Supplement Materials Table S1. the Top15 Terms for Genetic Association
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Deregulated Gene Expression Pathways in Myelodysplastic Syndrome Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Leukemia (2010) 24, 756–764 & 2010 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0887-6924/10 $32.00 www.nature.com/leu ORIGINAL ARTICLE Deregulated gene expression pathways in myelodysplastic syndrome hematopoietic stem cells A Pellagatti1, M Cazzola2, A Giagounidis3, J Perry1, L Malcovati2, MG Della Porta2,MJa¨dersten4, S Killick5, A Verma6, CJ Norbury7, E Hellstro¨m-Lindberg4, JS Wainscoat1 and J Boultwood1 1LRF Molecular Haematology Unit, NDCLS, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK; 2Department of Hematology Oncology, University of Pavia Medical School, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; 3Medizinische Klinik II, St Johannes Hospital, Duisburg, Germany; 4Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; 5Department of Haematology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, UK; 6Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA and 7Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK To gain insight into the molecular pathogenesis of the the World Health Organization.6,7 Patients with refractory myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), we performed global gene anemia (RA) with or without ringed sideroblasts, according to expression profiling and pathway analysis on the hemato- poietic stem cells (HSC) of 183 MDS patients as compared with the the French–American–British classification, were subdivided HSC of 17 healthy controls. The most significantly deregulated based on the presence or absence of multilineage dysplasia. In pathways in MDS include interferon signaling, thrombopoietin addition, patients with RA with excess blasts (RAEB) were signaling and the Wnt pathways. Among the most signifi- subdivided into two categories, RAEB1 and RAEB2, based on the cantly deregulated gene pathways in early MDS are immuno- percentage of bone marrow blasts. -
Gene Symbol Gene Description ACVR1B Activin a Receptor, Type IB
Table S1. Kinase clones included in human kinase cDNA library for yeast two-hybrid screening Gene Symbol Gene Description ACVR1B activin A receptor, type IB ADCK2 aarF domain containing kinase 2 ADCK4 aarF domain containing kinase 4 AGK multiple substrate lipid kinase;MULK AK1 adenylate kinase 1 AK3 adenylate kinase 3 like 1 AK3L1 adenylate kinase 3 ALDH18A1 aldehyde dehydrogenase 18 family, member A1;ALDH18A1 ALK anaplastic lymphoma kinase (Ki-1) ALPK1 alpha-kinase 1 ALPK2 alpha-kinase 2 AMHR2 anti-Mullerian hormone receptor, type II ARAF v-raf murine sarcoma 3611 viral oncogene homolog 1 ARSG arylsulfatase G;ARSG AURKB aurora kinase B AURKC aurora kinase C BCKDK branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase BMPR1A bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IA BMPR2 bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type II (serine/threonine kinase) BRAF v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 BRD3 bromodomain containing 3 BRD4 bromodomain containing 4 BTK Bruton agammaglobulinemia tyrosine kinase BUB1 BUB1 budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1 homolog (yeast) BUB1B BUB1 budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1 homolog beta (yeast) C9orf98 chromosome 9 open reading frame 98;C9orf98 CABC1 chaperone, ABC1 activity of bc1 complex like (S. pombe) CALM1 calmodulin 1 (phosphorylase kinase, delta) CALM2 calmodulin 2 (phosphorylase kinase, delta) CALM3 calmodulin 3 (phosphorylase kinase, delta) CAMK1 calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I CAMK2A calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) II alpha CAMK2B calcium/calmodulin-dependent -
PERK Antibody / EIF2AK3 (RQ4206)
