United States Patent Office ,Atente,.P~'~~~~~~

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

United States Patent Office ,Atente,.P~'~~~~~~ -7%&4c--k--y 1 ,“. .- # United StatesPatent Office ,atente,.p~’~~~~~~. 2 3,379,585 In order to make a comparative study of the effect CAST EXPLOSIVES COMPRISING CYCLO- on crack resistance of various additives, a severe thermal TRIMETHYLENE TRINITRAMINE AND shock cycle has standardized for use on the cast explosives NITROTOLUENES and an index was formulated for evaluating the results. Ciiflord L. W@ier, @s Aiam6s, N. Mex., and Joseph L. 5 The following index was used: Stark, St. Paul, Mmri.;’,,a@gnors to the United States of Ame~ca as represented by the United States Atomic Erie@ Commbion No Drawfng. Filed Jan. 12, 1951, Ser. No. 205,834 3 chink. (Ci. 149—18) This invention relates to a process for making crack- 10 Where I is the index number, W is a function of the width resistant cast explosives; more particularly it relates to a of the crack, L the length of the crack in centimeters, At process for making trinitrotoluene+ontaining explosives the range of the temperature cycle and f(n) is a function wlrich are highly resistant to cracking under thermal of the number of cyclesl Three classes of cracks were de- —. shock. The invention also relates to the products formed fined as foilows: wide open cracks, medium cracks and by the above process. 15 very fine cracks with assigned width factors of 5, 3 and Trinitrotoiuene (TNT) has been known for many years 1.5 .respectiveiy. The cracks showing de~ite clqavage to possess properties that niake it well suited for use in were selected as the wide open cracks, those appearing making cast explosives. It is highly stable over long as fine lines or checks were generally considered the very periods of storage, is relatively insensitive to shock or fine cracks and those more clearly defined than the fine blows, and forms no sensitive explosive compounds by 20 cracks and not showing any visible fracture or cleavage reaction with metals. Furthermore, it melts at a relative- were selected as the medium cracks. Al was arbitrarily ly low temperature, so that it is well adapted for forming raised to the one-half power to approximate its effect cast explosive charges, since fusion can be brought about on cracking. This was necessary because several different by use of hot water or low pressure steam. thermal cycles were used before all the testing was com- While TNT has the foregoing favorrrble properties for 25 pleted. While the magnitude of the values in this empirical employment as the explosive for cast charges, it has the formulation might not be absolute, they give a satisf- serious disadvantage that cast explosives containing it actory relative evacuation. are highly susceptible to cracking under thermal shock. Intentionally severe and abrupt thermal shock cycles Inasmuch as large changes in temperature are unavoida- of 65” C.+ O“ C.+650 C. for composition B and 65” ble in manufacturing and handling of cast explosives, 30 C.+ 20° C.+ 65° C. for Baratoi were used and all cast- elaborate precautions must be taken in order to obtain ings in a particular batch were cycled together. The com- sound castings, position B cycle consisted of heating the charges in a 65” r ‘, ., It is generally believed that cast explosives crack be- C. industrial type oven for eighteen hours, removing to cause of excessive stresses and strains set up in the charge an agitated ice-water bath for six hours and then reheat- during freezing and subsequent thermal cycling. It is 35 ing in the oven for eighteen hours. They are then removed believed that these stresses and strains sometimes exceed from the oven, allowed to cool, the cracks measured and the physical strength of the explosive: fracture or crack- the index computed. Thereafter they were sectioned and ing is produced. The use of various additives to increase examined for internal cracking. The Baratol cycle con- the physical strength of the explosive to the point where sisted of heating the charges in an oven at 65” C. for it will withstand all normal stresses and strains has been 40 eighteen hours, then placing them in a deep freeze unit suggested. However, no additive has been found prior for 18 hours after which they were again heated in the to this invention which substantiality reduces the cracking 650 C. oven for eighteen hours; after the forty-four hour of cast explosives and does not prohibitively interfere cycle the chanrges were allowed to cool to room tem- with such requisite propaties as dimensional stability, perature before the cracks were evaluated. In general, it impact sensitivity, casting properties and others. 