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Forkhead Box Protein O1 Is Linked to Anti-Inflammatory Probiotic Bacteria

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Forkhead Box Protein O1 Is Linked to Anti-Inflammatory Probiotic Bacteria & Bioch ial em b ic ro a c l i T M e c Mulet et al., J Microb Biochem Technol 2017, 9:3 f h o Journal of n l o a n l DOI: 10.4172/1948-5948.1000347 o r g u y o J ISSN: 1948-5948 Microbial & Biochemical Technology Research Article Open Access Forkhead Box Protein O1 is Linked to Anti-Inflammatory Probiotic Bacteria Acting through Nuclear Factor-κB Pathway Ana Paula Mulet1, Karen Perelmuter2, Mariela Bollati-Fogolin2, Martina Crispo1* and Gianfranco Grompone3* 1Transgenic and Experimental Animal Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Uruguay 2Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Uruguay 3Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, INIA, Gerencia de innovación y comunicación, Uruguay Abstract Probiotics are widely used to promote health benefits around the world. Nevertheless, the mechanisms whereby probiotics exert its beneficial effect on the host are not well elucidated yet. In an attempt to obtain relevant insights on probiotics mechanisms of action, we studied the probiotic response via Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and Forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1), two transcription factors that were previously related with probiotic effects. We performed in vitro analysis to activate these transcription factors with Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFα) and Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) stimuli using a set of probiotic strains co-cultured with HT-29 cells. We found three strains, LrBPL8, LcA1 and LaBPL71 capable to reducing the NF-κB activation pathway in an inflammatory context. We also found that LcA1 reduced FoxO1 activation while another strain, IPM C+, increased it after the hydrogen peroxide treatment under the same conditions. Moreover, we described a complex relationship between FoxO1 downstream gene expression and these anti-inflammatory strains. Our results show that more than one pathway could be targeting NF-κB modulation, indicating the complexity of the probiotics’ mechanisms of action. The in vitro data presented here may help to design multi-strain probiotics mix that take advantage of the complementary and synergistic effects that they may induce in the host. Keywords: Forkhead box protein; Inflammation; Hydrogen peroxide; the effect of the probiotics: Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and Forkhead Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; Probiotic bacteria box protein O1 (FoxO1). The NF-κB family of transcription factors play critical roles in inflammation, immunity, cell proliferation, Abbreviations: Bl: Bifidobacterium longum; cDNA: DNA copy; Fox: differentiation, and survival being a key regulator between probiotics Forkhead Box Protein; La: Lactobacillus acidophilus; Lc: Lactobacillus and intestinal epithelial cells [14,15]. Usually, NF-κB is inactive in casei; Lf: Lactobacillus fermentum; Lp: Lactobacillus plantarum; Lr: the cytoplasm; when pro-inflammatory stimuli trigger signaling Lactobacillus rhamnosus; MRS: Man Rogosa and Sharpe Media; MOI: pathways, the inhibitor molecule IκB is phosphorylated, targeting it Multiplicity of Infection; NF-κB: Nuclear Factor-κB; PBS: Phosphate for ubiquitination and consequent proteasomal degradation. Once Buffered Saline; St:Streptococcus thermophilus; TLRs: Toll Like Receptors unbound from IκB, NF-κB is able to migrate into the nucleus, bind target promoters and activate the transcription of effector genes [16]. Introduction Probiotics have shown to either prevent or promote NF-κB activation, It is well known that the use of probiotics for the prevention of a acting in different steps of this signaling pathway like stabilizing IκB-α variety of diseases is becoming more and more popular around the world. or activating RelA subunit [17-19]. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the The transcription factor FoxO1 is a member of the mammalian World Health Organization define probiotics as “live microorganisms forkhead box O class subfamily that regulates a wide array of cellular which when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit processes, including the cell cycle, apoptosis, proliferation, survival, on the host” [1]. Among bacteria, Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria are metabolism, DNA repair, response to oxidative stress, differentiation the main genera of probiotics which have been implicated in beneficial and homeostasis of stem/progenitor cells [20]. In its non-phosphorylated outcomes. Probiotics can exert health benefits for treatment and state, FoxO1 is located in the nucleus, where it is transcriptionally active prevention of gastrointestinal disorders, such as impairment of colonic and up-regulates gene expression involved