PERK Antibody / EIF2AK3 (RQ4206) Catalog No. Formulation Size RQ4206 0.5mg/ml if reconstituted with 0.2ml sterile DI water 100 ug Bulk quote request Availability 1-3 business days Species Reactivity Human, Mouse, Rat Format Antigen affinity purified Clonality Polyclonal (rabbit origin) Isotype Rabbit IgG Purity Antigen affinity purified Buffer Lyophilized from 1X PBS with 2% Trehalose and 0.025% sodium azide UniProt Q9NZJ5 Applications Western Blot : 0.5-1ug/ml Flow cytometry : 1-3ug/10^6 cells Direct ELISA : 0.1-0.5ug/ml Limitations This PERK antibody is available for research use only. Western blot testing of human 1) HeLa, 2) COLO320, 3) A549, 4) SK-OV-3, 5) A431, 6) rat brain and 7) mouse brain lysate with PERK antibody at 0.5ug/ml. Predicted molecular weight ~125 kDa, observed here at ~140 kDa. Flow cytometry testing of human HepG2 cells with PERK antibody at 1ug/10^6 cells (blocked with goat sera); Red=cells alone, Green=isotype control, Blue= PERK antibody. Description Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3, also known as protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the EIF2AK3 gene. The protein encoded by this gene phosphorylates the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation-initiation factor 2, leading to its inactivation, and thus to a rapid reduction of translational initiation and repression of global protein synthesis. This protein is thought to modulate mitochondrial function. It is a type I membrane protein located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it is induced by ER stress caused by malfolded proteins. -
Reframing Psychiatry for Precision Medicine
Reframing Psychiatry for Precision Medicine Elizabeth B Torres 1,2,3* 1 Rutgers University Department of Psychology; [email protected] 2 Rutgers University Center for Cognitive Science (RUCCS) 3 Rutgers University Computer Science, Center for Biomedicine Imaging and Modelling (CBIM) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: (011) +858-445-8909 (E.B.T) Supplementary Material Sample Psychological criteria that sidelines sensory motor issues in autism: The ADOS-2 manual [1, 2], under the “Guidelines for Selecting a Module” section states (emphasis added): “Note that the ADOS-2 was developed for and standardized using populations of children and adults without significant sensory and motor impairments. Standardized use of any ADOS-2 module presumes that the individual can walk independently and is free of visual or hearing impairments that could potentially interfere with use of the materials or participation in specific tasks.” Sample Psychiatric criteria from the DSM-5 [3] that does not include sensory-motor issues: A. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, as manifested by the following, currently or by history (examples are illustrative, not exhaustive, see text): 1. Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity, ranging, for example, from abnormal social approach and failure of normal back-and-forth conversation; to reduced sharing of interests, emotions, or affect; to failure to initiate or respond to social interactions. 2. Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction, ranging, for example, from poorly integrated verbal and nonverbal communication; to abnormalities in eye contact and body language or deficits in understanding and use of gestures; to a total lack of facial expressions and nonverbal communication. -
ACVR1 Antibody Cat
ACVR1 Antibody Cat. No.: 4791 Western blot analysis of ACVR1 in A549 cell lysate with ACVR1 antibody at 1 μg/mL in (A) the absence and (B) the presence of blocking peptide. Specifications HOST SPECIES: Rabbit SPECIES REACTIVITY: Human, Mouse HOMOLOGY: Predicted species reactivity based on immunogen sequence: Bovine: (100%), Rat: (93%) ACVR1 antibody was raised against a 14 amino acid synthetic peptide near the amino terminus of the human ACVR1. IMMUNOGEN: The immunogen is located within the first 50 amino acids of ACVR1. TESTED APPLICATIONS: ELISA, WB ACVR1 antibody can be used for detection of ACVR1 by Western blot at 1 μg/mL. APPLICATIONS: Antibody validated: Western Blot in human samples. All other applications and species not yet tested. At least four isoforms of ACVR1 are known to exist. This antibody is predicted to have no SPECIFICITY: cross-reactivity to ACVR1B or ACVR1C. POSITIVE CONTROL: 1) Cat. No. 1203 - A549 Cell Lysate Properties October 1, 2021 1 https://www.prosci-inc.com/acvr1-antibody-4791.html PURIFICATION: ACVR1 Antibody is affinity chromatography purified via peptide column. CLONALITY: Polyclonal ISOTYPE: IgG CONJUGATE: Unconjugated PHYSICAL STATE: Liquid BUFFER: ACVR1 Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide. CONCENTRATION: 1 mg/mL ACVR1 antibody can be stored at 4˚C for three months and -20˚C, stable for up to one STORAGE CONDITIONS: year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures. Additional Info OFFICIAL SYMBOL: ACVR1 ACVR1 Antibody: FOP, ALK2, SKR1, TSRI, ACTRI, ACVR1A, ACVRLK2, Activin receptor type-1, ALTERNATE NAMES: Activin receptor type I, ACTR-I ACCESSION NO.: NP_001096 PROTEIN GI NO.: 4501895 GENE ID: 90 USER NOTE: Optimal dilutions for each application to be determined by the researcher. -