45 was found that internal cracking was proportional to ex- It is, therefore, an object of this invention to provide ternal cracking. a prwess for making trirritrotoluene-containing cast ex- In making the tests to determine the effectiveness of the plosives which are highly resistant to cracking. va~iom additives the castings vmre made from own kel- It has been found that the above and other objects tle melts and the melting procedure and pouring tempera- are accomplished by the incorporation of proportionate- 50 ture were standardized. A medium sized shaped charge ly small amounts of a mixture comprising orthonitro- was used and a standard Oastig procedure waa adopted tohrene (ONT) and paranitrotoluene (PNT) into a molten which resulted in a charge free from all stress and feeding mixture of trinitrotoluene-containing explosive, thorough- cracks. The top contours on all charges we~e machined ly mixing the ingredients and casting the meit into the to approximately a 9.25 inch radius contour in order to desired shape. 55 insure charge uniformity and to obtain a snmoth ~p sur- The surprising results obtained by the use of the above face for examining the cracks. In order to get a reliable mixture are due to the effect of a ternary eutectic mixture statistical evaluation of the effect of the additives on crack formed by the para-, ortho-, and trinitrotoiuene. In com- prevention a number of charges were used to test eadh ad- position B, an explosive mixture of about 60 pereent ditive and these were taken from the same melt, cast with RDX (cyclotrimetbylene tnnitramine) and 40 percent 60 a standard cooling procedure and thermally shocked si- TNT, the eutectic formed has a composition of 65.5 per- multaneously. cent ONT, 19.5 percent PNT and 15 percent TNT, and Following is a tabulation of the results obtained in com- has a meiting point of – 19.5° C. Aithough the exact pesiticm B and Baratol (about 76 percent barium nitrate mechanism of crack prevention by the eutectic is not and 24 percent TNT) using the above procedures and in- known, one possible explanation may be that the low 65 dex. The index values are the average of a batch of a P. melting eutectic formed with TNT tends preferentially to number of castings. It will be noted that the average of redissolve the strained crystals since these crystals possess the values obtained without additives is 25. This value can a higher free energy than an unstrained crystal. The dis- be used as a standard for comparing the effect of the van- solved material is then re-deposited in the form of stress ous additives on crack ~esistanco. All index numbers are free crystals. Further, since the tutectic is acting on the 70 romrded off to the nearest whole integer. Amounts are crystals, there is a definite surface lubrication effeet that shown as percentages of composition B or Baratol and the adds to the stress relief. ONT-PNT mixtrrre is in the ratio of 1 to 1. -=%. .. ., .,, . 3;379,585,: , : ~:, “,”’-:,’:: 3 COMPOSITION B consisting of about 60 percent RDX and 40 percent TNT .. were melted in a steam kettle and held at a temperature “ -~~ Additive Amount of Average I Aver- . Additive of Batch age 1 of 85 to 88° C. To the molten mixture formed 0.7 pmrrds = .. ....- .. .. .. of a mixture of equal amounts of PNT and ONT were “ None . ..~ 31 Do- . 24 25 5 added ’slotvly with rnoderat~ sttirittg. i4fter”stirrin,g for 15 Do . ..-...... i....... 20 } mimttes the resulting mtiture Was poured idto molds OAT, . ..> . ..=...... 21 PANT . .4 18 and cast. The same procedure was f~p~ate’d using 175 ONT-PNT .. .. .4 pounds of Baratol, and 0.10 pounds M the ONTAPNT ON T- PNT .. .. .4 ,: }’ ONT-PNT Cetyl-Pabitate . .45 . mixture. After removal from the mold the chargei were ONT-PNT Iso Butyleno Glycal . .45 17 . machined and subjected to the respective thefthal shwk 12 . ..- 10 ONT-PNT H-Hexadecane:... ,45 cycles described above. BARATOL The cast explosives were found to have a crack index of 6 and 7 for the composition B and Baratol products respectively and in general were of higher quality than 15 explosives cast by former processes. The use of oNT-PNT additive was found to have no detrimental effect on such The cbmlbinati~ns comprising the last three additivw properties of the cast explosive as dimensional stability, in the first table were used to determine the effectiveness impact sensitivity, detonation velocity and theological of tctria@ additives. The third additive was one which characteristics. It was found that the use of the above showed some promise by itself and it was felt that it 20 additive improves the casting properties of both composi- might contribute something beneficial whaaddedwith the tion B and Baratol in that it permits faster cooling proce- ONT and PNT; .05 qertent by weight of the third additive dures and the casting of certain type charges which form- was added to the ONT-PNT mixture.
