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Alchemical Culture and Poetry in Early Modern England
Alchemical culture and poetry in early modern England PHILIP BALL Nature, 4–6 Crinan Street, London N1 9XW, UK There is a longstanding tradition of using alchemical imagery in poetry. It first flourished at the end of the sixteenth century, when the status of alchemy itself was revitalised in European society. Here I explain the reasons for this resurgence of the Hermetic arts, and explore how it was manifested in English culture and in particular in the literary and poetic works of the time. In 1652 the English scholar Elias Ashmole published a collection of alchemical texts called Theatrum Chymicum Britannicum, comprising ‘Several Poeticall Pieces of Our Most Famous English Philosophers’. Among the ‘chemical philosophers’ represented in the volume were the fifteenth-century alchemists Sir George Ripley and Thomas Norton – savants who, Ashmole complained, were renowned on the European continent but unduly neglected in their native country. Ashmole trained in law, but through his (second) marriage to a rich widow twenty years his senior he acquired the private means to indulge at his leisure a scholarly passion for alchemy and astrology. A Royalist by inclination, he had been forced to leave his London home during the English Civil War and had taken refuge in Oxford, the stronghold of Charles I’s forces. In 1677 he donated his impressive collection of antiquities to the University of Oxford, and the building constructed to house them became the Ashmolean, the first public museum in England. Ashmole returned to London after the civil war and began to compile the Theatrum, which was intended initially as a two-volume work. -
Magnes: Der Magnetstein Und Der Magnetismus in Den Wissenschaften Der Frühen Neuzeit Mittellateinische Studien Und Texte
Magnes: Der Magnetstein und der Magnetismus in den Wissenschaften der Frühen Neuzeit Mittellateinische Studien und Texte Editor Thomas Haye (Zentrum für Mittelalter- und Frühneuzeitforschung, Universität Göttingen) Founding Editor Paul Gerhard Schmidt (†) (Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg) volume 53 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/mits Magnes Der Magnetstein und der Magnetismus in den Wissenschaften der Frühen Neuzeit von Christoph Sander LEIDEN | BOSTON Zugl.: Berlin, Technische Universität, Diss., 2019 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Sander, Christoph, author. Title: Magnes : der Magnetstein und der Magnetismus in den Wissenschaften der Frühen Neuzeit / von Christoph Sander. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, 2020. | Series: Mittellateinische studien und texte, 0076-9754 ; volume 53 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019053092 (print) | LCCN 2019053093 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004419261 (hardback) | ISBN 9789004419414 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Magnetism–History–16th century. | Magnetism–History–17th century. Classification: LCC QC751 .S26 2020 (print) | LCC QC751 (ebook) | DDC 538.409/031–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019053092 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019053093 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill‑typeface. ISSN 0076-9754 ISBN 978-90-04-41926-1 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-41941-4 (e-book) Copyright 2020 by Christoph Sander. Published by Koninklijke -
The Development of the Chlorinity-Salinity Concept in Oceanography