Systematic Screening for Potential Therapeutic Targets in Osteosarcoma Through a Kinome-Wide CRISPR-Cas9 Library
Cancer Biol Med 2020. doi: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0162 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Systematic screening for potential therapeutic targets in osteosarcoma through a kinome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 library Yuanzhong Wu*, Liwen Zhou*, Zifeng Wang, Xin Wang, Ruhua Zhang, Lisi Zheng, Tiebang Kang Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China ABSTRACT Objective: Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor. However, the survival of patients with osteosarcoma has remained unchanged during the past 30 years, owing to a lack of efficient therapeutic targets. Methods: We constructed a kinome-targeting CRISPR-Cas9 library containing 507 kinases and 100 nontargeting controls and screened the potential kinase targets in osteosarcoma. The CRISPR screening sequencing data were analyzed with the Model-based Analysis of Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout (MAGeCK) Python package. The functional data were applied in the 143B cell line through lenti-CRISPR-mediated gene knockout. The clinical significance of kinases in the survival of patients with osteosarcoma was analyzed in the R2: Genomics Analysis and Visualization Platform. Results: We identified 53 potential kinase targets in osteosarcoma. Among these targets, we analyzed 3 kinases, TRRAP, PKMYT1, and TP53RK, to validate their oncogenic functions in osteosarcoma. PKMYT1 and TP53RK showed higher expression in osteosarcoma than in normal bone tissue, whereas TRRAP showed no significant difference. High expression of all 3 kinases was associated with relatively poor prognosis in patients with osteosarcoma. Conclusions: Our results not only offer potential therapeutic kinase targets in osteosarcoma but also provide a paradigm for functional genetic screening by using a CRISPR-Cas9 library, including target design, library construction, screening workflow, data analysis, and functional validation. -
The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology
The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 41 (2009) 1685–1696 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocel Cathepsin X cleaves the C-terminal dipeptide of alpha- and gamma-enolase and impairs survival and neuritogenesis of neuronal cells Natasaˇ Obermajer a,b,∗, Bojan Doljak a, Polona Jamnik c,Ursaˇ Pecarˇ Fonovic´ a, Janko Kos a,b a University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Askerceva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia b Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biotechnology, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia c University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia article info abstract Article history: The cysteine carboxypeptidase cathepsin X has been recognized as an important player in degenerative Received 22 January 2009 processes during normal aging and in pathological conditions. In this study we identify isozymes alpha- Received in revised form 17 February 2009 and gamma-enolases as targets for cathepsin X. Cathepsin X sequentially cleaves C-terminal amino acids Accepted 18 February 2009 of both isozymes, abolishing their neurotrophic activity. Neuronal cell survival and neuritogenesis are, Available online 6 March 2009 in this way, regulated, as shown on pheochromocytoma cell line PC12. Inhibition of cathepsin X activity increases generation of plasmin, essential for neuronal differentiation and changes the length distribution Keywords: of neurites, especially in the early phase of neurite outgrowth. Moreover, cathepsin X inhibition increases Cathepsin X Enolase neuronal survival and reduces serum deprivation induced apoptosis, particularly in the absence of nerve Neuritogenesis growth factor. On the other hand, the proliferation of cells is decreased, indicating induction of differ- Neuronal cell survival entiation. -