Recommended publications
  • Final Report for SERDP WP-2209 Replacement Melt-Castable Formulations for Composition B
    LA-UR-17-24143 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Title: Final report for SERDP WP-2209 Replacement melt-castable formulations for Composition B Author(s): Leonard, Philip Francois, Elizabeth Green Intended for: Report Issued: 2017-05-19 Disclaimer: Los Alamos National Laboratory, an affirmative action/equal opportunity employer, is operated by the Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC52-06NA25396. By approving this article, the publisher recognizes that the U.S. Government retains nonexclusive, royalty-free license to publish or reproduce the published form of this contribution, or to allow others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. Los Alamos National Laboratory requests that the publisher identify this article as work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy. Los Alamos National Laboratory strongly supports academic freedom and a researcher's right to publish; as an institution, however, the Laboratory does not endorse the viewpoint of a publication or guarantee its technical correctness. Final report for SERDP WP-2209 Replacement melt-castable formulations for Composition B Elizabeth Francois; Philip Leonard, M-7 Los Alamos National Laboratory With technical contributions from Philip Samuels, ARDEC Contents List of Tables .................................................................................................................. ii List of Figures ................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Explosives and Terminal Ballistics
    AND TERMINAL BALLISTICS A REPORT PREPARED FOR THE AAF SCIEN'rIFIC ADVISORY GROUP By D. P. MAC DOUGALL Naval Ordnance Laboratory, Washington, D. C. N. M. NEWMARK Department oj Civil Engineering, University oj Illinois • PMblished May, 1946 by HEADQUARTERS AIR MATERIEL COMMAND PUBLICATIONS BRANCH, INTEJtJYiE~9) '1001 WRIGHT FIELD, DAYTON, OHIO V-46579 The AAF Scientific Advisory Group was activated late in 1944 by General of the Army H. H. Arnold. He se­ cured the services of Dr. Theodore von Karman, re­ nowned scientist and consultant in aeronautics, who agreed to organize and direct the group. Dr. von Karman gathered about him a group of Ameri­ can scientists from every field of research having a bearing on air power. These men then analyzed im­ portant developments in the basic sciences, both here and abroad, and attempted to evaluate the effects of their application to air power. This volume is one of a group of reports made to the Army Air Forces by the Scientific Advisory Group. Thil document contolnl Information affecting the notional defenle of the United Statel within the meaning of the Espionage Ad, SO U. S. C., 31 and 32, 01 amended. Its tronsmiulon or the revelation of Its contents In any manner to on unauthorized person II prohibited by low. AAF SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY GROUP Dr. Th. von Karman Director Colonel F. E. Glantzberg Dr. H. L. Dryden Deputy Director, Military Deputy Director, Scientific Lt Col G. T. McHugh, Executive Capt C. H. Jackson, Jr., Secretary CONSULTANTS Dr. C. W. Bray Dr. A. J. Stosick Dr. L. A.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2 EXPLOSIVES
    Chapter 2 EXPLOSIVES This chapter classifies commercial blasting compounds according to their explosive class and type. Initiating devices are listed and described as well. Military explosives are treated separately. The ingredi- ents and more significant properties of each explosive are tabulated and briefly discussed. Data are sum- marized from various handbooks, textbooks, and manufacturers’ technical data sheets. THEORY OF EXPLOSIVES In general, an explosive has four basic characteristics: (1) It is a chemical compound or mixture ignited by heat, shock, impact, friction, or a combination of these conditions; (2) Upon ignition, it decom- poses rapidly in a detonation; (3) There is a rapid release of heat and large quantities of high-pressure gases that expand rapidly with sufficient force to overcome confining forces; and (4) The energy released by the detonation of explosives produces four basic effects; (a) rock fragmentation; (b) rock displacement; (c) ground vibration; and (d) air blast. A general theory of explosives is that the detonation of the explosives charge causes a high-velocity shock wave and a tremendous release of gas. The shock wave cracks and crushes the rock near the explosives and creates thousands of cracks in the rock. These cracks are then filled with the expanding gases. The gases continue to fill and expand the cracks until the gas pressure is too weak to expand the cracks any further, or are vented from the rock. The ingredients in explosives manufactured are classified as: Explosive bases. An explosive base is a solid or a liquid which, upon application or heat or shock, breaks down very rapidly into gaseous products, with an accompanying release of heat energy.
