Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry 5 400, * statements nitre, were would oxygen.,7 of elaboration its claimed Sendivogius' into Newton,3 Sendivogius. - traced, thunder Guerlac, A\1BIX, enteenth-century seventeenth-century internal purpose laboratory interested transmutation all ideas data. thinking Hubicki, historians his MICHAEL (-1544-1609), Instituto built MICHAEL 2 oxygen, Following parts embryo Guerlac Caixa ideas the - We wrote embraced Vol. necessary The playa on upon and originality origins de coherence. Postal and of of De Sendivogius of Roman are among 48, nitre, on in observations Quimica of Szydlo, this such implication the in that: of that bus lightning, the Part alchemical pointed role this role symmetries SENDIVOGIUS Therefore, 780, not the science and were the this paper of universe. on for by 1, recognized other late-sixteenth as l trend CEP several idea in looking the de Bugaj, chymists in for March the in Paracelsian on John theory, This life. probably chymists. Sao 'Sendivogius' the 13560-590, the THE concept his to (1566-1636) Sendivogius' to development such about and the authors could of Carlos, here 2001 The themes show processes analysis Debus Sendivogius other Moreover, and Zbigniew By paper Mayow, history picturing for PHILOSOPHERS' many structure but as of fact PAULO that as an be is Universidade how analogies of ON 'modern' Sao and corpus contemporary such important Henry he this disagreed in that devoted seen places an 'aerial other that Carlos, of Sendivogius Robert was NITRE Nitre the Sendivogius of 'nitre argued Szydlo Sendivogius 'aerial ALVES of it early-seventeenth period science, of as there 1 as combustion, this as a seventeenth-century. may 'seeds phenomena. Sendivogius Guerlac, of Joseph nitre' SP, glimpses matter highly - ideas de theory'. corresponds to the with component to to AND nitre', Hooke, the PORTO* Brasil. Sao that and clarify is analyzing has the of explain probable Hubicki a - in Paulo, authors. respected STONE the sixteenth used was minerals' - Du THE William as even component propagation already Allen arguing of In a Sendivogius' were why respiration, a opinion Robert substance Chesne, in the his Av. Variations connected pioneer his chemical PREPARATION earlier of a Sendivogius' to centuries Trabalhador some 4 attempt used so analogies Debus Debus, tradition founder chymical author air within Newman. been century. that what influential Boyle, of The can or in of overly of of roots one in Hubicki,6 on work, plant observational suggested to the we Quercetanus went the Wlodzimierz to among the Sendivogius' air be influence the - of of connecting philosophy Sao-Carlense, emphasize this could and Following the discovery could obtained in now earth, theory ideas which chymical It assertive the growth, air but deeper among theory which is OF those Isaac early who find that call sev- the for on on be by as of is Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry joined concerned was with Newman's importantly, Szydlo's Sendivogius century. and among with referring rationalize Michael BIOGRAPHICAL as theory' Stone noble that coherent III. alchemy. forced Frederick good also soon service and of iron common arrested traveled profitable. however, a the Furthermore, This More arrested, Vienna. for part of how borrowing and became continued relationship in secret family in combined the a of modern to on chymists King member work Newman at through paper Sendziwoj the when seriously, Taking of brass metals the with it to the of release book).ll life-supporting least enhancing Later, may the a to actual in of Wiirttemberg light it In and from one solid Sigismund Holy conceptual was his shows smelting pressed terms the SUMMARY money provide will chemistry. 1593, twice. into process have part imprisonment Newman of released in of of several Sendivogius theories of shows Sendivogius. laboratory state in in Roman Cracow, between Philosophers' the (Sendivogius, the nitre, analyze his the gold. that in of 1604 part boosted Sendivogius In from the by favorites Polish alchemical modern (i. facilities own III the an period European 1599, in framework Sigismund, Sendivogius' only or Shortly component importance Sendivogius based Emperor of recently in e. of Poland. her the coherence PAULO interpretation Sendivogius' fixed) theories, terms potassium matter, procedures. Stuttgart, government Poland offered interest after the Eventually husband in Courts unless chemical - (especially upon Stone afterwards, in went widow Court. an experiments noted ALVES is countries of He the Rudolph Latinized Rudolph that and in 2 as enterprise suggesting accorded his published of 'recipe' s in - he modern and the nitrate. diplomatic studied he of to accordance a but a In of that the 1o air, is PORTO It the secretary theories. services preparation was in substance returning Prague Prague writings revealed explanatory not also a of 1595, never George on the influence II, which Prague during production his and arrested for form) the in with readily passing a makes saltpeter that chemistry. construction a that 'nitre Sendivogius monarch paying book other the to the to intervention and - with of processes is Rudolph capable Starkey, turned nobleman his to a work Emperor his he was Philosophers' universities oxygen, fact Bugaj9, again a of of commensurable theory' Cracow. by affirming power Poland, German was restless tentative what it secret. in Sendivogius' and born the the back. in that very However, the out almost of and the of II, the started we Court study Philosophers' of who described Ferdinand must is transforming of reflected in charged interested several seventeenth life Sendivogius to Sendivogius Sendivogius Sendivogius princes, The the his threatened know diplomatic chemically Sigismund attempt subject of 1566 be certainly was and Stone of of be mastery Leipzig to theory, highly Duke, 'nitre more Duke steel, work nitre now: seen with very of him was was the by II, in of to is a Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry permanence into or Sendivogius, produced philosophorum concentric and' matter, which God preparing Sendivogius mention grouped Sendivogius substance fantastic medicines, Hermes interested speculations became Russian Later of matter', Sendivogius In SENDIVOGIUS' noble problems, and treatises. that MICHAEL 'central the the Turning After pleasure built the Sendivogius created editions, Philosophers' the metals