Funkce CDK12 a CDK13 V Regulaci Transkripce Hana Paculová
MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV BIOCHEMIE Funkce CDK12 a CDK13 v regulaci transkripce Disertační práce Hana Paculová Školitel: Mgr. Jiří Kohoutek, Ph.D Brno 2018 Bibliogra cký záznam Autorka: Mgr. Hana Paculová Prrodovedecáá aaául,a鏈 Maaarkáova unvverv,a Úa,av bvochemve Název práce: Funáce CDK12 a CDK13 v regulacv ,ranaárvpce Studijní program: Bvochemve Studijní obor: Bvochemve Školitel: Mgr. Jvr Kohou,eá鏈 Ph.D Akademický rok: 2017/2018 Po et stran: 89 Klí ová slova: Ckálvn-dependen,n ávnaaa鏈 CDK12鏈 ,ranaárvpce鏈 RNA polkmeraaa II鏈 raáovvna vaječnáů鏈 CHK1 Bibliographic entry Author: Mgr. Hana Paculová Facul,k oa acvence鏈 Maaarká unvverav,k Department of Biochemistry Title oF dissertation: CDK12 and CDK13 aunc,von vn ,ranacrvp,von regula,von Degree programme: Bvochemva,rk Field oF study: Bvochemva,rk Supervisor: Mgr. Jvr Kohou,eá鏈 Ph.D Academic year: 2017/2018 Number oF pages: 89 Keywords: Ckclvn-dependen ávnaae鏈 CDK12鏈 ,ranacrvp,von鏈 RNA polkmeraae II鏈 ovarvan cancer鏈 CHK1 Abstrakt Ckálvn-dependen,n ávnaaa 12 (CDK12) je ,ranaárvpčn ávnaaa鏈 á,erá rd expreav avých clových genů ,m鏈 že aoaaorkluje RNA polkmeraau II v průbehu elongačn aáe ,ranaárvpce. CDK12 je apojena do neáolváa bunečných preceaů鏈 což ahrnuje odpoveď na pošáoen DNA鏈 vývoj a bunečnou dvaerencvacv a aea,rvh mRNA. CDK12 bkla popaána jaáo jeden genů鏈 á,eré jaou čaa,o mu,ovánk v hvgh-grade aerónm ovarválnm áarcvnomu鏈 nvcméne vlvv ,ech,o mu,ac na aunácv CDK12 a jejvch role v áarcvnogenev dopoaud nebkla a,anovena. Zjva,vlv jame鏈 že ve,švna mu,ac CDK12鏈 á,eré bklk naleenk v nádorech鏈 brán vk,voren áomplexu CDK12 a Ckálvnem K a vnhvbuj ávnaaovou aá,vvv,u CDK12. -
Common Gene Polymorphisms Associated with Thrombophilia
Chapter 5 Common Gene Polymorphisms Associated with Thrombophilia Christos Yapijakis, Zoe Serefoglou and Constantinos Voumvourakis Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/61859 Abstract Genetic association studies have revealed a correlation between DNA variations in genes encoding factors of the hemostatic system and thrombosis-related disease. Certain var‐ iant alleles of these genes that affect either gene expression or function of encoded protein are known to be genetic risk factors for thrombophilia. The chapter presents the current genetics and molecular biology knowledge of the most important DNA polymorphisms in thrombosis-related genes encoding coagulation factor V (FV), coagulation factor II (FII), coagulation factor XII (FXII), coagulation factor XIII A1 subunit (FXIIIA1), 5,10- methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), serpine1 (SERPINE1), angiotensin I-con‐ verting enzyme (ACE), angiotensinogen (AGT), integrin A2 (ITGA2), plasma carboxypeptidase B2 (CPB2), platelet glycoprotein Ib α polypeptide (GP1BA), thrombo‐ modulin (THBD) and protein Z (PROZ). The molecular detection methods of each DNA polymorphism is presented, in addition to the current knowledge regarding its influence on thrombophilia and related thrombotic events, including stroke, myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis, spontaneous abortion, etc. In addition, best thrombosis prevention strategies with a combination of genetic counseling and molecular testing are discussed. Keywords: Thrombophilia, coagulation -