    [Show full text]
  • Shock Initiation Experiments and Modeling of Composition B and C-4
    UCRL-CONF-222137 SHOCK INITIATION EXPERIMENTS AND MODELING OF COMPOSITION B AND C-4 Paul A. Urtiew, Kevin S. Vandersall, Craig M. Tarver, Frank Garcia, Jerry W. Forbes June 16, 2006 13th International Detonation Symposium Norfolk, VA, United States July 23, 2006 through July 28, 2006 Disclaimer This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor the University of California nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or the University of California, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. SHOCK INITIATION EXPERIMENTS AND MODELING OF COMPOSITION B AND C-4 Paul A. Urtiew1, Kevin S. Vandersall1, Craig M. Tarver1, Frank Garcia1, and Jerry W. Forbes2 1Energetic Materials Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 2Center for Energetic Concepts Development, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 Abstract. Shock initiation experiments on the explosives Composition B and C- 4 were performed to obtain in-situ pressure gauge data for the purpose of determining the Ignition and Growth reactive flow model with proper modeling parameters.
    [Show full text]
  • FM 3-23.30, Grenades and Pyrotechnic Signals
    FM 3-23.30 JUNE 2005 HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. This publication is available at Army Knowledge Online (www.us.army.mil) and General Dennis J. Reimer Training and Doctrine Digital Library at (http://www.train.army.mil) FM 3-23.30 Change 1 Headquarters Field Manual Department of the Army No. 3-23.30 Washington, DC, 27 November 2006 GRENADES AND PYROTECHNICS SIGNAL 1. Change FM 3-23.30, 7 June 2005, as follows: Remove old pages: Insert new pages: iii through iv………………….……………….iii through iv 1-7 through 1-8…..……………………………1-7 through 1-8 3-3 through 3-6………………………………..3-3 through 3-6 4-3 through 4-4………………………………..4-3 through 4-4 5-7 through 5-8………………………………..5-7 through 5-8 B-3 through B-4……………………………….B-3 through B-4 2. A star (*) marks new or changed material. 3. File this transmittal sheet in front of the publication. DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. By Order of the Secretary of the Army: PETER J. SCHOOMAKER General, United States Army Chief of Staff Official: JOYCE E. MORROW Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Army 0631002 DISTRIBUTION: Regular Army, Army National Guard, and U.S. Army Reserve: To be distributed in accordance with initial distribution number 110196 requirements for FM 3-23.30. This page intentionally left blank. *FM 3-23.30 FIELD MANUAL HEADQUARTERS NO. 3-23.30 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON, DC, 7 June 2005 GRENADES AND PYROTECHNIC SIGNALS CONTENTS Page Preface..............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Localories Per Mole