knowledge laboureth Nature, before I twelve he and hollow wrote highly which Trismegistus, of stories, his In lead together, book new were sun', but believed SENDIVOGIUS: in everything spheres the 14 and the interested death, was Polish. to discussed of the adopted of treatises tractatus they is breaking smelters and THEORY Sendivogius the importance remedies viz. some then he some existing anything popular, resided. God, "Epilogue" explained, indeed which to four was in in of set twelve styled help separated how the of as that, vain, turning Stone. became Nature, interested and of their of duodecim elements earth, wise that many in Aristotle in by were what OF name radically NITRE in true. Its them philosophers, she in employing Sendivogius' in Silesia. and imagination the that the foregoing MATTER: the of acting movement constitute seemed hand the The to alchemists although the accepted water, produceth better we in using aspects one iatrochemical of His was 'operations including the the putteth & center (1604) beginning, were this in center preparation Sendivogius and The could PREPARATION to with first twelve translated the into on four alchemical known to the air alchemical SEEDS, sacred 16 treatises Thirty Avicenna. able obscurely, 3 the of of generated live of as (Twelve possibility or forth classical ideas published whose and the of Work call, a things the elements, other Nature.' treatises, Paracelsian truth alchemists, first the at to of - 'most there PRINCIPLES, and Years fire. four goals Novum Earth,19 his and ease was on in generate Nature'. into they in Earth. examples treatises OF part operations works, until by principles. authorities. most modern hands love Since the in a was enshrouded of properties War work excellent of THE until Nor, Each elements. may great Sendivogius German, her of lumen arranging the producing very reforming Therefore, to origin where the true to on thinking, Novum brought had PHILOSOPHERS' The seeds that know working to his understand was seed other Archeus heat,20 eleventh the the should Chaos recently.13 terms, chymicum. in Art labour a death philosophers' time, IS purpose entitled the 'through For and the of physitian,,J English, sons was different the ... lumen by than some them this According gold explained: hindering medicine - knowledge 'central but . 15 the be a then instance, a operation structure in without Nature from .. and of number marvelous 'theory 12 This the a chymicum, followed, 1636. from However seed [F] Art, financial De was of in French, STONE the passing thrown title twelfth 7 which secret stone). or lapide these fire', work four had and that was will was less not the the he he by to of of of of of Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry 21 Analogous vapor,.22 Earth. Although free product moist', impelled or from above), interaction including and on upward its four The by made. according action the copper called other and analogous the 'prime metal. an According When the endless This Earth interaction water, depending from archeus elements, the 27 substances. entity, this Fire, water of sperm salt, run placed circumference, diversity colour, things, nature ... matter'. transformation would gold he centrifugal would motion Sendivogius four the In Using could, Sendivogius through the some let cosmic precious meant to on abroad and processes to between acting movement, its be was a Sun, would there Paracelsus. being in elements of be 'fatness' and earth, it to sort the thus be centrifugal If so between of upon poured an by the obscure is the of produced; responsible this the Sendivogius, entity Moon of on lead. the made divers here the chance, analogy, of upward be generating movement by middle the stones. be 'moist the place made air, tria described matter explained where 'force' mentioned place set passeth of of the underground directly; forth If produced. the the and rest. and seed the prima, 26 red generated passages Sendivogius colours, sulphur. the a the it four movement, vapor' salt. reach thereof, vessel and Sendivogius motion archeus, Diamonds, changeth archeus were it PAULO three makes there, by stars, residing For for seed: into earth through stopped, the of all through or Moreover, it, from the elements so the receiving the the the sulphur, placed the of and also the 24 if metals in seeds. principles the 23 on. If and ALVES sulphur; things. were and and seed, to water of origin water surface. seeds, would these, Sendivogius' three regions, in 4 the middle; believed seed the pure salt, a the the it vapor when for round qualified divers The explained the where Then, seed cold, would cast originated this PORTO place Water. mercury and upon earth doth salt, would principles and or only of salt underground instance, distill air, center resulted In 'moist forth one passed primordial 'moist and clay bound in pure combining about places, the due that it water, not this every on the were was generate a In takes it generate a smooth stream you text and the earth the water, and of to vapor' as change from case, three bodies and laboratory like also vapor', from it through that one in were the for a the impure but and influence let shall salt from seed may all 'servant mixed was the manner the by the produced heat a principles matter, constituted there Earth. is the only apart: the even from regions the (as grass kinds were the according different the the would come see just suggest minerals 'subtil, it matrix center in surface 'virtues' several and resulting the 29 in same place, with simultaneous be table, distillation. the that of result or the then of Sendivogius not the made. of cold as 25 to laid Nature' tast be would flowers. cold, the pure center mercury; in could passages sulphur, stones water a into that mineral kind seed the created matter, but and guided and places, let to of places 'moist which of of divers of place from The and red the the the the the the the the the be an be be all or .28 of to of - Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry Vulcanus, working Vulcanus, instance, would his Vulcanus According processes. us The archeus too of spirit' THE Thus, alchemical. and can the irradiating transformation MATTER by gius or point: archeus 'inner 'central MICHAEL consider the the The heat, career. would term other origin clarified find ARCHEUS .33 the bread Alchemy alchemist' occur made makes the circulate variety the archeus according ... concept fire' was For was when in