Differential Proteomic Analysis of the Pancreas of Diabetic Db/Db Mice Reveals the Proteins Involved in the Development of Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15, 9579-9593; doi:10.3390/ijms15069579 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Molecular Sciences ISSN 1422-0067 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms Article Differential Proteomic Analysis of the Pancreas of Diabetic db/db Mice Reveals the Proteins Involved in the Development of Complications of Diabetes Mellitus Victoriano Pérez-Vázquez 1,*, Juan M. Guzmán-Flores 1, Daniela Mares-Álvarez 1, Magdalena Hernández-Ortiz 2, Maciste H. Macías-Cervantes 1, Joel Ramírez-Emiliano 1 and Sergio Encarnación-Guevara 2 1 Depto. de Ciencias Médicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato 37320, Mexico; E-Mails: [email protected] (J.M.G.-F.); [email protected] (D.M.-A.); [email protected] (M.H.M.-C.); [email protected] (J.R.-E.) 2 Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico; E-Mails: [email protected] (M.H.-O.); [email protected] (S.E.-G.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +52-477-7143-812; Fax: +52-477-7167-623. Received: 4 April 2014; in revised form: 14 May 2014 / Accepted: 19 May 2014 / Published: 30 May 2014 Abstract: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin-resistance. Diabetes results from pancreatic inability to secrete the insulin needed to overcome this resistance. We analyzed the protein profile from the pancreas of ten-week old diabetic db/db and wild type mice through proteomics. Pancreatic proteins were separated in two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and significant changes in db/db mice respect to wild type mice were observed in 27 proteins. -
Profiling Data
Compound Name DiscoveRx Gene Symbol Entrez Gene Percent Compound Symbol Control Concentration (nM) JNK-IN-8 AAK1 AAK1 69 1000 JNK-IN-8 ABL1(E255K)-phosphorylated ABL1 100 1000 JNK-IN-8 ABL1(F317I)-nonphosphorylated ABL1 87 1000 JNK-IN-8 ABL1(F317I)-phosphorylated ABL1 100 1000 JNK-IN-8 ABL1(F317L)-nonphosphorylated ABL1 65 1000 JNK-IN-8 ABL1(F317L)-phosphorylated ABL1 61 1000 JNK-IN-8 ABL1(H396P)-nonphosphorylated ABL1 42 1000 JNK-IN-8 ABL1(H396P)-phosphorylated ABL1 60 1000 JNK-IN-8 ABL1(M351T)-phosphorylated ABL1 81 1000 JNK-IN-8 ABL1(Q252H)-nonphosphorylated ABL1 100 1000 JNK-IN-8 ABL1(Q252H)-phosphorylated ABL1 56 1000 JNK-IN-8 ABL1(T315I)-nonphosphorylated ABL1 100 1000 JNK-IN-8 ABL1(T315I)-phosphorylated ABL1 92 1000 JNK-IN-8 ABL1(Y253F)-phosphorylated ABL1 71 1000 JNK-IN-8 ABL1-nonphosphorylated ABL1 97 1000 JNK-IN-8 ABL1-phosphorylated ABL1 100 1000 JNK-IN-8 ABL2 ABL2 97 1000 JNK-IN-8 ACVR1 ACVR1 100 1000 JNK-IN-8 ACVR1B ACVR1B 88 1000 JNK-IN-8 ACVR2A ACVR2A 100 1000 JNK-IN-8 ACVR2B ACVR2B 100 1000 JNK-IN-8 ACVRL1 ACVRL1 96 1000 JNK-IN-8 ADCK3 CABC1 100 1000 JNK-IN-8 ADCK4 ADCK4 93 1000 JNK-IN-8 AKT1 AKT1 100 1000 JNK-IN-8 AKT2 AKT2 100 1000 JNK-IN-8 AKT3 AKT3 100 1000 JNK-IN-8 ALK ALK 85 1000 JNK-IN-8 AMPK-alpha1 PRKAA1 100 1000 JNK-IN-8 AMPK-alpha2 PRKAA2 84 1000 JNK-IN-8 ANKK1 ANKK1 75 1000 JNK-IN-8 ARK5 NUAK1 100 1000 JNK-IN-8 ASK1 MAP3K5 100 1000 JNK-IN-8 ASK2 MAP3K6 93 1000 JNK-IN-8 AURKA AURKA 100 1000 JNK-IN-8 AURKA AURKA 84 1000 JNK-IN-8 AURKB AURKB 83 1000 JNK-IN-8 AURKB AURKB 96 1000 JNK-IN-8 AURKC AURKC 95 1000 JNK-IN-8 -
De Novo EIF2AK1 and EIF2AK2 Variants Are Associated with Developmental Delay, Leukoencephalopathy, and Neurologic Decompensation
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/757039; this version posted September 16, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. De novo EIF2AK1 and EIF2AK2 variants are associated with developmental delay, leukoencephalopathy, and neurologic decompensation Dongxue Mao1,2, Chloe M. Reuter3,4, Maura R.Z. Ruzhnikov5,6, Anita E. Beck7, Emily G. Farrow8,9,10, Lisa T. Emrick1,11,12,13, Jill A. Rosenfeld12, Katherine M. Mackenzie5, Laurie Robak2,12,13, Matthew T. Wheeler3,14, Lindsay C. Burrage12,13, Mahim Jain15, Pengfei Liu12, Daniel Calame11,13, Sebastien Küry17,18, Martin Sillesen19, Klaus Schmitz-Abe20, Davide Tonduti21, Luigina Spaccini22, Maria Iascone23, Casie A. Genetti20, Madeline Graf16, Alyssa Tran12, Mercedes Alejandro12, Undiagnosed Diseases Network, Brendan H. Lee12,13, Isabelle Thiffault8,9,24, Pankaj B. Agrawal#,20, Jonathan A. Bernstein#,3,25, Hugo J. Bellen#,2,12,26,27,28, Hsiao- Tuan Chao#,1,2,11,12,13,28,27,29 #Correspondence should be addressed: [email protected] (P.A.), [email protected] (J.A.B.), [email protected] (H.J.B.), [email protected] (H.T.C.) 1Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 2Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 3Stanford Center for Undiagnosed Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 4Stanford Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine,