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Resource Natural Human Atlas Economic Public RESOURCE NATURAL HUMAN ATLAS ECONOMIC PUBLIC JULY 1973 EXTENSION 11'AJtQCjaU4L4tVPROJECT OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY Jefferson County, Oregon NATURAL RESOURCE HUMAN ATLAS ECONOMIC PUBL IC Junel973 Oregon State University Extension Service Prepared by Ron Scharback, Research Assistant, Under the supervision of Robert 0 Coppedge, Extension Economist, arid Russell C. Youmans, Extension Resource Economist, Department of Agricultural Economics For sale by the Extension BusinessOffice, Extension Hall 118, Oregon State University, Corvallis,Oregon 97331 $2 O per copy MILES 10 15 20 JEFFERSON COUNTY 5/1I.,i ADRAS Round utte Dan, PRIMARY HIGHWAYS 0 SECONDARY HIGHWAYSO COUNTY ROADS INTERSTATE HIGHWAYSC Contents General Description. PhysicalClimate...................... Aspects Soils........................ Soil Characteristics and Land Capability . Land Ownership.............. Land Use Agricultural Land Forest Land Water. .............. Minerals.................... Wildlife.......... Hunian Resources............... Population............ Employment................. Income . Education.............. Health and Vital Statistics........ Public Welfare . Housing. The CountyTs Economy . )49 Agriculture L,.9 Logging and Wood Products ................56 Manufacturing 58 Mining - Mineral and Metal Industries 59 Outdoor Recreation 59 Business .............. - 63 PublicServices.................... 63 Transportation 63 Communications 6L Library Facilities 65 Utilities. 66 Public Finance 68 Selected List of Agencies Selected Bibliograpby GENERAL DESCRIPTION The first white man in the Jefferson County area was Peter Skene Ogden, a trader for the Hudson Bay Company On hs second Snake River Journey out of Fort Nez Forces (Walla Walla) between November1825and July1826,he crossed the Deschutes River near its mouth. From the present site of The Dalles, he followed a route west of rgh Ridge and crossed the Warm Springs and Deschutes Rivers again to arrive at the present site of Madras From there he followed the Crooked River and made his way back to the Snake River. In 18143,John C. Fremont, guided by Kit Carson, crossed the Warm Springs area on his way to Nevada Due to Indian troubles, settlement of the area did not follow very fast In fact, settlement was discouraged officially On August 7,1856,General John E. Wool, Commander of the Department of the Pacific of the U.S. Army, issued an order to Colonel George Wright at The Dalles forbidding immigrants to locate east of the Cascades. The Cascades were considered as a wall of separation between the Indians andthe whites. This order was revoked by General Harney on October31, 1858. In1862,the first road was built across the Cascades in order to provide a passage way for traders who wanted to supply the towns in Eastern Oregon where a mining boom was under way. As a result of these roads, white settlers began to settle in what is now Jefferson County. In1855 treaties were drawn up with bands of the Wasco and Walla Walla Indians creating the Warm Springs Indian Reservation In addition the Wasco and Walla Walla Indians, a number of Paiutes arrested during the military' campaign against them between1865and1868were also settled on this reservation. White settlers soon began to fill every available site with homes and farms. Shortly after 1900, the construction of two railroads began between the Columbia River and Madras The two lines were on opposite sides of the Deschutes River, and the crews had constant feuds and many bloody battles. Finally the Deschutes Line, backed by E. H. Harriman, was abandoned The Oregon Trunk Railroad, built by James JHill, is still in operation. At about the same time the first irrigation projects were started. Jefferson County was established from a portion of Crook County December 12,l9:'14 and named for Mount Jefferson which is on its western boundary. Jefferson County is located on the eastern side of the Cascade Mountains in Central Oregon. The west border is the skyline of the Cascades. It is bordered in the south and southeast by Deschutes and Crook Counties,respect- ively, in the east by Wheeler and in the north by Wasco County. Most of the county lies in the Deschutes River flrainage Basin; a small area in the east- ern tip of the county' is part of the John DayBasin. The county has a total area of 1,795 square miles of 1,1147,520 acres, and ranks 19thin the state according to size. Through the central part of the county lies the fertile North Unit Irrigation District where seeds, potatoes and mint are produced The east- ern part of the county' has dry' wheat farming andgrazing land for cattle. The western part is timber country, and the Warm Springs Indian Reservation is located in the northwestern part of the county. The recreational area of the countyprovides fishing, hunting, camping, boating, water skiing, rock hunting, and golfing. A brief summary of the major facts of the county are listed below.1/ Area: l,79 square miles Population: 8,980 1,1)47,6)48acres (July 1,1972) True Cash Value: Elevation at Madras : 2,2)42feet $176,272,218 (January,1971) Average Temperature: Summer -.62.3 Principal Industries: Winter -3)4.9 Agriculture, Lumbering, Recreation County Seat: Madras PHYSICAL ASPECTS Jefferson County is composed of landformsvarying from the high mountain areas in the High Cascades in the west tothe semiarid rangelands in the east. It shows all the transitional elementsbetween these two extremes. The rivers in general run in deep canyons,and many of the smaller creeks dry up in the summer. The elevation ranges fromiO,OLi5feet on the summit of Mount Jefferson to about l,00 feet inthe lower canyons of the Desohutes and John Day Rivers. Climate The climate of Jefferson County iscontinental, but the Cascade Mountains do not completely shut off somemoderating effects of the Pacific Ocean. The climate is intermediate betweenthat of Western Oregon and that of the Rocky Mountain region or the Great Plains. There is a high percentage of sunshine. Precipitation varies from a high of70inches or more in the High Cascades to a low of or 6 inches on parts ofthe basin floor. There is a split-over effect of precipitation east of the crestof the Cascades, but it diminished rapidly to perhaps 10 to linches in the foothills. The precipitation on most of the plateau averages about 10 inchesyearly, vary- ing dependent upon local topography. The rainfall is also highly variable from year to year. During the ten years from1929to1938there were only two years, 1937 and 1938, in which the rainfall exceeded8.8 inches at Madras. Yet during the succeeding ten years there were only three years,1939, 19)4)4 and 19)46, when rainfall was less than8.8inches. While the precipitation is spread out unevenly during the year, it is not as highlyseasonal1,r variable as west of the Cascades. In general, August and July are quite dry months; May and June having relatively high rainfall. 1/ Oregon State Executive Department, Clay Meyers, Secretaryof State, Oregon Blue Book,1971-72,January1971. Center for Population Research and Census, pu1ation Estimates of Counties and Incorporated Cities of Oregon, Portland StateUniversity, July1972. - -2- The extremes in temperatures are wide A low temperature of-Li5°F. in Madras is on record Daring the summers, the high temperature mayoften he in excess of 100F., but the nights are generally cool and thehumidity is low. The average growing season is about65days, but :this figure may vary' highly from year to year Early morning frosts have occurred in everymonth Hail storms ocbur sometimes, but rarely' does alarge amount of damage. Other features of the climate, such as the high probability'of sunshine and cool nights, are favorable to certain crops, and invitetourists, vacationers, and sportsmen who enjoy the brisk dry' air, clearskies, and cool nights. Table 1. Temperature and Precipitation, Jefferson County,By Month,1971 Annual Station Mar. May IJunel Ju1yAug.Sept.Oct. Nov. Dec. Average Lemperature degrees Farenheit Grizzly 33.9 3L.3 35.LI0.5 )48.6 53.0 65.166.6 5i.5 L3.O 37.8 29.L Lt.9 8 9 Madras.......... 37 37 2 39l7 52 57 5679711557 67 o 6352 Metolius.. 38836.03811S26S596S5679S3163930 7S Pelton Dam....... 39039 l 28 9590623731750603500 2375 S2.3 Total Precipitation inches------- Ashwood 1.S7 .80l.]J .71.2 1.01 .t6.61.951.30 2.06 1.77l3.I8 1 12 2L Grizzly..... 179 3613b 88197 38 28 61 62 8S1Lt3 73 62 Lower Hay Creek 1Ll 56 8)4 21122 82 28 16 121 70 118 9 21 1.00 9.05 Madras 1.51 .)47 .98.30 l.)42.53.21.261'07 .56 .7)4 Metolius 1.75.05 1.03.29 1.83.23.02.26.8)4.56 1.12 .)48 8.)46 6o Pelton Dam.. 1.81 .)481.05 .09.98.12.12.17 i.o8.58.88 7.96 SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration3 Environmental Data Service, Climatological Data,Annual Summary1971, Vol.77,No.13. Table 2. T mperature and Precipitation, Jefferson County, , Month,1951-60A verage s No. of Station Years Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. nn Mean Daily Maximum Temp degrees Farenheit Grizzly per/ 1039.1 )43.5 )47.3 56.9 63.8 70.8 82.2 78.9 73.61.1 )49.O 143.259.1 RecW15 38.0)43.2)47.357.16)4.670.781.579.573.16o.)4 )48.6 )42.558.9 Madras Per 9)41.2 )46.92.l 62.0 68.7 75.9 86.6 8)4.0 78.0 6)4.5 50.3 )4hl62.9 Rec )42 )40.3 )46.5 5)4,362.970.5 77.)4 87.7 85.9 77.1 65.3 50.7 142.3 63.14 Me tolius Per 9 39.9 )45.951,2 61.1 67.6 73.7 82.7 80.9 75.9 62.9 )48.7 142.961.1 Rec 1238.6 )46,i 51.6 61.2 68.5 7)4.1 8)4.1 82.5 76.1 62.8 )49.)4)43.l61,5 Mean Daily Minimum Temp.
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