had 34 in archeus the could as plants. the art SENDIVOGIUS: as inner of be to itself In now .31 was Nature Paracelsus the within turn, instance, as into the the it him, the a of Archeus itself archeus noted performed other IN explaining We in into prime somewhat is and that of of be throughout the places same concept relation vulcanus, was SIXTEENTH to an flesh was the performer the can had every But does the a matter, ultimate its peasant someone prepare art, at treatises, called by an human exercise matter there archeus as of as conclude discretion and proceeds the human large, a called NITRE and with autonomous process Walter between of Nature the by a the general, different blacksmith proceeds blood. the the part who was the vulcanus that matter an according AND and sublimation, 'central being origin eats one of & was of a body, archeus Vulcanus archeus. whole internal a that of Pagel. takes PREPARATION reaped the concept of its distributes transformations subsequently SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY Vulcanus is, the the one According can transformation non-individualized meaning through cosmic Paracelsus' as of variety the in entity, until 5 anything is bread. fire', two and who universe. 37 that minerals. well find is the to the wheat Like 'central Vulcanus anything attributed Paracelsus entities: the difficult distillation, sublimes the Paracelsus operator changed an action. in as endowed of the same A the it than any to OF pieces series the and final things. attentive a to the that philosophy In archeus art Paracelsus, In kind fire' other THE eve~ way, the it Earth by changed of in another that vulcanus his to of to it conversion therein of ore did and operated with used was matter through elaborated the archeus Paracelsus,32 PHILOSOPHERS' of alchemy. 0 reverberation, means De alchemical distinguish for Vulcanus, character place reading could into for that as 35 natural an mineralibus the microcosm. a THEORIES he the passage, kind a it these ... Sendivogius. of instrument goes was metal produced ... distribution, kind into 'governed' of knows the promote of All the The alchemically. archeus, of clarifies regarded so throughout 'alchemical Paracelsus' over capable alchemical operations operations the pores, bread. things from was 'will'. of for universe. from Sendivo- archeus, (written OF STONE etc. how matter 'force' whom it also grass used This 36 Fire and and this any the Let We are the the for to as of as a Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry 39 was, was within by bodies metals, readers and physician related centuries archeus. a minerals. changing manipulative metals, more appears Novum Belgian human of around analyzing that the in be human Helmont, and those elementary existing Sendivogius 'three (,.., variety matter Adam 1560-1609), generated. Many On Van large specific of their even gave authors, concerned The ultimate nature. therein, the uncertain on lumen the principles' viewed or beings to body, of in physician, in 1526) Paracelsian von Helmont's of number followers definitions for and it throw them works a or the the made the body, each other the prime In Archeus universal and more was interpretations: chymicum, contemporaries. alchemist Bodenstein 'power' responsible ,38 Paracelsian its archeus Moreover, more From the and the generation contemporary so who matter. into and characteristic light one a hand, seems of with transformations, etymology Paracelsus that matter importance of tool archeus same J. animals; - of other concerned Nature every metals. of new dictionaries of wrote is B. scale. working theory sulphur, on medical Paracelsus everything was as out the the his to That he within Van fashion 41, the - well the terms corpus. for material be chymical of not water as idea archeus sources of who For about the Gerhard - man This wrote PAULO Helmont concept the is, early a everything, the about as a 'Basilius these digestion For upon of theories. than only cosmic bodies. with example, mercury piece archeus of where coined in that in - the adopted takes archeus alchemical published one may They especially the example, so the the development body, were ,47 that Nature ALVES dictionaries an speculations did the philosophers body. Dorn diseases many a of of chosen 6 archeus be it few entity Valentinus' Nature these man archeus (1579 'alchemist' The by indicate As was and water is 'three the metal, any broad reduced animate this and or instances could 42 clear PORTO and Paracelsus examples This different disposes like worked if in archeus processes as same responsible natural things and other 'power' - can by we as ends was salt and principles' the elaborated and so a 1644), that as explained an were how those of be an Martin concerning kind take be 44 or in to of trend existing an sixteenth corpus. the immanent author. - subjective and in the man inner their upon Van kinds seen healing also observed the Nature inanimate. we difficult was and - the probably combined which the involving 'inner enhanced of chymical some 'matrix' concept. reduces can 4o ultimate for Ruland,43 begins. Helmont played can the 'spirit' 46 period. Vulcanus, within as glossaries arranges of minerals how the cures. inside According 45 the cite there the substances processes. and a the archeus: of the enough chymist' be spirit in concept very 'cosmic from generation word them Each them a in minerals philosophers Oswald Sendivogius' their acting composition Considering terminology observed to seventeenth the matter central the In would elaborated we which in useful all to Although prepared or generate only general, concept archeus archeus body to curious to can matter, matrix, extract to 'spirit' in things of force' like could allow Croll their of be Van The role and one the the the see for by its of of a a Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry 53 partial very what if concluded: should that more,52 piece gold, which Stone. over of changes. gold', dissolution. bring the However, multiplication? it end. Sendivogius developed multiplication the gold believed SENDIVOGIUS Returning on possible in majority diffused of that a there MICHAEL much brings preparing salt-nitre' the matter The hands' 'crudity' Sendivogius special heat archeus, it He thus were forth of and I all understand flourish success. be four could was have first - The more iron of forth through that When to made things for added were leading if completing .51 to