RESOURCE NATURAL HUMAN ATLAS ECONOMIC PUBLIC

JULY 1973

EXTENSION 11'AJtQCjaU4L4tVPROJECT

OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY Jefferson County, Oregon

NATURAL

RESOURCE HUMAN

ATLAS ECONOMIC

PUBL IC

Junel973

Oregon State University Extension Service

Prepared by Ron Scharback, Research Assistant, Under the supervision of Robert 0 Coppedge, Extension Economist, arid Russell C. Youmans, Extension Resource Economist, Department of Agricultural Economics

For sale by the Extension BusinessOffice, Extension Hall 118, Oregon State University, Corvallis,Oregon 97331 $2 O per copy MILES 10 15 20

JEFFERSON COUNTY 5/1I.,i

ADRAS Round utte Dan,

PRIMARY HIGHWAYS 0 SECONDARY HIGHWAYSO COUNTY ROADS INTERSTATE HIGHWAYSC Contents

General Description. PhysicalClimate...... Aspects Soils...... Soil Characteristics and Land Capability . . Land Ownership...... Land Use Agricultural Land Forest Land Water...... Minerals...... Wildlife...... Hunian Resources...... Population...... Employment...... Income . . . . Education...... Health and Vital Statistics...... Public Welfare

. . . Housing......

The CountyTs Economy ...... )49 Agriculture L,.9 Logging and Wood Products ...... 56 Manufacturing 58 Mining - Mineral and Metal Industries 59 Outdoor Recreation 59 Business ...... - 63 PublicServices...... 63 Transportation 63 Communications 6L Library Facilities 65 Utilities. . . . 66

Public Finance 68

Selected List of Agencies

Selected Bibliograpby GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The first white man in the Jefferson County area was Peter Skene Ogden, a trader for the Hudson Bay Company On hs second Snake River Journey out of Fort Nez Forces (Walla Walla) between November1825and July1826,he crossed the Deschutes River near its mouth. From the present site of The Dalles, he followed a route west of rgh Ridge and crossed the Warm Springs and Deschutes Rivers again to arrive at the present site of Madras From there he followed the Crooked River and made his way back to the Snake River. In 18143,John C. Fremont, guided by Kit Carson, crossed the Warm Springs area on his way to Nevada Due to Indian troubles, settlement of the area did not follow very fast In fact, settlement was discouraged officially On August 7,1856,General John E. Wool, Commander of the Department of the Pacific of the U.S. Army, issued an order to Colonel George Wright at The Dalles forbidding immigrants to locate east of the Cascades. The Cascades were considered as a wall of separation between the Indians andthe whites. This order was revoked by General Harney on October31, 1858. In1862,the first road was built across the Cascades in order to provide a passage way for traders who wanted to supply the towns in Eastern Oregon where a mining boom was under way. As a result of these roads, white settlers began to settle in what is now Jefferson County.

In1855 treaties were drawn up with bands of the Wasco and Walla Walla Indians creating the Warm Springs Indian Reservation In addition the Wasco and Walla Walla Indians, a number of Paiutes arrested during the military' campaign against them between1865and1868were also settled on this reservation. White settlers soon began to fill every available site with homes and farms. Shortly after 1900, the construction of two railroads began between the Columbia River and Madras The two lines were on opposite sides of the Deschutes River, and the crews had constant feuds and many bloody battles. Finally the Deschutes Line, backed by E. H. Harriman, was abandoned The Oregon Trunk Railroad, built by James JHill, is still in operation. At about the same time the first irrigation projects were started.

Jefferson County was established from a portion of Crook County December 12,l9:'14 and named for Mount Jefferson which is on its western boundary. Jefferson County is located on the eastern side of the Cascade Mountains in Central Oregon. The west border is the skyline of the Cascades. It is bordered in the south and southeast by Deschutes and Crook Counties,respect- ively, in the east by Wheeler and in the north by Wasco County. Most of the county lies in the Deschutes River flrainage Basin; a small area in the east- ern tip of the county' is part of the John DayBasin. The county has a total area of 1,795 square miles of 1,1147,520 acres, and ranks 19thin the state according to size.

Through the central part of the county lies the fertile North Unit Irrigation District where seeds, potatoes and mint are produced The east- ern part of the county' has dry' wheat farming andgrazing land for cattle. The western part is timber country, and the Warm Springs Indian Reservation is located in the northwestern part of the county. The recreational area of the countyprovides fishing, hunting, camping, boating, water skiing, rock hunting, and golfing. A brief summary of the major facts of the county are listed below.1/

Area: l,79 square miles Population: 8,980 1,1)47,6)48acres (July 1,1972) True Cash Value: Elevation at Madras : 2,2)42feet $176,272,218 (January,1971) Average Temperature: Summer -.62.3 Principal Industries: Winter -3)4.9 Agriculture, Lumbering, Recreation County Seat: Madras

PHYSICAL ASPECTS

Jefferson County is composed of landformsvarying from the high mountain areas in the High Cascades in the west tothe semiarid rangelands in the east. It shows all the transitional elementsbetween these two extremes. The rivers in general run in deep canyons,and many of the smaller creeks dry up in the summer. The elevation ranges fromiO,OLi5feet on the summit of Mount Jefferson to about l,00 feet inthe lower canyons of the Desohutes and John Day Rivers.

Climate

The climate of Jefferson County iscontinental, but the Cascade Mountains do not completely shut off somemoderating effects of the Pacific Ocean. The climate is intermediate betweenthat of Western Oregon and that of the Rocky Mountain region or the Great Plains. There is a high percentage of sunshine. Precipitation varies from a high of70inches or more in the High Cascades to a low of or 6 inches on parts ofthe basin floor. There is a split-over effect of precipitation east of the crestof the Cascades, but it diminished rapidly to perhaps 10 to linches in the foothills. The precipitation on most of the plateau averages about 10 inchesyearly, vary- ing dependent upon local topography. The rainfall is also highly variable from year to year. During the ten years from1929to1938there were only two years, 1937 and 1938, in which the rainfall exceeded8.8 inches at Madras. Yet during the succeeding ten years there were only three years,1939, 19)4)4 and 19)46, when rainfall was less than8.8inches. While the precipitation is spread out unevenly during the year, it is not as highlyseasonal1,r variable as west of the Cascades. In general, August and July are quite dry months; May and June having relatively high rainfall.

1/ Oregon State Executive Department, Clay Meyers, Secretaryof State, Oregon Blue Book,1971-72,January1971. Center for Population Research and Census, pu1ation Estimates of Counties and Incorporated Cities of Oregon, Portland StateUniversity, July1972. - -2- The extremes in temperatures are wide A low temperature of-Li5°F. in Madras is on record Daring the summers, the high temperature mayoften he in excess of 100F., but the nights are generally cool and thehumidity is low.

The average growing season is about65days, but :this figure may vary' highly from year to year Early morning frosts have occurred in everymonth Hail storms ocbur sometimes, but rarely' does alarge amount of damage. Other features of the climate, such as the high probability'of sunshine and cool nights, are favorable to certain crops, and invitetourists, vacationers, and sportsmen who enjoy the brisk dry' air, clearskies, and cool nights.

Table 1. Temperature and Precipitation, Jefferson County,By Month,1971

Annual Station Mar. May IJunel Ju1yAug.Sept.Oct. Nov. Dec.

Average Lemperature degrees Farenheit

Grizzly 33.9 3L.3 35.LI0.5 )48.6 53.0 65.166.6 5i.5 L3.O 37.8 29.L Lt.9 8 9 Madras...... 37 37 2 39l7 52 57 5679711557 67 o 6352 Metolius.. 38836.03811S26S596S5679S3163930 7S Pelton Dam...... 39039 l 28 9590623731750603500 2375 S2.3

Total Precipitation inches------

Ashwood 1.S7 .80l.]J .71.2 1.01 .t6.61.951.30 2.06 1.77l3.I8 1 12 2L Grizzly..... 179 3613b 88197 38 28 61 62 8S1Lt3 73 62 Lower Hay Creek 1Ll 56 8)4 21122 82 28 16 121 70 118 9 21 1.00 9.05 Madras 1.51 .)47 .98.30 l.)42.53.21.261'07 .56 .7)4

Metolius 1.75.05 1.03.29 1.83.23.02.26.8)4.56 1.12 .)48 8.)46 6o Pelton Dam.. 1.81 .)481.05 .09.98.12.12.17 i.o8.58.88 7.96

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration3 Environmental Data Service, Climatological Data,Annual Summary1971, Vol.77,No.13. Table 2. T mperature and Precipitation, Jefferson County, , Month,1951-60A verage s

No. of Station Years Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. nn

Mean Daily Maximum Temp degrees Farenheit

Grizzly per/ 1039.1 )43.5 )47.3 56.9 63.8 70.8 82.2 78.9 73.61.1 )49.O 143.259.1 RecW15 38.0)43.2)47.357.16)4.670.781.579.573.16o.)4 )48.6 )42.558.9 Madras Per 9)41.2 )46.92.l 62.0 68.7 75.9 86.6 8)4.0 78.0 6)4.5 50.3 )4hl62.9 Rec )42 )40.3 )46.5 5)4,362.970.5 77.)4 87.7 85.9 77.1 65.3 50.7 142.3 63.14 Me tolius Per 9 39.9 )45.951,2 61.1 67.6 73.7 82.7 80.9 75.9 62.9 )48.7 142.961.1 Rec 1238.6 )46,i 51.6 61.2 68.5 7)4.1 8)4.1 82.5 76.1 62.8 )49.)4)43.l61,5 Mean Daily Minimum Temp. degrees Farenheit

Grizzly...... Per 10 22.2 25.0 25.)4 28.935.2)40.1 )42t.5 )42.8 39.8 33.6 26.)4 25.0 32.14 Rec 1520.0 2)4.)4 25.8 29.1 35.)4 )40.2 )43.9 )42.)4 39.1 33.127.1 2)4.732.1 Madras Per 9 21.2 2)4.9 25.7 29.5 36.1 )4l.8 )4)4.2 )42.O 37.8 31.1 25.1 23.63l9 Rec )42 20.5 23.9 25.8 29.0 3)4.6 )40.6 )4)4.3 )4l.8 36.7 30.2 25.7 22.1431.3 Metolius Per 9 21.)4 2)4.8 25.)4 29.9 36.7 )4i.)4 )4)4.)4 )42.3 39.1 32.5 26.2 2)4.332J Rec 1319.1 2)4.6 26,)4 30.2 37.1 )4i.5 )45.i )42.9 39.2 32.8 27.0 2)4.632.5 1/Per indicates the period or number ofyears the data were gathered. 2/Rec is the number of records or howmany times the data were recorded at thestation. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau, DecennialCensus of U.S. Climate, Supplement for1951through1960 Oregon No.86-31, 1965.

Table3. Freeze Temperature Data, Jefferson County, Spring and Fall,1971

Last Date in Spring- First Date in Fall 16° F. 200 Station 6r below F. 2)4° F. 28°F. 320F.

Grizzly 3/17-10/28 5/17-10/21 5/17-9/30 5/30-9/1)4 6/29-7/7 Madras 3/19-10/17 14/2)4-10/17 5/17-10/1 5/17-9/19 6/29-9/1 Met olius.. 3/18-10/28 14/2)4-10/28 5/17-10/1)4 5/17-9/17 6/29-7/2 Pelton Dam 3/1 -10/29 3/19-10/28 )4/2)4-lo/l7 14/28-10/1)4 5/17-10/ 1 SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admini stration, Environmental Data Service, Qlimatological Data, Annual Summary 1971,Vol. 77,No.13. Soils

A soil report for Deschutes and Jefferson Counties was published in 1958. The fieldwork for that survey was completed in l9I5, so the statements based on the soil report refer to conditions in the area at that time.

The Deschutes area surveyed occupies 526.2 square miles along the Deschutes River About half of the area is in JJeschutes County and half in Jefferson County. The area contains about three-fourths of the cropland in Deschutes and Jefferson Counties. In the following the soil series which occur in the sur- veyed area will be discussed.

In the Agency series are soils of the Brown great soil group that formed under a normal annual precipitation of 85to U inches and a natural vegetation of big sagebrush, bunchgrasses, scattered junipers and associated plants. These well-drained soils occur mainly in nearly level or gently undulating upland plains, and in some areas that are more dissected.

The upper part of Agency soils was derived principally from weathered, partly consolidated, sedimentary materials of the Dalles formation.These materials include pumiceous or tuffaceous sandstones, agglomerates, gravel, sands, tuffs, cinders, ashes, and agglomerate-mudflows. The water-spread materials are mostly' volcanic. The sandstones and agglomerates dominate in the parent material. They' are mixed and contain much rhy'olitic and other acidic materials and materials that are andesitic and more basic. In some places the upper part of the soil contains a small admixture of fine pumice, volcanic ash, and bess. The lower parts of the soil typically' are affected by' or derived from weathered basaltic fragments which overlie basalt bedrock. The soils are moderately de- veloped.

The upper 16 inches of this soil apparently' was derived mainly from pumiceous or tuffaceous sandstone. It contains a small quantity' of very' pale brown, light y'ellowi.sh-brown, or yellow pumice the size of medium and fine sand. Probably small amounts of windborne fine pumice, volcanic ash, and bess have been added. The B22 horizon was derived from mixed rediduum from sandstone and basalt. In places enough basalt fragments are on and in the surface soil to prevent tillage. The upper part of this soil commonly contains a few red rhy'olitic and dark-colored basaltic and andesitic pebbles. These pebbles are rounded and subangular.

The Dëschutes series consists of Brown soils that have formed in a climate and on relief similar to those in which the Agency soils, however, are larger and more numerous than thos.e on the Agency' soils, and the bunchgrasses are sparser. Some of the junipers have a trunk 20 inches in diameter and a height of 30 feet. The higher water-holding capacity' of the vesicular pumiceous material of the Deschutes soils possibly accounts for the more vigorous growth of the junipers.