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF WILLIAM JOHN WALLACE, JR. for the Ph. D. (Name) (Degree) in GENERAL SCIENCE presented on April 7,1971 (Major) (Date) Title: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHLORINITY-SALINITY CONCEPT INOCEANOGRAM Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: Vert J. Moris This study traces the historical foundations of the concept of constant ionic proportionality and the equation (Salinity[S°700] = 1.805 Chlorinity [C1700] + 0.030) which has been in general use in ocean- ography since 1902 until 1969 and which is based upon this constancy, The notion that the constituents present in sea water exist in constant proportions was first clearly stated by Marcet in 1819.The germ of the idea may be found, however, in the worksof Bergmann in the late eighteenth century and implied in other works.Maury, in the mid-nineteenth century, popularized the concept and Forchhammer, in 1865, strengthened this idea by quantifying it and introducing the use of the "coefficient" of chlorine to determine salinity,Although he determined a slightly different value for the coefficient, Dittmar regarded his analysis of the sea water samples from the Challenger expedition as a vindication of Forchhammer's work.Knudsen, Forch and Sorensen, in 1902 gave a lengthy gravimetric definition for salinity based on the analysis of nine water samples.As this proce- dural definition was in practice too time-consuming to perform, the above equation was presented which relates the determination of salinity to that of chlorinity.The work of Knudsen, Forch and Sorensen, and that of Dittmar before them, wasaccepted as demonstrating the constancy of ionic proportionality, and the equation was a cornerstone of chemical oceanographyfrom 1902 to 1958. -
Alchemy Ancient and Modern
PLATE I. EFFIGIES HlPJ^SELCr JWEDlCI PORTRAIT OF PARACELSUS [Frontispiece ALCHEMY : ANCIENT AND MODERN BEING A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE ALCHEMISTIC DOC- TRINES, AND THEIR RELATIONS, TO MYSTICISM ON THE ONE HAND, AND TO RECENT DISCOVERIES IN HAND TOGETHER PHYSICAL SCIENCE ON THE OTHER ; WITH SOME PARTICULARS REGARDING THE LIVES AND TEACHINGS OF THE MOST NOTED ALCHEMISTS BY H. STANLEY REDGROVE, B.Sc. (Lond.), F.C.S. AUTHOR OF "ON THE CALCULATION OF THERMO-CHEMICAL CONSTANTS," " MATTER, SPIRIT AND THE COSMOS," ETC, WITH 16 FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS SECOND AND REVISED EDITION LONDON WILLIAM RIDER & SON, LTD. 8 PATERNOSTER ROW, E.G. 4 1922 First published . IQH Second Edition . , . 1922 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION IT is exceedingly gratifying to me that a second edition of this book should be called for. But still more welcome is the change in the attitude of the educated world towards the old-time alchemists and their theories which has taken place during the past few years. The theory of the origin of Alchemy put forward in I has led to considerable discussion but Chapter ; whilst this theory has met with general acceptance, some of its earlier critics took it as implying far more than is actually the case* As a result of further research my conviction of its truth has become more fully confirmed, and in my recent work entitled " Bygone Beliefs (Rider, 1920), under the title of The Quest of the Philosophers Stone," I have found it possible to adduce further evidence in this connec tion. At the same time, whilst I became increasingly convinced that the main alchemistic hypotheses were drawn from the domain of mystical theology and applied to physics and chemistry by way of analogy, it also became evident to me that the crude physiology of bygone ages and remnants of the old phallic faith formed a further and subsidiary source of alchemistic theory. -
Alchemy Rediscovered and Restored
ALCHEMY REDISCOVERED AND RESTORED BY ARCHIBALD COCKREN WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE EXTRACTION OF THE SEED OF METALS AND THE PREPARATION OF THE MEDICINAL ELIXIR ACCORDING TO THE PRACTICE OF THE HERMETIC ART AND OF THE ALKAHEST OF THE PHILOSOPHER TO MRS. MEYER SASSOON PHILADELPHIA, DAVID MCKAY ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN 1941 Alchemy Rediscovered And Restored By Archibald Cockren. This web edition created and published by Global Grey 2013. GLOBAL GREY NOTHING BUT E-BOOKS TABLE OF CONTENTS THE SMARAGDINE TABLES OF HERMES TRISMEGISTUS FOREWORD PART I. HISTORICAL CHAPTER I. BEGINNINGS OF ALCHEMY CHAPTER II. EARLY EUROPEAN ALCHEMISTS CHAPTER III. THE STORY OF NICHOLAS FLAMEL CHAPTER IV. BASIL VALENTINE CHAPTER V. PARACELSUS CHAPTER VI. ALCHEMY IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES CHAPTER VII. ENGLISH ALCHEMISTS CHAPTER VIII. THE COMTE DE ST. GERMAIN PART II. THEORETICAL CHAPTER I. THE SEED OF METALS CHAPTER II. THE SPIRIT OF MERCURY CHAPTER III. THE QUINTESSENCE (I) THE QUINTESSENCE. (II) CHAPTER IV. THE QUINTESSENCE IN DAILY LIFE PART III CHAPTER I. THE MEDICINE FROM METALS CHAPTER II. PRACTICAL CONCLUSION 'AUREUS,' OR THE GOLDEN TRACTATE SECTION I SECTION II SECTION III SECTION IV SECTION V SECTION VI SECTION VII THE BOOK OF THE REVELATION OF HERMES 1 Alchemy Rediscovered And Restored By Archibald Cockren THE SMARAGDINE TABLES OF HERMES TRISMEGISTUS said to be found in the Valley of Ebron, after the Flood. 1. I speak not fiction, but what is certain and most true. 2. What is below is like that which is above, and what is above is like that which is below for performing the miracle of one thing. -
Die Edelgeborne Jungfer Alchymia: the Final Stage of European Alchemy
50 Bull. Hist. Chem., VOLUME 25, Number 1 (2000) DIE EDELGEBORNE JUNGFER ALCHYMIA: THE FINAL STAGE OF EUROPEAN ALCHEMY Vladimír Karpenko, Charles University, Czech Republic Introduction followed the Thirty Years War. German titles represent one third out of all alchemical books that appeared over The term “alchemy” encompasses a broad spectrum of the whole studied period (4). This is a witness of the activities that appeared in the Hellenistic world in the live interest paid to alchemy in Central Europe; the first centuries of our era and then, through Arabic me- majority of these books are still awaiting scholarly re- diation, reached Latin Europe by the mid 12thcentury. search. Out of numerous attempts to define this science, that Alchemical literature underwent gradual change, proposed by Sheppard (1) appears the most suitable be- being at the beginning often theoretical explanations of cause it includes the two main goals of alchemy: the the composition of matter and recipes for the prepara- enhancement of matter and the improvement of human tion of philosopher’s stone, elixirs, etc. Yet none of these existence. Concerning the former, it should be achieved miracles was effected; no true transmutation of metals by the transmutation of base metals into precious ones, succeeded. An example of the fate of alchemical claims while the second main direction strove for improvement to cure all illnesses was their failure during epidemics of humans by extending their life, the further stage of of plague that broke out in Europe by the mid 14th cen- which was seen as attaining a higher spiritual level. -
Gold and Silver: Perfection of Metals in Medieval and Early Modern Alchemy Citation: F
Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia Gold and silver: perfection of metals in medieval and early modern alchemy Citation: F. Abbri (2019) Gold and sil- ver: perfection of metals in medieval and early modern alchemy. Substantia 3(1) Suppl.: 39-44. doi: 10.13128/Sub- Ferdinando Abbri stantia-603 DSFUCI –Università di Siena, viale L. Cittadini 33, Il Pionta, Arezzo, Italy Copyright: © 2019 F. Abbri. This is E-mail: [email protected] an open access, peer-reviewed article published by Firenze University Press (http://www.fupress.com/substantia) Abstract. For a long time alchemy has been considered a sort of intellectual and histo- and distributed under the terms of the riographical enigma, a locus classicus of the debates and controversies on the origin of Creative Commons Attribution License, modern chemistry. The present historiography of science has produced new approach- which permits unrestricted use, distri- es to the history of alchemy, and the alchemists’ roles have been clarified as regards the bution, and reproduction in any medi- vicissitudes of Western and Eastern cultures. The paper aims at presenting a synthetic um, provided the original author and profile of the Western alchemy. The focus is on the question of the transmutation of source are credited. metals, and the relationships among alchemists, chymists and artisans (goldsmiths, sil- Data Availability Statement: All rel- versmiths) are stressed. One wants to emphasise the specificity of the history of alche- evant data are within the paper and its my, without any priority concern about the origins of chemistry. Supporting Information files. Keywords. History of alchemy, precious metals, transmutation of metals. -
PETRUS BONUS, Pretiosa Margarita Novella [The Precious New Pearl] in Latin, Decorated Manuscript on Paper Spain (Catalonia), C
PETRUS BONUS, Pretiosa margarita novella [The Precious New Pearl] In Latin, decorated manuscript on paper Spain (Catalonia), c. 1450-1480 i (paper) + 92 + i (paper) folios on paper (watermarks, unidentified Oxhead, and Oxhead with eyes, nostrils, further features, above a crescent moon, similar to Briquet 14390, Montpellier 1458, Montpellier 1449-1466, and Clermont Ferrand 1460, and WIES, IBE 4435.02, Tortosa 1477), early foliation in faded ink, top outer corner recto, 1- 30, with f. 10 bis, modern foliation in pencil, top outer corner recto (cited), complete (collation, i-vii12 viii12 [-9 through 12, cancelled with no loss of text]), horizontal catchwords inner lower margin, no signatures, ruled very lightly in lead, with full length vertical bounding lines and with the top and bottom horizontal rules full across on a few folios (justification, 205-203 x 144-140 mm.), written below the top line in a stylized cursive gothic bookhand with no loops in two columns of thirty-eight lines, red rubrics, alternately red and blue paragraph marks and two-line initials, large three-line initial, f. 1, darkened silver (?) on a notched ground that follows the shape of the initial (color damaged, yellow?) with a short spray of leaves and small flowers with black ink sprays extending from the initial into the inner margin, trimmed, with loss of some marginalia, f. 73, large hole in the top inner portion of the leaf (loss of text), f. 24, small hole top margin, f. 1, initial damaged, water stains upper margins and top lines of text, (text remains legible, with some passages rewritten in darker ink), smaller, darker stains lower margins, but in sound and legible condition. -
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Alchemy, astrology & the Alchemy, astrology & the occult e-catalogue Jointly offered for sale by: Extensive descriptions and images available on request All offers are without engagement and subject to prior sale. All items in this list are complete and in good condition unless stated otherwise. Any item not agreeing with the description may be returned within one week after receipt. Prices are EURO (€). Postage and insurance are not included. VAT is charged at the standard rate to all EU customers. EU customers: please quote your VAT number when placing orders. Preferred mode of payment: in advance, wire transfer or bankcheck. Arrangements can be made for MasterCard and VisaCard. Ownership of goods does not pass to the purchaser until the price has been paid in full. General conditions of sale are those laid down in the ILAB Code of Usages and Customs, which can be viewed at: <http://www.ilab.org/eng/ilab/code.html> New customers are requested to provide references when ordering. Orders can be sent to either firm. Antiquariaat FORUM BV ASHER Rare Books Tuurdijk 16 Tuurdijk 16 3997 MS ‘t Goy 3997 MS ‘t Goy The Netherlands The Netherlands Phone: +31 (0)30 6011955 Phone: +31 (0)30 6011955 Fax: +31 (0)30 6011813 Fax: +31 (0)30 6011813 E–mail: [email protected] E–mail: [email protected] Web: www.forumrarebooks.com Web: www.asherbooks.com www.forumislamicworld.com cover image: no. 7 v 1.1 · 21 December 2020 no. 14 is unavailable Fables for Christians, by one of the founders of Rosicrucianism 1. [ANDREAE, Johann Valentin]. -
Alchemical Reference in Antony and Cleopatra
SYDNEY STUDIES Alchemical Reference in Antony and Cleopatra LYNDALL ABRAHAM Lepidus: Your serpent of Egypt is bred now of your mud by the operation of your sun: so is your crocodile. (II.vii.26-7) The phrase "the operation of your sun" is a distinctly alchemical term. It refers to the opus alchymicum as a whole and is first known to occur in one of the oldest and most famous alchemical documents, the Emerald Table: "What I have said concerning the operation of the Sun is finished."1 The Tabula Smaragdina or Emerald Table, ascribed to Hermes Tris megistus or the Egyptian Thoth, was not only one of the most important sources of medieval alchemy, but continued to be considered as the basis of alI alchemical law by alchemists right through to the seventeenth cen tury. The earliest known version was discovered by E. J. Holmyard in an eighth-century Arabic text, and it was translated into Latin around the time of the thirteenth century. The first English translation appears as a part of Roger Bacon's The Mirror of Alchimy (London 1597). The con tents of the influential Table occur repeatedly in both Renaissance and seventeenth-century alchemical treatises, including John Dee's Monas Hieroglyphica (1564: reprinted in 1591 and included in the alchemical anthology Theatrum Chemicum in 1602), the De Alchemia (1541-Table included in full), George Ripley's The Compound of Alchymie (1591), William Bloomfield's Bloomfield's Blossoms, Thomas Norton's Ordinal of Alchemy (1477), and Michael Maier's Atalanta Fugiens (1617).2 In Euphrates or The Waters -
What Painting Is “A Truly Original Book
More praise for What Painting Is “A truly original book. It will make you look at paintings differently and think about paint differently.”—Boston Globe “ This is a novel way of considering paintings, and excitingly different from standard art criticism.”—Atlantic Monthly “The best books often introduce new worlds. What Painting Is exposes the reader to painting materials, brushstroke techniques, and alchemy of all things, in a book filled with rich descriptions and illuminating insight. Read this and you’ll never look at paintings in the same way again.”— Columbus Dispatch “ James Elkins, his academic laces untied, traces a mysterious, evocation and an utterly convincing parallel between two spirits grounded in the earth—alchemy and painting. The author is an alchemist of ideas, and a painter. His openness to the love of quicksilver and sulfur, to putrefying animal excretions, and his expertise in imprimaturas, his feeling for the mysteries of the brushstroke —all of these allow him to concoct a heady elixir.” —Roald Hoffmann, Winner of the Noble Prize in Chemistry, 1981 What Painting Is How to Think about Oil Painting, Using the Language of Alchemy James Elkins Routledge New York • London Published in 2000 by Routledge 29 West 35th Street New York, NY 10001 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Published in Great Britain by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane London EC4P 4EE Copyright © 1999 by Routledge All rights reserved. -
Alchemy, the Ancient Science
Alchemy, the Ancient Science by Neil Powell For centuries a number of men of science and Alchemy, learning spent their lives in the practice of the Ancient alchemy, searching for a way to change ordinary metals into gold. Why did they try? Science Did any of them succeed? We know that alchemists today continue the old tradition and the age-old quest. Will they succeed? Contents 1 The Meaning of Alchemy The basic ideas and processes of the traditional alchemists. 2 The Principles of Alchemy 24 The theoretical background to the work that the alchemists carried out. 3 Two Mysterious Frenchmen 40 Flamel, a medieval alchemist, and Fulcanelli, a modern writer on alchemy. 4 The Medieval Masters 54 Mysterious figures, half-veiled in legend, of alchemy's great period. 5 The Wandering Alchemists 80 The masters who traveled from city to city contacting other adepts. 6 What Happened to Alchemy? 96 The changes that occurred in alchemy as the infant sciences developed. 7 Sex and Symbolism 118 The course of Eastern alchemy, and how it influenced alchemy in the West. 8 Alchemy Lives On 130 The practice of alchemy in the 20th century. The Meaning of Alchemy It is late at night. In a room hidden away Absorbed in the long labor of a dual search—for the secret that from prying eyes, an old man bends over a will enable him to transmute base flask of bubbling colored liquid. All around metal into gold and to achieve spiritual perfection—the alchemist is a clutter of jars, bottles, and apparatus pursued his involved experiments, laying the foundations for the that looks somewhat like the equipment in a science, then still unborn, that modern school chemistry laboratory.