SENDIVOGIUS: his the oranges. chymical 'So 'more' allowed 'water'. This transform wrote the should elements of the elusiveness step been a Sendivogius' Ten all into not AND like theories seed. complex of long mixture and air, The far preliminary According an the same ... bodies Philosophers' - really should the by time to to parts a gold, that mr THE willing reached 5 to other analogy: which 50 yield ,48 fluid then liquid general Thus, time, the itself. philosophers promote to be Sendivogius gold meaning trees his and If and 'vulgar had PREPARATION one on were heated of idea production of NITRE 'germinate' the found, be so, be fruits Paracelsian part did during here treatment to this work to that This the would this in place. my measures the done were there substance why added tone 'milk make formed Sendivogius, of not of gold the the water transmutation & Stone. last could experience, to because up sometimes, mastery help and the and was the PREPARATION which have planted follow. of in discover described of of are ripening three sentence gold, to to is archeus of if the main a should was of it the the mixture from in directed like 'calcine Since OF terms, provide 7 the Sendivogius natural, orange enough the not into the of it there the treatise, THE a period. principles, to Within earth' an product, should in goal, gold 'radical to the seeds. usual suitable and I all be preparation artificer of is be another. it herb than acquired colder can thee PHILOSOPHERS' of gold'. became intriguing, towards the is kinds trees as OF Philosophers' non-violent given gold 'heat' was mixed it not or metals. enough In this being to however, do If be is without THE that all 'resolution' moisture' was 'menstruum and not conclusion, see clear At the the in places, of was kind no should possible he by framework, things; to justifying Moreover, with capable this matter several PHILOSOPHERS' communicating circulating Italy capable gold's 'heavenly, letter, seed the more, means take believed of to that heat for seed; of point, seemed way one the open new help they and of within and the one Stone: to STONE his matter, had seeds I I in meanings of of metals. of by we when Philosophers' have of part found observe the of mixture process Nature would other speculations may if Sendivogius those Sendivogius Sendivogius it the its fire. 'tingeing' not their ripening means among may the thou to possibility a would and of pores revealed piece it wonder body STONE 49 suggest wetting then out 'Water world' only places 'living is affirm origin lands. never color to shalt their to kept as ripe of the no do be by its of in of a it a a a Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry what for before The presented Principe chymical according gold'. above. collected conclusions a search indeed attribute processes most molten Sendivogius' remain about any apocryphal, evidence chymist, supposed mere consider Hafen did this, that describing describing plan Bugaj It Here, understanding event, use does name we Nature is of allegorical Following purely 59 This Pure to does cauldron. come then and of being oder nitre. was tempting chemicals; about can 'might pointed the it observations to the cosmic the not author's of were in affirms the to real are a 'living rinsed, chymical treatise not acquires Sendivogius from perhaps Grosse salt was however, speculate late-seventeenth-century to their whole lifetime: the time, 'water fused wet abstract the information the laboratory Remember 'flimsy exist. wet involved. conceivably a not This analogies; of or process out, for hands', those gold' different death, recipe that until the authenticity but allows Chymischer authenticity hands, there and universe, that hypothetical the 57 the able processes a never now entities. this in it the modern at Sendivogian that it probably that Sendivogius worked it appeared does Earth, name a conclusions in described for is in to us However, best' are operations, text, very becomes without has contained that book his a important even the which turn do to a editions PAULO preparing collection not not modern enough Although to nitre .56 determine alchemical different Concordanz as fire by in chemist, otherwise first is by of be out description, will wet interested an meant well Even for itself; which still Sendivogius 1598, was the ALVES this above, view beautifully of dissolved it analysis step wrote, to hands' that in interpretation with 8 be of the as is the to chemist hints lacking, a made smelter. nitre, be Processus if context work. so to gold Sendivogius' Processus of some necessary privileged nothing Novum realize useful to the first he work PORTO philosophers' known definite was the Sendivogian,' high (Frankfurt, discover the in is obtain in of to by identity could and the or as identified time others reacting was It transparent attribution reaching. would mere was alchemical J.J. addition while There suggest and temperatures for it that may super lumen in author was as concentrated, super is chemicals, able to instrument Becher, an almost never the whether this of our therefore found nitre, chemicals. Sendivogius of even attributed draw. be language sal not the attempt is Sendivogius' 1682). the Philosophers' to the sal world earth, chymicum, as that but of a analysis centrale very Sendivogius to 58 have dissolve have 55 published fifty process arguments nitre. to passage and is centrale. mysterious Processus naturally, Chymischer 'living Sendivogius more what real or formed were Sendivogius can careful drew ... to at As years reached, was crystalline. been to However, and if is water discovering accomplish framed as be he laboratory Accepting gold' important the consistent the a described Lawrence has in required. different encoded ideas. wrote: purified we born after treatise made Doubts talking that during Novum was not Glucks- in Stone, Polish so which 'living 'water' been with may and was the his far he its or In is, in to It is a Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry 65 Arabs fact described galena. The could century. process metallurgy, solution metallic lead. within chymists according another or how under book, mentioned or it a may over distillation modern existence them (copper lumen MICHAEL - recipe at other Modern The was idea that to be ,62 the least in also 6 the in because, the I other contained whilst melting. ours the ... change chymicum possible. was 66 next supported It common have containing sulfate). had copper to mixture. chemists of heating. it Spain metals, a author of If The these described to was count appeared SENDIVOGIUS: earth: of method for is the are transforming prepare chemists a Sendivogius coppery seeds long step Bugaj, thW transformation ... common nitre a iron instance, living, German addition even [vulgar] (where Of by well-known the This described, in been metals that in by considered He are call This in by for course, gold under into was immersing the Sendivogius' nitric so. conditions, would gilding solutions, depositing though metals; full probably process an yet obtaining forced suggests 64 'nitric solutions. iron to NITRE In also - water copper was metals, considered Lazarus of chymist lead excerpt of in that appropriate acid find Novum the not a with spirit a of described fact was their of copper this Sendivogius 'water' for transmutation. into acid', to & is, you resulting a could say meant a from especially silver iron ... dissolution Ercker metallic details PREPARATION this silver metal in the copious) recipe producing a at piece Johann from ... and lumen silver, mines; that end transmutation. the processes that 61 into a capable is conclusion 9 nitre. [T] interpretation. associated be from the there in liquid up conditions. as the precipitated smelted the about stated of solution involved chymicum, he however, time copper: Processus gold a the wrote with and aqua acid Rudolph iron interaction during transmutation. Processus lead of life copper are However, of After gold like the OF that that gold that more their on obtained of ones in 'calcining regia in some that would that with pouring THE procedure these metals In probably of super he the he Again, the its can a a - it was by copper death - super the his Glauber, we solution at long iron was was - wrote: When PHILOSOPHERS' lead surface. that but between middle for Middle be iron as be least, sal already book vulgar, whose should from is transmutations, convinced 'water able this possible Sendivogius in sal gold', turns period make fire is centrale. produced ores, originated than from and those 'Chymists of the discussing centrale. on of 63 of interpretation saltpeter, Ages. to The for [of a are in some preparation, not seventeenth into of silver metal followed mining the equipment, particularly blue 'tinge' fire, vitriol of use the still to salt-nitre' dead, instance, last look amount that heating STONE copper part In by obtain earth] by out in vitriol viz. it 'alive' Many and know iron was, step and and that this the but the the the the for he by of of of a Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry 67 joining A This substance. useful ideas, Sendivogius, understand symmetries system. in analogies Sendivogius such century all Earth: instance, performing However, shows of SENDIVOGIUS observational central celestial to (the fundamental the Antiquity an The living In human symmetry as 68 'aerial central but to this Earth. in motion salt-nitre I superficies this rain celestial the central the ... that of 'sun' the interpretation shows have Sun his the symmetry the things, between All heat the other, in central center excerpt, made, The could search transmutations that he indeed being). followers. generated - center and nitre', reason his said AND sun Sun data the sun parts the the played Sun and sends was point of respect his and mastery be meant was it of sun (i. [of also NITRE is ... the atmosphere. continuing for the recognition and between hath receives emanations played of theories and and a seen This for the the of e., [F] produce Earth] its in extremely a hath the cosmic skillful of earth that macrocosm waters life. nature this very or center the heaven its devoted Sendivogius' in much in Sendivogius' everywhere. IN was heat of Earth heat an sea, of its the from the does There its CONTEXT the PAULO were important the a ... universe a important metals, analogies upon sea, flowers, observer. significance coherent or amongst very sequel, in and celestial 69 is from more increasing it Sun that is beams not important the easily to scatters coherent general; the beams and was (the ALVES subtill common the and reside air Sendivogian the 10 According but nitre sun than philosophy and were 'recipe' also crude joyned Sendivogius role of that earth) universe - Sun the role chymical It celestial the also its PORTO upward among the of water all interest of symmetry his in is with the spheres within in was power heat the hath interconnected: water, 'central in theme things. the to one traditional more and the to work in the identification that to allowing Earth, the as fundamental heat, supposed terms Sun downward the a of philosophy are ideas generation to Sendivogius, of another Paracelsus' in dissemination a that correspondency of revealed described in is seemed important, Therefore nature fire' life, between whole) chymists joyned the with the the not and which his of is in alchemical the and residing planets; perceptible; perceptible. superficies modern study time; the salt 'modernity' sea the was by development convincing and joyns to another by analogies for the of of processes. of ones to philosophical related its when there not the seventeenth- its it however, his of beings. the a salt. microcosm sea of explaining motion; originated and within perpetual it chemistry saltpeter. chemical beams from belief with the with only tenets was, period. there related And of funda- In so out to of idea The and and For the the the the the the the the for his so of of in to to of as is - Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry According when would differences fixed the matrix, to natural Mter of Stone. understanding doing without in generated ence nitre occurs magnet absorbs nitre Sendivogius earth' Sendivogius call mental converts celestial 'power MICHAEL equate the the In Mter Considering origin anhydrous of abiding was into this made the so, be was earth, seeds bringing animals, In the greater it, daily. According ... the of analogy: matrix allowing his water which Sun, attracts it capable the the nitre brief, Sendivogius' light passage, capable life' by world, similar of nitre, multiplication to into in SENDIVOGIUS: nitre than 73 within also gave of Sendivogius, or everything. how union in greater the and from 71 contained of would of of water. plenty no everything. man in with the the the potassium and - iron, similarities. if called these the of gold's what whole to another much Sendivogius' the to of in any Sendivogius mortal there their moist whole penetrating sea one of the dies it him, the this attracting multiplication quantity unite 'salt-nitre other of because has self celestial nitre 77 He of nitre power the aspects seed. NITRE between world' were form if of in respective nitre air the corn the example: can structure air been you nutriment was We carbonate; the with more the with body. and Let 'magnet' 'moisture' not world', is of of' & of views .74 live, probably quoted take could nitre saw Therefore, Sun of the air: grows, any of discussed volatile, the of 78 PREPARATION the a salt-nitre us oxygen. abundantly dissolves calcined a Thus, the Elsewhere, the 'power 76 power above and air substance. 'power the contexts, beams his of suppose of of 'congealed on 'power 11 and in that earth', or several the from analogy. the this gold's and the 'attractive referring Sendivogius turn (or without theory, but 75 chalybs, of 'our that, here, of multiplies. tartar', earth itself is nitre world with The of preparation nitre) substance of the him, is life' made, the could that penetrate related reveals OF Sendivogius names seed life', life' water by increased, it air' into air analysis was due This the Moreover, which beams we the dwelling THE is &c. to that does the that means power' in penetrating, - in be preserved and within what heat like to that a affirmed Latin for the to Nothing far can that property speculations PHILOSOPHERS' attracts dissolved saturated the is not fixed; the of nothing the the of of by an this wets air, more we of of deliquescent, of in the same pointed is, assimilation and achieve gold seem the the word air consequence extension body central sunbeams, the nowadays 'salt-nitre governed the entity: once transmutation. air not Sun was by would the Philosophers' two fundamental explains 72 gold this and - Earth, solution. fashion appropriate grows, for air, to air. of that our the beat omnipres- concepts, out we fixed, sun. itself a 'our altering, gold. 'steel'. was is or grow STONE Also matrix hands, of is, would better by of made of that: upon there fixed done air so or This also salt- as why and this the the the the the air In in in 70 is is it a Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry As which whole was was feature. seventeenth, maintenance surely identified unveiling philosophy belongs in measured historians a influenced seventeenth that about relation definition dences, analysis chemist; of oceans Sendivogius' nor many Sendivogius' position celestial preparation addition, Sendivogius, this about of the 'aerial 'substances' 'vital other metals chymical saltpeter. It Sendivogius same the also particularly the paper, other is the world. resulted the nitre' he power', on same - not to relation Thus, Sun read worth historians they to as Hubicki of 'simple' of chemicals of with of against a was the (iron by presence about that chymical world that 'potassium those the science. centuries'. of element in terms; and the The and and own. idea Sendivogius substance like of are by the earth. his in a a important the noting, the life universal had useful between Newton, between into gaseous 'spirit' intended even 'powers a modern planets Jean manipulations a studies noble the concepts also did of work theories have 'central Philosophers' 'nitre and in same used symmetries Hubicki For philosophers a of inter-conversion (that copper, the originate lists Sendivogius his - broad we Beguin, however, already nitrate' or was Pole's combustion. 'something' Sendivogius, chemical on taking of our Boerhaave by Sendivogius' unity. eighteenth, of concept sense also in several to is, nowadays an world to of Sun', life' were important Sendivogius PAULO the the mentioned a 'potassium 8o the their 'emanation a encompass writings. lead and totally contributed shown, , from theory Sendivogius' and into nature, involves Croll, of that world' manifestations the system 79 other developed that Stone heavens. of elementary well-defined the very ALVES was into propagation. analogies, and call account 12 'oxygen' This celestial oxygen different in some century the of ideal 'nitre and of Michael Robert for chymists in not properties 81 several chemicals; appealing were was nitrate' silver) the 'potassium Lavoisier. Szydlo the qualitative matter explanation from PORTO the 'something' the stimulating we experimental the to of of only air nitre throughout and has 'nitre all 'ocean' correct requires Sendivogius' mentioned whole substance view same explaining alien Boyle the the types the chymical of first included pointed Maier who, and that that the already His part a nitre theory and about earth' and stars' development project power theory' nitrate'. to fashion proponent chemical of 'oxygen' conceptual universe. - are makes of according is for fame our at later could and of matter that practical it are out the responsible and authors been - least is completely materiality), observations, is analogies and at the the it. the own. that long part John about indeed, is, interest was the 'nitres' that for atmosphere that Even throughout He be no styled whole transmutations an is pointed 'aerial that sixteenth that synthesis nourishes It There of beginning of before conceived not to the applications an who Sendivogius shared mention differences. operational there of French. correspon- so, cannot a are them, him, his 'oxygen'. chymical with accurate essential universe in and modern theories are alien nitre' for praised to and was not 'nitre' out but it was nitre, were state with and and and was not but the the the the the an be an by its In to of of as is it a Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS NOTES widespread supported acknowledged. drafts Hopkins Pontificia The would early philosophers. of source Robert specific about they considering Sendivogius' historians certainly Sendivogius of do (1674), 6 5 4 3 2 1 MICHAEL . W. A. Tenth T. Chemistry" and the activities ings The 243-55. In advocate domain. H. 'chemical on Lawrence etymological Throughout "chemistry" (Paris: 1975), (New Sendivogius Estado author were G. another Dobbs, Guerlac, Hubicki, phases p. of acquaintance the history its be evoked AND York: of Debus, Frank's 41: International Hermann, p. where this authors role University, one suitable This them. between well possibility Universidade the of 152. de by geocosm' SENDIVOGIUS: Principe ' in in work, REFERENCES Science is among paper, ... "The were when science of this when that "Michael origins in "The 83 use usage a of Actes Sao The of ideas. profoundly acquainted since grant a this study earthly is paper, Therefore, chemistry Debus of the Poet's 1964), the Foundations indiscriminately of theory for were Paracelsian Paulo ideas the and will du completely History within the dealing of Congress and Newton all Paracelsian research, time of have for Xe. authors respiration Sendivogius's from a help terms on I William phenomena. the archaically-spelt focused Nitre: vol. historiographic use Debus a for probably Congres Cat6lica NITRE - of the on his 'volatile about Publications, the evade topics already the with 2, indebted with to the FAPESP his the "alchemy" of of Aerial with Paracelsian Studies it pp. patience an Newman terms insert Newton's on Oxford connected the is Reformation Sendivogius's and very the absent & Brazilian suggested classed International we 829-33. these a useful Sendivogius' chymical 'aerial and Niter," Theory, History the de PREPARATION nitre' Sendivogius potential shown chymistry, 'nitro-aerial in unnecessary today to helpful Sendivogius mistake," chymistry and to 1977), Sao the Alchemy (proc. in combustion, subject tradition. 'aerial 13 Prof. group under in from for Isis, Prof. their of associate being Chemistry nitre', "chemistry" its agency reading Paulo, and the to works arbitrariness chymicaland Science vol. philosophers. understanding 55 d'Histoire that suggestions. Origin theory to Lawrence (Cambridge: either recent Early 98/06209-7), these John serves nitre' the of Dr. similarities (1964),43-61. 82 of 1, See express involved. was OF spirit' similar pp. physiologists under end for for this Science Fundar;ao into a of Ana (Ithaca of A. and term and paper 85 also as even are ideas, john THE substance 84-96. Mayow's theories. a des G. of her chymistsin and inclusively an contemporary 'Central this Significance fact the indicated, Maria Debus, used the and is M. Sciences by commenting Cambridge "Alchemy 26/08/1962 Mayow when PHILOSOPHERS' This exemplary to consequent invaluable between discussed but seventeenth two early Thus, tradition Medicine, Principe, Moreover, this de casually which may Sendivogius', Fire' Alfonso-Goldfarb, The research the Tractatus terms Amparo was also in - Boyle the / modern for Sendivogius specific II," Proceedings sense Chemical vs. in citations within be the University undifferentiated 3 proponent instance, Mayow's in not misunderstand- - showed is "alchemy" Isis, Chemistry: the (1998), of - help century.' 02/09/1962) 84 speculated The reference suggested on explained readers. air gratefully a the although writers, chymical has 45 History the the Philosophy Pesquisa Quinque chapter STONE earlier Johns which in (1954), by name 32-65, Earth, been from of were Press, only that and of was B.J. and the the the we by of to a Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry 21 43 36 34 33 30 29 26 25 24 23 22 20 38 44 42 41 40 35 32 31 28 27 16 14 39 37 15 13 12 19 18 17 10 11 9 8 7 passim. French, Archives W. Does vol. True pp. W. 46. W. and Sciences, Chemical Huser's Princeton: A. in macrocosm). This Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., on Z. Ibid., This Paracelsus, That T. M. See Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., See Pagel, M. Pagel, Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., 1674), 10, See 129-46, Parace1sus, See Ibid., G. Varsovie-Cracovie Which (New Szydlo, von P. The Dorneus, Hubicki, works Ruland, Pagel, Sendivogius, p. Newman, for the two M. 50-65; 1, Z. Not date brief is, p. p. Sherlock, p. p. pp. pp. pp. pp. pp. pp. p. p. p. p. p. pp. pp. p. Life York: 406, Does pp. Hermetic op. op. p. Bodenstein, B. Szydlo, example,]. the Internationales 830. 90. 9. notes 240. 11. 14. 146. 135. 134. of 12. published edition on Wet 6-7. 7-8. 34,85-86. 6-7. 11, 114, 15-17. 11-13. 40. of 1994). Hall is "The Paracelsus, Philosophy cit. cit. of biographic 238-39. the note Princeton human A Labyrinthus p. E. Not University Lexicon DSB, given uncertain Hands Dictionarium Michael 17-18,20. Book Thus, (32), (32), and Gehennical 146. 138. works eds., Ostachowski, "The Alchemy "The and of Wet 24-31 13. Some A vol. by references Read, Paracelsus' in body, p. New p. in about alchemiae Alchemical The Onomasticon there Hands. Jolande 2nd attributed Influence Chemical 12, 1674. University of 105. 106. Ambix, Sendivogius" sketch aout d'Histoire Books, authenticity, of medicorum Correspondence Light p. the of believed Humour Fire ed. Bugaj's Minerals Theophrasti would 1965 308. Michael The Seventeenth "Michael Jacobi, is 42 (Frankfurt: (Basel: (Cambridge, used of 1967), Writings papers Work based to To des of (Warsaw, Alchymy, PAULO Alchemy (1995),188-89. Theophrasti Press, be errantium, and and to Basil the produce Sciences, by in in as Sendivogius: analogies be Karger, in vol. Paracelsi Humanism of The on Szydlo's of Szydlo, (1589-1590). noted Actes Sendivogius, Central of a Valentine: 1988), Paracelsus Henry Par synthesis, Zachariae W. of tr.]. ... 2, ALVES 1968), Century," Hermetic Nouvelle book MA: 14 Paracelsi ace Michael this pp. Paracelsus du Hubicki, 1982), by ibid., (Francoforti, between Oldenburg, interpretations p. French Is Nitre Xie. paper, 165-67. Principe in vol. us," Harvard 5, His 236. PORTO - in Of Chemistry pp. quoted Palthenii, Shie Selected Congres p. Sendivogius Ambix, 4, the and (Basel: miniature, Ambix, Central Natural Theory "Michael the The we pp. 105. (London: the 144-46. d'Archeion, 13 Polish Alchemical in Great, used University 31- by Writings parts treatise 43 vols 1584). International his (London: Peter 3 Nitre & Sherlock, of 1612). (1948),33-63, ofSendivogius' (1996),80-97; the 35; review A. of Sendivogius" Supernatural alchemist (London: (Warsaw: Michael of A. Perna, the E. Szydlo, English Theory," 33 was both (Bollingen Clark Writings Press, Waite G. universe (1954),267-75; of included op. Bell d 'cosmos'. Szydlo's 1575). Sendivogius Polish Mansell, 'His op. translation for (1556 cit. ed. 1994), Ambix, Things, and on cit. DSB; to and ... ideas (33), Tho. Series as ire and , p. (8), op. Academy a Sons, in - Water des idem, whole idem, 40 1975), pp. 41. p. Johannes 1636)" are tr. Williams, tr., cit. pp. XXVIII, Sciences, by 41; (1993), R. on Daniel 1947), 78-91, based 2 Which John Water "The (36), 129- Hall (the also vols vol. the in of Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry 74 73 72 71 69 68 70 67 66 65 64 63 57 62 59 58 56 55 53 61 60 50 54 52 51 49 47 48 46 45 MICHAEL J. most saltpeter As extraction Wiley the the It Sendivogius, Ibid., Ibid., C. Ibid., Sendivogius, Pagel, liquor' Vozes, C. L. suggested nitre. C. Sendivogius, Szydlo, process); 11. in medieval Sendivogius Nitre Sendivogius, Antimony, p. About Quoted Principe, This The Cosmopolita) pp. or the Szydlo, Sendivogius, Ibid., Sendivogius, translation Cable tr. Ibid., There 73-78. 'Cosmopolita' Sendivogius, (part O. (15), Van (Amsterdam: was R. Ercker Klein S. which 10). has Singer the Henry Crollius, earth. 'seeds' mixture 96-102; Helmont use Glauber, Smith 'recipe' pp. pp. p. p. popular pp. of crystallizes and a pp. op. point are already (London, 1999), the In (op. op. common op. 44. 31. by and the of by 44-45. 27, 28-29. alchemical the pp. op. Pinnell cit. Treatise et his SENDIVOGIUS: 28-30 This the of Sons, references Louis within cit. concept cit. 'solvent Szydlo, with this (Chicago: Discovering cit. al. P. "Epilogue wrote of - C. 42. of their op. op. cit. op. to op. op. op. op. (32), process Ludovicum Ortus 30-31 p. analogy The Reformer technical was been A. (8), scarce (8), eds., the S. belief (15), prepare organic method commentary 1985), cit. cit. cit. cit. cit. 148, (10), cit. cit. as belief, G. 1670), (tenth on Porto, the HurlbutJr., (London: nitre Works, a that pp. p. pp. op. seed waters' medicinae, needle-shaped, of (15), (15), (15), (15), (15), noted A (15), (15), Ores pseudonym Kelly (beginning texts: pp. bodies, to n. 145, is originated the The pp. cit. with History the or of 131-33. 214-15, the p. the with Sendivogius described in or 187. were matter pp. the Van of treatises and tr. Science 30 p. Elzevirium, p. p. p. pp. p. p. Conclusion (8), 274. 8200[th] 188-89. Great n. Ana is archeus the by ed. NITRE University sperm, water. mixture the Christopher 45. M. 33. Philosophers' 27. water, 30. 10. 28. - 38-39 Helmont an Assaying, Sendivogius 9. Van by 31-32. Szydlo, of described Manual pp. 31). seventeenth M. n. (New S. and ancient with and "Twelve Technology, Theodore of traditionally from for of 45. Helmont 140-41. and with Alfonso-Goldfarb, & after Perhaps colorless, in and the Deep Medicine should part among the e 1648), the York: Lodowick op. of of PREPARATION of Van tr. 0 the it eleventh more, alchemical Mineralogy, 51-52; as some Conceito Chicago Mysteries these Packe Treatises," is from cit. wrote: sixteenth of earth. Stone early observation always Helmont, 15 Kirkringius), 8 century, Van be wrote: Garland pp. he its (8), (Cambridge: vols transparent attributed years although Twelve the heated was (London, and body.' 40-41,112-13,548-55; Loyd, '[T] Helmont's as de Procedures p. was treatise, of Press, the (Oxford: German '[E]very 1405, Gas Nature, after theme; yielded 136. century: referring that containing Basil here th compiled Livro Publishing, see: 8200• Treatises"). over 1657), OF (Sao (Van that 1951), J. obscure, to saltpeter pp. and is J. crystals; the 1689), Valentine, Cambridge D. in do see, THE Sendivogius. writings. edition fire, Clarendon in seed nitre certain B. Paulo: 48-49. V. for Helmont, Philosophy part.' pp. Dana, they to Tesouro 'practical every p. Van from for Biringuccio's and the a is pp. again. the PHILOSOPHERS' 223. 118, details: their could 1990; waterless are example, (according of EDUC-EDUSP, (Sendivogius, body His 20th Helmont, 'nitrous For 'theoretical it 403-4. three artificial de 1580 University present 142-143, would Press, W. Reformed The appearance Alexandre part') op. Triumphant instance: multiply reprint ed. a Sendivogius, center, Pagel, different by cit. liquid, process their earths' (New 1957), turn A. in Pyrotechnia, production to and Ortus (45) 146. and Press, G. Joan of part' some the itself (Petropolis: op. referring use and York:John into 1995), pp. like Sisco STONE may the required passages, after Chariot vol. Improved, medicinae cit. p. chymist, Baptista in a within of of 1982), op. 42-43 a fused place 105.) early (15), have 1678 2, and 'dry the the the pp. G. cit. of p. to of Published by Maney Publishing (c) Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry 85 81 84 83 82 80 79 78 77 76 75 Ages," Agricola's A. who As pregnant Szydlo, Mayow about mapeamento antigos; see: bacteria, in nitre the Sociedade "As Boyle Robert Debus, Hubicki, Sendivogius, Ibid. Sendivogius, Guerlac, Hubicki, Szydlo, Cf. 1980). Chymist, the R. Hubicki, Ibid., earth Maria compilac;oes unanimously Williams may (1627 the Ambix, air G. - "The op. 'The Everyman's " from p. op. op. op. will with I" took by FrankJr., and De H. role Brasileira cit. 45. in - cit. op. cit.(6), cit. such influence Roxo-Beltran, re op. op. influence 22 after historico" the 1691): nitre (4), on idem, part of Actes metallica (6), (2); cit. (1975), cit. cit. hermeticas the point the earths some observe, pp. (6), in pp. be p. Harvey idem, Library (15), (15), Roxo-Beltran du de ' materials production ... 832. the 60-61. deprived, .," p. ... and of 830-31. Septieme Quimica, 125-~3). in Seems years be 'John pp. p. ," view op. 830, process and 20a. "Acido as L. op. attracted (London:]. 98. e cit. 26-27. yeeld Ercker's well of and evident the a cit. Mayow used Reuniiio PAULO Congres by (10). On modern recuperac;ao of 1997), was Oxford and Nitrico: (10), Szydlo, here the them saltpeter in ancient (as also and Marcia from Treatise affusion the M. d'Histoire pp. Anual pp. Physiologists ALVES in they salt-petre science uma widespread, the 16 op. Dent period England 80 that uses HQ04 from speak) cit. on H. de Aerial da and poderosa of & PORTO notable of Ores ("The des M. (8), compostos SBQ water, Sons, artificial again (lime, - 94. saltpeter (Berkeley: out Sciences HQ07. Nitre: Ferraz, as and p. - according Production in 1911), agua Livro 138, of of practice ... urine, Assaying. other Though Studies all the 'nitre-beds', and "Compostos Uerusalem, de suggested. dissolutiva; its de University pp. air dung other nitrogenio Resumos, true countries, of to The .. on of 194-95.] I .' the the deny Saltpetre and and [R. the nitrogen belief with boylers testimony " 1953), of de Boyle, vol. Chemistry Alfonso-Goldfarb, dissoluble earth) that California that em See nitrogenio: an that 3 in some compounds, of explanation pp. receituarios the The (Sao if the and something salt-petre, of an study 332-49; Sceptical of salt, volatile Middle Robert Paulo: of Press, earth John urn the yet of