in growth arrest, response transit, enteric infections and post-antibiotic syndrome, reduction of to oxidative stress and apoptosis [21]. Conversely, phosphorylation of recurrence of Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea, prevention of FoxO1 by Akt causes its release from DNA, binding to 14-3-3 protein necrotizing enterocolitis and colorectal cancer, and prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases [2-7]. *Corresponding authors: Crispo M, Transgenic and Experimental Animal Unit, Institut Some possible mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of Pasteur de Montevideo, Uruguay, Tel: 59825220910; E-mail: [email protected] probiotics are the interaction with other microbes, the improved Grompone G, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, INIA, Gerencia de functions of the gut epithelium and interactions with innate defense innovación y comunicación, Uruguay, E-mail: [email protected] cells [8]. Although the mechanisms are well described in vitro and in Received April 17, 2017; Accepted May 10, 2017; Published May 17, 2017 animal models, the actual mechanism of action of probiotics in humans has not been clearly addressed [9]. Meta-analysis of human studies using Citation: Mulet AP, Perelmuter K, Bollati-Fogolin M, Crispo M, Grompone G (2017) Forkhead Box Protein O1 is Linked to Anti-Inflammatory Probiotic Bacteria Acting probiotics interventions have generated contradictory results in part due through Nuclear Factor-Κb Pathway. J Microb Biochem Technol 9:074-081. doi: to differences in study design (variety of probiotic strains, daily doses 10.4172/1948-5948.1000347 and length of administration) but also due to the poor understanding Copyright: © 2017 Mulet AP, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under of the mechanisms by which these probiotics elicit their effects [10-13]. the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and In animal models, two transcription factors have been involved in source are credited. J Microb Biochem Technol, an open access journal ISSN: 1948-5948 Volume 9(3):074-081 (2017) - 74 Citation: Mulet AP, Perelmuter K, Bollati-Fogolin M, Crispo M, Grompone G (2017) Forkhead Box Protein O1 Is Linked To Anti-Inflammatory Probiotic Bacteria Acting through Nuclear Factor-κB Pathway. J Microb Biochem Technol 9:074-081. doi: 10.4172/1948-5948.1000347 and rapidly relocating from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it (5 × 104cells/well). After 24 h, bacteria (multiplicity of infection [MOI] becomes inactive [21]. It has been described that C. elegans FoxO1 of 100 or 50) were added to each well and incubated for 2 h. After the homologous, daf-16, has been involved in the anti-inflammatory and anti- co-culture period, gentamicin (50 µg/mL) and TNF-α (1 ng/mL) were oxidant effect of the Lactobacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-3690 strain [22]. added. Cells were further incubated for 24 h. Non-treated cells (basal) and cells treated only with TNF-α or bacteria were included as controls. In order to better understand the implication of these transcription factors in the mechanism of action of different probiotic strains, Lastly, cells were trypsinized and resuspended to perform flow we carried out a series of studies with 10 potential probiotic strains, cytometry analysis. Cells were analyzed using an Accuri C6 flow analyzing the implication of NF-κB and FoxO1 in the response to cytometer equipped with 488 and 640 nm lasers. BD Accuri C6 oxidative and pro-inflammatory stimuli. We identified three bacterial Software V1.0.264.21 was used for data acquisition and analysis. The strains that reduced the NF-κB activation in response to TNFα. We GFP and propidium iodide fluorescence emissions were detected using further studied the link between FoxO1 and the NF-κB observed band-pass filters 533/30 and 585/40, respectively. For each sample, responses, finding dissimilar behavior in the three studied strains. 5000 counts gated on an FSC versus SSC dot plot (excluding doublets) were recorded. Only single living cells (those that excluded propidium Materials and Methods iodide), were considered for analysis. Reagents FoxO1 localization Unless otherwise indicated, all chemicals used were of the highest HT-29 cells were seeded in 12-well plates (3 × 105 cells/well). available grade and purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, Twenty-four hours after plating, cells were transfected with FoxO1-GFP USA). Culture media, fetal bovine serum (FBS), lipofectamine and plasmid using Lipofectamine 2000 following manufacturer’s protocol. consumables for cell culture were obtained from Life Technologies Briefly, 1 µg of supercoiled plasmid and 5 µl Lipofectamine per sample (Carlsbad, CA, USA), GE Healthcare (Waukesha, WI, USA), and were each diluted in independent 100 µl volumes of Opti-Mem medium Greiner Bio-one (Frickenhausen, Germany). The GFP-FoxO1 vector and incubated
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