The Deschutes soils differ from Agency' soils in their parent material and degree of development. They were formed principally' in dicite pumice sand, probably' mixed with some finer volcanic dust. The lower part of the soils may be more or less mixed with fragments of basalt, pebbles, and other lecal allu- vium from nearby ridges of Scabland, or with gravelly or sandy material from other sources. The pumice may have been deposited L,000 to 7,000 years ago. The parent materials have been only slighly altered A weakly developed profile has formed. A small amount of organic matter has accumulated in the surface soil.

The pumice was laid down on a basalt flow, probably of Recent age; on sandy and gravelly outwash fans, perhaps glacial outwash; on semicemented dlder gravelly and sandy materials; on volcanic cinders; and perhaps on other materials. The pumiceous material generally is deep enough to constitute the soluni. In- cluded in the Deschutes series are several soils having a solum similar to that of Deschutes soils but a substratum that differs widely'.

Some of the coarser textured ]Jeschutes soils are somewhat transitional to Regosols. In the extreme southern and western parts of the area where the precipitation is higher and bitterbrush and ponderosa pine grow, some.of the Deschutes soils differ somewhat from the typical soils of the series in being noncalcareous throughout, slightly less alkaline, and slightly' darker in the surface soils. These soils are mapping inclusions. They somewhat resemble the Laidlaw soils.

In the Era series are soils of the Brown great soil group that developed from parent material similar climate and relief. The degree of profile develop- ment of Era soils, however, is weak instead of moderate. The era subsoil is a sandy loam or loam instead of a clay loam. Several factors cause the weak profile development. In many places the dissection is greater or more recent than that of Agency soils and the slopes are steeper In some areas the cause of the weak development is unknown. Era soils contain considerably less pumice than Deschutes soils and have a more friable subsoil.

In the Lamonta series are soils of the Brown great soil group. They' form under the same conditions which the Agency' soils formed.The parent material of the soils of the two series was rather similar, but in places the Lamonta soils were derived to a greater extent from residuum from fragments of rb'olite. Instead of basalt, the Lamonta soils in most areas are underlain by partly consolidated agglomerates and sandstones of the Dalles formation or by' old water-spread or colluvial material from nearby buttes.

Lamonta soils have a claypan subsoil that is finer textured and denser than the subsoil of Agency and Madras soils This subsoil may result from parent material that is slightly' different and finer textured than the parent material of Agency and Madras soils, or it may' result from a more advanced stage of development. Because of higher precipitation and denser vegetation, some of the Lamonta soils near Haystack Butte are slightly' darker than typical. These soils have some charateristics of Chestnut soils.

The Madras soils belong to the Brown great soil group. They formed under climate and vegetation similar to those under which the Agency' soils formed. Madras soils were derived mainly from residuum from the underlying Dalles form- ation, mainly partly consolidated pumiceous or tuffaceous sandstone and agglom- erate. In places the upper part of the parent material has a small admixture of fine pumice, volcanic ash, and bess. Unlike the Agency soils, the Madras soils typically have a lime-and- silica hardpan, or caliche that overlies or is in a layer ofsomewhat consolidated sandstone and agglomerate. In places the hardpan is dense and several inches thick. It may be in the form of variously thick plates, which in places are fracture; or it may consist mainly of crusts orcemented thin coats of lime that are on or between the strata of the sedimentary materials or in cracks. In places the hardpan is not continuous. It is more strongly sloping areas. Generally it is only weakly cemented where the slopes are stronger than 6 to 8 percent.

The typical Madras soil is moderately developed and has aclay loam B2 horizon. It differs from the Lamonta soils, which have a clay B2horizon.

The Redmond series consists of Brown soils of the group thatformed tinder climatic and biologic conditions similar to those underwhich the ]Jeschutes soils formed. The parent material of the soils of the twoseries were somewhat similar but the pumice of Redmondsoils has been mixed with more wash from nearby higher areas. In many places the lower part of Redmond soils was influenced by material weathered from basalt or partlyconsolidated tuffaceous or pumiceous sandstone. Typically, these soils lie in nearly level, level, or shallow swalelike or concave areas between ridgesand mounds of Scabland, or in low areas among higher lying Deschutes soils. In most places, especially where irrigated, these soils are moderately welldrained. Some runoff is received from the higher areas.

Redmond soils are in the ]Jeschutes-Redxnond-Odin catena, whichis a group of soils developed principally in sandy pumice. Redmond soils differ from the weakly developed Deschutes soil in being moderately tomoderately weakly developed and in having a B2 horizon that is distinctly finer intexture and more compact. This development apparently results from the greater mois- tiire and the slightly finer parent material.Redmond soils are better drained and browner than the Odin soils, and they differ from the Agency soils in being derived mainly from puiniceous material.

Soils of the Chestnut great soil group occupy a small part of the area southeast and east of Haystack Butte. This region is higher than most of the area and has more precipitation. In places the soils are on north-facing slopes. Consequently, there is more vegetation, particularly grasses. The soils have a greater depth to the horizon of lime accumulation.

Gem soils are well-drained Chestnut soils that formed in residuum from basalt in nearly level to rolling or somewhat hilly uplands. These soils formed under an annual precipitation of 11 or 12 inches. The cover was moderately abundant bunchgrasses, big sagebrushes, rabbit-brush, juniper, bitterbrush, and associated herbs. The decaying roots of this vegetation, particularly the bunchgrasses, helped form soils with fairly dark granular surface soils of moderate organic matter content. The finer textured material helped to retain organic matter. Gem soils are moderately developed. In the southern and southwestern parts of the area where the normal annual precipitation is 11 to 12 inches or slightly more, the soils that developed differ from typical Chestnut soils. They are noncalcareous through- out, somewhat dark, lower in organic matter, and less granular. These differ- ences result partly from the coarse pumiceous parent material that has been deposited fairly recently. The little calcium carbonate that has formed has been leached from the sandy material. Less organic matter has formed because this coarse-textured soil with high water-holding capacityseems better suited to trees than to grasses. In this zone the sagebrush and juniper are mixed with ponderosa pine, which becomes thickeras the precipitation increases. Brom Podzolic soils have formed in this area of higherprecipitation where the pine is thicker.

The soils in this transitional zone perhapscan best be classified as rown-Brown Podzolic transitional soils. They have very weak profile develop- ment, and therefore are somewhat transitional to Regosols. A few soils mapped in the Deschutes series have characterjsjtics similar to thoseof this group.

TI Lajdlaw soils are transitional between Brown soils and BrownPodzolic soils. They have formed in 2 or 3 feet of windborne pumice sand thatwas deposited on a pumice flow several feet deep. The pumice apparently is a dacite contained or was mixed with small crystals of plagioclaseand hypersthene, smaller quantities of augite and hornblende, andsome fragments of basalt and andesite The Laidlaw soils differ from the Deschutes soils mainlyin being 9ntirely noncalcareous, somewhat darker, and slightlyhigher in organic matter.

The Low-Humic Gley soils have been more affected by depressedrelief and imperfect drainage than by climate and vegetation. Gleed horizons have formed and mottles are common The lime has been leached from the soil, and not much organic matter has accumulated.

The Odin soils are imperfectly to poorly drained Low-I-IumicGleys. They lie in depressions and small basins that generallyhave no natural outlets. Most of these areas receive runoff from surroundinghigher soils Particular- ly' in irrigated sections, at least a moderatelyhigh water table occurs part of the time, and a few areas are flooded forshort periods. The poor drainage of some of the areas isprobably caused by longperiods of irrigation. The natural vegetation probably consisted of bunchgrasses,big sagebrush, rabbit- brush, and junipers, but some areasnow have water-loving grasses, sedges, and reeds, and a few places have cattails The annual precipitation ranges from 8to 10 inches.

Odin soils are the poorest drained soils ofthe Ischutes-Redmond-Od-jn catena, the soils of which formed principally indacite pumice. In some places, however, the parent material of Odin soilscontains local wash. In other places the lower part of the soilwas derived from or affected by the under- lying partly consolidated sandstone, otherwater-laid materials, or basalt. The parent material is mixed, but it is mostlyacid and igneous. The soils differ from Redmond soils in beingmore poorly drained, grayer, mottled, and noncalcareous in most places. In many places a weakly cemented layeroccurs in the lower part of the Odin soils0 This layer appears to be a geologic stratum of the Dalles formation. Alluvial soils are forming in fairly recent alluvium. These soils do not have a well-developed profile, although somecharacteristics of the zonal wils may be very weakly expressed Alluvial soils resemble zonal soils in color of the surface soils, but they have no, or only veryweak, textural and structural development, and they have no, or only aweak, horizon of lime ac- cumulation.

The Metolius soils are Alluvial soils that areaesociated with the Brown The well- soils. In places they are somewhat transitional tothe Brown soils. drained Metolius soils lie in nearly level to verygently undulating bottom lands of intermittent streams in elongated swales, inplains, and on sloping alluvial fans. They are forming in somewhat stratifiedsandy and loamy alluvium. This alluvium contains a large quantityof light-colored pumice sand mixed vnth material from basalt, andesite, andrhyolite Possibly some of the material was deposited from the air as finepumice, volcanic ash, or bess. The annual precipitation ranges from8to 10 inches. Big sagebrush and bunchgrasses dominate.

Soil Characteristics and Land Capability

There is a constant need for information onconservation needs that will aid in carying out a conservation program There is also a need for a system- atic collection of facts regarding soil and water resources,the problems in their use, and an estimate of the acres needingtreatment. The need for these facts resulted in an inventory by the OregonConservation Needs Committee, which assembled such facts into Oregon Soil andWater Conservation Needs Inventory, Oregon Conservation Needs Committe, January1971.

The acreage covered by the inventory includedaboutL8percent of the total land area in Oregon by county. Most of the excluded area was federally owned land on which conservation programs werealready in progress.

The inventory was developed from basic dataregarding: (1) present acreage in major uses and(2) acreage of each land use classified by physical problems affecting its use. The estimates of needs forconservation treatment, for each major land use, were based on acreagesexpected for l97 and the con- dition of the land or of the vegetation cover asof January 1, 1967.

An interpretive grouping of soils into "LandCapability Classification" has been developed by the Soil Conservation Service. This grouping shows, in a general way, how suitable soils are formost kinds of farming. Soil char- acteristics such as depth, texture, wetness, slope,erosion hazard, overflow hazard, permeability, structure, reaction, waterholdingcapacity, inherent fertility and climatic conditions as they influence the useand management of land are considered in grouping soils into eightland capability classes. These eight classes are designated by Romannumerals. The hazards and limita- tions of use of the groups increase as the classnumber increases. Class I land has few hazards or limitations, whereas ClassVIII land is so limited that it is unfit for cultivation and grazing. This land can be used only for recreation, wildlife habitat or water supply. The classification can be broken into two divisions: (1) land in capabil- ity classes I through IV is generally suited forcultivation and other uses; and(2)land in capability classes V through VIII is bestsuited for range, forestry and wildlife. Land capability classes are sometimes divided intosub- classes to indicate the dominating limitationor hazard. The subclasses are 'te" for .and and watererosion,"Wt for wetness or frequent inundation from overflow, Tt5??for soil limitations and "c" for climatic limitations.

Table . Land Area and Use of Inventory Acreage, JeffersonCounty, 1967

Use Acres Inventory Acreage

Cropland 119, 2L2 Pasture Range.. )iL6, 810 Forest and Woodland..... 255,000 Other Land... 20,359 Total inventory acres... 8Ll,L.1l

Percent of total land area in inventory 73.5t% Non-Inventory Acreage

Federal Non-crop Land.... 295,852 Urban and Build-up Areas.. 4,5OO Water Areas.. 2397 Total non-inventory acres 302, 7L9 Total land area..... l,l)4,l6O

SOURCE Oregon Conservation Needs Committee, OregonSoil and Water Conservation Needs Inventory, U.S. Soil Conservation Service,1971.

-10 - Table5. Use of Jefferson County Inventory Acreage by Capability Clasâ

Capability Use Class Cropland Pasture -Range Forest Other Land Total

I 0 0 0 0 0 II.. 77,1477 20,699 0 9, 1114 107,290 III... 26,812 21,509 0 2,280 50,601 IV... 5,399 511,380 0 14,558 611,337 0 0 0 0 0 VI...... -. 9,5511 181,807 1119, 251 0 3110,612 VII .. . 0 168,1415 1057)49 3,1117 277,581 VIII...... 0 0 0 990 990

Total...... 119,2142 14116,810 225,000 20,359 8141,1411 SOURCE: Oregon ConservationNeedsCommittee, Oregon Soil and Water Conservation Needs Inventory,U.S. SoilConservation Service,1971.

Land Ownership

Table6. Inventory of State-Owned Real Property, Jefferson County,1970

Land Improve. Total Annual Agency Rental Acres Value Value Value Income

Dept. of Forestry $ --- $ 7,030 $ 7,030 $--- Fish Commission 15.00 148,750 10,750 59,500 Game Commission 2614.00 28,650 28,650 Division of State Lands 232.89 18,0711 --- 18,0714 Aeronautics Division 214.214 6,060 --- 6,060 Highway Division Parks...... 1,531.32 1,229 799,0314 800,263 300 Office & Maintenance 3,163 22,658 25,821 Total...... 2,069.01 $ 105,926 $ 839,1472 $ 9145,398 $ 300

SOURCE: Oregon State Lands Division, Legislative Fiscal Committee,Inventory of State-Owned Real Property, By County, Sec.7, 115State Capital, Salem, Oregon,1970. Table7. Federal Land Ownership, By Agency, Jefferson Counry,1962

Agency Jefferson County State Acres- - - Dept. of Agriculture Forest Service 268,902 15,001,833 Bureau of Indian Affairs.. 1)4 1,219 Public Domain 26,162 13, 299,)4ll Bureau of Reclamation 1,567 173,14)47 Total Federal Land 296,6)45 31,916,363 TotalLandArea...... 1,1)48,160 61, 6)41, 600 Percent in federal ownership 25.8 51.8 SOURCE: Carolan, W.B. Jr., Federal Land Oregon, Oregon State Univeràity,1963.

Table8. Public Land Ownership, Jefferson County

Item Jefferson County State

Total land area in acres 1,1)48,160 61,6)41,600 Public land ownership in acres Total...... 309,113 3)4,370,1499 Federal 296,6)45 31,916,368 State 6,1453 1,77)4,636 Local...... 6,015 679,500 Publicland ownership by percent Total...... 26.9 55.8 Federal...... 25.8 51.8 State 0.6 2.9 Local 1.1

SOURCE: Oregon Department of Planning and Development, Resources for Development,196)4.

- 12 - Land Use

Table9. Land Use, Jefferson County,196)4.

Use Jefferson County State percent ------Urban .13 .Li.9 Industrial...... 16 Military .10 Intensive Agriculture...... 6.30 6.2 Dryland Farming.. 1.17 3.33 Forests...... 33.33 Parks .60 .32 Conservation 3.2)4 2.2 Grazing L.88 Non-productiveland...... 3 .)49

Total land area... 100.00 100.00

SOURCE: Oregon Department of Planning and Development, Resourcesfor Development,196)4.

Agricultural Land

Agricultural land base for Jefferson County includes02,727acres. This area is proportioned into cropland, wooded land,etc. The major uses of the cropland are for the production of smallgrains, seed crops, hay, and other field crops. Livestock of various species occupy the pasture and grazing lands.

Table 10. Land in Farms, Jefferson County,1969

Item Acres Percent

Total land area 1,1)47,6)48 100.00 Proportion in farms )43.80

Acres in farms O 2,727 100.00 Total cropland...... 100,399 19.90 Cropland harvested 6)4,888 Cropland pasture 11,36)4 All other cropland 1/ 2)4,1)47 Woo dl and 6,760 1. )4o All other land 2/.... 39, 68 78.70

Irrigatedland...... S3,771 1/Cropland used for soil improvement crops, crop failure and idlecropland. 2/All other land includes house lots, barn lots, ponds, roads and wasteland, etc. SOURCE U.S Bureau of the Census, Census of Agriculture,1969,Vol 1,Area Reports, Part)47,Oregon, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,1972. -13 - Forest Land

Ponderosa pine is the predominant wood species in Jefferson County. The remaining ma,jor species are Douglas fir, Grand fir, white fir and Engelmann spruce These are all soft-woods, as hard-woods are not grown abundantly in the area for logging purposes.

About 26% of the forest land is privately owned. This is9L,OOOacres of commercial forest land. The remaining7I%is under federal ownership.

The major uses of forest land in Jefferson County are primarily for com- mercial timber with some outdoor recreationand watershed protection.Wildlife habitat and grazing are also important.

There was an estimated 36,OOO acres of commercial forest land as of 196t. Commercial forest land is forest land that is (a) producing or is physically capable of producing useable crops of wood, (b) economically available now or prospectively for timber harvest, (c) not withd±'awn from timber harvest. In 196)4 the U S Forest Service estimated there was 2)41,000 acres of non-commercial forest land in Jefferson County This land is physically incapable of producing useable crops of wood or is reserved from timber harvest through statute, ordin- ance or administrative order. Table 11. Forest Acreage Statistics, Ownership and Use, Jefferson County, 196)4

Item Acres Percent

Land Total land 1,1)48,000 100.00 Forestland...... 606,000 53.00 Corruriercial...... 365,000 32.00 Non-conmercjal...... 2)41,000 21.00 Productive (reserved) 18,000 2.00 Non-productive 223,000 19.00 Non-forestland...... 5)42,000 )47 .00

Ownership Commercial forest land.... 365,000 100.00 Private...... 9)4,000 26.00 Forest Industry..... 59,000 16.00 Farmer and Misc. Private 35,000 10.00 Public 271,000 7)4.00 National forest..... 135,000 37.00 Bureau of Land Management 136,000 37.00 Other public..

Stand-Size Classes Commercial forestland...... 365,000 100.00 Non-stocked areas.. )4,000 1 00 Seedling and sapling.. )47 ,000 13.00 Pole timber.. 7)4,000 20.00 Sawtimber 2)40, 000 66.00 Small (11.0-20.9 inches). 115,000 31OO Large (21 inches and over) 125,000 35.00 SOURCE: U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, County Survey Reports, Portland, Oregon. Table 12. Timber Volume Statistics, Jefferson County,196)4

item Million Board Ft. Percent

Ownership Total commercial sawtimber )4, 6)4 100.00 Forest Industry 318 7.00 Farmer and misc. private 22 National forest 1,909 )41 .00 Other public 2,)4O 2.00

Stand Size Classes Total commercial sawtimber 100.00 Sawtimber stands... )4,143 9.O0 Poletimber stands..... 130 3.00 Seedling and sapling stands 89 2.00

Diameter Classes Total commercial timber.. 100.00 11.0-18.9 inches d.b h 92S 20.00 19.0-28.9inches...... 1,867 )4o.00 29.0-38.9 inches.. 1,319 28.00 39.0 inches and over )43 12.00 Nonstocked areas Species Total commercial sawtimber 100.00 Softwoods... 100.00 Douglas fir.. 1,083 2)4.00 Grandfir...... 161 3.00 Pacific Silver fir...... 1.00 Subalpine fir...... Whitefir...... 279 6.00 Lodgepole pine..... 1.00 Ponderosa pine... 2,337 0.0O Western White Pine 2 1.00 White Barkpine...... Engelmann spruce.... 37 12.00 Mountainhemlock...... 1.00 Western larch 13 1/ Incense cedar..... 1.00

Hardwoods...

1/Less than .% SOURCE: U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, County Survey Reports, Portland, Oregon.

- 16 Over half the county area is covered with coniferous forest and wood- lands, and the remainder is covered with sagebrush and bunchgrass.Forests blanket the entire eastern slopes of the Cascades except for small areas above timber line around the higher peaks and on recent lava flows. They also cover the Ochoco and Maury Mountains but are found mostly on the north facing slopes of the lower foothills and outlying buttes

The dominant species of tree is the ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) which occupies a belt varying from5to 20 miles in width along the entire western border of the region and throughout most of the Ochoco Mountains In the more accessible areas, many of the larger trees have been logged off, but there are still large stands of old growth timber adjacent to highways and in remote and inaccessible areas which have long been in national forests. The continuity of the virgin ponderosa belt in broken by some Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia), western white pine (Pinus monticola), immature stands of second growth ponderosa, and pockets of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) where cutting has occurred. On the upper slopes of the Cascades are pure stands of mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertesiana), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), noble fir (Abies procera), Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis), Douglas fir, larch (Larix occidentalis), and mixed stands of these and other species. In the highest areas are found subalpine forests consisting of sparse stands of alpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), white fir (Abies grandis), and lodgepole pine. These often cover the ridges and extend to timberline on the several peaks that rise above the summit of the Cascades. Mixed types predominate for three to ten miles along the Cascade summits, Although the stands of ponderosa are relatively pure in most of the timbered areas, on the basin floor they begin to merge into a woodland-steppe zone of scattered juniper (Juniperus occidentalis), and lodgepole pine, bunchgrass, and sagebrush.

Areas where there are large, relatively pure stands of juniper and lodgepole pine are found in the central and south central portions of the Basin. Lodgepole pine predominates to the sough near Beaver Marsh and extends north gradually intermixing with ponderosa pine. where drainage is poor the ponderosa is absent, or confined to slight rises which are better drained. Farther north on the central plateau, is an extensive woodland of junipers, said to be the largest in the world. They are also found to the southeast along ridges in the semi-arid High Plains.

The original natural vegetation of the nonforested area was pre- dominantly perennial bunchgrass, but as a result of improper grazing practices, much of this has been invaded by less valuable annual grasses, weeds, and sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata). The predominant bunchgrasses are bluebunch wheatgrass (gropyron spicatum), Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis), and Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda). Other less abundant perennial grasses are needlegrass (Stipa spp.), Indian ricegrass (Orzopsis hymenoides), thickspike wheatgrass (Agrotyron dasystachyuxn), junegrass (Koeleria cristata), and giant wild-rye (Elymus cinereus). Giant wild-rye grows in swales arid other moist sites. Idaho fescue is most abundant on desp soils and on moist northern exposures. On the

- 17 - sandy soils, Indian ricegrass, sand dropseed (Sporobolus cryptandrus), bearless wild-rye (Elymus triticoides), needlegrass, and thickspike wheatgrass commonly predominate.

Excellent grasses for livestock are found among the juniper woodlands, if the range has been under proper management. Grazing is generally poor among the juniper woodlands, since those areas have long been overgrazed. Productivity of the range is low compared to the original condition in all unprotected districts. The best grazing is found within the national forests, especially in areas that are well-watered.

Water

Practically all (more than 98.2 percent) of the land area of Jeffér- son County is located in either the Deschutes River or the John Day River Basin. A total of l,58L square miles or 88.3 percent of Jefferson County are in the Deschutes River Basin, and 177 square miles or 9.9 percent of Jefferson County are located in the John Day Drainage Basin.Each of these Basins is divided into Sub-Basins. Three of the five sub-basins of the Deschutes River are contained at least in part in Jefferson County, and only one sub-basin of the John Day River, the Lower John Day sub-basin, has part of its area in the county. In the following, each of these sub- basins will be discussed in detail.

The Deschutes River Sub-Basin includes the Deschutes drainage between Mecca, river mile 96, and Benham Falls, mile 181, with the exception of the Crooked River drainage which is discussed separately. The sub-basin has an area of 1,850 square miles, of which 51 percentare in Jefferson County. The western boundary of the sub-basin is formed by the skyline of the Cascade Mountains, the southern boundary runs through Deschutes County from the Three Sisters to Benham Falls and the Paulina Mountains. From the Paulina Mountains the eastern boundary runs almost straight north to the mouth of the Crooked River, and from there east to the Mud Springs area east of Grizzly. The northern boundary rims west from the Mud Springs area, crosses the Deschutes River at Mecca and continues on the divide between Shitike Creek and the Warm Springs River.

All major streams in this sub-basin, with the exception of Willow Creek, originate in the Cascade Mountains. Major tributaries from the west are Squaw Creek, Metolius River and Shitike Creek.There are about 910 miles of streams in the sub-basin, of which only 330 milesare perennial in nature. These figures include 85 miles of the Deschutes main stem (3b miles ofwhich are in Jefferson County), Ll miles of Squaw Creek (with 8 miles in Jefferson County, ti miles of the Metolius River and 33 miles of Shitike Creek. The gradient of the Deschutes River in the county area is about 13 feetper mile. throughout its course.

The annual yield of the Deschutes River near Culver is about 800,200 acre-feet. At the Madras gauge, the annual yield jumps to an

- 18 - average of 3,3141,000 acre-feet which is primarily' due to the contribution of the two major tributaries, the Netolius and Crooked Rivers Records show the annual yield of the Metolius River near Grandview as averaging 1,065,090 acre-feet. This gauge is about 12 miles from the mouth of the river, so the yield at the mouth would be higher Average annual yield for the Shitike Creek at Warm Springs is recorded at 814,100 acre-feet.

Many rural households in the area obtain their domestic and stock water from irrigation ditches, but such use of irrigation water is not recorded as water rights other than irrigation water rights. Consequent- ly', an accurate count of surface water actually used for domestic purposes is not available. Individual water rights filed specifically' for domestic purposes total only six cfs for the whole sub-basin

The only' rural water district, the ]Jeschutes Valley' Water District, is in the Madras area and supplies domestic water to farms within the North Unit Irrigation District and municipal water to the towns of Culver and Metolius and, in times of high demand, to Madras. Water is pumped from Opal Springs in the Crooked River Cany'on. Opal Springs have an average discharge of 223 cfs. The Deschutes Valley Water District holds a right of 5 cfs (3 23 million gallons per day) of this total, however the Opal Springs pump station has only a capacity of 1,000 gpm (1 1414 million gallons per day) The average output, serving 1,030 service connections is 1450,000 gpd.

The city of Madras holds a water right for 213,000 gpd (0 33 cfs) from a 1400-foot well and 3.36 million gallons per day' (5.2 cfs) from Round Butte Springs, the latter right not being used presently. The well has a current average annual output of 23.8 million gallons (65,00o gpd.). In times of high usage, water is also obtained from the Deschutes Valley Water District. The city also holds a right granting 1 cfs (650,000 gpd) from the North Unit Main Irrigation Canal, which is less than the 720,000 gpd capacity' of the treatment plant. The macLmum capacity of the city water system is 2,000,000 gpd and the average output is 2714,000 gpd. The towns of Culver and Metolius are supplies by the Deschutes Valley Water Springs from Opal Springs as discussadabove.

Irrigation water rights are by1far the largest group of water rights in the sub-basin They total 3,505_I cfs for the irrigation of 135,636 acres from surface water supplies. The only' irrigation project in Jeffer- son County is the North Unit Irrigation District. This district has water rights for 50,000 acres from storage in Wickiup Reservoir. There is another water right for a reservoir within Jefferson County', a right for 5,000 acre-feet in Haystack Equalizing Reservoir.

Includes rights other than thOse supplied directly' by streams and creeks.

- 19 - Table 13. Surface Water Records, Jefferson County,1969

Station Yield Average Maximum Minimum Acre-Feet Discharge Discharge Dis charge

Squaw Creek ,36O 88.72 3S6 Metolius 86,92 1,)438.00 2,690 1,280 Lake Billy Chinook 2,575 ]Jeschutes River (Madras) 2)4O,OO 3,97)4.08 7,630 3,070 SOURCE: U.S. Department of Interior Geological Survey, Water Resources Data for Oregon.

Table 1)4. Surface Water Rights, Middle Deschutes River Within Jefferson County,1961

Use and Stream Cf s Total Rights

Domestic Metolius River 0.8 Squaw Creek 0.6 Willow Creek...... 0.3 Total 1.7

Irrigation Metolius River 7.; Squaw Creek 327.S Willow Creek...... 18.3 Total 3;3.3

Municipal Squaw Creek...

Industrial Squaw Creek 0.1

Recreation MetoliusRiver.... 0.1 0.1

Power Squaw Creek..... 120 12.0

Fish Metolius River

SOURCE: State Water Resources Board, Deschutes River Basin, January1961.

- 20 - The Lower Deschutes Sub-Basin includes all of the drainage of the Deschutes River between river mile96near Mecca and its mouth at the Columbia River. This sub-basin contains 2,693 square miles, of which 20 percent are in Jefferson County'.

Most of the area of the sub-basin located in Jefferson County' is the drainage area of Trout and Hay Creeks The gradient of Trout Creek is about L32feet per mile in its upper four miles; between river8 and37 it is 89feet per mile; and it is ti feet per mile between river mile37and its mouth.

There are very' few flow records available on Trout Creek and pre- cipitation data is also sketchy'. Depletion of the streamfiow is quite heavy but not measured. The combination of these two facts resulted in the unavailability of yield data although Trout Creek is of major im- portance to the eastern part of Jefferson County'.

Reports on water use and water rights are rather sketchy. Most of the water is used for irrigation purposes. There are no towns with municipal water rights. The available information on water rights is given in the table below.

Table l. Surface Water Rights, Lower Deschutes River Sub-Basin Within Jefferson County,1961

Use and Stream Cfs Total Rights

Domestic Hay Creek 0.6 Trout Creek 0.3 Total 0.9

Irrigation Hay' Creek )43.7 Trout Creek o.6 Total 9)4.3

Total Water Rights.... 9.2 SOURCE: State Water Resources Board, Deschutes River Basin, January'1961.

-21 - The Lower Crooked River Sub-Basin includes all thedrainage area of the Crooked River below mile66,Hoffman Dam, to its mouth. This sub-basin contains1,657square miles, of which5percent are located in Jefferson County.

The Crooked River is deeply entrenched ina canyon for all the22 miles of its course through Jefferson County. This canyon reaches a depth of almost 1,000 feet. There are no other streams in thearea besides the Crooked River.

The yield of the Crooked Rivernear Culver averages about1,123,000 acre-feet per year. In the lower Crooked River Canyon thereare many springs which contribute a very uniform amount of about700,000acre-feet annually.

Due to the depth of thecanyon, it is not economically feasible to pump water onto the higher plateau for irrigationuse. The only water rights on the Crooked River in Jefferson Countyare rights for power production which total1,9147.0cfs.

The eastern-most part of Jefferson Countyis located in the Lower John Day River Sub-Basin, and thearea involved is177square miles,9.9 percent of the County area, or5.14percent of the sub-basin. The only streams in the area are Currant Creek, MuddyCreek and Cherry Creek in addition to several little creeks which dryup during the sunmter. The John Day River itself forms the eastern boundaryof the county for about eight miles of its course.

There are no towns in the area andno power generating use is recorded for any' water. The only water use recorded is forirrigation. There are water rights of6.56cfs on Cherry' Creek for irrigation of263acres, and of6.98cfs on Currant Creek for the irrigationof286acres. No other data is available for thisarea.

Minerals

There is some mineral production inJefferson County, although the U.S. Bureau of Mines withheld1970figures to avoid disclosing confidential information The1963figures indicate that$9714,000were produced in the county that year The minerals produced in the order of valueare stone, sand and gravel, and pumice.

Wildlife

The fish and wildlife in Central Oregonare a very' important resource. Many' sportsmen are attracted eachyear to the excellent fishing in the many' lakes and streams, and in the fall thousandsof hunters visit the forests to hunt deer and elk. Many' creeks and rivers contain trout,and the Cascade lakes are particularly well stocked. There are numerous species of water- fowl found around the lakes and rivers.

-22 - Jefferson County has excellent populations of muledeer, and limited number of blacktail deer and Rocky Mountain elk Mule deer have shown a steady increase in population due to larger areas of improved habitat created by logging operations, and due to a great reduction of predators. The population of mule and blacktail deer in the Deschutes National Forest was estimated at 1,200 in 192)4 and 62,000 in 1960.

The following data was compiled by Big Game Management Unit, as de- fined by the Oregon State Game Commission There are three such units in Jefferson County': the Metolius area in the southwest part of the county' with some land area in Deschutes County, the Grizzly area in the eastern part with about )4O percent of its area in Crook County, and the Warm Springs Indian Reservation contained about half within Jefferson County A small area of the county' is also located in the Maupin Management Unit. The Warm Springs Indian Reservation is excluded from the control by the State Game Commission, thus no data is available for that area.

Table 16. Mule Deer Population Trends, Jefferson County', 1971

Miles Deer Deer ser Mile Unit Herd Range Traveled Observed 1970 1971 yr. Ave.

Grizzly 140 1472 12.1 11.8 12.8 Maupin Maup in 143 10)4 2.5 2.14 3.7 Met olius Metolius 90 282 2.2 3.1 3.1 SOURCE: Oregon State Game Commission, 1971 Annual Report, Oregon State Game Commission.

Table 17. Mule Deer Herd Composition, Jefferson County, 1971

Deer Classified Unit Bucks Does Fawns Total

Grizzly 23 266 185 147)4 Maupin 1 13 S 19 Metolius 36 189 96 321 SOURCE: Oregon State Game Commission, 1971 Annual Report Oregon State Game Commission.

- 23 - Table 18. Average Mule Deer per 100 Does, Jefferson County, 1966-71

1971 1970 L1966-70_Average Unit Bucks Fawns Bucks Fawns Bucks Fawns

Grizzly 9 70 9 59 13 69 Maupin 15 90 10 73 Netollus 19 51 22 53 2L 58 SOURCE: Oregon State Game Commission,1971Annual Report, Oregon State Game Commission.

Table 19. 1970Deer Season, Jefferson County'

No. of HunterBucks Bucks General Season Unit Hunters Days 1-2 pt. 3 pt. Antlerles5 Total

Grizzly' 3,5LO 19,650 700 310 170 1.180 Maupin 750 2,7LO 2LjfJ 130 0 370 Metolius 2,520 ll,t60 290 170 0 L6o SOURCE: Oregon State Game Commission, 1971 Annual Report, Oregon State Game Commission.

Table 20. 1970 Elk Season, Jefferson County

No. of HunterYearling Adult General Season Unit Hunters Day's Bulls Bulls Antlerless Total

Grizzly... 110 730 3 0 7

SOURCE: Oregon State Game Commission, 1971 Annual Report, Oregon State Game Commission.

Table 21. 1971 Trapperts Report, Jefferson County 1/

Animal Number

Beaver Otter Mink

SOURCE: Oregon State Game Commission, 1971 Annual Report, Oregon State Game Commission. 1/ These Trapper's Report figures are not indicative of actual total number of animals trapped for the 1971 season because only two trappersreported their catch for this season. There are numerous small game birds in the area. Pheasants, quail, grouse, and doves are all sporting birds.Waterfowl birds are plentiful.

Table 22. Du.ck and Goose Production Trends, Jefferson County,1967-71

Item 1967 I 1968 1969 1970 1971

Goose Total Brood 6 Total Young 13 26

Duck Total Brood 9 10 11 S Total Young 57 81 88 32 SOURCE: Oregon State GameCommission,1971Annual Report, Oregon State Game Commission.

Tabl& 23. Duck Production by Transect, Jefferson County,1971

Species Brood Young

Mallard 2 Am. Merganser 1 S

Total S 32

SOURCE: Oregon State Game Commission,1971Annual Report, Oregon State Game Commission.

Table 2L. Waterfowl Harvest, Jefferson County,1971

No. of Hunter Percent Item Hunters Days Harvest Harvest by Area Duck tOo 3,560 3,730 lL.5/ Goose 180 770 21i0 Snipe 20 20 tO

1 Percent of Upper Deschutes Area ofHarvest. SOURCE: Oregon State Game Commission,1971Annual Report, Oregon State Game Commission. Jefferson County is split up between three fishery districts, the Ochoco District which includes most of Crook County and extends north into Wasco County, the Bend District which extends into Jefferson County west of the Deschutes River and south of the Warm Springs Reservation, and part of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation.

Fish are plentiful in the streams and lakes of the local area. Chinook, Steelhead and Blueback of the Columbia District migrate yearly Trout and other warm water fish are plentiful during the spring and fall.

H[JNAN RESOURCES

Population

The population of Jefferson County number about8,980in1972or about 5.0 persons per square mile. There are three incorporated cities with a total 1972 estimated population of2,t85persons Madras, the county seat, is the largest town iwht 1,805 inhabitants.

Table25. Number of Persons by Racial Group, Jefferson County,1970

Racial Giup Percent

Caucasian...... 6,989 81.76 Spanish Language...... 170 1.99

Black...... t.6 - 0.5L American Indian 1,325 15.50 Other 18 0.21

Total.. . 8,5L8 100.00 SOURCE: Income and Poverty Data for Racial Groups: A Compilation .for Oregon Census County Divisions, Special Report367,Oregon State University, 1972.

26 - Table 26. Jefferson and Bordering Counties, Population and Rank Order In Oregon, 1960 and 1970

1960 1970 County Rank Population Rank Population

JEFERSON 30 7,130 28 8,980 Crook 27 9,!43O 27 10,610 Des chutes 18 23,100 16 33,800 Was co 21 20,205 22 20,520 Tiheeler 35 2,722 36 1,820 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1970 General Population Characteristics, Final Report PC (1) -B39 Oregon, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1971.

As of 1967, the population in Jefferson County started to decrease in growth. In 1970, it was down to 8,5)48, but since has started to increase, as the 1972 figure shows. Jefferson County experienced a tremendous popu- lation growth from 19)40 to 1966. The greatest increase occurred during the 19)40's at the time when the North Unit Irrigation District was built. Be- tween 1960 and 1965, the county growth rate was about )4o percent. This compares to a 12 percent increase to the State of Oregon and an 8 percent increase for the nation during the same period of time.

Table 27. Population Growth, Jefferson County

Percent Increase Year Population Period Percent

1910.. 1920...... 3,211 1910-1920 1930...... 2,291 1920-1930 (-28.65) 19)40...... 2,0)42 1930-19)40 (-10.90) 1950.. 5,536 19)40-1950 171.10 1960 7,130 1950-1960 26.70 1965* 10,000 1960-1965 )4o. 20

1966t 10,300 1960-1966 )4)4. )4o 197 2*. 8,980 1966-1972 (-1)4.70)

SOURCE: *Center for Population Research and Census, Population Estimates of Counties and Incorporated Cities of Oregon, Portland State University, July' 1972. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1970 General Population Characteristics, Final Report PC (1) - B39Oregon, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1972.

- 27 - Table28. Land Area and Population Density,1950,1960,1970

Population Density County Land Area 1950 1960 1970 I square miles - persons per sq. mi. - JLVFFR SON 1,7914 3.1 14.0 5.0 Crook 2,980 3.0 3.2 3.6 Deschutes 3,027 7.2 7.6 11.2 Was c o 2,382 6.5 8.5 8.6 Wheeler 1,707 1.9 1.6 1.1 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1970 General Population Characteristics, Final Report PC (1)-B39Oregon, U S Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,1971.

Table 29. Population Estimates of Incorporated Cities Jefferson County,1920-1972

City 1920 1930 19140 1950 1960 1966 1972

Culver ------301 301 390 1410 Madras.. 337 291 1412 1,2581,5151,8001,805 Metolius 914 38 140 157 270 287 270 SOURCE: Center for Population Research and Census, Population Estimates of Counties and Incorporated Cities of Oregon, PortlandState Univer- sity, July'1972.

The composition by age and sex of the population of Jefferson County is much the same as the composition of the population of the State of Oregon. Jefferson County' does have a significantly' lower median age with26.5years, compared to the State!s median age of30.3y'ears. About143percent of the county's population is under18years of age,52percent are 18 to614years, and5percent are65years or older. Fifty-two percent of the population are male, and1478 percent are female Figures for the State of Oregon show that 36percent of the State's population are under 18 years of age, 514 percent are between18and614years old, and the remaining 10 percent are 65years or older. The breakdown according to sex shows149.8percent males and50.2percent females.

- 28 - Table 30. PopulationbyAge, Race and Sex, Jefferson County, 1970

All Races 1&it e1/ Black Age Group Total Male Female Male Female Male Female

Total Population 8,5)48 14,306 14,2)42 3,623 3,536 25 21 Under 5 years 80)4 1400 140)4 296 297 2 5-9 years 996 514.1 1455 1432 3)45 2 10-1)4 years 998 512 1486 14.13 382 2 5 15-19 years 835 1423 1412 357 333 1 2 20-2)4 years 147)4 209 265 156 205 2 25-29 years 571 265 306 211 260 1 30-3)4 years 536 270 266 225 220 2 2 35-39 years 1477 233 2)4)4 202 215 1 2 140-14)4 years 1473 235 238 208 215 3 2 14.5-149 years 518 252 266 229 2)41 14 50-5)4 years 1489 2)43 2)46 221 219 3 1 55-59 years 1486 270 216 253 199 1 -- 60-6)4 years 3)48 18)4 16)4 171 158 2 65-69 years 213 122 91 111 83 1 70-7)4 years 1)49 65 8)4 60 7)4 75-79 years 103 142 61 141 5)4 80-8)4 years 50 25 25 2)4 23 85 years + 28 15 13 13 13

Under 18 years 3,1411 1,759 1,652 1,399 1,275 5 12 62 years and over 7)42 378 36)4 3)48 33)4 3 65 years and over 5)43 269 27)4 2)49 2)47 2

Median Age 265 263 266 287 29i 1)4.5 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1970 General Population Characteristics, Final Report PC (1) - B39 Oregon, U.S. Governnent Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1971. 1/ Includes Spanish Language.

Table 31. PopulationbyAge and Sex, Madras, 1960 and 1970

Item 1960 1970

Total Population 1,515 1,689 Male 781 827 Female 73)4 862 Median Age...... 29.2 Percent under 18 35.8 Percent over 65 8.2

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the CensusofPopulation: 1970 General Population Characteristics, Final ReportPC (1) -B39 Oregon,U SGovernment Printing Office,Washington, D.C., 1971.

- 29 - Table32. Social Characteristics of the Population, Jefferson County,1970

Subject. 1970

Total Population 8,5L8 Nativity and Parentage Native 8,509 Native Parentage 7,876 Foreign or Mixed Parentage. 633 Foreignborn...... 39 State of Birth Born in Oregon ,366 Born in Different State Northeast...... 93 North Central...... 1,255 South...... 520 West...... 1,873 Not Reported 302 Born abroad (at sea, etc.) 75 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census ofPopulation: 1970General Population Characteristics, Final Report PC (i)-B39Oregon, U.S Government Printing Office, Washington, D,.C.,1972.

-3O - Table 33. General Characteristics for Jefferson County Subdivisions, 1970

Subdivisions It em AshwoodCulver [Gra1vj Madras Warm Springs

Total Population.. 683 3,065 172 3,30)4 1,32)4

Sex Male 351 1,566 90 1,6)45 65)4 Female 332 l,)499 82 1,659 670

Race White / 670 2,973 172 3,185 159 Black 5 26 ---- 1)4 1 Other 8 66 --- 105 1,16)4

Median.. 28.8 28.1 )42. 7 38.7 17.5 Percent under 18 yrs. )4o. 8 38.2 20.9 37.3 52.3 Percent over 65 yrs.. Si4 6.9 16.9 6.7 3.)4

Households Number...... 206 935 73 1,067 279 Population...... 683 3,058 172 3,295 1,32)4 Persons/household. 3.32 3.27 2.36 3.9 )4.75 1/Includes Spanish Language. SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1970 General Population Characteristics, Final Report PC (1)- B39 Oregon, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1972.

Employment

The Oregon State Department of Employment reported in 1970 the total civilian labor force as 2,250 At that time there were 127 unemployed persons, which is an unemployment rate of 5.7 percent. Jefferson County ranked 32nd in the state according to unemployment rate,i e , it had the fourth-lowest rate. Ranking to number of unemployed was a little higher at thirty-first place.

-. 31 - Table324. Employment Status, Jefferson County,1970

Clas sifi cation 19601/ 1970 Male years and over 2,2438 2,755 Labor Force. 1,969 2,250 ArmedForces...... Civilian LaborForce...... 1,969 2,250 Employed 1,887 2,123 Unemployed 82 127 Not in Labor Force 2469 505 Inmate of Institution 24 Enrolled in Sc000l 228 1247 Other 237 358 Under65years... 163 Over65years 195 Female 16years and over 2,193 2,897 Labor Force Civilian LaborForce...... 715 1,303 Employed 677 1,229 Unemplby'ed 38 724 Not in Labor Force l,2478 1,5924 Inmate of Institution... Enrollment in School 230 193 Married, Husband Present 2421 2,0249 Other 827 1,2401 Under65years 1,158 Over years..... 65 2243 1/16 years and over SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census ofPopulation: 1970 General Social and Economic Characteristics, Final Report PC (1)- C39 Oregon, U S Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,1972.

-32 - Table35. Percentage of Persons by Age in Labor Porce Jefferson County,1970

Age Group Male Female 1)4-15 years...... 29.9 10.6 16-17years 50.9 25.6 18-19 years...... 39.8 14)4.9 20-21years 91.3 31.3 22-2)4years 89.)4 L15. 7 25.3)4years 97 .14 50.1 35-)4)4years...... 93.14 5)4.3 1i5-6)4years...... 91.6 53.14 65years and. older 27.0 11.3 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Censis of Population: 1970 General Popu- lation Characteristics, Final Report PC (1)-B39Oregon, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,1971.

Table36. Industry Group of Employed, Jefferson County,1960and1970

Industry Nnmber employed 1960 I 1970 Total employed16years and over 3,352 Agriculture, Forestry arid 661 628 Mining...... 8 11 Construction 1)46 161 Manufacturing... 1416 35 Lumber and Wood Products 362 23)4 Food and Kindred Products 35 50 Other. 19 81 Transportation 67 141 Communications 11 2)4 Whosesale Trade 127 1400 Retail Trade.... 1457 366 Business Services and Repair Service. 73 26 Personal Services 161 191 Hospitals 73 Educational Services... 139 29)4 Professional and Related 57 26 Public Administration. 79 2)43

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1970 General Social and EconOmic Characteristics, Final Report PC (1)-C39Oregon, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,1972.

-33 - Table 37. Median Earnings of Selected Occupation Groups Jefferson County,1960and1970

Occupation Group 1960 1970

Male Total employed16years and older...... 14,31,1 6,532 Professional, Managerial, and Kindred Workers $5,781,$1o,l7)4 Farmers and Farm Managers 14,368 5,59)4 Craftsmen, Foremen, and Kindred Workers 14,777 7,2)46 Operatives and Kindred Workers 14,39)4 7,081, Farm Laborers 2,702 3,1467 Laborers, excluding Farm and Mine 14,250 3,955 Female Total employed16years and older 1,260 2,889 Clerical and Kindred Workers $ --- $14,276 Operatives and Kindred Workers 1,773 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1970 General Social and Economic Characteristics, Final Report PC (1)- C39 U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,1972.

Table38. Major Occupational Group of Employed, Jefferson County,1970

Occupation Male Female

Professional Technician and Kindred Worker 318 160 Managers and Administrator excluding Farm 3)41 57 Sales worker 187 112 Clerical and Kindred worker...... 375 312 Craftsmen,foremen and kindred 1407 22 Operatives excluding transport 357 186 Transport equipment operatives 16)4 25 Laboers, excluding farm...... 192 2)4 Farmers and farm management.. 299 18 Farm laborers and foremen 250 20 Service workers 14,0 271 Private household worker 22 22 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1970 General and Economic Characteristics, Final Report PC (1)-C39Oregon, U S Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,1972. Table39. Labor Force in Jefferson County,1965-1971

Annual Average Industry 1965 1968 1971 I J Civilian Laobr Force 3,500 3,930 24,000 Workers in Labor-Management Disputes 0 0 0 Unemployment..... 210 250 320 Percent of Labor force...... 6.0 6.24 8.0 3,290 3,680 3,680 Agricultural... 690 980 810 Non-agricultural. 2,600 2,700 2,870 Self- employed, unpaid family and domestics 2400 370 380 Wage and Salary Worker 2,200 2,330 2,2490 Manufacturing...... 550 3)40 2490 Durable goods ------2430 Lumber and wood 2490 260 390 Other durables 60 80 240 Non-durables ------60 Non-manufacturing 1,650 1,990 2,000 Contract construction 30 8o 60 Trans-utilities...... 90 120 120 Wholesale and retail trade 650 750 760 Finance, insurance and real estate.. 90 100 90 Service and miscellaneous 3240 2400 2410 Government 2450 5)40 560 SOURCE: Oregon State Department of Human Resources, Employment Division, Labor Force and Employment in Oregon, by County,1965, 1968,and 1971. Research statistics division,1966, 1969, 1972.

Table240. Major Occupation Group of Unemployed Jefferson County,1960and1970

Group 1960 1970

Professional, technical, and kindred workers.... 24 6 Salesworkers...... 24 12 Clerical and kindred workers. 3 11 Craftsmen, foremen and kindred workers 20 27 Operatives, includingtransport...... 26 35 Laborers, excluding farm 13 25 Farm workers.... 16 25 Service workers, excluding private household.... 10 50 Private household... 8 5 Other blue-collar workers n.a. S n.a. - not available. SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1970General Social and Economic Characteristics, Final ReportPC (1)-C39, Oregon, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, C.D.,1972. - 35 - Table141. Local Government Employees and Payroll1 Jefferson County, 1967

Item Employees and Earnings

Employees 1400 Full-time only 323 Full-time equivalent employment 3140 Education 18 Teachers only 126 Functions other than education l5 Highways..... 214 Public welfare....

Hospitals 146 Health.... 6 Police protection...... 8 Fire protection 1 Sewerage.. Sanitation other than sewerage Parks and Recreation Natural resources...... 28 Housing and Urban renewal Corrections 2 Libraries Financial administration General control Water supply Other localutilities...... Other and unallo cable 9 October Payroll.. $l6, 000 Education.. 98,000 Teachers only 7,0OO Functions other than education...... 67,000 Average monthly earnings, full-time employment Teachers...... S96 Others..... 1418 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Governments,1967, Vol. 3No. 2, Compendium of Public Employment, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, D.C.,1969.

- 36 - Inc ome

Table112. Net Effective Buying Income Estimates,1970

Net Dollars Per Per Are a in thousands Capita Household

Oregon $6,650, 690 $2,369 $9, 14)40 JEFFERSON COUNTY 21,929 1,827 8,143)4

SOURCE: Bureau of Business:and Economic Research, Oregon EcOnomic Statistics 1972,University' of Oregon,1972.

Table143. Bank Debits and Deposits, Jefferson County,1966-1970

Year Bank Debits 1/ Bank Deposits

-thousand dollars - - - 1966...... $1149, 385 $12,230 1967...... 152,169 12,766 1968...... 169,075 1)4,208 1969 . 0 157,576 18,8)49 1970 177, 1408 15,193 1/ Bank Debits include Gilliam, Jefferson, and Wheeler Counties. SOURCE: Bureau of Business and Economic Research, Oregon Economic Statistics 1972,University of Oregon,1972.

Table Number of Families by Income Range, Jefferson County,1969

Income Range Jefferson County

Familics Under $1,000...... 70 $ 1,000-1,999 83 2,000-2,999.. 9)4 3,000-3,999 128 )., 000-5,999 27)4 6,000-7,999..... 3143 8,000-9,999...... 806 10,000-1)4,999...... 559 15,000-2)4,999 2)48 25,000-149,999...... 56 50,000and over 0 All families 2,170 Mean family income $ 9,379 Median family income 8, 5149 SOURCE: Bureau of Governmental Research and Service, School of Community Service and Public Affairs, Income and Poverty Data, Cities and Counties of Oregon,1969,University of Oregon,1972. -37- Table145. UnrelatedIndividualstIncome by Income Ranges) Jefferson County,1969

Income Range Jefferson County

Under $1,000 75 $ 1,000- 1,999 7)4 2,000- 2,999...... 66 3,000- 3,999 83 14,000- 5,999 62 6,00o- 7,999 65 8,00o-. 9,999.. 23 10,000-114,999...... 6 15,000-2)4,999...... 17 25,000-119,999...... 0 50,000and over...... 0 All unrelated Individuals 1471 Mean unrelated individual income $3,965 Median unrelated individual income 3,2)47 SOURCE: Bureau of Governmental Research andService, School of Community Service and Public Affairs, Incomeand Poverty Ita, Cities and Counties of Oregon,1969,University of Oregon,1972.

Table146. Family Groups, Median Family Income and Family Incomes, Jefferson County,1970

Income Under $3,000 Number Median Number Family Group of Family of Families Income Families Percent

Total all families 1,796 $8,528 203 11.3 Rural Families 1,796 8,528 203 11.3 Rural-Farm families 37)4 8,633 53 1)4.2 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1970 General Social and Economic Characteristics, Final Report PC (1)-039 Oregon, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1972

-38 - Table L7. Income and Poverty Data for Racial Groups, Jefferson County

It em Number Percent

Mean Income Family All Races...... $ 9,379 Caucasian...... 9,635 Spanish Language...... 10,905 Black...... 14,618 Other...... 7,601 Unrelated Individuals All Races... $ 3,965 Caucasian...... 3,8814 Spanish Language...... Black...... 1,622 Other...... 5,958

Families by Income Class All Races

Under $3,999...... 3814 17.69 $ 14,000- 5,999 2714 12.63 6,000-11,999...... 925 142.63 12,000 and over...... 587 27.05 Total.... 2,170 100.00

Caucasian Under $3,999...... 307 16.29 $14,000- 5,999... 238 12.62 6,000-11,999...... 820 143.50 12,000 and over...... 520 27.59 Total...... 1,885 100.00

Spanish Language. Under $3,999... 0 $14,000- 5,999...... O 0 6,000-11,999..... 7 .35.00 12,000 and over..... 13 65.00 Total...... 20 100.00

Black Under $3,999...... 10 71.143 $ 14,000- 5,999.... O 0 6,000-11,999. O 0 12,000 and over...... 14 28.57 114 100.00

Other Under$3,999...... 67 26.69 $14,000- 5,999 36 114.314 6,000-11,999...... 98 30.05 12,000 and over 50 19.92 Total..... 251 100.00

- 39 - Table)47,cant. Income and Poverty Data for Racial Groups, Jefferson County

Item Number Percent

Income Below Poverty Level - (bpl) Families bpl All Races.. 285 100.00 Caucasian 213 7)4.7)4 Spanish Language...... 0 0 Black...... lO 3.51 Other 62 21.75 Persons in Families bpl 1,115

Unrelated individuals bp Under65years of age...... 91 65yearsandover...... 51

Male Family Head(1)4-6)4years) bpl Employed 139 Unemployed 21 Not in labor force 10

Female Family Head bpl In labor force with children less than 6yearsold...... 21

Income Source of Families and Unrelated Individuals bpl Earnings...... 319 Social Security or i'ailroad retirement... 105 Public Assistance or welfare...... 59 SOURCE: Oregon State University Extension Service, Income and Poverty Data for Racial Groups: A Compilation for Oregon Census County Divisions, Special Report367,Oregon State University,1972.

hO - Education

Table b8. Formal Education Facilities, Jefferson County For the Fiscal Year Ending June30,1969

School district1 type of Grades school, & no of each type Included Enrollment ADA1/ Aui/ Culver School District #OOLi. Elementary - 1 KG-8 310 182.2 1.92.9 HighSchool..l 9-12 100 80.1 86.5

District Totals L10 262.3 279.1

Ashwood School District #008 Elementary 1 2-8 13 l2.L 13.0

District Totals 13 12.)4 13.0

Black Butte School District Elementary -1...... 1-6 15 11.2 11.8

DistrictTotals...... 15 11.2 11.8

Madras School District #509 Element ary - KG-6 1,L32 1,133.5 1,201.7 Junior High - 1 7-8 379 . 329.1 351.3 High School - 1 9-12 737 589.3 652.2

District Totals 2,5t8 2,051.9 2,205.2 County Total Elementary 1,770 1,339.3 1,Ll9.L JrHigh School . 379 329.1 351 3 High School.... 837 669.L 738.7

County Grand Total 2,986 2,337 8 2,509. 1/ ADA. - average daily' attendance- average number day's present. 2/ AfM- average daily' membership - average of total number of days present and days absent. SOURCE Oregon Board of Education Management, Summary of Pupil Personnelfor the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1972, Service/Program Support,School Finance, Statistical Service, Salem, Oregon. Table )9. Years of School Completed by Population 25Years and Over, Jefferson County

Education Total Percent Total, 25years and over . 14,L6t Number of pereons25years and over with less than eight years education... )435 9.7 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Censusof Population: 1970General Social and Economic Characteristics, Final Report PC (1)-C39 Oregon, U.S. Government Printing Office,Washington, D.C.,1972.

Table50. Net Enrollment Summary, Jefferson County Year Ending June30, 1971

Grade Number Enrolled

Kindergarten 87 1...... 259 2 215 3 213 225 5 21L 6 2lL 7 215 8 2L3 Unclassified Elementary 1/ 10 Total Kg. and Elementary.... 1,895

9 . .S.. 3-98 10 200 11.... 197 12 176 Unclassified High School 1/.::.. 10

Total High School 781 Total all pupils 2676 1/ Students belonging at this educational level, butnot fitting into a specific grade level. SOURCE Oregon Board of Education, Management Service/Program Support, School Finance and Statistical Service,9)42Lancaster Drive, Salem, Oregon. Table l. 14-H Membership, Jefferson County

Members Jefferson County

All leaders Men 13 Women...... 143 Total

Members by name Boys .... 121 Girls 273 Total 3914

Total Enrollments

Members 39)4 Projects 6o SOURCE: Oregon State University Extension Service, 14-H Youth Office, Corvallis, Oregon.

Table 52. FFA Membership, Jefferson County

Item Number

Number of Secondary Vocation-Agricultural Programs 2 Vocation-Agricultural Enrollment..... 87 FFA members 8

SOURCE: Oregon State University Extension Service, 14-H Youth Office, Corvallis, Oregon.

Health and Vital Statistics

Table3. Existing Medical Facilities, Number of Existing Beds, and Number of Beds Needed, Jefferson County, 1967

Number of Facilities '1umbr of Beds Category' Community Existing Needed Existing Needed

General Hospitals 1 Long Term Care Facilities.... None

SOURCE: Oregon State Executive IDe ' District Facts, 1970.

- 1.43 - Table5)4. Summary of Vital Statistics, Jefferson County,1971

It em Number Rate

Population (July 1,1971).. 8,700 By Residence Live births 163 18.7 Illegitimate births 29 177.9 Immaturebirths...... 10 61.3 Congenital malformation reported at birth 9 55.2 Death from all causes 7; 8.6 Malignant neoplasms 9 1O3.)4 Diabetes mellitus 3 3)4.5 Diseases of theheart...... 20 229.9 Cerebral vascular diseases... Arteriosclerosis...... 5 57.5 Other cardivascular diseases 1 11.5 Influenza andpneumonia...... 2 23.0 Bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, C.O.P.D 1 11.5 Peptic ulcer 1 11.5 Cirrhosis of the liver 2 23.0 Congenital anomalies 2 23.0 Certain causes of mortality in infancy 1 11.5 All other..... 9 103.)4 Accidents... 17 l9.L Suicides.... 1 11.5 Homicides 1 11.5 All other external causes Infantdeaths...... 2)4.5 Neonatal deaths 2 12.3 Fetal deaths 12 73.6 Therapeutic abortions 11 67.5 By Occurence Marriages... 92 10.6 Divorces and annulements 39 Accidental deaths 28 321.8 Motor vehicle accidents 20 229.9 Home accidents...... 1 11.5 Public accidents...... 6 69.0 Occupationalaccidents...... 1 11.5 'luuerculosjs...... Syphilis Gonorrhea 367.8 Influenza...... 2)45 2,816.1 Measles (Rubella).....

Rates: live births, deaths, marriagesand divorces per 1,000 population; illegitimate and immature births, congenital malformations, infant,neo- natal, and fetal deaths, and therapeuticabortions per 1,000 live births; selected causes of death and morbidityper 100,000 population. SOURCE: Oregon State Department of HumanResources, Oregon State Health Division, Vital Statistics AnnualReport, Vital Statistics Section, 1971. Table5. Deaths by Sex and Race, Jefferson County

Item Number

Total.. 7 Sex Male. .. .. Female...... 2L

Race White 60 Black.. 1 Indian 1LL Other non-white

SOURCE: Oregon State Department of Human Resources, Oregon State Health Division, Vital Statistics Annual Report, Vital Statistics Section,1971.

Table 6. Leading Casues of Deaths, Jefferson County

Item Number

Total deaths..... 7 Diseases of the heart 20 Malignant neoplasms (cancer) 9 Cerebrovascular diseases.. Accidents 17 Bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary' diseases Influenza and pneumonia Arteriosclerosis Cirrhosis of the liver Suicide 1 Certain causes in early infancy' 1 Other diseases of the arteries 1 Diabetes mellitus 3 Congenital anomalies 2 Venous thrombosis embolism.... 2 Peptic ulcer 1 Homicide.. 1 Hernia and intestinal obstruction 1 All other causes 6 SOURCE: Oregon State Department of I-Iuznan Resources, Oregon StateHealth Division, Vital Statistics Annual Report, VitalStatistics Section, 1971. TableS7. Births by Sex and Race, Jefferson County,1971

Item Number

Total Live Births 163 Sex Male 82 Female 81

Race White 99 Black Indian 60 Other non-white

fllegitimae births 29 Ratio 1/ 177.9 Race White 12 Non-white.. 17

1/ Ratio of illegitimate births tolive births. SOURCE: Oregon State Department of Human Resources, Oregon State Health Division, Vital Statistics Annual Report, Vital Statistics Section, 1971.

Table 8. Congenital Malformations,Jefferson County

Category Number

Total 9 System of Congenital Malformations

Central nervous . Cardiovascular...... Gastro-intes tinal Genito-urinary...... 2 Musculo-skeletal 1 Other and multiple 2 SOURCE: Oregon State Department of Human Resources, Oregon State Health Division, Vital Statistics Annual Report, Vital Statistics Section, 1971.

-t6- Jefferson County Table 9. Reported Cases of Notiflable Diseases,

Number of Cases Dis ease

Viral infections- hepatitis...... 2 L Influenza...... 2 Neningococcalinfection...... Mumps...... 2 O Rubella (measles)...... 29 Salmonellosis ... Pertussis Resources, Oregon State Health SOURCE: Oregon State Department of Human Division, Vital Statistics Annual Report,Vital Statistics Section, 1971.

Public Welfare

Table 60. Abundant Food Activity, Jefferson County,May,1972

Item Number of Persons

Public Assistance (PA) Only Persons eligible 32)4 Persons participating...... 272 Percentage of PA persons participating 8)4.0 686 Other persons participating

Total persons participating . 9S8 Resource, Oregon Public Welfare SOURCE: Oregon State Department of Human Division, Public Welfare in Oregon,October1970,December1970, May1972,and August1972editions.

No food stamp activity has beenreported as of April1972,but such activity is sure to occur, if it has notalready Those persons who were interviews and in- under the abundant food activitywLll undoubtedly, after vestigations, be the participants in the newfood stamp program.

)47 - Table61. Public Welfare Payments for Non-Medical Assistance Jefferson County, May1972

Average Category Cases Persons Cost Total

Old age assistance 13 $ 609 Aid to the blind.. 3 83.83 2 1 Aid to the disabled.... l 62.60 939 Aid to dependent children 376 140.6 lS,2149 General assistance 2 141.141 83 SOURCE: Oregon State Department of Huirtan Resources, Oregon Public Welfare Division, Public Welfare in Oregon, October 1970, December1970, May1972and August1972.

Table62. Total Medical Payments By Type Service Jefferson County, May1972

Category Payment

Physicians... $1,776 Hospitals...... S,516 Out-patient...... 261 Nursing homes Drugs...... l,3S6 Dental... 221 Visual..... 93 Transportation...... 12 Other

Total . 9,380 SOTTRCE: Oregon State Department of Human Resources, Oregon Public Welfare Division, Public Welfare in Oregon, October1970,December1970, May 1972and August1972.

The State of Oregon operates three special schools for the handicapped, all located at Salem in Marion County. The School for the Blind provides special education for approximately 100 children with acute vision problems in a boarding school situation The School for the Deaf provides parallel training for severely handicapped children from four years of age through high school Oregon Fairview Home provides in-and-out patient training for mentally deficient minors and adults.

- 148 - Housing

Table 63.. Selected Characteristics for Madras in JeffersonCounty, 1970

Jefferson Subject Madras County

Total population 1,689 8,5148 Total housing units .... 609 2,976 Year-round housing units Total 609 2,9149 Lacking.some or all plumbing facilities 13 166 In one-unit structures, 1412 2,2814 Occupied housing units... One-person households 108 357 Owneroccupied...... Total 3146 1,700 Lacking some or all plumbing 2 Median number of rooms.... . 5.1 14.9 Median Value.. . . $114,900 $15,200 With Black head of household 1 Renter Occupied Total...... 226 860 Lacking some or all plumbing 9 60 Median number of rooms 14.0 14.9 Median contract rent 76 68 With Blabk head of household 14 1.01 or more persons per room Total 147 320 With all plumbing facilities 145 298 Vacant, for sale only, or for rent 29 1149 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Housing: 1970 General Housing Characteristics, Final Report HC (1)- A39, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1971.

THE COUNTYtS ECONOMY

Agriculture

Agriculture is a very importantpart of the economy' of Jefferson County. A total of 356 farms reported by the1969 Census of Agriculture havea total land area of almost 502,727 acresorabout 1414 percent of the county'ts total land area.

149 - Table6)4. Agriculture Statistics, Jefferson County,195)4 - 1969

Subj ect 195)4 1959 196)4 1969 Approximate acres of land area 1,1)48,160 .,1148,16o 1,1147,520 1,1)47,6)48 Proportion in farms (%) 1470 55.7 143.3 143.8 Total number of farms...... 590 )4i5 1422 356 Acres in farms...... 539,985 639,006 1496,1488 502,727 Average size of farms.. 915.2 1,1436.0 1,176.5 1,1412.1 Value of land and buildings Average per farm $39,359 $ 59,140)4 $ 92,957 $ 1)43,352 Average per acre.. 36.92 142. 68 76.90 101.51 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census ofAgriculture,1969,Vol. 1 Area Reports, Part147,Oregon, U S Government Printing Office, Washing- ton, D.C.,1972.

The next table showsthe distribution of farms in Jefferson County ac- cording to size of farm. About16percent of the farms are under50acres in size, while another28percent have between50and180acres. About 16 percent of the farms havemore than 1,000 acres. The average is above1,1412 acres due to the presenceof large livestock farms.

Table65. Number of Farms by Size: 19514, 1959, 19614, 1969 Jefferson County

Size 195)4 1959 19614 1969

Less than 10 acres 38 5 11 11 10 to149acres...... Si 39 148 145 50to69acres..... 17 18 10 5 70to99acres.... 97 140 32 22 100 to139acres 73 149 37 29 1)40to 179 acres. 107 82 66 143 180to219acres...... 35 27 .37 26 220to259acres...... , 30 32 25 19 260to1499acres...... 142 61 62 63 500to999acres 33 31 39 38 1,000 to 1,999 acres 671/ 18 15 17 2,000acres or more 143 140 38

Average size - acres.... 915.2 1,1436.0 1,176.5 1,1412.1 1/ Number of farms with 1,000 acres or more SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Agriculture, 1969, Vol. 1 Area Reports, Part.147,Oregon, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washing- ton, D.C.,1972.

-So- The main types of farm in Jefferson County are either fieldcrop or livestock farming. About20percent of the farms are unclassified by type.

Table66.Farm by Type for Selected Years 1/, Jefferson County

Type 195)4 1959 196)4 1969

Cash-Grain..... 21)4 143 38 185 Vegetable Fruit and Nut... S Other field crops 76 100 129 279 Poultry.. 1 2)4 Dai].'y. . S 5 10 Other livestock 96 85 73 General 91 135 93 303 Miscellaneous and Unclassified 145 140 78 1/Farms with$2,500sales or over; number of farms reporting. SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Agriculture, 1969, Vol. 1 Area Reports, Part147,Oregon, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washing- ton, D.C.,1972.

Classification of farms by economic class considers only those class- ified by the U.S. Department of Agriculture as "Commercial Farms".

Commercial farms, in general, are all farms with a total value of products sold amounting to $2,500 or more Farms with sales of$50to $2,)499are classified as commercial if the farm operator was under65years of age and (1) he did not work off the farm 100 ormore day's during the year and(2)the income received by the operator and members of his family from nonfarm sources was less than the value of all farm products sold.

Agriculture contributes to the economy of Jefferson County in several ways - it not only provides income to the farmers themselves, but also to the workers employed in harvesting and processing agricultural ways,. In addition, agricultural production receives its inputs from all other parts of the economy.

The total value of all agricultural products produced in Jefferson County in1969exceeded$l7,O)47,OOO

The agricultural land base of Jefferson County' consists of about 141)4,000 acres of total pasture or about80percent of total land in farms, and6)4,888acres(13percent) of cropland harvested. Table 67. Farm Income and Sales, Jefferson County, 196)4 and1969

Subject 196)4 1969

Commercial Farms - Total 351 311 Class I (Sales of$)4o,00oor more.) 118 97 Class II (Sales of$20,000to$39,999)... 66 70 Class III (Sales of $10,000 to$19,999).. 60 50 Class IV (Sales of5,000 to$9,999) 149 149 Class V (Sales of$2,500 to $)4,999)..... 37 Class VI (Sales of$50to$2,)499)...... 17 8

Other Farms - Total 71 Part-time 60 37 Part-retirement... 10 7 Abnormal 1 1

Market Value of all agricultural products sold...... $17,983,500 $19,317,598 Crops including nursery' and hay products 12,122,296 9,2)4)4,7)41 Forest products 150 660 Livestock and poultry products 5,855,835 10,072,197

Farms with farm-related income from: Customwork and other agricultural services. n.a 1416,253 Recreational services.... n.a. 20,267 Government farm programs n.a. 5)41,6)46 n.a. - not available SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Agriculture, 1969, Vol. 1 Area Reports, Part147,Oregon, U S Government Printing Office, Washing- ton, D.C.,1972.

Table 68. Land in Farms by Use -1959, 196)4and1969,Jefferson County

Use Acres 1959 196)4 1969

Land in farms...... 639,006 1496,1488 502,727 Cropland harvested 6)4,569 6S,)4)41 6)4,888 Cropland used only for pasture 7,8)41 35,995 11,36)4 Cropland not harvested and not pastured 22,909 . 26,106 2)4,1)47 Cultivated summer fallow.... 17,573 18,236 Soil -improvement 2,355 14,367 Other - failure or idle 2,981 3,503 Woodland pastured..... 28,1409 15,685 \ Woodland not pastured.. 3,122 85 i ,70 Otherland...... 1497,170 3)43,821 395,568 Irrigated land 53,176 55,012 53,771 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Agriculture, 1969,Vol. 1 Area Reports, Part147,Oregon, U SGovernment Printing Office, Washing- ton, D.C.,1972. Table69. Value of Farm Sales for Jefferson County

Product 1959 196)4 1969

thousands of dollars - - - Crops All grains $1,825 1,662 1,14)43 All hay crops... 769 6)46 2l8 All grass and legume seeds.... 1,303 1,8)47 1,1479 Specialty field crops.. 1483 1,607 14,17)4 All tree fruits and nuts Small fruits (all berries).. 2 1 Vegetables for fresh market & processing...... 6 7 3 All potatoes.. 3,1460 7,900 3,392 Specialty horticultural crops 1 1 35 Farm forest products

All crops . 7,8)47 13,672 10,7)45 Livestock All cattle and calves 2,718 3,155 5,838 Hogs..... 68 63 38 Sheep and lambs 201 96 148 Dairy products (milk and cream) 252 221 112 All chickens 2 1 1 Turkeys...... 225 Chicken eggs...... 2)4 18 16 Other livestock and poultry 72 140 2)4 Alllivestock...... 3,337 3,59)4 6,302

Total Crops and Livestock 11,1814 17,266 17,0147

Harvested Acres, Major Crops - acres Iheat...... 23,700 2)4,000 20,000 Barley...... 11,300 7,000 6,500 Alfalfa hay... 12,000 10,000 8,000 Merion Kentucky Bluegrass seed 2,900 700 1400 Peppermint...... 2,800 5,800 114,500 Potatoes...... 5,700 7,850 9,000

Livestock Inventory, January 1. number of head- - - - All cattle...... 26,000 38,000 14)4,000 Dairy cows...... 800 900 1400 Allsheep. 13,500 6,000 2,300 Turkeys raised...... 200 100 50,000 SOURCE: Oregon State University Extension Service, Agriculture in Oregon Counties - Farm Sales and General Characteristics, Special Report 330,Oregon State University,1971.

- 3 - Table70. Crops Harvested - Acres -1959, 19614and1969,Jefferson County

Crops Harvested 1959 19614 1969

All corn...... 262 93 l72 Small Grains Winter wheat...... 13,071 17,175 114,637 Spring wheat ...... 7,995 5,218 14,816 Oats...... 1,355 269 1405 Barley'... 9,561 6,527 14,788 Rye . . 127 50 2L1.5 Hay Crops Alfalfa and alfalfa mixtures 11,1486 9,6914 5,9614 Clover and clover and grass mixtures 727 715 1476 Small grains forhay...... 1,983 1,639 1,550 Wild hay, cut... 2,087 705 Other hay',cut...... 790 679 357 Silage - all kinds... 189 1.262 576 Field Seed Crops Red clover 115 Alfalfa hay 6 Other vetch...... S Other Field Crops 5,7242 7,850 Vegetables For Sale 1 105 8,091 Sweetcorn...... 1 63 Snap beans.. 0 1/ 20 Dry onions Potatoes 8,091 Berries for Sale Strawberries... 0 1/ 5 Blackberries.. Raspberries, red and black.... n.a. 0 1/ Tree Fruits, Nuts and Grapes 14 S Nursery Products..... 01/ oT/ 1/Reported in small fractions. n.a. - not available SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Agriculture,1969,Vol. 1 Area Reports, Part147,Oregon, U.SGovernment Prin!ting Office, Washing- ton, D.C.,1972.

The estimated number of livestock and poultry' in Jefferson Countyare shown in the following table. The number of all cattle has increased almost three fold since19140,while the number of dairy cattle has shown a decrease from a high in1955 Sheep and lamb numbers have decreased significantly, the greatest decrease occurring between 19140 and1950. The number of chickens has shown a steady decrease in the last few y'ears.

524- Table 71 Livestock and Poultry Numbers, Jefferson County

Category l9L0 1950 1955 1960 1965p 1969

Allcattle & calves,4 12,000 11,800 27,000 28,000 33,000 3)4,73L Dairy cows 550 1,200 l,0O 1,100 900 lL6

Sheep and lambs Lo,000 9,500 12,000 13,000 5,000 1,985 Hogs, all ages 1,200 1,800 1,700 2,000 1,000 798

1962 1963 l962 1965 1966p 1969 Chickens, January 1.. 10,000 10,000 9,000 8,000 7,000 2,510 Turkeys, Raised 100 100 100 100 100 p - Preliminary. SOURCE: U.S. Bureau f the Census, Census of Agriculture,1969,Vol. 1 Area Reports, Part1t7,Oregon, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washing- ton, D.C.,1972.

Table72.Food and Kindred Products Manufacturing Jefferson County,1965

Major Group Number of Firms Employment

Meat Packing Plants....

Frozen Fruits, Juices, Vegetables and Specialties... 1 23

Total 2 2L

SOURCE: Oregon State Department of Commerce, Economic Development Division, Directory of Oregon Manufacturers -1970.

- 55 - Logging and Wood Products

Table73. Forest Industry Statistics,1967-68Fiscal Year Jefferson County

Item Thousands of dollars Percent

Forest Assessment and Taxation Assessed Value All taxable property'.. $39,900 100 Real property' assessment 13,859 35 Timber assessments...... Taxes Forest yield tax receipts...... Western Oregon additional tax.. Value Added by' Manufacture All industries 7,563 100 Lumber and wood products.. Furniture and fixtures Paper and allied products Payrolls and Employment Payrolls yearly' All industries 8,773 100 Lumber and wood products...... 1,2)47 1)4 Logging...... 1/ Sawmills.. Plywood and veneer.... Paper and allied products Employees, Average Number - - Persons - - - - All industries 1,539 100 Lumber and wood products 193 13 Logging...... 1/ Sawmill 1/ Plywood and veneer... Paper and allied products 1/ Data omitted to prevent identification of individual firms. SOURCE Oregon State Department of Revenue, Summary of Assessment and Tax Rolls for the1967-68Fiscal Year and1966'-67Property Tax Collections, January,1968 U S Department of Commerce, Census of Manufacturers,1963Area Services, Oregon, MC(3) - 38, 1966

56- Table714. Timber Harvest by Ownership, Jefferson County,1970 1/

Production Ownership thousands of board feet Private2/ Forest industry... 3, 2140 Other.. 3,14214

Total..... 38,6614

Bureau of Land Management 3/.... National Forests 14/..... 32,816 Indian S/..... 30,9214

Total 102, 14014

1/Includes volume removed as logs and poles and pilings, but not volume removed for wood cutting operations. 2/ Compiled by State Forester. 3/Compiled by U.S. Bureau of Land Management. E/Compiled by U.S. Forest Service Region6. / Compiled by' U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs. SOURCE: U.S. Forest Service, "1970 Timber Harvest", U.S.D.A. Forest Service Resource Bulletin PNW-38, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experi- ment Station,1971.

Table7. Lumber and Wood Products Manufacturing Excluding Furniture, Jefferson County,1967

Product Group Number of Firms Eiip1oyment

Logging Camps and Contractors 1 146 Sawmills and planing mills, general 3 337 Veneer and plywood plants 1 6001/ Total 983 1/ One plant not reported. SOURCE: Oregon State Department of Commerce, Economic Development Division, Directory of Oregon Manufacturers -1970.

- 7- Table76. Log and Lumber Production, Jefferson County

Year Log Production Lumber Production

1950...... n.a. 1955 . 87,126 n.a. 1960 L6,910 n.a. 1961...... 50, 65t n. a. 1965...... l0O,Lj15 183,815 1966 39,086 n.a. 1967...... 50,2400 169,281 1968 1024,300 n.a. n.a. - not available SOURCE: Oregon State Board of Forestry and West Coast Lumbermen's Association. From "Approdmate Acres Logged and M.B.F. Volume Removed, State of Oregon", annual reports for1955, 1960, 1965,and1966;report by State of Oregon Board of Forestry.

Manufacturing

Table77. Manufacturing; Other than Lumber and Wood Products; Food and Kindred Products; and Mineral, Metal, and Related Products Manufacturing Jefferson County,1965

Major and Sub-Group Number of Firms Employment 1/ J

Frozen fruits, fruit juices, vegetables and specialties 1 23 Prepared feed for animals.... 2 16 Logging camps and contractors 3 246 Sawmills and planing mills 2 337 Veneer and plywood 2 600 1/ Miliwork.. 1 3 Newspapers, publishing, printing 1 n.r. Concrete, block andbrick...... 1 n.r. 1/ Ready-mixed concrete...... 2 5- Minerals 1 8 Sheet metal work 1 5 Farm machinery and equipment. 3 240 Watchcases 1 20 1/ These employment figures are not indicative ofactual total number of employees in manufacturing because one or morefirms did not report number of employees. SOURCE: Oregon State Department of Commerce, Economic Development Division, Directory of Oregon Manufacturers -1970.

- 58 - Mining - Mineral and Metal Industries

Table78. Mineral, Metal and Related Manufacturing, Jefferson County',1965

Major Group and Sub-Groups Number of Firms Employment

Stone, clay and glass products Brick and structural clay' and tile... 1 1 Ready-mixed concrete 3 8

Total 9 SOURCE: Oregon State Department of Commerce, Economic Development Division, Directory' of Oregon Manufacturers -1970.

Table79. Value of Mineral Production, Jefferson County',1961-1970

Year Value Minerals Produced in Order of Value 1961 n.r. 1962 $192,000 Stone, sand & gravel, silver gold copper, lead 1963 . . . . . 9Th, 000 1 96t1...... 1,253,000 Stone, sand & gravel, pumice, silver, gold, copper, lead 1965.... 269,000 Sand & gravel, pumice, stone, silver, lead, gold, copper, zinc 1966... 217,000 Sand & gravel, stone 1967 133,000 Sand & gravel, stone 1970 ;/ 1/Figure withheld to avoid disclosing individual company confidential data. SOURCE: Bureau of Business and Economic Research, Oregon Economic Statistics 1972,University of Oregon,1972.

Outdoor Recreation

Jefferson County' contains a variety' of recreational resources, ranging from the rugged mountain scenery' of Mt. Jefferson and Three-Fingered Jack to the water sports and fishing areas of Pelton Dam and Hay'stack Reservoir. There are extensive forests with excellent hunting, and areas featuring de- posits of semi-precious stones.

-59- Table80. Public Outdoor Recreation Areas, Jefferson County

Omership and Area Acreage Facilities 1/ Activities2/

U.S. Forest Service Deschutes National Forest 1,670, 7)3/Campgrounds All Activities Allen Springs TC,TS,PT,Pt F,Hi,Sc,St Allingham.. TS, PW F,H,Hi,Sc,St BlueBay...... T C, TS, EL, PW B,F,Hi, Sc Camp Sherman TC,TS,CK,PW F,H,Hi,S,St Gorge T 5, PW F,H,Hi,Sc,St Jack Lake..... TC F, Fl, Hi Link Creek TS,BL,PW B, Hi ,Sc Lower Bridge TC,TS,PT,PW F, H,HI, Sc, St Perry' South TC,TS,PT,BL,PW B,F,H,S Pine Res.t TC,CK,GP,PW F,H, Hi, Sc, St Pioneer Ford TC, CK,GP,PW F,H,FIi,Sc,St Riverside TC F,H,Hi,Sc,St Scout Lake TS,FW H,Hi,S,Sc SmilingRiver...... T 5, PW F,H,Hi,Sc,St South Shore.. TC,TS,BL,PW B, F,Hi , Sc Suttle Lake Picnic Ground... PT,CK,BL,GP,PW B,F,Hi, 5, Sc Suttle Lake Water Ski Area.. PT,BL,PW B,F,Hi, Sc State Park Agency Cove Palisades State Park. L,533 TC,TS,PT,BL B,F,G,S Elliott R. Corbett II Memorial State Park 63 n.r. n.r. Peter Skene Ogden Scenic Way's ide 98 n.r. n. r. 1/ Facilities: 2/Activities: TC - Tent Campsite BL - Boat Landing B - Boating Hi - Hiking TS - Trailer Site CK - Community' Kitchen F - Fishing S - Swimming PT - Picnic Table GP - Group Picnic G - Geological Sc - Scenery' PW - Piped Water H - Hunting St - Stream

3/Only' part of Deschutes National Forest is in Jefferson County. SOURCE Oregon State Department of Transportation, State Highway Division, "Public Outdoor Recreation Areas", State Parks and Recreation Division.

Table 81. State Park Acreages, Jefferson County,1972

Split Counties County Parks Acreage Total for Park Acres

Elliott R. CorbettII Memorial State Park Peter Skene OgdenScenic Wayside. 97.86 The Cove PalisadesState Park Total L,23t.32 SOURCE: Oregon State Department of Transportation, State Highway Division, "The State Park Visitor in Oregon", State Parks and Recreation Division. -6o - Table82. State Parks Day Visitor and Overnight Camping by Public Jefferson County,1967 - 1972

Attendance State Parks 1967-68 68-69 69-70 I 70-71 71-72 Day Visitor Peter Skene Ogden Scenic Wayside 185,560 209,)436 238,126 250,316 2)49,852 The Cove Palisades State Park 358,136 218,992 338,L6)4 332,252 387,02)4

Overnight Camping The Cove Palisades State Park 58,965 6L,.,123 65,00)4 70,836 78,809 SOURCE: Oregon State Department of Transportation, State Highway Division, "Day Visitor Attendance'1, State Parks and Recreation Section,1972. Oregon State Department of Transportation, State Highway Division, "Overnight Camping by' the Public", State Parks and Recreation Section, 1972.

Peter Skene Ogden Scenic Wayside - Park places, provided with picnic areas, but no drinking water; fine scenic view. The Cove Palisades State Park - Great scenic and geological cany'ons; excell- ent fishing and boating. There are paved boat ramps for launching. Boat rentals' dock, food and supplies, and a cafe are available at the park marina. There are185improved campsites,87trailer spaces, showers, laundry rooms, trailer dumping station, ground camps and an outdoor theater are provided The picnic area includes a swimming area and bathhouse Reservations for campsites are available. SOURCE: Oregon State Department of Transportation, State Highway Division, "The State Park Visitor in Oregon", State Parks and Recreataon Divi- sion.

Table83. Overnight Camping Maintenance Expenditures vs. Revenue Jefferson County

Item 1970-1971 1971-1972

The Cove Palisades State Park Expense $53,907.27 $73,950.53 Revenue...... )43,686.5o )46,)493.00 Balance (-10,220.77) (-27,)457.53) SOURCE; Oregon State Department of Transportation, State Highway' Division, "The State Park Visitor in Oregon", State Parks and Recreation Division.

- 61- Table8tt. Revenue from The Cove Palisades State Park Jefferson County, July 1,1971 -June 30,1972

Income Producers The Cove--Palisades St. Park-

Overnight Camping $ !6,L93.00 Group Cainping...... 78Li.5O Hall Rental Concessions.. 7,226.S3 Miscellaneous 4O.O0 ReservationFee. 968.00 Extra Vehicle Fee 8Sl .00 Moorage Fee.. Total.. $ S6;363.03 SOURCE: Oregon State Department of Transportation, State Highway Division, "The State Park Visitor in Oregon't, State Parks and Recreation Division.

Table8. Camper Origin Report Jefferson County'

Region The Cove Palisades St. Park

Oregon (July' 1,1971 -June30, 1972) - number of campers Portland 70 18 0reon Coast Southwest Oregon 2 Central Oregon 5 Eastern Oregon 1 Total Oregon Campernights 15,137 Percent of total Campernights...... 78

Out-os-State

Eastern States...... 2 Califoia...... 37 Washing ton...... - . L7 Rocky Mountain States... 3 Canada...... 6 Central States

Other...... Total out-of-state-Campernights 14,367 Percent of total Campernights 22 SOURCE: Oregon State Department of Transportation, State Highway' Division, "The State Park Visitor in Oregon", State Parks and Recreation Division.

62 - Hunting and fishing are important recreational sports in Jefferson County. There is plentiful small game, and big game is fair Fishing is good at the Fall and Spring seasons of the year.

Business

Table 86. Businessesof Jefferson County,.1967

Kind of Business Number of Establishments Sales RetailTrade...... lO $ 16,611,000 1'holesaleTrade...... 19 11,699,000 SelectedServices...... 67 1,251,000 SOURCE: Bureau of Business and Economic Research, Oregon Economic Statistics 972,University of Oregon,1972.

PUBLIC SERVICES.

Transportation

There are two major highways passing through Jefferson County They are U S 26 and U S97,crossing in Madras, the county seat U S26 con- nects the county to Portland and the lower Willamette Valley U 5 97,which parallels the Cascade Mountains, provides easy passage to points north and south Regular bus and freight truck services are available over these routes The Oregon Trunk Railroad passes through the county, providingservice both north and south Madras has an airport, but presently is not served by a commercial airline. Table 87 Number of Registered Vehicles, Jefferson County, 1968

Vehicles Jefferson County Passenger...... Buses 1

Trucks . . . 1,070 Motorcycles..... 173 Trailers...... 7 6

Total 7, ll

SOURCE: Oregon State Executive Department, Local Government Relations Division, District Facts,1970.

Table88. Number of Aircraft and Boats, Jefferson County, 1968

Item Number Aircraft... 2L Boats......

SOURCE: Oregon State Executive Department, Local Government Relations Division, District Facts,1970

Communications

Table89. Selected Equipment for Occupied Households Jefferson County,1960and1970

Subject 1960

All occupied units...... 2,013 Telephone Available Yes...... l,L87 No...... 2 6 Television Sets 1...... l,60 2 or more None. 362 Radio Sets l,216. 1...... 2ormore...... 2,326 None...... 172 3)41 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1970General Social and Economic Characteristics, Final Report PC (1) -C39Oregon, U S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D C , 1972.

- 6t - Library Facilities

Table 90. Oregon Public Library, Located at Madras, Circulation and Financial Data, Jefferson County,1969 - 1970

Item Amount

Population at Madras 9,OL.O Nuniber of volumes i,Lo8 Circulation 23, 962 Hours open per week. )4)4 Receipts Public Funds City $ 0O County 9, 6L2 Other Funds 3l Total operating revenue including balance $ io,L93 Expenditures Library materials $2,006 Salaries excluding janitors 6,322 Total operating expenditures. $9,732 SOURCE: Oregon State Library, Directory of Oregon Libraries, annual statistics for the year ending June30, 1970.

Table91. COmparison of Taxable Property Values, Population, Support and Use of Public Libraries, Jefferson County

Subject Amount

Value of Taxable Property.. . $ l8,333,993 Population.. .. . 9,OLO Public Support Local City 00 County...... -. 9, 6)42

TotalExpenditures...... 9,73? Expenditures per capita. 1.08 Vo1es...... -. . .. i,)4o8 Circulation...... 23, 962 Circulation per capita 2.7 SOURCE: Oregon State Library, Directory of Oregon Libraries, annual statistics for the year ending June30, 1970.

6- Utilities

Table 92. Summary of Water Supply and Sewage Disposal Facilities Jefferson County, 1970

Subject Number

Source of Water Public System or Private Company' 2,1469 Individual Well...... 3014 Other...... 173 Water Supply Facilities Piped Water Inside Structure 2,773 Piped Water Outside or No Piped Water 173 Sewage Disposal Public Sewer W49 Septic Tank or Cesspool 2,371 Other or none 126 Number of Occupied Housing Units Total 2,976 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1970General Social and Economic Characteristics, Final Report PC (1)-C39Oregon, U S Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,1972.

Table93. Types of Fuels for Heating, Cooking; Number of Households Jefferson County,1970

House Heating Water Heating Cooking Types of Fuel Fuel Fuel Fuel

Utility gas..... Fuel oil, kerosene, etc Coal or coke.. Wood Electricity Bottled, tank or LP gas Other fuel None

SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Censusof Housing: 1970 Detailed Housing Characteristics, Final Report HC (1)-B39Oregon, U S Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1972.

66 - Table9L. Appliances, Jefferson Coimty, 1970

Type of Appliance Number

Clothes Washing Machine Wringer or spinner 113 Automatic or semi-automatic 2,039 None 515 Clothes Dryer Gas heated 59 Electric 1,675 None 933 Dishwasher Yes 767 No 1,900 Home Food Freezer Yes 1,613 No...... l,05L SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Housing: 1970 Jtailed Housing Characteristics, Final Report HO (1)- B39 Oregon, U S Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,1972. PUEliIC FINANCE

Table95. Selected Items of Local GovernmentFinances, Jefferon County

Jefferson County State Total Per Capita Per Capita Item Amount Amount Amount

General revenue, excl. interlocal $3,608 $ 396.53 $ 308.00 Intergovernmental revenue 875 From State Government 96.13 97.00 871 95.72 83.00 From local sources.. 2,7314 300.240 210.00 Taxes 1,910. Property 209.89 156.00 1,8614 2024.824 Other 151.00 246 Charges and Miscellaneous.. 5.05. 5.00 8224 514.00 Direct General Expenditures 90.51 3,982 2437.57 Capital outlay 316.00 895 98.240 Other 62.00 3,086 339.17 2514.00 Education.. 2,087 229.35 180.00 Other than capital outlay 1,936 Highways 212.77 152.00 331 36.241 30.00 Other than capital outlay 253 Public Welfare 27.75 20.00 20 2Q19 2.00 Hospitals 718 78.92 6.00 Other than capital outlay 128 Health 124.10 30 3.26 24.00 Police Protection.. 75 8.21 Fire Protection 12 00 13 1.240 9.00 Sewerage.. 8.00 Other than capital outlay Sanitation other than 3.00 sewerage.., 3 0.31 2.00 Parks and Recreation 1 0.08 Natural Resources.. 10.00 3248 38.20 Housing and Urban Renewal... 14.00 2400 Corrections 9 1.01 Libraries 2.00 9 0.95 3.00 Financial Administration 72 General Control 7.90 5.00 724 8.11 General Public buildings 8.00 36 3.924 Interest on general debt 3.00 1014 Other than unallocable.. 11.38 6.00 524 5.96 21.00 Water Supply Revenue.. 191 Water Supply Expenditure.. 21.024. 12.00 222 214.242 13.00 General debt outstanding 114,111 Long-term.. 1,550.71 2124.00 124,111 1,550.71 203.00 Local schools 2,136 Other 2324.73 101.00 11,975 1,315.98 101.00 SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of the Census,Census of Governments, No 1967, Vol0 24, 5 Compendium of Government Finances,U S Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,1969.

- 68 - Table96. Sunimary' of Assessment Rolls for 1971-72Fiscal Year Real Property, Personal Property and Utilities Jefferson County

Assessed Percent of Class Value Total

Real Property' Lands inside corporate limits... $ 3,)491,130 1.9 Lands outside corporate limits 32,911,620 17.7 Improvements inside corporate limits 10,516,250 5.7 Improvements outside corporate limits 20,383,530 U o Timber (excludes land) Less Veterans' exemptions (-378,260) Less senior citizens' residence exemptions (-111,370) (-.1) Taxable.RealProperty'...... 66,812,900 36.0 Personal Property' Merchandise and stock in trade 3,119,570 1.7 Furniture fixtures and equipment 863,950 .5 Farm machinery and equipment.. 5,055,9)40 2.7 Other machinery and equipment 2,215,670 1.3 Livestock 2,056,310 1.1 Miscellaneous...... Th5,)4lO .)4 Less Veterans' exemptions (-)4,85o) Less senior citizens' residence exemptions (-11,700) Taxable PersonalProperty...... 1)4,0)40,300 7.6 Total Taxable Real and Personal Property.. 80,853,200 )43.6

Utilities Airline companies Electric companies..... 90,698,79)4 )48 .9 Expresscompanies...... Gascompanies...... 8,132,1)41 Heating companies Pipeline companies .... Railroad companies.. 3,Lj53,3t15 1.9 Tank and private car companies.. 258,3)43 Telegraph companies.. 700 Telephone companies 2,2)40,208 Water companies... 100 Water transportation companies Taxable Utility Property..... 10)4,783, 631

Total Taxable Real, Personal and Utility' Property 185,636,831 100.0 SOURCE: Oregon State Department of Revenue, Summary' of Assessment and Tax' Rolls for the 1971-72 Fiscal Year and 1969-70 and 1970-71 Property Tax Collections,1972.

69 - Table97. Summary of1971-72Property Tax Levies and Assessments Jefferson County

Item Amount in Dollars

Levies County 609,293 Cities l!1i4,680 Conunity Colleges..... 273,067 Elementary and Secondary School Districts Intermediate County.. 967,9143 Education Joint 9,099 Elementary and Unified 783, 253 Union High 50,226 County Unit Total School Districts 1,810,521 Special Districts Cemetery Fire Protection..... 32,1488 Hospital 72,775 Park and Recreation Port.. Road Sanitary Water Supply...... 35,6514 Other Total Special Districts 1140,917 Total Gross Ad Valorem Levies.. 2,978,1478 Special Assessments Fire Patrol.. 13,2142 Forest Fee 93 Diking and Drainage... Irrigation.... 3,156 Lighting Other Total Special Assessments 16,1491 Total Gross Levies and Assessments 2,9914,969 Less Property Relief Moneys Senior Citizens (-2,192) GameCommjssion Total Net Ad Valorem Levies 2,976,286 Net Ad Valorem Taxes by Class Real Property 1,183,056 Personal Property 2145, 182 Utility Property.. 1,5148,0148 SOURCE: Oregon State Department of Revenue, Swnmary ofAssessment and Tax Rolls for the1971-72Fiscal Year and1969-70and1970-71Property Tax Collections, 1972. Table98 Per Capita City Taxes and Valuation Percentage Distribution of Consolidated Rates and Dollars Per Thousand Rates on True Cash Value in Jefferson County

Item Madras Culver Metolius

True Cash Value (T.0 V ) $1)4,876,512 $ 1,997,255 $ 1,1482,1473 Per Capita True Cash Value 8,395 14,931 5,391 Per Capita Tax City. 72 25 25 Consolidated 188 12)4 107 Percentage of Total Levy County 1)4.6 13.0 16.6 City 38.3 20.1 23.8 School. ... 145.3 62.14 51.3 Other 1.8 14.14 8.3 Average Rate/$TCV Basis County 3.28 3.28 3.28 City 8.58 5.06 14.71 School 10.1)4 15.70 10.1)4 Other .141 1.11 1.65 Total 22.141 25.15 19.78 SOURCE: Oregon State Department of Revenue, Summary of Assessment and Tax Rolls for the1971-72Fiscal Year and1969-70and1970-71Property Tax Collections,1972.

Table 99. City Valuation Tax Rates and Taxes Extended, Jefferson County'

I tern Madras Culver Metolius

Population.. 1,772 1405 275 Code Area 1/ 1,2,3 15 1)4, 1)4-10 Assessed Value.. $114,876,512 $1,997,255 $1, 148 2,147 3 Assigned Ratio 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% Rate/$l,000 by levying unit County 3.28 3.28 3.28 City 8.58 5.06 14.71 School 10.114 15.70 10.1)4 Other 141 1.11 1.65 Total 22.141 25.15 19.78 City Tax 127,592 10,106 6,982 Consolidated Tax 33 3,3)49 50,231 29,319 1/Code Areas are assessorsT divisions which cover all or part ofa city. SOURCE Oregon State Department of Revenue, