Site/Component Type Quantity Percentage (%) Aboriginal Human Remains (Burial) 3 2.8 Artefact Scatter 65 61.3 Earth Feature 2 1.9 Low Density Artefact Distribution 30 28.3 Object Collection 4 3.8 Scarred Tree 2 1.9 Total 106 100

Table 5: List of Previously Identified Sites within the Geographic Region

VAHR Within VAHR Site Component Site Name Site Type Study Number Number Area? 7821-0024 1 Drysdale Artefact Scatter No 7821-0028 1 Wattle Grove Artefact Scatter No 7821-0029 1 Basin 1 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0030 1 Basin 2 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0031 1 Heather Brae 1 Scarred Tree No 7821-0032 1 Heather Brae 2 Scarred Tree No 7821-0033 1 McLeods Holes 1 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0034 1 McLeods Holes 2 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0035 1 McLeods Holes 3 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0036 1 McLeods Holes 3X Artefact Scatter No Aboriginal Human Remains 1 No 7821-0037 McLeods Holes 4 (Burial) 2 Artefact Scatter No

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VAHR Within VAHR Site Component Site Name Site Type Study Number Number Area? 7821-0038 1 McLeods Holes 5 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0039 1 McLeods Holes 6 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0040 1 McLeods Holes 7 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0041 1 McLeods Holes 8 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0042 1 McLeods Holes 9 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0043 1 McLeods Holes 9X Artefact Scatter No 7821-0044 1 McLeods Holes 10 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0045 1 McLeods Holes 11 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0046 1 McLeods Holes 12 & 12X Artefact Scatter No 7821-0047 1 McLeods Holes 13A & 13B Artefact Scatter No 7821-0048 1 McLeods Holes 14 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0049 1 McLeods Holes 15 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0050 1 McLeods Holes 16 & 16X Artefact Scatter No 7821-0051 1 McLeods Holes 17 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0052 1 McLeods Holes 18 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0053 1 McLeods Holes 19 Artefact Scatter No 1 Earth Feature No 7821-0364 Baie Park 2 BPAS 30 2 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0365 1 Beacon 1 BPAS 31 Artefact Scatter No Aboriginal Human Remains 7821-0373 1 McLeods Holes 20 No (Burial) 7821-0374 1 Banks Rd 1 BP 85/1 Artefact Scatter No 1 Earth Feature No 7821-0387 Beacon Point 1 BP 85/16 2 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0388 1 Scarborough House 1 BP 85/18 Artefact Scatter No 1 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0389 Jetty Rd 1 BPAS 56 2 Object Collection No 7821-0390 1 Drysdale Recreation Reserve BPAS 57 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0391 1 BPAS 58 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0392 1 Jetty Road 2 BPAS 59 Artefact Scatter No Aboriginal Human Remains 7821-0393 1 Jetty Road 3 BPAS 60 No (Burial) 7821-0394 1 Leura Park 1 BPAS 61 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0395 1 Leura Park 2 BPAS 62 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0396 1 Leura Park 3 BPAS 63 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0397 1 Geelong/Portarlington Rd BPAS 64 Artefact Scatter No

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VAHR Within VAHR Site Component Site Name Site Type Study Number Number Area? 7821-0398 1 Geelong/Portarlington Rd 2 BPAS 65 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0399 1 Geelong/Portarlington Rd 3 BPAS 66 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0400 1 White Park BPAS 67 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0401 1 Curlewis BPAS 68 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0402 1 Geelong/Q'cliff Rwy BPAS 69 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0403 1 Scarborough House 2 BPAS 70 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0404 1 Scarborough House 3 BPAS 71 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0439 1 Clifton Springs Scatter 1 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0463 1 Springs Street 1 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0586 1 Clifton Springs Golf Club Artefact Scatter No 7821-0594 1 Wyndham Street 1 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0627 1 Mc Dermott Rd 1 Artefact Scatter No 1 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0782 166 Jetty Road 1 2 Object Collection No 7821-0783 1 166 Jetty Road 2 Artefact Scatter No 1 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0784 166 Jetty Rd 3 2 Object Collection No 7821-0785 1 166 Jetty Road 4 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0786 1 Lake Lorne 1 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0787 1 Lake Lorne 2 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0788 1 Lake Lorne 3 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0794 1 Coriyule-Jetty Road Artefact Scatter No 1 Bayshore Avenue 2 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0825 2 Bayshore Avenue 2 Object Collection No 7821-0846 1 Coriyule Road 5 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0847 1 Coriyule Road 6 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0848 1 Coriyule Road 4 Artefact Scatter No 7821-0876 1 Edgewater Drive AS1 Artefact Scatter No 1 No 2 No 3 No Low Density Artefact 7821-0882 4 Drysdale Reserve LDAD No Distribution 5 No 6 No 7 No

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VAHR Within VAHR Site Component Site Name Site Type Study Number Number Area? 8 No 9 No

7821-0882 10 No Drysdale Reserve LDAD (cont.) 11 No 12 No 13 No 7821-0883 1 Drysdale Reserve Artefact Scatter No 1 No Low Density Artefact 7821-0888 2 Griggs Creek 1 No Distribution 3 No 7821-0892 1 Griggs Creek 2 Artefact Scatter No 1 No 2 No 3 No 4 No 5 No 6 No

7 Low Density Artefact No 7821-0896 219 Jetty Road A.S. 8 Distribution No 9 No 10 No 11 No 12 No 13 No 14 No

5.3.2 Local Council The study area is located within the City of Greater Geelong and is governed by the Greater Geelong Planning Scheme. Planning schemes set out policies and provisions for the use, development and protection of land. No Aboriginal heritage places listed on the Heritage Overlay are present within the study area.

5.4 Previous Archaeological Investigations

Localised and regional archaeological investigations have established the general character of Aboriginal sites located within the same geographic region as the activity area. This information, together with an

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environmental context, histories of land use and, historical and ethnohistorical sources, can be used to form the basis for a site prediction statement.

The following reports are considered to be the most relevant for this activity area:  Marshall (1997) (#1115) conducted an archaeological investigation at McLeods Water Hole, located approximately 600 m to the south of the current activity area, for proposed embankment augmentation works. Ground visibility across the site was extremely poor along the existing embankment and adjacent areas because of a thick layer of grass. No new aboriginal cultural material was identified during the survey, however three previously recorded sites were relocated (VHAR 7721-0046, VAHR 7721-0050 and VAHR 7721-0033). The extent of all three sites was obscured by vegetation cover. It was concluded that the dense vegetation did not permit a proper inspection of the ground surface and that as an artificial feature built during historic times, the current embankment could not contain in situ cultural materials, although isolated artefacts may occur. It was concluded that the proposed works would not directly impact on any recorded Aboriginal sites.

 Leubbers and Associates (1998) (#1392) conducted an archaeological survey of the Clifton Springs foreshore in 1998 in response to a Landscape and Management Master Plan prepared by City of Greater Geelong for the foreshore reserve, which identified several areas which were suitable for development. A 7 km section of the Clifton Springs foreshore between Beacon Point (at the northern end of the current activity area) south west to a headland approximately 200 m west of the main boat ramp at Clifton Springs. Much of the archaeological focus of their survey was directed to the foreshore between the Dell and Beacon Point, encompassing the current activity area. The public reserve fronting Edgewater Drive was surveyed but ground surface visibility was poor and limited to small patches of clear exposure in otherwise manicured lawn.

 Marshall and Webb (2007) (#3811) prepared a cultural heritage assessment to describe the Aboriginal and historical heritage values of the Clifton Springs foreshore between McAdams Lane (approximately 5 km north east of the activity area) and McDermott Road (approximately 500 m west of the activity area). They conducted a field inspection as part of their desktop study. They identified Aboriginal stone artefacts along the edge of the cliff on the western side of the Dell (further west from the current activity area). They noted the site previously recorded by Leubbers and Associates (Clifton Springs Scatter 1 [VAHR 7821-0439]) was in the area that they found artefacts, but note that Leubbers’ was recorded as an isolated artefact when, it consisted of at least four artefacts.

 Marshall (2009) (#10722) prepared a CHMP for a proposed shared pathway around Lake Lorne. Three separate surface stone artefact scatters were identified: 7821-0786 (Lake Lorne 1), 7821-0787 (Lake Lorne 2) and 7821-0788 (Lake Lorne 3). The CHMP concluded that these sites were in good condition in a relatively undisturbed context. Subsurface testing was not conducted during the CHMP as the construction methodology did not require any ground surface impact (excavation) for the path construction. The site extents are based on surface artefacts only.  Toscano (2012) (#11715) prepared a CHMP for proposed revegetation and development works along the western side of Griggs Creek, located directly to the west of the current activity area. Six surface

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artefacts were recorded during the standard assessment, in close proximity to a previously recorded site (VAHR 7821-0825). Subsurface testing was undertaken to determine the extent of this site. The complex assessment indicated that VAHR 7821-0825 extends a further 130 m south and 30 m east within the Griggs Creek Reserve. Initial development plans were consequently changed in order to minimise hard to the site.

 Bullers and MacManus (2012) (#12184) prepared a CHMP for a proposed beach access track and erosion control works along the foreshore fronting Edgewater Drive at Clifton Springs. The standard assessment found that most of the activity area was either intertidal, or on cliff faces. The small section of cliff top had been subject to previous significant ground disturbance and was unlikely to have in situ Aboriginal cultural heritage. No previously undiscovered Aboriginal cultural material was identified in the activity area itself during the standard assessment. However, one new site (VAHR 7821-0876) was recorded just outside of the activity area.  Cavanagh, Robb and Freedman (2014) (#11829) for proposed rehabilitation works within the bed of Griggs Creek as part of water regulation works. Their survey included the majority of the eastern bank of the creek, including the section in the current activity area (the pipeline outfall). They found minimal ground disturbance along the creek, although several areas appeared to have been landscaped. No Aboriginal artefacts were found and there were no mature native trees (suitable for carrying cultural scars) or any caves, rock shelters or cave entrances in their activity area along the creek. They identified a small area of Aboriginal likelihood (archaeological sensitivity) on an embankment above the creek, approximately 100 m north of the pipeline outfall. They considered that there has probably been disturbance along the eastern side due to the construction of houses along Kewarra Drive. However, the ground surface survey could not confirm this so a program of subsurface testing was carried out.

5.5 Aboriginal Archaeological Site Prediction Statement

The following site prediction statement1 has been formulated from the review of previous assessments. The statement presented is based on a site type approach. (For further information on site types see OAAV 2010).

The review of the previously recorded Aboriginal archaeological sites and previous archaeological investigations within the search area indicates that Aboriginal archaeological sites are unlikely2 to occur in the activity area. However, if any Aboriginal archaeological sites are identified within the activity area, it is most likely to comprise LDADs, stone artefact scatters or Aboriginal shell middens. Stone Artefact Scatters are considered likely to occur in the activity area.

1 The term ‘site prediction statement’ is sometimes referred to as ‘site prediction model’. Ecology and Heritage Partners Pty Ltd prefers the term ‘statement’ as it is more accurate; ‘statistical modelling’ is a rigorous and comprehensive process using empirical data. 2 Likely is an assessment of site types with a 50% or more likelihood of occurring; Unlikely is an assessment of site types with less than 50% likelihood of occurring.

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Stone tools were made by hitting one piece of stone, called a core, with another called a ‘hammerstone’, often a pebble. This would remove a sharp fragment of stone called a flake. Both cores and flakes could be used as tools. New flakes were very sharp, but quickly became blunt during use and had to be sharpened again by further flaking, a process called ‘retouch’. A tool that was retouched has a row of small flake scars along one or more edges. Retouch was also used to shape a tool.

Not all types of stone could be used for making tools. The best types of stone are rich in silica, hard and brittle. These include quartzite, chert, flint, silcrete and quartz. Aboriginal people quarried such stone from outcrops of bedrock, or collected it as pebbles from stream beds and beaches. Many flaked stone artefacts found on Aboriginal sites are made from stone types that do not occur naturally in the area. This means they must have been carried over long distances. Stone tools are the most common evidence of past Aboriginal activities in Australia. They occur in many places and are often found with other remains from Aboriginal occupation, such as shell middens and cooking hearths. They are most common near rivers and creeks. It is easier to find them where there is limited vegetation or where the ground surface has been disturbed, for example by erosion.

Artefact scatters are the material remains of past Aboriginal people’s activities. Scatter sites usually contain stone artefacts, but other material such as charcoal, animal bone, shell and ochre may also be present. No two scatters are exactly the same.

Artefact scatters can be found wherever Aboriginal occupation has occurred in the past. Aboriginal campsites were most frequently located near a reliable source of fresh water, so surface scatters are often found near rivers or streams where erosion or disturbance has exposed an older land surface.

Low Density Artefact Distributions are considered likely to occur in the activity area. Low density artefact distributions are stone artefact sites that comprise less than 10 artefacts in a 10 x 10 m area and where artefact clusters are all contained within a single 1:100,000 scale mapsheet. LDADs can occur singly and may occur anywhere in the landscape. Surface artefacts may be indicative of further subsurface archaeological deposits. This site type can be found anywhere within the landscape, however, they are more likely to occur within contexts with the same favourable characteristics for stone artefact scatter sites.

Scarred Trees are considered unlikely to occur in the activity area, due to the known removal of native trees throughout the activity area as part of the area’s use as a park. Aboriginal people caused scars on trees by removing bark for various purposes.

The scars, which vary in size, expose the sapwood on the trunk or branch of a tree. Scarred trees are found all over Victoria, wherever there are mature native trees, especially box and red gum. They often occur along major rivers, around lakes and on flood plains.

Shell Middens are considered unlikely to occur in the activity area. Shell middens may occur in both freshwater and coastal contexts. Shell middens are accumulations of shell produced by Aboriginal people collecting, cooking and eating shellfish. Shell middens often contain evidence of cooking such as charcoal, ash, fire-stones, burnt earth or burnt clay. Sometimes they also contain animal bones, fish bones, stone tools and Aboriginal burials.

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Freshwater shell middens are found along river banks and flood plains, near swamps and lakes, and in sand dunes. They are sometimes found in dry areas, where fresh water was once present. Freshwater shell middens usually occur as fairly thin layers or small patches of shell. The shells usually come from both the freshwater mussel (Velesunio ambiguus) and river mussel (Alathyria jacksoni). The shells may be the remains of just one meal or hundreds of meals eaten over thousands of years.

Freshwater mussel shells may also be found in Aboriginal oven mounds, but usually only in small quantities. Middens may be visible as scatters of broken mussel shell, exposed along vehicle tracks. If you look closely, you may find mussel shells buried in the surrounding soil. Middens are also commonly visible as scatters of mussel shell eroding down the slopes of dunes. Again, the scatters can usually be traced up the dune to the buried shell layer. Shell fragments in the upcast from rabbit burrows in dunes may also indicate a midden. Shell middens are also found in many areas along the Victorian coast. They can be located in sheltered positions in the dunes, coastal scrub and woodlands, within rockshelters, or on exposed cliff tops with good vantage points. They can occur near rocky or sandy shores and also close to coastal wetlands, inlets, estuaries, bays and river mouths. Coastal shell middens are found as layers of shell exposed in the sides of dunes, banks or cliff tops, or as scatters of shell exposed on eroded surfaces. They range in size from a few metres across to many hundreds of metres and can consist of a thin, single layer, or multiple layers forming a thick deposit.

Mounds are considered unlikely to occur in the activity area. Aboriginal mounds are places where Aboriginal people lived over long periods of time. Mounds often contain charcoal, burnt clay or stone heat retainers from cooking ovens, animal bones, shells, stone tools and, sometimes, Aboriginal burials. Mounds usually occur near rivers, lakes or swamps but occasionally some distance from water. They are also found on dunes and sometimes among rock outcrops on higher ground.

Quarries are considered unlikely to occur in the activity area, as sources of suitable stone for Aboriginal quarrying are not known to occur in the region. Aboriginal quarries are the sites where Aboriginal people took stone from rocky outcrops to make chipped or ground stone tools for many different purposes. Not all types of stone were suitable for making tools, so an outcrop of good stone that could be easily quarried was a valuable resource. Aboriginal people quarried different types of stone, each with its own special value and use. Stone tools were made from greenstone, silcrete, quartz, quartzite, basalt and chert. Pigments were made from quarried ochre, and grinding tools were made from sandstone. Some quarries are small, consisting of just a single protruding boulder. Other quarries incorporate many outcrops and areas of broken stone that can cover thousands of square metres. Stone Arrangements are considered unlikely to occur in the activity area. Aboriginal stone arrangements are places where Aboriginal people have positioned stones deliberately to form shapes or patterns. The purpose of these arrangements is unknown because their traditional use ceased when European settlement disrupted Aboriginal society. They were probably related to ceremonial activities.

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Stone arrangements occur where there are plenty of boulders, such as volcanic areas, and where the land could support large bands of people. Surviving stone arrangements are rare in Victoria, and most are in the western part of the State. Stony Rises are considered unlikely to occur in the activity area. Stony rises are not a landform commonly found in the region.

Stony Rises are a geological formation that emerges from the smooth lava fields of the western plains of Victoria, a fertile region that for tens of thousands of years supported the lives of its indigenous Aboriginal people. Stony Rises occur in a number of forms but generically comprise loosely consolidated rocks and boulders elevated above the surrounding plain. Ephemeral lakes occur at low points often adjacent to the Stony Rises, and are often interspersed with low-lying, poorly-drained plains (Joyce 2003). Stony rises provided vantage points to local Aboriginal tribes across the tribal territory.

Stony Rises are considered an area of Aboriginal archaeological sensitivity as they are likely to contain stone artefact sites. Stony Rises are known to be the site of Aboriginal stone huts and stone circle arrangements, and can also contain hearth sites. Previous studies have shown a tendency for stone artefacts located in surface and/or subsurface contexts on stony rises. Artefact distribution patterns commonly comprise isolated stone artefacts and diffuse low density artefact scatters occurring across the volcanic plans, with moderate to higher densities of stone artefacts occurring on stony rises and that only occasional isolated stone artefacts may occur away from stony rises. The most significant sites are located on the stony sites near watercourses. Scarred trees may occur where mature native vegetation is located in proximity to former swamps.

Aboriginal Burials are considered unlikely to occur in the activity area as they are an uncommon site occurrence, however there is a small chance that a burial may be present within the activity area. Aboriginal burials are normally found as clusters of human bones eroding from the ground, or exposed during ground disturbance. Aboriginal customs for honouring and disposing of the dead varied greatly across Victoria, but burial was common. Aboriginal burial sites normally contain the remains of one or two people, although cemeteries that contain the remains of hundreds of people buried over thousands of years have been found. Sometimes the dead person was buried with personal ornaments and artefacts. Charcoal and ochre are also often found in burial sites. Although Aboriginal burials are quite rare in Victoria, they have been found in almost every kind of landscape, from coastal dunes to mountain valleys. They tend to be near water courses or in dunes surrounding old lake beds. Many burials have been found on high points, such as dune ridges, within surrounding flat plains. They are often near or within Aboriginal occupation sites such as oven mounds, shell middens or artefact scatters. Aboriginal mortuary trees are considered unlikely to occur in the activity area. Accounts of Aboriginal mortuary trees are contained in newspaper reports (Mount Ararat Advertiser 1858), ethnohistorical accounts (Bride 1983[1898]: 322), oral history (Ron Howlett, personal communication 2003), and unpublished diaries (Johns 1877). These accounts describe the following treatment of Aboriginal human remains: the corpse was allowed to decompose. Later, the remains were recovered and sometimes the bones of limbs were distributed among relatives to be kept as relics. Then, postcranial remains were bundled

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and placed in a hollow tree, sometimes with the skull. On other occasions, the skull was deposited in a hollow tree while postcranial remains were given to a relative for placement at a later date, possibly also in a hollow tree (article: 70). The Chief Protector of Aborigines, George Augustus Robinson, recorded several different forms of treatment of the dead by the northern Djab Wurrung clans in his 1841 journal (Clark 1987: 15, 1998: 335, 368), including placement in trees. The ethnographic record for southwestern Victoria also indicates that while low-ranking individuals were usually placed in simple burials, higher-ranking individuals were subject to more complex rituals that included placement in trees (Dawson 1881: 62–66; Howitt 1996 [1904]: 455–457; article: 63). The study of the Moyston Mortuary Tree and references to additional mortuary trees within the region demonstrate a local pattern of mortuary practices in southwestern Victoria. While burials in lunettes, earth mounds, and sand dunes are more common in the region, more complex practices also existed in southwestern Victoria in the late pre-contact to early post-contact periods (Sprague 2005: 70; article: 69-71).

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5.6 Desktop Assessment – Summary of the Results and Conclusions

The activity area has been modified by past European development in areas where roads and a train track intersect with the activity area. Several previous archaeological studies have been conducted within close proximity to the study area, including a study of Lake Lorne to the north and assessments near Greiggs Road (Toscano 2012 and Cavanagh, Robb and Freedman 2014). Most of the archaeological investigations within the geographic region comprise archaeological assessments including CHMPs which involves survey and less commonly subsurface excavations. The most common site types within the local region are artefacts scatter and low density distributions, followed by scarred trees and, two earth features. Three Aboriginal burials were also identified within the geographic region. Several object collections are registered within the region as artefacts are commonly stored at private archaeological consultancies and within museums in this area after they are salvaged prior to development. The least likely site types to be identified within the geographic area are shell middens, mounds, quarries, stone arrangements, stony rises and Aboriginal mortuary trees. Although certain site types have been found in the geographic region, their presence in the study area is considered unlikely for the following reasons; the natural formation of the landscape, the location of the study area and past disturbances to the landscape. Past disturbances to the study area, based on historical aerial photography, appear to have included:  native vegetation clearance;  landscaping and planting of European trees;

 cut and fill to construct roads and a train track;  residential development;  installation of various underground services; and

 farming and agricultural activities. However, despite past disturbances to the natural landform, it is still likely that Aboriginal cultural heritage material may be present within the activity area and most likely within the locations below:

 areas within close proximity to watercourses;  upper rise landforms;  south of Lake Lorne; and

 agricultural and farming land which has undergone a low degree of disturbance. Due to the likelihood of the presence of Aboriginal cultural heritage material, particularly artefact scatters and low density artefact distributions, a standard assessment will be conducted for the activity area.

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6 STANDARD ASSESSMENT

The standard assessment includes a ground survey of the activity area to detect the presence of Aboriginal cultural heritage in or associated with the activity area. The activity area was surveyed on 2 November 2015 by Alison O’Connor and Terence MacManus (Archaeologists/Cultural Heritage Advisors) and Kacie Mitchell and Chloe Clarke representing the Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation (Registered Aboriginal Party). A summary of the archaeological survey attributes appears in Appendix 3.

6.1 Methodology of the Standard Assessment

The survey took the form of a pedestrian survey in which four participants walked approximately 4 m apart targeting areas of increased or isolated exposure under a stratified random sampling method, where different landforms were sampled for survey with areas of perceived higher sensitivity given more concentration, and survey then concentrating on areas of higher GSV/exposure. Approximately 30% of the activity area could not be surveyed due to various reasons and these areas were photographed and landform type was recorded. All mature native trees were examined for evidence of cultural scarring, although not many are present within the activity area. The geomorphological character of the activity area was surveyed for evidence of caves, cave entrances and/or rock shelters. Map 9a shows the areas subject to pedestrian survey and areas that could not be surveyed but were photographed and landform type was recorded.

6.2 Visibility, Exposure and Coverage

6.2.1 Ground Surface Visibility Ground surface visibility (GSV) varied throughout the activity area. Ground surface visibility was generally poor across most of the activity area due to long grass coverage across the paddocks containing either horses or cattle (Plate 1).

Areas of ground surface visibility were identified within the activity area at the following locations:  Exposures on top of sandy rises;  Eroded areas along road reserves;

 Beneath large trees where grass has not grown;  Exposures within paddocks due to horse treading (Plate 2); and  Exposures due to rabbit barrowing.

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Plate 1: Activity area, north of Murradoc Road, facing Plate 2: Activity area, south of Whitcombes Road, facing east showing poor ground surface visibility. west showing ground surface exposure due to horse treading. A sandy geology was confirmed within the low-lying plain landform.

6.2.2 Effective Survey Coverage Effective survey coverage calculations are based on the percentage of ground surface exposure and, provide a measure for the ‘detectability’ of artefacts and the level of survey sampling effort within each landform in the activity area. The calculation assesses the level of average GSV across the activity area in each landform, the extent of isolated exposures with higher or lower GSV than the average and, a calculation of the area within each landform surveyed. An overview of the effective survey coverage in each landform within the activity area is provided in Table 5.

Table 6: Effective Survey Cover Calculations within the Activity Area

Average Percentage of Area of Activity Area Effective Coverage Landform Total Area (ha) Landform GSV Activity Area Surveyed (ha) (%) (%) Surveyed (%)

Sandy rise 19.80 5 15.40 77.8 12.3 Low-lying plain 49.50 2 33.08 66.8 13.8 Total 69.30 19 48.48 70.0 13.5

6.2.3 Limitations of the Standard Assessment The following limitations were experienced during the survey:

 Access to some paddocks was limited due to the presence of lively race horses; and  Ground surface visibility was generally poor across the activity area due to long grass within paddocks.

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6.3 Results of the Standard Assessment

6.3.1 Landforms The survey confirmed the landforms identified during the desktop assessment (Table 5) with two main landforms present. The two main landform types are discussed below:

 Sandy rises (Survey Unit 1): a total of five sandy rises were identified within the activity area. These sandy rises appear to have undergone minimal ground surface disturbance.  Low-lying plains (Survey Unit 2): this landform characterises most of the activity area and is intersected by a minor water course in three separate locations. Most of the low-lying plains have undergone minimal disturbance within the green field areas (paddocks). However, in areas where the low-lying plains intersect with road infrastructure and residential development the sub-surface disturbance is considered more substantial. This survey unit has been broken into three sub-units; low-lying plains: minor water courses (2A), low-lying plains: green fields (2B) and low-lying plains: major intersections (2C). The sub-units allow for the identification of various degrees of ground disturbance within the low-lying plains landform.

6.3.2 Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Identified during the Standard Assessment A single Aboriginal artefact was identified during the standard assessment. This isolated artefact is considered to be a previously unrecorded Aboriginal place.

Previously Unrecorded Place  VAHR 7822-#### (Anderson Road 1 LDAD): this place consists of a single quartzite flake (length: 550 mm x width 320 mm) identified within an area of ground surface exposure on the surface of a sandy rise (Plates 3 and 4). The artefact is located on the northern side of the intersection of Andersons Road and Clifton Springs Road, Drysdale (Plate 5).

Plate 3: Quarzite flake (dorsal profile). Plate 4: Quartzite flake (ventral profile).

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Plate 5: Location of the quartzite flake on top of the sandy rise situated north of Andersons Road.

6.3.3 Areas of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Likelihood A sub-surface testing programme is required because it is not possible to determine the presence and/or extent, nature and significance of Aboriginal cultural heritage in the activity area without complex assessment. A total of two areas of high Aboriginal cultural heritage likelihood were identified during the standard assessment.  Sandy rises; and  100 m proximity to minor creek lines.

6.3.4 Previous Ground Disturbance Several areas of previous ground disturbance were identified during the standard assessment. These areas of disturbance are listed below.  Road infrastructure (Plate 6);

 Railway line (Plate 7);  Residential properties (Plate 8);  Landscaping and native vegetation clearance;

 Underground services i.e. water pipes and telecommunication cables;  Rabbit barrowing (Plate 9); and  Horse treading.

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Plate 6: Activity area facing east showing intersection at Plate 7: Location where activity area crosses the historic Portarlington and Grubb Road. Bellarine railway line.

Plate 8: Residential property within road alignment. Plate 9: Example of rabbit burrowing within a sandy rise off Andersons Road.

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6.4 Standard Assessment – Summary of Results and Conclusions

The results of the standard assessment supported the findings of the desktop assessment in regards to the geomorphology, geology and landform types identified during the pedestrian survey. Ground disturbance outlined in the desktop assessment was observed during the survey including past European development in areas where roads and a railway line intersect with the activity area. A single quartzite flake was identified in an area of ground surface exposure on the surface of a sandy rise. This find supports the predictive modelling within this CHMP which identified isolated and low density artefact distributions as the most prevalent site types within the geographic region. Other common site types within the geographic region, such as scarred trees and earth features, were not identified during the survey. The lack of evidence for these site types may be due to the poor ground surface visibility observed across most of the study are which reduced the survey effectiveness to 13.5%. Although Aboriginal burials are located within the geographic region, they could not be identified during the survey due to their sub-surface nature. Two areas of high Aboriginal likelihood, in terms of the likelihood of identifying sub-surface Aboriginal cultural heritage places, were recorded during the survey. Five sandy rises, known to be sensitive for Aboriginal artefacts because of their location as a vantage point as well as sandy geology, were identified within the activity area. In addition, three minor water courses were also identified within the activity area and these were considered to be of high to moderate Aboriginal likelihood. Generally, the low-lying plains within the green fields are of moderate Aboriginal likelihood due to their sandy geology and the lower disturbance recorded within paddocks. Two areas of low Aboriginal likelihood were identified at each end of the activity area. These two areas are of low Aboriginal likelihood because of their location within low-lying plains and the past disturbance associated with the construction of major road intersections. Map 9a shows the location of the landform types identified during the survey.

Ground disturbance is measured below under a rating system based on high (1), moderate (2-3) and low (4- 5). Ground disturbance is determined by the level of impact by the past and current activities within the activity area. The table below shows the types of impacts on the two landform types within the activity area and their associated level of ground disturbance observed during the survey.

Table 7: Ground disturbance types and level of impact across landforms within activity area

Ground Disturbances Landform Impacted Low/Mod/High Ground Disturbance

Road infrastructure Sandy rises and low-lying plain High Railway line Low-lying plan High Residential properties Low-lying plain High Landscaping and native vegetation clearance Sandy rises and low-lying plain Low Underground services i.e. water pipes and Sandy rises and low-lying plain High telecommunication cables

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Ground Disturbances Landform Impacted Low/Mod/High Ground Disturbance

Rabbit barrowing Sandy-rises and low-lying plain Moderate Horse treading Low-lying plain Low

For the purposes of this assessment, Aboriginal cultural heritage sensitivity is measured under a rating system based on high (4-5), moderate (3-2) and low (1). Aboriginal cultural heritage sensitivity encompasses several factors including landform types, geology and previous archaeological sites identified locally in a similar context.

The calculation of Aboriginal likelihood is shown below. Aboriginal sensitivity Ground disturbance High (4-5) + High (1) Moderate (3-2) + Moderate (2-3) Low (1) + Low (4-5) The total Aboriginal likelihood is based on the calculation of Aboriginal sensitivity plus ground disturbance. The result of this equation is shown below.

Aboriginal Likelihood High (9-10) Medium (5-8) Low (1-4)

Table 8: Calculation of Aboriginal likelihood within each survey unit of the activity area.

Aboriginal cultural Total Aboriginal Survey Units Survey Unit Description Ground Disturbance heritage sensitivity Likelihood

1A Sandy rises 5 4 9 Low-lying plains: minor 2A 4 3 7 water courses Low-lying plains: green 2B 3 2 5 fields Low-lying plains: major 2C 1 3 4 intersections

Map 9b shows the areas of Aboriginal likelihood identified during the survey.

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Proposed Testing Methodology In regards to the complex assessment methodology, the proposed location of test pits is spaced in 100 m intervals in the areas of moderate Aboriginal likelihood. The aim of this level of testing within the moderate likelihood areas is to allow for even coverage of the activity area. The areas of high Aboriginal likelihood, comprising sandy rises and within 100 m of minor water courses, will be tested at intervals of 50 m to detect the presence or absence of artefact deposits. The total number of initial test pits within the activity area is 98 (Table 8). In consultation with VicRoads and the RAP, further testing to ascertain the extent of Aboriginal places may be required. VicRoads will be provided with the option to avoid Aboriginal places identified during the initial testing phase.

Table 9: Total number of test pits within each survey unit under category of Aboriginal likelihood.

Aboriginal Survey Unit STP # (1 x 1 m) STH Transect Intervals STH # (500 x 500 mm) Likelihood

High 1A and 2A 2 50 m 69 Moderate 2B 1 100 m 23 Low 2C 0 Targeted locations 3 Total 3 95

The aim of the testing programme is to provide VicRoads with the knowledge of the location of Aboriginal places in order to mitigate the risk of harm before the construction of the Drysdale Bypass. A reduced level of testing may open VicRoads to risk of identifying an Aboriginal place during the proposed activity and thus triggering a stop-work mechanism within close proximity to that place.

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7 COMPLEX ASSESSMENT

The complex assessment involves excavation (subsurface testing) in the activity area to uncover or discover Aboriginal cultural heritage. The subsurface testing program was conducted from 17 – 20 November 2015 and 1 - 3 December 2015 and supervised by Alison O’Connor (Senior Cultural Heritage Advisor) with the assistance of Terence MacManus and Stacey Kennedy (Cultural Heritage Advisors) in consultation with Kacie Mitchell, Tim Kennedy, Ashleigh Skinner, Chloe Clark, Daniel Clark and Blair Gilson (field representatives of the Wathaurung Aboriginal Corporation. A summary of the archaeological survey attributes appears in Appendix 3.

7.1 Aims of the Complex Assessment

The aims of the complex assessment were:  To determine the nature, extent and significance of the Aboriginal archaeological sites identified within the activity area during the standard assessment;

 To detect the possible presence of Aboriginal cultural heritage in the activity area due to poor GSV during the standard assessment; and  To detect the possible presence of Aboriginal cultural heritage in areas of Aboriginal archaeological likelihood within the activity area.

7.2 Methodology of the Complex Assessment

One stratigraphic test pit (STP), measuring 1 x 1 m, was excavated in each of the landforms identified in the activity area (Table 10, Map 9). The STPs were excavated by hand in 100 mm units (“spits”) using hand tools, until the base clays were reached. The base layer was excavated a further 200 mm to confirm culturally sterile soil. Photographs were taken and dumpy levels were recorded at the ground surface and at the base of each spit. At the conclusion of the excavation, scaled section drawings were recorded for one soil profile in each pit (arbitrarily taken to be the north section), with each soil context (stratum) shown. Samples were taken of each context and analysed for texture, colour and pH. A photograph was also taken for the north section of the STPs. In addition, a stratigraphic description of each shovel test hole (see below) was also recorded and compared to the stratigraphy recorded in the STPs. Shovel test holes in which artefacts were found also had section drawings recorded and photographs taken, records for each soil context (texture, colour and pH) were also taken.

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7.2.1 Subsurface Testing A total of 93 shovel test holes (STHs), each measuring 500 x 500 mm, were excavated in 14 transects in the activity area (Tables 10 and 11). The transects were positioned in order to test each landform and each area of Aboriginal likelihood identified in the standard assessment. The purpose of the STHs was to test for presence or absence of Aboriginal cultural heritage in the areas of likelihood or for subsurface deposits within Aboriginal sites identified in the standard assessment.

Where artefacts were found in either STPs or STHs, a series of radial test holes (RTHs), each measuring 500 x 500 mm, were excavated north, south, east and west around the hole/s where artefacts were found. The purpose of the RTHs was to test the spatial extent of the site. Where artefacts were found in RTHs, additional RTHs were excavated until no further artefacts were found. The inner side of the RTHs without artefacts were used to define the spatial extent of the site. The presence or absence of artefacts was recorded for each STH, which then informed the site extent for registered Aboriginal sites. The stratigraphy of each STH was recorded for comparison against the relevant STP for that landform (soil samples were taken and analysed at the CHAs office). Scaled photographs were taken of each artefact bearing STH showing the base and north section. All artefacts recovered from STHs were removed to the CHAs office of subsequent recording and analysis

7.2.2 Limitations of the Complex Assessment The complex assessment was limited for the following reasons:  The hot weather slowed down excavation progress;

 A member of the WAC (Kacie Mitchell) was unwell from 2-3 December 2015 and limited in participation; and  Heavy consultation with local landowners slowed down excavation progress.

7.3 Results of the Complex Assessment

7.3.1 Stratigraphy The stratigraphic profile of each landforms, as defined by the STPs, is as follows (Table 10). Sandy Rise The stratigraphy in this landform shows a gradational character with light brown friable sand with grass roots and natural quartz pebble inclusions overlying medium brown firm sand with medium-sized coffee rock inclusions overlying mottled brown and orange compact clay. The depth of the STP within this landform was deepest at 600 mm. The stratigraphy in all STHs in this landform conforms generally to the STP albeit with marked variations in the depth of the base clays (500-1200 mm). Low-lying Plain The stratigraphy in this landform shows a gradational character with light brown friable sand with grass roots and natural quartz pebble inclusions overlying medium brown firm sand with medium-sized coffee rock

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inclusions overlying mottled brown and orange compact clay. The depth of the STP within this landform was shallowest at 200 mm. The stratigraphy in all STHs in this landform conforms generally to the STP albeit with marked variations in the depth of the base clays (200-1200 mm). The coordinates of all stratigraphic test pits excavated within the activity area appear in Appendix 4.

7.3.2 Subsurface Testing A total of 93 shovel test holes (STH) measuring 500 x 500 mm, were excavated in 14 transects (Tables 10 and 11). The excavation located 22 artefacts from nine test holes (STP 01 and STHs H3, G2, D1, H5, H6, H4, C4 and K9). These artefacts are discussed in detail in Section 8 and artefact attributes are presented in Appendix 6.

The coordinates of all shovel test pits excavated within the activity area appear in Appendix 4.

7.3.3 Surface Artefacts One surface artefact was identified during the excavation of Transect J. The artefact was identified between STH J3 and J4. The artefact was identified within a horse paddock, within the erosion from a rabbit burrow on a low-lying plain.

Plate 10: Silcrete artefact showing dorsal surface, identified on the ground surface.

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Table 10: Stratigraphic Test Pits Excavated within the Activity Area.

STP (SW) Coordinates Stratigraphic Stratigraphic Profile (GDA 94, Zone Description 55) STP01 – Sandy Rise Landform E287327.0299 Context 1: 0 to 250 mm: N5770598.962 Medium brown friable sand with grass roots and natural quartz pebble Inclusions. 10 artefacts. Munsell 10 YR 6/2 pH. 6. Context 2: 0 to 550 mm: Light brown firm sand. Medium-sized coffee rock inclusions. No artefacts. Munsell 10 YR 7/3. pH.6. Context 3 (Base): 550- 600 mm: Mottled brown and orange compact clay. No inclusions. No artefacts. Munsell 10YR 4/5. pH.6.

Figure 5: Stratigraphic Profile of STP01.

Location & Site Name and STP Photograph Size Assemblage Details Located in VAHR 7921-#### Transect A, (Drysdale Bypass 1) approx. 50 m 9 subsurface artefacts: from STH A1. 5 x quartz;

1 x silcrete; 1 x 1 m 3 x quartzite. Depths ranging from 100 mm to 500 mm

Plate 11: Stratigraphy of STP01 north section.

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STP (SW) Coordinates Stratigraphic Stratigraphic Profile (GDA 94, Zone Description 55) STP02 – Low-Lying Plain Landform E287891.9653 Context 1: 0 to 300 mm: N5771258.579 Medium brown friable sand with grass roots and natural quartz pebble Inclusions. No artefacts. Munsell 10 YR 6/2 pH. 6. Context 2: 300 to 350 mm: Light brown firm sand. Medium-sized coffee rock inclusions. No artefacts. Munsell 10 YR 7/3. pH.6. Context 3 (Base): 350- 400 mm: Mottled brown and orange compact clay. No inclusions. No artefacts. Munsell 10YR 4/5. pH.6.

Figure 6: Stratigraphic Profile of STP02.

Location & Site Name and STP Photograph Size Assemblage Details Located in No artefacts present. Transect K approx. 100 m from K1.

1 x 1 m

Plate 12: Stratigraphy of STP02north section.

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STP (SW) Coordinates Stratigraphic Stratigraphic Profile (GDA 94, Zone Description 55) STP03 – Sandy Rise Landform E288287.5355 Context 1: 0 to 50 mm: N5772791.141 Medium brown friable sand with grass roots and natural quartz pebble Inclusions. No artefacts. Munsell 10 YR 6/2 pH. 6. Context 2: 50 to 170 mm: Light brown firm sand. Medium-sized coffee rock inclusions. No artefacts. Munsell 10 YR 7/3. pH.6. Context 3 (Base): 170- 200 mm: Mottled brown and orange compact clay. No Figure 7: Stratigraphic Profile of STP02. inclusions. No artefacts. Munsell 10YR 4/5. pH.6.

Location & Site Name and STP Photograph Size Assemblage Details Located in No artefacts present. Transect M, approx. 50 m from STH M8.

1 x 1 m

Plate 13: Stratigraphy of STP02north section.

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Table 11: Shovel Test Holes Excavated within the Activity Area.

Transect Details STH Descriptions: Stratigraphy and Inclusions Transect A A1 A2 A3 6 STHs (500 x 500 mm @ Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – Context 1: 00 to 200 mm – 50 m intervals) medium brown sand with medium brown sand with medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. Context 2: 350 to 650 mm – Context 2: 350 to 650 mm – STH terminated due to light brown friable sand. light brown friable sand. presence of large tree root Context 3: 650 to 950 mm – Context 3: 650 to 750 mm – through centre of pit. mid brown friable sand mid brown friable sand No artefacts present becoming cemented with becoming cemented with depth with frequent medium- depth. sized coffee rock inclusions. Context 4 (Base): 750 to 800 Context 4 (Base): 950 to 1000 mm – medium orange-brown mm – medium orange-brown cemented clay. cemented clay. No artefacts present No artefacts present A4 A5 A6 Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – Context 1: 00 to 330 mm – Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – medium brown sand with medium brown sand with medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. Context 2: 350 to 550 mm – Context 2: 330 to 670 mm – Munsell 10 YR 3/2, pH6. light brown friable sand light brown friable sand Context 2: 350 to 450 mm – becoming cemented with becoming cemented with light brown friable sand depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee becoming cemented with rock inclusions. rock inclusions depth with frequent coffee Context 3 (Base): 550 to 580 Context 3 (Base): 670 to 680 rock inclusions. Munsell 10 mm – medium orange-brown mm – medium orange-brown YR 3/2, pH 6. cemented clay. cemented clay. Context 3 (Base): 450 to 500 No artefacts present No artefacts present mm – medium orange- brown cemented clay. No artefacts present Transect B B1 B2 B3 7 STHs (500 x 500 mm @ Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – Context 1: 00 to 300 mm – Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – 50 m intervals) medium brown sand with medium brown sand with medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. Munsell grass roots inclusions. Munsell grass roots inclusions. 10 YR 3/2, pH6. 10 YR 3/2, pH6. Munsell 10 YR 3/2, pH6.

Context 2: 350 to 900 mm – Context 2: 300 to 790 mm – Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – light brown friable sand light brown friable sand light brown friable sand becoming cemented with becoming cemented with becoming cemented with depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee rock inclusions. Munsell 10 YR rock inclusions. Munsell 10 YR rock inclusions. Munsell 10 3/2, pH 6. 3/2, pH 6. YR 3/2, pH 6. Context 3 (Base): 900 to 950 Context 3 (Base): 790 to 800 Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 mm – medium orange-brown mm – medium orange-brown mm – medium orange- cemented clay. cemented clay. brown cemented clay. No artefacts present No artefacts present No artefacts present

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Transect Details STH Descriptions: Stratigraphy and Inclusions B4 B5 B6 Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – Context 1: 00 to 280 mm – medium brown sand with medium brown sand with medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. Context 2: 350 to 870 mm – Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – Context 2: 280 to 370 mm – light brown friable sand light brown friable sand light brown friable sand becoming cemented with becoming cemented with becoming cemented with depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee rock inclusions. rock inclusions. rock inclusions. Context 3 (Base): 870 to 1000 Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 Context 3 (Base): 370 mm – mm – medium orange-brown mm – medium orange-brown medium orange-brown cemented clay. cemented clay. cemented clay. No artefacts present No artefacts present No artefacts present B7 Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – light brown friable sand becoming cemented with depth with frequent coffee rock inclusions. Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 mm – medium orange-brown cemented clay. No artefacts present Transect C C1 C2 C3 7 STHs (500 x 500 mm @ Context 1: 00 to 320 mm – Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – 50 m intervals) medium brown sand with medium brown sand with medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. Context 2: 320 to 650 mm – Context 2: 350 to 700 mm – Context 2: 350 to 1100 mm light brown friable sand light brown friable sand – light brown friable sand becoming cemented with becoming cemented with becoming cemented with depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee rock inclusions. rock inclusions. rock inclusions. M Context 3 (Base): 650 mm – Context 3 (Base): 700 to 720 Context 3 (Base): 1100 to medium orange-brown mm – medium orange-brown 1200 mm – medium orange- cemented clay. cemented clay. brown cemented clay. No artefacts present No artefacts present No artefacts present

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Transect Details STH Descriptions: Stratigraphy and Inclusions C4 C5 C6 Context 1: 00 to 370 mm – Context 1: 00 to 520 mm – Context 1: 00 to 230 mm – medium brown sand with medium brown sand with medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. Munsell grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. 10 YR 6/2, pH6. Context 2: 520 to 870 mm – Context 2: 230 to 560 mm – Context 2: 370 to 850 mm – light brown friable sand light brown friable sand light brown friable sand becoming cemented with becoming cemented with becoming cemented with depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee rock inclusions. rock inclusions. rock inclusions. Munsell 10 YR Context 3 (Base): 870 to 990 Context 3 (Base): 560 to 7/3, pH 6. mm – medium orange-brown 1000 mm – medium orange- Context 3 (Base): 850 to 1150 cemented sandy clay. brown cemented clay. mm – medium orange-brown No artefacts present No artefacts present cemented sandy clay. Munsell 10 YR 4/5, pH 6. Artefacts present C7 Context 1: 00 to 200 mm – medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. Context 2: 200 to 710 mm – light brown friable sand becoming cemented with depth with frequent coffee rock inclusions. Context 3 (Base): 710 to 1050 mm – medium orange-brown cemented clay. No artefacts present Transect D D1 D2 D3 5 STHs (500 x 500 mm @ Context 1: 00 to 290 mm – Context 1: 00 to 290 mm – Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – 50 m intervals) medium brown sand with medium brown sand with medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. Munsell grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. 10 YR 6/2, pH6. Context 2: 290 to 650 mm – Context 2: 350 to 870 mm – Context 2: 290 to 560 mm – light brown friable sand light brown friable sand light brown friable sand becoming cemented with becoming cemented with becoming cemented with depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee rock inclusions. rock inclusions. rock inclusions. Munsell 10 YR Context 3 (Base): 650 to 700 Context 3 (Base): 870 to 900 7/3, pH 6. mm – medium orange-brown mm – medium orange- Context 3 (Base): 560 mm – cemented clay. brown cemented clay. medium orange-brown No artefacts present No artefacts present cemented clay. Munsell 10 YR 4/5, pH 6. Artefacts present

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Transect Details STH Descriptions: Stratigraphy and Inclusions D4 D5 Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – Context 1: 00 to 200 mm – medium brown sand with medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – Context 2: 200 to 600 mm – light brown friable sand light brown friable sand becoming cemented with becoming cemented with depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee rock inclusions. rock inclusions. Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 Context 3 (Base): 600 to 1200 mm – medium orange-brown mm – medium orange-brown cemented clay. cemented clay. No artefacts present No artefacts present Transect E E1 E2 E3 7 STHs (500 x 500 mm @ Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – Context 1: 00 to 730 mm – Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – 50 m intervals) medium brown sand with medium brown sand with medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – Context 2: 730 to 1150 mm – Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – light brown friable sand light brown friable sand light brown friable sand becoming cemented with becoming cemented with becoming cemented with depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee rock inclusions. rock inclusions. rock inclusions. Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 Context 3 (Base): 1150 to Context 3 (Base): 800 to mm – medium orange-brown 1200 mm – medium orange- 1000 mm – medium orange- cemented clay. brown cemented sandy clay. brown cemented clay. No artefacts present No artefacts present No artefacts present E4 E5 E6 Context 1: 00 to 200 mm – Context 1: 00 to 320 mm – Context 1: 00 to 270 mm – medium brown sand with medium brown sand with medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. Context 2: 200 to 700 mm – Context 2: 320 to 690 mm – Context 2: 270 to 980 mm – light brown friable sand light brown friable sand light brown friable sand becoming cemented with becoming cemented with becoming cemented with depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee rock inclusions. rock inclusions. rock inclusions. Context 3 (Base): 700 to 720 Context 3 (Base): 690 to 820 Context 3 (Base): 980 mm – mm – medium orange-brown mm – medium orange-brown medium orange-brown cemented clay. cemented sandy clay. cemented clay. No artefacts present No artefacts present No artefacts present

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Transect Details STH Descriptions: Stratigraphy and Inclusions E7 Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – light brown friable sand becoming cemented with depth with frequent coffee rock inclusions. Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 mm – medium orange-brown cemented clay. No artefacts present Transect F F1 F2 F3 4 STHs (500 x 500 mm @ Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – Context 1: 00 to 410 mm – Context 1: 00 to 500 mm – 50 m intervals) medium brown sand with medium brown sand with medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – Context 2: 410 to 600 mm – Context 2: 500 to 890 mm – light brown friable sand light brown friable sand light brown friable sand becoming cemented with becoming cemented with becoming cemented with depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee rock inclusions. rock inclusions. rock inclusions and gravel. Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 Context 3 (Base): 600 to 820 Context 3 (Base): 890 to 900 mm – medium orange-brown mm – medium orange-brown mm – medium orange- cemented clay. cemented clay. brown cemented sandy clay. No artefacts present No artefacts present No artefacts present F4 Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – light brown friable sand becoming cemented with depth with frequent coffee rock inclusions. Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 mm – medium orange-brown cemented clay. No artefacts present

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Transect Details STH Descriptions: Stratigraphy and Inclusions Transect G G1 G2 2 STHs (500 x 500 mm @ Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – Context 1: 00 to 800 mm – 50 m intervals) medium brown sand with medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. Munsell 10 YR 6/2, pH6. Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – light brown friable sand Context 3 (Base): 800 to 900 becoming cemented with mm – medium orange-brown depth with frequent coffee cemented clay. Munsell 10 YR rock inclusions. 4/5, pH 6. Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 Artefacts present mm – medium orange-brown cemented clay. No artefacts present Transect H H1 H2 H3 11 STHs (500 x 500 mm Context 1: 00 to 300 mm – Context 1: 00 to 300 mm – Context 1: 00 to 520 mm – @ 50 and 100 m medium brown sand with medium brown sand with medium brown sand with intervals) grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. Context 2 (Base): 300 to 850 Context 2: 300 to 800 mm – Munsell 10 YR 6/2, pH6. mm – medium orange-brown light brown friable sand Context 2: 520 to 1100 mm cemented sandy clay. Context 3: 800 to 1000 mm – – light brown friable sand No artefacts present mid brown friable sand becoming cemented with depth with frequent coffee Context 4 (Base): 1000 to rock inclusions. Munsell 10 1005 mm – medium orange- YR 7/3, pH 6. brown cemented clay. Context 3 (Base): 1100 to No artefacts present 1370 mm – medium orange- brown cemented clay. Munsell 10 YR 4/5, pH 6. Artefacts present H4 H5 H6 Context 1: 00 to 300 mm – Context 1: 00 to 220 mm – Context 1: 00 to 300 mm – medium brown sand with medium brown sand with medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. Munsell grass roots inclusions. Munsell grass roots inclusions. 10 YR 6/2, pH6. 10 YR 7/2, pH6. Munsell 10 YR 7/2, pH6. Context 2: 300 to 800 mm – Context 2: 220 to 850 mm – Context 2: 300 to 640 mm – mid greyish-brown friable light brown friable sand light brown friable sand sand. Munsell 10 YR 5/2, pH 6. becoming cemented with becoming cemented with Context 3: 800 to 1200 mm – depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee dark brown firm sand. Munsell rock inclusions. Munsell 10 YR rock inclusions. Munsell 10 10 YR 4/1, pH 6. 7/3, pH 6. YR 7/3, pH 6. Context 4 (Base): 1200 to Context 3 (Base): 850 to 1150 Context 3 (Base): 640 mm – 1250 mm – medium orange- mm – medium orange-brown medium orange-brown brown cemented clay. cemented sandy clay. Munsell cemented clay. Munsell 10 Munsell 10 YR 4/5, pH 6. 10 YR 4/5, pH 6. YR 4/5, pH 6. Artefacts present Artefacts present Artefacts present

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Transect Details STH Descriptions: Stratigraphy and Inclusions H7 H8 H9 Context 1: 00 to 300 mm – Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – Context 1: 00 to 300 mm – light brown sand with grass medium brown sand with medium brown sand with roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. Context 2 (Base): 300 to 350 Context 2: 350 to 450 mm – Context 2: 300 to 590 mm – mm – medium orange-brown light brown friable sand. light brown friable sand cemented clay. Context 3: 450 to 700 mm – becoming cemented with No artefacts present medium brown sand with depth with frequent coffee grass roots inclusions. rock inclusions. Context 4 (Base): 700 to 750 Context 3 (Base): 590 to 600 mm – medium orange-brown mm – medium orange- cemented clay. brown cemented clay. No artefacts present No artefacts present H10 H11 Context 1: 00 to 200 mm – Context 1: 00 to 290 mm – medium brown sand with medium brown sand with grass roots and gravel grass roots and gravel inclusions. inclusions. Context 2 (Base): 200 to 250 Context 2 (Base): 290 to 300 mm – medium o range-brown mm – medium orange-brown cemented clay. cemented clay. No artefacts present No artefacts present Transect I I1 I2 I3 4 STHs (500 x 500 mm @ Context 1: 00 to 400 mm – Context 1: 00 to 330 mm – Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – 50 m intervals) medium brown sand with medium brown sand with medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. Context 2: 400 to 640 mm – Context 2: 330 to 610 mm – Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – light brown friable sand light brown friable sand light brown friable sand becoming cemented with becoming cemented with becoming cemented with depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee rock inclusions. rock inclusions. rock inclusions. Context 3 (Base): 640 to 650 Context 3 (Base): 610 to 612 Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 mm – medium orange-brown mm – medium orange-brown mm – medium orange- cemented clay. cemented clay. brown cemented clay. No artefacts present No artefacts present No artefacts present I4 Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – light brown friable sand becoming cemented with depth with frequent coffee rock inclusions. Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 mm – medium orange-brown cemented clay. No artefacts present

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Transect Details STH Descriptions: Stratigraphy and Inclusions Transect J J1 J2 J3 8 STHs (500 x 500 mm @ Context 1: 00 to 150 mm – Context 1: 00 to 110 mm – Context 1: 00 to 210 mm – 50 and 100 m intervals) medium brown sand with medium brown sand with medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. Context 2: 150 to 300 mm – Context 2: 110 to 380 mm – Context 2: 210 to 480 mm – light brown friable sand light brown friable sand light brown friable sand becoming cemented with becoming cemented with becoming cemented with depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee rock inclusions. rock inclusions. rock inclusions. Context 3 (Base): 300 mm – Context 3 (Base): 380 mm – Context 3 (Base): 480 mm – medium orange-brown medium orange-brown medium orange-brown cemented clay. cemented clay. cemented clay. No artefacts present No artefacts present No artefacts present J4 J5 J6 Context 1: 00 to 170 mm – Context 1: 00 to 260 mm – Context 1: 00 to 490 mm – medium brown sand with medium brown sand with medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. Context 2: 170 to 310 mm – Context 2: 260 to 700 mm – Context 2: 490 to 870 mm – light brown friable sand light brown friable sand light brown friable sand becoming cemented with becoming cemented with becoming cemented with depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee rock inclusions. rock inclusions. rock inclusions. Context 3 (Base): 310 mm – Context 3 (Base): 700 to 710 Context 3 (Base): 870 mm – medium orange-brown mm – medium orange-brown medium orange-brown cemented clay. cemented clay. cemented clay. No artefacts present No artefacts present No artefacts present J7 J8 Context 1: 00 to 490 mm – Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – medium brown sand with medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions.. grass roots inclusions. Context 2: 490 to 780 mm – Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – light brown friable sand light brown friable sand becoming cemented with becoming cemented with depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee rock inclusions. rock inclusions. Context 3 (Base): 780 mm – Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 medium orange-brown mm – medium orange-brown cemented clay (undulating). cemented clay. No artefacts present No artefacts present

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Transect Details STH Descriptions: Stratigraphy and Inclusions Transect K K1 K2 K3 13 STHs (500 x 500 mm Context 1: 00 to 290 mm – Context 1: 00 to 210 mm – Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – @ 100 m intervals) medium brown sand with medium brown sand with medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. Context 2: 290 to 630 mm – Context 2: 210 to 520 mm – Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – light brown friable sand light brown friable sand light brown friable sand becoming cemented with becoming cemented with becoming cemented with depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee rock inclusions. rock inclusions. rock inclusions. Context 3 (Base): 630 mm – Context 3 (Base): 520 mm – Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 medium orange-brown medium orange-brown mm – medium orange- cemented clay. cemented clay. brown cemented clay. No artefacts present No artefacts present No artefacts present K4 K5 K6 Context 1: 00 to 240 mm – Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – medium brown sand with medium brown sand with medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. Context 2: 240 to 390 mm – Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – light brown friable sand light brown friable sand light brown friable sand becoming cemented with becoming cemented with becoming cemented with depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee rock inclusions. rock inclusions. rock inclusions. Context 3 (Base): 390 mm – Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 medium orange-brown mm – medium orange-brown mm – medium orange- cemented clay. cemented clay. brown cemented clay. No artefacts present No artefacts present No artefacts present K7 K8 K9 Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – medium brown sand with medium brown sand with medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – Munsell 10 YR 7/2, pH6. light brown friable sand light brown friable sand Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – becoming cemented with becoming cemented with light brown friable sand depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee becoming cemented with rock inclusions. rock inclusions. depth with frequent coffee Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 rock inclusions. Munsell 10 mm – medium orange-brown mm – medium orange-brown YR 7/3, pH 6. cemented clay. cemented clay. Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 No artefacts present No artefacts present mm – medium orange- brown cemented clay. Munsell 10 YR 4/5, pH 6. Artefacts present

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Transect Details STH Descriptions: Stratigraphy and Inclusions K10 K11 K12 Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – medium brown sand with medium brown sand with medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – light brown friable sand light brown friable sand light brown friable sand becoming cemented with becoming cemented with becoming cemented with depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee rock inclusions. rock inclusions. rock inclusions. Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 mm – medium orange-brown mm – medium orange-brown mm – medium orange- cemented clay. cemented clay. brown cemented clay. No artefacts present No artefacts present No artefacts present K13 Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – light brown friable sand becoming cemented with depth with frequent coffee rock inclusions. Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 mm – medium orange-brown cemented clay. No artefacts present Transect L L1 L2 L3 7 STHs (500 x 500 mm @ Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – Context 1: 00 to 400 mm – 100 m intervals) medium brown sand with medium brown sand with medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – Context 2 (Base): 400 to 450 light brown friable sand light brown friable sand mm – medium orange- becoming cemented with becoming cemented with brown cemented clay. depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee No artefacts present rock inclusions. rock inclusions. Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 mm – medium orange-brown mm – medium orange-brown cemented clay. cemented clay. No artefacts present No artefacts present

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Transect Details STH Descriptions: Stratigraphy and Inclusions L4 L5 L6 Context 1: 00 to 850 mm – Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – light brown friable sand medium brown sand with medium brown sand with becoming cemented with grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. depth with frequent coffee Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – rock inclusions. light brown friable sand light brown friable sand Context 3 (Base): 850 mm – becoming cemented with becoming cemented with medium orange-brown depth with frequent coffee depth with frequent coffee cemented clay. rock inclusions. rock inclusions. No artefacts present Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 mm – medium orange-brown mm – medium orange- cemented clay. brown cemented clay. No artefacts present No artefacts present L7 Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – light brown friable sand becoming cemented with depth with frequent coffee rock inclusions. Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 mm – medium orange-brown cemented clay. No artefacts present Transect M M1 M2 M3 7 STHs (500 x 500 mm @ Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – Context 1: 00 to 550 mm – Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – 50 and 100 m intervals) medium brown sand with medium brown sand with medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – Context 2 (Base): 550 to 600 Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – light brown friable sand mm – medium orange-brown light brown friable sand becoming cemented with cemented clay. becoming cemented with depth with frequent coffee No artefacts present depth with frequent coffee rock inclusions. rock inclusions. Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 mm – medium orange-brown mm – medium orange- cemented clay. brown cemented clay. No artefacts present No artefacts present

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Transect Details STH Descriptions: Stratigraphy and Inclusions M4 M5 M6 Context 1: 00 to 950 mm – Context 1: 00 to 1200 mm – Context 1: 00 to 200 mm – medium brown sand with medium brown sand with medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. Deposit grass roots inclusions. Context 2 (Base): 950 to 1000 becomes increasingly Context 2: 200 to 700 mm – mm – medium orange-brown cemented with depth. STH light brown friable sand cemented clay. terminated due to depth. becoming cemented with No artefacts present No artefacts present depth with frequent coffee rock inclusions. Context 3 (Base): 700 to 750 mm – medium orange- brown cemented clay. No artefacts present M7 Context 1: 00 to 300 mm – medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. Context 2: 300 to 1100 mm – light brown friable sand becoming cemented with depth with frequent coffee rock inclusions. Context 3 (Base): 1100 to 1105 mm – medium orange- brown cemented clay. No artefacts present Transect N N1 N2 N3 5 STHs (500 x 500 mm @ Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – Context 1: 00 to 250 mm – Context 1: 00 to 150 mm – 50 m intervals) medium brown sand with medium brown sand with medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. Highly grass roots inclusions. Context 3 (Base): 350 to 450 cemented deposit. Highly cemented deposit. mm – medium orange-brown Context 3 (Base): 250 to 300 Context 3 (Base): 150 to 200 cemented clay. mm – medium orange-brown mm – medium orange- No artefacts present cemented clay. brown cemented clay. No artefacts present No artefacts present N4 N5 Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – Context 1: 00 to 350 mm – medium brown sand with medium brown sand with grass roots inclusions. grass roots inclusions. Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – Context 2: 350 to 800 mm – light brown friable sand light brown friable sand becoming cemented with becoming cemented with depth.. Highly cemented depth. Highly cemented deposit. deposit. Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 Context 3 (Base): 800 to 850 mm – medium orange-brown mm – medium orange-brown cemented clay. cemented clay. No artefacts present No artefacts present

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7.4 Complex Assessment – Summary of Results and Conclusions

The landforms identified within the activity area; sandy rises, low-lying pains and creek banks were each tested during the excavation. A total of 93 shovel test holes (STH) measuring 500 x 500 mm, were excavated in 14 transects (Tables 10 and 11). The excavation located 22 artefacts from nine test holes (STP 01, H3, G2, D1, H5, H6, H4, C4 and K9). These artefacts are discussed in detail in Section 8 and artefact attributes are presented in Appendix 6. One surface artefact was identified during the excavation of Transect J. The silcrete artefact was identified between STH J3 and J4. The artefact was identified within a horse paddock, within the erosion from a rabbit burrow on a low-lying plain (Map 10). The complex assessment was limited for the following reasons; hot weather, sickness and heavy consultation with local landowners which combined to slow down excavation progress. The complex assessment will be updated after the field work is completed on 28 April 2017.

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MAPS

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Map 1: Location of Activity Area

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Map 2: Extent of Activity Area and Area of Sensitivity

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Map 3: Proposed Development Plan

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Map 4: Relevant Geographic Region

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Map 5: Geology

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Map 6: Geomorphology

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Map 7: Pre-1750 Ecological Vegetation Classes

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Map 8: Previously Recorded Aboriginal Archaeological Sites In and Around the Activity Area

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Map 9a: Standard Assessment Survey Results and Landform Types Identified

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Map 10b: Standard Assessment Survey Area and Areas of Archaeological Likelihood

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Map 10: Complex Assessment Preliminary Testing Results

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Appendix 1: Notice of Intent for a Cultural Heritage Management Plan

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Appendix 2: Heritage Legislation

A2.1 Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 The Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 protects Aboriginal cultural heritage in Victoria. A key part of the legislation is that Cultural Heritage Management Plans (CHMPs) are required to be prepared by Sponsors (the developer) and qualified Cultural Heritage Advisors in accordance with the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 and the accompanying Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007. A CHMP is the assessment of an area (known as an ‘activity area’) for Aboriginal cultural heritage values, the results of which form a report (the CHMP) which details the methodology of the assessment and sets out management recommendations and contingency measures to be undertaken before, during and after an activity (development) to manage and protect any Aboriginal cultural heritage present within the area examined. The preparation of a CHMP is mandatory under the following circumstances:  If the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 require a CHMP to be prepared (s. 47);

 If the Minister of Aboriginal Affairs Victoria requires a CHMP to be prepared (s. 48); or  If an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is required by the Environment Effects Act 1978 (s. 49). The Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007 require a CHMP to be prepared:

 If all or part of the proposed activity is a ‘high impact activity’; and  If all or part of the activity area is an area of ‘cultural heritage sensitivity’; and  If all or part of the activity area has not been subject to ‘significant ground disturbance’.

The preparation of a CHMP can also be undertaken voluntarily. Having an approved CHMP in place can reduce risk for a project during the construction phase by ensuring there are no substantial delays if sites happen to be found. Monitoring construction works is also rarely required if an approved CHMP is in place.

Approval of a CHMP is the responsibility of the Registered Aboriginal Party who evaluates the CHMP and then it is lodged with the Secretary of the Department of Planning and Community Development (DPCD) to take affect or, the Secretary of the DPCD (OAAV).3 They will be examining the CHMPs in detail with key points including:  Addressing whether harm to heritage can be avoided or minimised;  All assessments (including test excavations) must be completed before management decisions are formulated; and  Survey and excavation must be in accordance with proper archaeological practice and supervised by a person appropriately qualified in archaeology.

There are three types of CHMPs that may be prepared (The Guide to preparing a CHMP 2010). These are:  Desktop; Standard; and Complex.

3 In 2013, The DPCD was abolished and OAAV was transferred to the Department of the Premier and Cabinet (DPC). However the wording within the Act still retains reference to the Secretary of DPCD

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A desktop CHMP is a literature review. If the results of the desktop show it is reasonably possible that Aboriginal cultural heritage could be present in the activity area, a standard assessment will be required.

A standard assessment involves a literature review and a ground survey of the activity area. Where the results of ground survey undertaken during a standard assessment have identified Aboriginal cultural heritage within the activity area, soil and sediment testing, using an auger no larger than 12 cm in diameter, may be used to assist in defining the nature and extent of the identified Aboriginal cultural heritage (Regulation 59[4]). Where the results of ground survey undertaken during a standard assessment have identified Aboriginal cultural heritage within the activity area or areas which have the potential to contain Aboriginal cultural heritage subsurface, a complex assessment will be required. A complex assessment involves a literature review, a ground survey, and subsurface testing. Subsurface testing is the disturbance of all or part of the activity area or excavation of all or part of the activity area to uncover or discover evidence of Aboriginal cultural heritage (Regulation 62[1]). It is strongly advised that for further information relating to heritage management (e.g. audits, stop orders, inspectors, forms, evaluation fees, status of RAPs and penalties for breaching the Act) Sponsors should access the OAAV website (http://www.aboriginalaffairs.vic.gov.au/). The flow chart above also assists in explaining the process relating to CHMPs.

A2.2 Commonwealth Native Title Act 1993 Native Title describes the rights and interests of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in land and waters, according to their traditional laws and customs. In Australia, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people’s rights and interests in land were recognised in 1992 when the High Court delivered its historic judgment in the case of Mabo v the State of Queensland. This decision overturned the legal fiction that Australia upon colonisation was terra nullius (land belonging to no-one). It recognised for the first time that Indigenous Australians may continue to hold native title. Native Title rights may include the possession, use and occupation of traditional country. In some areas, native title may be a right of access to the area. It can also be the right for native title holders to participate in decisions about how others use their traditional land and waters. Although the content of native title is to be determined according to the traditional laws and customs of the title holders, there are some common characteristics. It may be possessed by a community, group, or individual depending on the content of the traditional laws and customs. It is inalienable (that is, it cannot be sold or transferred) other than by surrender to the Crown or pursuant to traditional laws and customs. Native Title is a legal right that can be protected, where appropriate, by legal action.

Native Title may exist in areas where it has not been extinguished (removed) by an act of government. It will apply to Crown land but not to freehold land. It may exist in areas such as:  Vacant (or unallocated) Crown land;

 Forests and beaches;  National parks and public reserves;

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 Some types of pastoral leases;  Land held by government agencies;

 Land held for Aboriginal communities;  Any other public or Crown lands; and/or  Oceans, seas, reefs, lakes, rivers, creeks, swamps and other waters that are not privately owned.

Native Title cannot take away anyone else’s valid rights, including owning a home, holding a pastoral lease or having a mining lease. Where native title rights and the rights of another person conflict the rights of the other person always prevail. When the public has the right to access places such as parks, recreation reserves and beaches, this right cannot be taken away by Native Title. Native Title does not give Indigenous Australians the right to veto any project. It does mean, however, that everyone’s rights and interests in land and waters have to be taken into account.

Indigenous people can apply to have their native title rights recognised by Australian law by filing a native title application (native title claim) with the Federal Court. Applications are required to pass a test to gain certain rights over the area covered in the application. The Native Title Tribunal (NNTT) was established to administer application processes. Once applications are registered, the NNTT will notify other people about the application and will invite them to become involved so all parties can try to reach an agreement that respects everyone's rights and interests. If the parties cannot agree, the NNTT refers the application to the Federal Court and the parties argue their cases before the Court. As a common law right, native title may exist over areas of Crown land or waters, irrespective of whether there are any native title claims or determinations in the area. Native Title will therefore be a necessary consideration when Government is proposing or permitting any activity on or relating to Crown land that may affect native title4. A2.3 Victorian Planning and Environment Act 1987

All municipalities in Victoria are covered by land use planning controls which are prepared and administered by State and local government authorities. The legislation governing such controls is the Planning and Environment Act 1987. Places of significance to a locality can be listed on a local planning scheme and protected by a Heritage Overlay (or other overlay where appropriate). Places of Aboriginal cultural heritage significance are not often included on local government planning schemes. A2.4 Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) provides a national framework for the protection of heritage and the environment and the conservation of biodiversity. The EPBC Act is administered by the Australian Government Department of the Environment (DoE). The Australian Heritage Council assesses whether or not a nominated place is appropriate for listing on either the National or Commonwealth Heritage Lists and makes a recommendation to the Minister on that basis. The

4 The information in this section was taken from the Department of Sustainability and Environment, Fact Sheet on Native Title, 2008

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Minister for the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts makes the final decision on listing. DoE also administers the Register of the National Estate.

The objectives of the EPBC Act are:  To provide for the protection of the environment, especially those aspects of the environment that are matters of national environmental significance;

 To promote ecologically sustainable development through the conservation and ecologically sustainable use of natural resources;  To promote the conservation of biodiversity;

 To provide for the protection and conservation of heritage;  To promote a cooperative approach to the protection and management of the environment involving governments, the community, land-holders and indigenous peoples;

 To assist in the cooperative implementation of Australia's international environmental responsibilities;  To recognise the role of indigenous people in the conservation and ecologically sustainable use of Australia's biodiversity; and  To promote the use of indigenous peoples' knowledge of biodiversity with the involvement of, and in cooperation with, the owners of the knowledge.

A2.5 Victorian Coroners Act 2008 The Victorian Coroners Act 2008 requires the reporting of certain deaths and the investigation of certain deaths and fires in Victoria by coroners to contribute to the reduction of preventable deaths. Of most relevance to heritage is the requirement for any “reportable death” to be reported to the police (s. 12[1]). The Coroners Act 2008 requires that the discovery of human remains in Victoria (s. 4[1]) of a person whose identity is unknown (s. 4[g]) must be reported to the police.

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Appendix 3: Archaeological Survey Attributes

ABORIGINAL CULTURAL HERITAGE PLACE ASSESSMENT: ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND EXCAVATION ATTRIBUTES FORM

Project Name: Drysdale Bypass CHMP Author/Consultant: Alison O’Connor Cultural Heritage Management Plan #: 13938 Cultural Heritage Permit #:N/A

Survey Attributes Survey Date: 02.11.2015 Ground Surface Visibility: 05% Actual Survey Coverage (m2): 20 Effective Survey Coverage (m2): 05 Survey Spacing (m): 4 Transect Width (m): N/A Number in Crew: 4 Landform: sandy rises and low-lying plains Vegetation: introduced Disturbance: residential

Survey Method Survey Design Sample Survey Type

 Pedestrian  Opportunistic  Area  Surface  Remote sensing (specify)  Random  Transect  Systematic  Locality  Stratified  Haphazard  Other  Other

Excavation method Excavation Date: 16.11.2015 to #.#.2016 Area Excavated: 00% Excavation Spacing (m): 00 Transect Width (m): 00 Number in Crew: 4 Test Trench Size (m): 1 x 1 m or 50 cm Depth (m): 1200mm

Excavation Method Excavation Design Sample

 Manual  Uncontrolled  Opportunistic  Area  Mechanical Excavation  Random  Transect  Auger (e.g. shovel pit)  Systematic  Locality  Monitoring  Stratified  Haphazard  Controlled  Other  Other Excavation

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Appendix 4: Coordinates, Station, Back Site, Stratigraphic Test Pits and Shovel Test Holes

Table A4.1: Datum and Back-site Coordinates

Easting Northing Datum Height Back- Back-site Back-site Back-site (GDA 94, (GDA 94, Zone Date Name (m) site # Height (m) Direction Description Zone 55) 55) Back-site 1 E287280.7537 N5770608.521 0.845 90 Fence post Back-site 2 E287918.0542 N5771260.536 1.050 90 Fence post Back site 3 E288304.6128 N5772802.736 4.34 90 Fence post Station 1 E287317.1102 N5770592.278 16.11.15 1.590 1

Station 2 E287897.4421 N5771261.736 01.12.15 1.7 2

Station 3 E288276.1798 N5772791.537 03.12.15 1.73 3

Table A4.2: Stratigraphic Test Pit (STP) 01 Coordinates

Easting Northing STP01 S/W Corner N/W Corner N/E Corner S/E Corner (GDA 94, Zone (GDA 94, Zone Size (e.g. 1 x 1 m) (m) (m) (m) (m) 55) 55) South / West E287327.0299 N 5770598.962 Corner Station 1 E287317.1102 N5770592.278 Surface 1.945 1.989 1.975 1.981 Base of spit 1 2.050 2.045 2.055 2.050

Base of spit 2 2.142 2.160 2.163 2.160

Base of spit 3 2.234 2.261 2.282 2.253 Base of spit 4 2.328 2.350 2.381 2.356 Base of spit 5 2.430 2.445 2.461 2.440 Base of spit 6 2.469 2.495 2.502 2.491

Table A4.3: Stratigraphic Test Pit (STP) 02 Coordinates

Easting Northing STP02 S/W Corner N/W Corner N/E Corner S/E Corner (GDA 94, Zone (GDA 94, Zone Size (e.g. 1 x 1 m) (m) (m) (m) (m) 55) 55) South / West E287891.9653 N5771258.579 Corner Station 2 E287897.4421 N5771261.736 Surface 1.462 1.475 1.492 1.452 Base of spit 1 1.615 1.660 1.669 1.653 Base of spit 2 1.770 1.818 1.819 1.820

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Table A4.3: Stratigraphic Test Pit (STP) 03 Coordinates

Easting Northing STP03 S/W Corner N/W Corner N/E Corner S/E Corner (GDA 94, Zone (GDA 94, Zone Size (e.g. 1 x 1 m) (m) (m) (m) (m) 55) 55) South / West E288287.5355 N5772791.141 Corner Station 3 E288276.1798 N5772791.537 Surface 2.220 2.340 2.380 2.270 Base of spit 1 2.340 2.420 2.480 2.390 Base of spit 2 2.430 2.560 2.690 2.410

Table A4.3: Shovel and Radial Test Hole Coordinates

Shovel Test Pit Number Easting (GDA 94, Zone 55) Northing (GDA 94, Zone 55) A1 287280.7537 5770608.521 A2 287237.6424 5770619.641 A3 287186.734 5770628.389 A4 287140.3522 5770631.595 A5 287083.9784 5770636.54 A6 287039.8657 5770627.418 B7 287044.9162 5770681.19 B6 287085.1893 5770681.942 B5 287136.5818 5770679.297 B4 287186.4345 5770664.356 B3 287234.2394 5770663.627 B2 287284.4332 5770656.798 B1 287333.4169 5770650.753 C1 287339.6858 5770700.394 C2 287288.9692 5770707.945 D1 287345.1818 5770749.095 D2 287295.5365 5770756.873 C3 287240.2594 5770715.036 D3 287246.6023 5770773.871 D4 287196.7047 5770770.387 C4 287196.2441 5770722.601 D5 287145.3931 5770777.631 C5 287140.7047 5770727.465 C6 287095.5605 5770731.942 C7 287042.3891 5770750.368

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Shovel Test Pit Number Easting (GDA 94, Zone 55) Northing (GDA 94, Zone 55) E1 287317.4989 5770537.925 E2 287267.0079 5770546.41 E3 287219.0287 5770553.536 E4 287171.0186 5770559.787 E5 287122.1992 5770567.016 F3 287066.7123 5770531.521 F4 287016.8248 5770536.773 G2 287010.5073 5770489.792 G1 287060.7999 5770483.24 F2 287116.7856 5770526.737 F1 287165.7362 5770521.124 E6 287070.4421 5770573.832 E7 287022.5114 5770579.957 H1 286831.8618 5770601.163 H2 286682.9558 5770594.768 H3 286634.0337 5770596.776 H4 286583.0836 5770601.249 H5 286533.418 5770603.177 H6 286483.7285 5770607.391 H7 286433.6128 5770610.409 H8 286383.742 5770613.713 H9 286111.929 5770672.342 H10 285939.2071 5770677.545 H11 285897.3078 5770682.705 I1 285311.9943 5770907.342 I2 285361.3438 5770898.641 J2 285352.1841 5770855.596 J1 285310.9471 5770858.272 J1 287388.1242 5770785.057 J2 287452.0261 5770825.342 SURF ART1 287561.0084 5770891.894 J3 287554.4212 5770894.265 J4 287632.0359 5770958.247 J5 287669.661 5770996.296 J6 287702.3929 5771032.528 J7 287737.8253 5771068.149

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Shovel Test Pit Number Easting (GDA 94, Zone 55) Northing (GDA 94, Zone 55) J8 287772.83 5771105.554 K3 288010.535 5771523.28 K2 287988.3739 5771433.316 K1 287946.5761 5771345.448 K4 288042.4602 5771619.244 K5 288082.4849 5771615.981 K6 288080.3809 5771703.239 K7 288117.6357 5771696.444 K8 288108.5533 5771804.74 K9 288125.0611 5771905.058 K10 288132.4539 5771986.068 K11 288235.0985 5771971.659 K12 288223.659 5771894.438 K13 288146.2074 5772068.385 L1 288166.5964 5772122.938 L2 288167.0584 5772208.01 L3 288184.7384 5772319.035 L3 288200.7469 5772400.853 L4 288211.4497 5772500.41 L6 288228.4308 5772611.255 L7 288245.0467 5772698.815 M1 288295.0596 5773026.197 M2 288272.565 5772974.699 M3 288293.1155 5772878.151 M4 288247.5017 5772881.944 M5 288288.776 5772837.293 M6 288240.4218 5772841.435 M8 288234.4017 5772796.146 N1 288324.0725 5773106.718 N2 288271.5913 5773119.254 N4 288279.338 5773173.456 N5 288324.5236 5773174.087 N3 288289.0328 5773235.047

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Appendix 5: Site Gazetteer

Table A5.1: Site Gazetteer

Primary Grid Cultural Coordinate Site Name &Number Site Type Landform Heritage Significance (GDA 94, Zone 55)

Andersons Road 1 E287327.0299/ N Artefact Scatter Sandy Rise High VAHR 7921-#### 5770598.962

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Appendix 6: Artefact Attributes

Table A6.1: Artefact Attributes

DEPTH ID TP STH SPIT ARTEFACT CLASS RAW MAT L W T MAX % CORT WEIGHT (mm) 1 STP01 2 100-200 ANGULAR FRAGMENT QUARTZITE 40 19 12 39.7 0 9.21 2 STP01 3 COMPLETE FLAKE SILCRETE 14 25 13 33.4 0 4.69

3 STP01 3 300-400 COMPLETE FLAKE QUARTZITE 19 34 7 33.8 0 3.68 4 STP01 3 300-400 DEBRIS FLAKE QUARTZITE 6 11 3 12.6 0 0.21 5 STP01 3 300-400 DISTAL FLAKE QUARTZ 10 5 2 10.3 0 0.11 6 STP01 3 300-400 DISTAL FLAKE QUARTZ 10 9 5 14.7 0 0.63 7 STP01 3 300-400 COMPLETE FLAKE QUARTZ 20 9 6 21.7 0 1.5 8 STP01 4 400-500 DISTAL FLAKE QUARTZ 8 5 4 11 0 0.2 9 STP01 4 400-500 COMPLETE FLAKE QUARTZ 22 17 5 26.2 0 2.67 800- 10 H3 COMPLETE FLAKE QUARTZITE 28 19 7 30.5 0 3.93 1100 900- 11 G2 MEDIAL FLAKE QUARTZ 9 17 4 17.6 0 0.69 1100 12 D1 400-500 COMPLETE FLAKE QUARTZ 30 26 16 34.4 100 17.49

13 H5 500-700 SPLIT FLAKE QUARTZ 15 5 2 15 0 0.19

14 H5 500-700 COMPLETE FLAKE QUARTZ 14 19 6 20.4 0 2.25

15 H6 300-380 MEDIAL FLAKE QUARTZITE 9 16 4 18.9 0 0.74

16 H6 300-380 DEBRIS FLAKE QUARTZITE 9 5 2 9.2 0 0.08

17 H6 300-380 DISTAL FLAKE QUARTZITE 8 6 1 7.9 0 0.07

18 H6 300-380 DEBRIS FLAKE QUARTZITE 14 22 5 25.3 0 1.3

19 H6 300-380 DEBRIS FLAKE QUARTZITE 15 10 3 17.2 0 0.55

20 H4 800 DEBRIS FLAKE QUARTZ 14 6 3 13.5 0 0.22

21 H4 750 CORE FLAKE QUARTZITE 37 36 11 41.7 0 16.83

22 C4 400-500 COMPLETE FLAKE QUARTZITE 14 15 4 19.6 0 1.13

23 K9 100 DEBRIS FLAKE QUARTZ 11 8 4 11.5 0 0.35

24 SURFACE UTILISED FLAKE QUARTZITE 53 30 5 64 0 N/A

25 SURFACE DEBRIS FLAKE SILCRETE 7 11 3 11.2 0 N/A

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Appendix 7: Glossary

Items highlighted in bold italics in the definition are defined elsewhere in the glossary.

Acronym Description An area assessed by a Cultural Heritage Advisor as having potential for containing either Aboriginal Cultural surface or subsurface Aboriginal archaeological deposits. This term is used in this report to Heritage Likelihood differentiate between legislated areas of cultural heritage sensitivity and areas considered by an archaeologist to be sensitive. A location containing Aboriginal cultural heritage, e.g. Artefact scatter, isolated artefact, scarred Aboriginal Site tree, shell midden, whether or not the site is registered in the VAHR, cf. Aboriginal cultural heritage place. An artefact which has technologically diagnostic features but has no discernible ventral or Angular Fragment dorsal surface and hence is unidentifiable as either a flake or a core Area Of Cultural An area specified as an area of cultural heritage sensitivity in Division 3 or Division 4 of Part 2 of Heritage Sensitivity the Aboriginal Heritage Regulations 2007. Stone artefact scatters consist of more than one stone artefact. Activities associated with this site type include stone tool production, hunting and gathering or domestic sites associated Artefact Scatter with campsites. Stone artefacts may be flakes of stone, cores (flakes are removed from the stone cores) or tools. Some scatters may also contain other material such as charcoal, bone, shell and ochre. The name given to encompass the entire collection of artefacts recovered by archaeologists, Assemblage invariably classified into diagnostic items used to describe the material culture. When one margin of a flake is retouched at a steep angle, and that margin is opposite a sharp Backed edge. The steep margin is formed by bi-polar or hammer and anvil knapping. Also used to describe artefacts with backing, e.g. Backed artefact. A class of artefact employed by archaeologists to describe artefacts which are backed. Backed Artefact Sometimes divided into elouera, bondi point, microlith and geometric. A flaking technique where the object to be reduced is rested on an anvil and struck. This Bipolar process is identified by flakes with platform angles close to 90 degrees as well as apparent initiation from both ends. Some crushing may also be visible. Aboriginal communities strongly associate burial sites with a connection to country and are opposed to disturbance of burials or their associated sites. General considerations for the presence of burial sites are the suitability of Subsurface deposits for digging purposes; with soft Burials soil and sand being the most likely. They are more likely near water courses or in dunes near old lake beds or near the coast. Burials are often located near other sites such as oven mounds, shell middens or artefact scatters. Chert A cryptocrystalline siliceous sedimentary stone. CHMP Cultural Heritage Management Plan. A plan prepared under the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006. An artefact which has technologically diagnostic features. Generally this class of artefact has only negative scars from flake removal, and thus no ventral surface, however, for the purposes Core of this research core has been employed to encompass those artefacts which were technically flakes but served the function of a core (ie. The provider of flakes). The weathered outer portion of a stone, often somewhat discoloured and coarser compared Cortex with the unweathered raw material. Decortications The process of removing cortex from a stone (generally by flaking).

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Acronym Description The ploughing of soil using a ripper or subsoil cultivation tool to a depth of 60 cm or more (see Deep Ripping significant ground disturbance). Department of Environment and Primary Industries. The Victorian State Government DEPI department responsible for management of natural heritage in Victoria. Department of the Premier and Cabinet. The Victorian State Government department, of which DPC OAAV is a part, responsible for management of Aboriginal cultural heritage in Victoria. Department of the Environment. The Commonwealth Government department responsible for DoE management of heritage sites on the World, National or Commonwealth Heritage lists. Department of Transport, Planning and Local Infrastructure. The Victorian State Government DTPLI department, of which HV is a part, responsible for management of historical heritage in Victoria. Flake An artefact which has technologically diagnostic features and a ventral surface. An activity specified as a high impact activity in Division 5 of Part 2 of the Aboriginal Heritage High Impact Activity Regulations 2007. Heritage Victoria. A division of DTPLI responsible for management of historical heritage in HV Victoria. Isolated finds refer to a single artefact. These artefacts may have been dropped or discarded by its owner once it was of no use. This site type can also be indicative of further subsurface Isolated Finds Or archaeological deposits. These site types can be found anywhere within the landscape, Artefacts however, they are more likely to occur within contexts with the same favourable characteristics for stone artefact scatter sites. Low Density Artefact Distribution. A category of Aboriginal Place type in the VAHR comprising LDAD single stone artefacts and/or distributions of multiple stone artefacts at concentrations of less than 10 artefacts in a 10 x 10 m area. Manuport An object which has been carried by humans to the site. Office of Aboriginal Affairs Victoria. A division of DPC responsible for management of Aboriginal OAAV cultural heritage in Victoria. Dimension measured according to the following criteria: The length of the flake from the platform, at 90˚ to force indicators such as ring-crack, bulb of percussion, force ripples and Oriented Length striations, to the opposing end. Where there were an insufficient number of features present to take this measurement, such as when the flake was broken, this variable was not recorded (sometimes referred to as percussion length). Dimension measured at 90˚and bisecting the oriented width dimension. This was done from Oriented Thickness the ventral surface to the dorsal surface (sometimes referred to as percussion thickness). Dimension measured at 90˚and bisecting the oriented length dimension. This was done from one margin to the other. As this measurement and oriented thickness, both rely on oriented Oriented Width length, these were not recorded where the oriented length was not recorded (sometimes referred to as percussion width). Procurement The process of obtaining raw material for reduction. Stone quarries were used to procure the raw material for making stone tools. Quarries are rocky outcrops that usually have evidence of scars from flaking, crushing and battering the Quarries rock. There may be identifiable artefacts near or within the site such as unfinished tools, hammer stones, anvils and grinding stones. Quartz A crystalline form of silica.

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Acronym Description Registered Aboriginal Party. An Aboriginal organisation with responsibilities relating to the RAP management of Aboriginal cultural heritage for a specified area of Victoria under the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006. Raw Material The kind of stone the artefacts were manufactured from. The process of removing stone flakes from another pieces of stone. Generally this is performed Reduction by striking (hard hammer percussion) one rock with another to remove a flake. Registered Cultural An Aboriginal site recorded in the VAHR, cf. Aboriginal site. Heritage Place Retouch is when a flake is removed after the manufacture of the original flake. This sequence can be observed when a flake scar is present and encroaches over the ventral surface and thus Retouch must have been made after the initial flake removal. Recorded whether retouch was absent or present on the artefact. A concave area in a cliff where the cliff overhangs; or a concave area in a tor where the tor Rock Shelter overhangs; or a shallow cave, where the height of the concave area is generally greater than its depth. It is known that the wood and bark of trees have been used for a variety of purposes, such as carrying implements, shield or canoes. The removal of this raw material from a tree produces a ‘scar’. The identification of a scar associated with aboriginal custom as opposed to natural Scarred Trees scarring can be difficult. The scar should be of a certain size and shape to be identifiable with its product; the tree should also be mature in age, from a time that aboriginal people were still active in the area. Disturbance of topsoil or surface rock layer of the ground or a waterway by machinery in the Significant Ground course of grading, excavating, digging, dredging or deep ripping, but does not include ploughing Disturbance other than deep ripping. A silicified sedimentary stone, often with fine inclusions or grains in a cryptocrystalline matrix. Because of the nature of the grains in silcrete (a hindrance in knapping/flaking predictability) the stone is sometimes heat treated. This exposure to heat can be identified by the presence of pot-lidding as well as a ‘lustre’ to the stone which is otherwise absent in the stones’ natural Silcrete state. Exposure to sufficient heat homogenises the stone matrix and improves the knapping (flake path) predictive potential (Crabtree & Butler 1964; Mandeville and Flenniken 1974; Purdy 1974; Domanski and Webb 1992; Hiscock 1993; Domanski et al. 1994). Similar to indurated mudstone, it has also been demonstrated that silcrete from the hunter valley often turns a red colour after being exposed to heat (Rowney 1992; Mercieca 2000). Stone arrangements are places where Aboriginal people have deliberately positioned stones to form shapes or patterns. They are often known to have ceremonial significance. They can be Stone Arrangements found where there are many boulders, such as volcanic areas and are often large in size, measuring over five metres in width. The study of the processes (both natural and cultural) which affect the deposition and Taphonomy preservation of both the artefacts and the site itself. A form of artefact analysis which is based upon the knapping/ manufacturing process, Technology commonly used to subsequently infer behaviour patterns, cultural-selection and responses to raw material or the environment. A conceptual class of artefact employed to describe small rounded retouched flakes with steep Thumbnail scraper margins (based on the classification by Mulvaney and Kamminga 1999). Victorian Aboriginal Heritage Register. A register of Aboriginal cultural heritage places VAHR maintained by OAAV.

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Acronym Description Victorian Heritage Inventory. A register of places and objects in Victoria identified as historical archaeological sites, areas or relics, and all private collections of artefacts, maintained by HV. VHI Sites listed on the VHI are not of State significance but are usually of regional or local significance. Listing on the VHR provides statutory protection for that a site, except in the case where a site has been “D-listed”. Victorian Heritage Register. A register of the State’s most significant heritage places and VHR objects, maintained by HV. Listing on the VHR provides statutory protection for that a site.

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REFERENCES

Abele, C. 1977. Geological Survey Report: Explanatory Notes on the Queenscliff 1:250,000 Geological Map. Mines Department of Victoria. Barwick, D. E., 1984. Mapping the Past: An Atlas of Victorian Clans 1835-1904. Aboriginal History 8: 100-131. Barwon Bluff Marine Sanctuary, 2012. http://www.barwonbluff.com.au/koorie/Game.htm, accessed on 9 May 2012. Broome, R., 2005. Aboriginal Victorians: A History since 1800. Allen & Unwin, NSW. Bullers, R. and MacManus, T. Foreshore Beach Access Track and Erosion Control Works, Clifton Springs, Victoria: Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Management Plan. Unpublished report to the City of Greater Geelong. Cavanagh, T., Robb, K. and Freedman, D., 2014. Griggs Creek Rehabilitation, Clifton Springs, Victoria: Cultural Heritage Management Plan 11829. Unpublished report to the City of Greater Geelong. Clark, I. D. 1990. Aboriginal languages and Clans: An Historical Atlas of Western and Central Victoria, 1800- 1900, Number 37. Department of Geography and Environmental Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria. DEPI 2014. http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/landform_geomorphological _framework. Accessed 22 August 2014.

DTPLI, 2014. Planning Schemes. http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/planningschemes. Accessed 22 August 2014. Flood, J. 1995. Archaeology of the Dreamtime. Angus & Robertson, Sydney. Gott, B. and Conran, J., 1991. Victorian Koorie Plants: Some Plants used by Victorian Koories for Food, Fibre, Medicines and Implements. Yangennanock Women’s Group, Aboriginal Keeping Place, Victoria. Hewitt, G. and Allen, J., 2010. Site Disturbance and Archaeological Integrity: the Case of Bend Road, an Open Site in Melbourne Spanning Pre-LGM Pleistocene and Late Holocene Periods. Australian Archaeology, 70: 1-16. Howitt, A. W., 2001. The Native Tribes of South-East Australia. Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra. Leubbers and Associates, 1998. Archaeological Investigation, Clifton Springs, Bellarine Peninsula, Victoria. Unpublished report to City of Greater Geelong. Marshall, B., 1997. Aboriginal Archaeological Investigations at McLeods Water Hole. Unpublished report to City of Greater Geelong by Austral Heritage Consultants.

Marshall, B. 2009. Construction of a Shared Pathway at Lake Lorne, Drysdale. Unpublished report to City of Greater Geelong. Marshall, B. and Webb, C., 2007. Clifton Springs Coastal Management Plan: Cultural Heritage Issues: A Desktop Investigation. Unpublished Report to Thompson Berrill Landscape Design Pty Ltd by TerraCulture Pty Ltd.

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Massola, A. 1959. History of the Coast Tribe. Victorian Naturalist, 76: 180. Paynter, N., 2005. Report on an Archaeological Survey of a Proposed Residential Development Coriyule Road, Drysdale. Unpublished report to Watson Pty Ltd. Presland, G. 1997. Aboriginal Melbourne: The Lost Land of the Kulin People. McPhee Gribble Publishers, Melbourne.

Presland, G., 2010. First People: The Eastern Kulin of Melbourne, Port Phillip and Central Victoria. Museum Victoria, Melbourne. Richards, T., Pavlides, C., Walshe, K., Webber, H. and Johnston, R. 2007. Box Gully: new evidence for Aboriginal occupation of Australia south of the Murray River prior to the Last Glacial Maximum. Archaeology in Oceania 42 (1): 1-11. Spreadborough, R. and Anderson, H. 1983. Victorian Squatters. Red Rooster Press, Ascot Vale.

TerraCulture Pty Ltd, 2003. An Archaeological Survey 74-80 Wyndham Street Drysdale. Unpublished report to Grant St Quentin. TerraCulture Pty Ltd, 2005. An Archaeological Survey at Newcombe Street Drysdale. Unpublished report to Vautier Phipps. Thompson Berrill Landscape Design Pty Ltd in association with Mark Trengove Ecological Services and TerraCulture Pty Ltd. 2008. Clifton Springs Coastal Management Plan Final. Unpublished report to the City of Greater Geelong. Toscano, M. 2012. 206 Bayshore Avenue, Curlewis Bayswater Estate Foreshore Park. Unpublished report to TGM.

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Weaver, F., 2002. Crown Allotments 6A and 7A, Parish of Bellarine, Princess Street Drysdale, Bellarine Peninsula: A Survey for Archaeological Sites. Unpublished report to Grant St Quentin Surveyors. Wynd, I., 1988. Balla-Wein: A History of the Shire of Bellarine. Shire of Bellarine, Drysdale, Vic.

Maps and Images Geelong Heritage Centre (GHC), Soho, Drysdale, c.1910, GRS no 2009/00038.

State Library of Victoria (SLV), Bellarine, County of Grant / photo-lithographed at the Department of Lands and Survey, Melbourne, by J. Noone 16.2.87, image no dq200018. SLV, Bellarine, County of Grant / drawn and reproduced at the Department of Lands and Survey, Melbourne, 1952, image no dq200262. SLV, Allotments, Town of Drysdale, Parish of Bellarine, County of Grant, photo-lithographed at the Department of Lands and Survey, Melbourne, by W.J. Butson, 1917, image no dq006986.

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Vanden Berg, A.H.M. 1997. Queenscliff 1:250,000 Geological Map. Department of Natural Resources and Environment.

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