    LOS ALAMOS SERIES ON DYNAMIC MATERIAL PROPERTIES LOS ALAMOS DATA CENTER FOR DYNAMIC MATERIAL PROPERTIES TECHNICAL COMMITTEE Charles L. Mader Program Manager Terry R. Gibbs Explosive Data Editor Charles E. Morris Shock Wave Profile Editor Stanley P. Marsh Equation of State Editor Alphonse Popolato Explosive Data Editor Martha S. Hoyt Computer Applications Analyst Kasha V. Thayer Technical Editor Sharon L. Crane Technical Editor John F. Barnes Richard D. Dick John W. Hopson, Jr. James N. Johnson Elisabeth Marshall Timothy R. Neal Suzanne W. Peterson Raymond N. Rogers John W. Taylor Melvin T. Thieme Jerry D. Wackerle John M. Walsh . 111 LASL EXPLOSIVE PROPERTY DATA Editors - Terry R. Gibbs Alphonse Popolato CONTRIBUTORS John F. Baytos Bobby G. Craig Arthur W. Campbell William E. Deal Jerry J. Dick Robert H. Dinegar Raymond P. Engelke Thomas E. Larson Elisabeth Marshall John B. Ramsay Raymond N. Rogers Diane Soran Manuel J. Urizar Jerry D. Wackerle UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley l Los Angeles l London University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England Copyright @ 1980 by The Regents of the University of California ISBN o-520-040 12-O Series ISBN O-520-04007-4 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 80-53635 Printed in the United States of America 123456789 vi CONTENTS PART I. EXPLOSIVES PROPERTIES BY EXPLOSIVES ................ 1 Baratol ............................................................. 3 Composition B ......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Hand Grenade Gordon L
    THE HAND GRENADE GORDON L. ROTTMAN © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com THE HAND GRENADE GORDON L. ROTTMAN Series Editor Martin Pegler © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 4 DEVELOPMENT 7 A universal weapon USE 35 Grenades in combat IMPACT 62 Assessing the hand grenade’s influence CONCLUSION 75 GLOSSARY 77 BIBLIOGRAPHY 79 INDEX 80 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com INTRODUCTION The hand grenade is essentially a technologically enhanced improvement of what was the first multifunctional, direct- and indirect-fire, offensive A German Handgranatetrupp weapon employed in warfare – the rock. The hand grenade is basically a (hand-grenade team) rushes small missile filled with an HE or chemical agent intended for hand across no man’s land with each delivery against enemy personnel or material at short ranges. Over time man carrying a pair of hand- such weapons have been supplemented by special-purpose grenades, grenade bags under his arms, 1917. The rightmost man carries a which dispense irritant gas, incendiary effects, smoke screening, signaling, stick grenade in his hand. They or target marking. The most utilitarian grenades are high-explosive/ are armed with Mauser 7.92mm fragmentation (HE/frag or simply “frags”) – “casualty-producing” Kar 98A carbines rather than the antipersonnel weapons. These are referred to as “defensive” grenades as longer Gew 98 rifles carried by other German infantrymen. (Tom they are intended to be thrown from behind cover. Another casualty- Laemlein/Armor Plate Press) producing grenade is the blast, concussion, or “offensive” grenade. These 4 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com have bodies made of thin, light materials generating little fragmentation.
    [Show full text]
  • Alternatives to Comp B Explosive Karl Oyler, Phd Chemist US Army CCDC Armaments Center Picatinny Arsenal, NJ
    APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Alternatives to Comp B Explosive Karl Oyler, PhD Chemist US Army CCDC Armaments Center Picatinny Arsenal, NJ DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE #SerdpEstcp2019 APPROVED FORAPPROVED PUBLIC RELEASE FOR PUBLIC RELEASE APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE SERDP Project WP18-1203: MTNI-based Replacement for Comp B in a Printed M67 Grenade TECHNICAL OBJECTIVE • Develop an environmentally/toxicologically-acceptable, MTNI-based melt-pour explosive formulation and warhead system capable of replacing Comp B in a printed variant of the M67 hand grenade. MTNI (1-methyl-2,4,5-trinitro-1H-imidazole) Cut-out view of M67 grenade #SerdpEstcp2019 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Background: Explosive Formulations • Main-fill secondary explosives typically incorporated into a formulation/mixture to improve processing and/or safe handling • Analogous (and often uses similar methods) to formulation of active drug ingredients in the pharmaceutical industry • Various types of formulations are commonly used in the DoD depending on the type/configuration of the item to be loaded, examples include: • Pressed • Cast-cure • Melt-pour (Melt-cast) • High-Blast (high overall energy output) vs. “Metal- Pushing” (rapid energy release) Explosives #SerdpEstcp2019 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Melt-pour explosive formulations • Formulation which is stable in the molten form and can be poured directly into the end item • Favored explosives production method
    [Show full text]
  • IM Upgrade of Italian Army DM111 155 Mm Artillery Projectile
    Distribution Statement A, Approved for public release. Distribution Unlimited. Land Armaments Directorate IM Upgrade of Italian Army DM111 155 mm Artillery Projectile • James Padfield (RWM Italia) • Philip Samuels, Keyur Patel, Scott Faluotico, and Erik Boykin (US Army CCDC DEVCOM) • Lt Col. Francesco Rutiglianoand Capt. Fabio Formato (Land Armaments Directorate) NDIA Insensitive Munitions & Energetic Materials Technology Symposium, April 2021 © RWM Italia SpA Distribution Statement A, Approved for public release. Distribution Unlimited. IM Upgrade of Italian Army DM111 155 mm Artillery Projectile Contents • Background to the programme • Modernisation of the DM111 design • Explosive materials • Other IM features • Loading process • Upgrades to RWM Italia melt-cast filling plant • Development of the loading process • Tests of loaded rounds: 1. Reliability of the initiation train 2. Fragmentation/arena trials 3. IM tests 2 © RWM Italia SpA Distribution Statement A, Approved for public release. Distribution Unlimited. IM Upgrade of Italian Army DM111 155 mm Artillery Projectile Introduction • The Land Armaments Directorate (Direzione Armamenti Terresti, DAT) are the department within the Ministero della Difesa in Italy responsible for technical development and procurement of artillery • DAT asked RWM Italia to demonstrate the feasibility of reloading its stock of DM111 projectiles, which are currently loaded in Composition B • 64 × DM111 rounds were demilitarised and provided to RWM Italia • In October 2015, RWM Italia signed a Cooperative
    [Show full text]
  • The Premature Detonation Problem
    LA-8352-MS InformalReport 2 The Premature Detonation Problem . DO NOT CIRCiJluATE ~RMANENT RETENTION r i ~~~ REQUIREDBY CONTRACT . LOS ALAMOS SCIENTIFIC LABORATORY PostOfficeBox 1663 Los Alamos.New Mexico 87545 An AffumativeAction/EqualOpportunityEmployer ● Thisreportwasnoteditedby theTechnicalInfor- l.. mationstaff. - J’ ThisprogramwassupportedbytheDepartment ofDefenseJointServicesExplosiveProgramandthe US Army ArmamentResearchandDevelopment Command In-BorePrematureStudy. Thk Itpolt Waspreparedasan accountof work sponsored by the United StatesGovernment. Neither the United States nor the United StatesDepanment of Energy, nor any of their employees,makesany warranty, expressor implied. or assumesmy legalhabdity or rc!ponyibility for the accuracy, completeness,or usefulnessof any infor- “Cl mation, apparatus,product, or processdisclosed,or repre- sentsthat its usewould not infringeprivatelyownedrights. Reference herein to my specific commercial product, process,or scwiceby trade name, mark, manufacturer,or ,+ otherwise, does not necessarilyconstitute or imply its endorsement,recommendation,or favoring by the United StatesGovernment or any agencythe,eof. The viewsand opinions of au!hom expressedherein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United StatesGovernment or any agencythereof. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF RN E.RGV CONTRACT W-7409-CNG. X LA-8352-MS InformalReport UC-45 Issued: May 1980 . 4 “- The Premature Detonation Problem George H. Pimbley ElisabethF.Marshall -. n- 1 . b. CONTENTS ABSTRACT ...................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 8.1 & 8.2: Substance Dogs
    Appendix 8.1 TABLE 8.1 - Main chemical classes of explosives, categorized as mandatory and elective; including examples of commercial materials containing explosives MANDATORY ELECTIVE1 EXPLOSIVE COMMERCIAL TYPES OF CLASSES MANDATORY COMMERCIAL TYPES OF ELECTIVE ELECTIVE EXPLOSIVES EXPLOSIVES2 MANDATORY EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS NITRO · Kine-Pak and Kine-Stick (AN+ N M) · Nitromethane (NM) ALKANES · None · None · Tagged Plasticized explosives (DMNB) 3 · 2,3-Ddimethyldinitrobutane (DMNB) (C-NO2) · NITRO · TNT “Flake” · Dinitrotoluene (DNT) · DNT in most TNT contaning explosives and · 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene AROMATICS · TNT Demilled Military “Flake” · Picric acid (PA) selected brands of smokeless powders (TNT) (Ar-NO2) · Nitropel (TNT) · Tetranitro-N-methyaniline (Tetryl) · PA and Tetryl in some cast explosives · PETN (Unadulterated)4 · Detasheet A (85% PETN + binder) red · Methyl nitrate (MN) · Dynamite (EGDN + NG) commercial form · Nitroglycerin (NG)5 NITRATE Pentaerythitol Single Based Smokeless powder (NC+DNT · · PETN Detonating Cord (100% PETN ) cross · Ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN) · ESTER tetranitrate section usually White in color (PIMALINE, depending on brand) · Diethylene glycol dinitrate (DEGN) (C-O-NO2) (PETN) PRIMACORD, PRIMASHEAR, OPTICORD, · Double Based Smokeless Powder (NC + NG) · Nitrocellulose (NC) GEOSEIS, LOW FLEX, FIRELINE CORD) · Triple Based Smokeless powder (NC+NG+GN) · Primasheet 1000 (PETN + Plasticizers) · Nitroguanidine. (GN) · SEMTEX A (PETN + Plasticizers) · RDX (Unadulterated) · RDX Det Cord · HMX Detonating Cord (Fireline 17/80 HMX LS · Methylamine nitrate (MAN) Trinitro- · Composition C-4 (RDX + Plasticizers) Exposed, Fireline 8/40 HMX LS Ribbon) NITRAMINES · · Tetranitro-tetrazacylooctane (Octogen or HMX) triazacylohexane · Datasheet (Flex -X) (RDX + Plasticizers) · PAX11/PAX29 (79/77% CL20+Al+plasticzers, (C-N-NO2) · Hexanitroisowurztitane (CL20). specialty military (cyclonite or RDX) · Demex 200 (RDX + plasticizer) cellulose acetate butyrate) explosive.
    [Show full text]
  • Grenades and Pyrotechnic Signals
    HEADQUARTERS FM 23-30 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY GRENADES AND PYROTECHNIC SIGNALS DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. FM 23-30 (FM 23-30) 1 SEPTEMBER 2000 By Order of the Secretary of the Army: ERIC K. SHINSEKI General, United States Army Official: Chief of Staff JOEL B. HUDSON Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Army 0021503 DISTRIBUTION: Active Army, Army National Guard, and U. S. Army Reserve: To be distributed in accordance with the initial distribution number 110196, requirements for FM 3-23.30. *FM 3-23-30 (23-30) FIELD MANUAL HEADQUARTERS NO. 3-23.30 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON, DC, 1 September 2000 CONTENTS Page Preface................................................................................................................................iii CHAPTER 1. TYPES OF HAND GRENADES 1-1. Description ................................................................................1-1 1-2. Components ..............................................................................1-1 1-3. Mechanical Function.................................................................1-1 1-4. Fuzes .........................................................................................1-4 1-5. Fragmentation Hand Grenades..................................................1-6 1-6. Smoke Hand Grenades..............................................................1-7 1-7. Riot-Control Hand Grenades.....................................................1-9 1-8. Special-Purpose Hand Grenades .............................................1-10
    [Show full text]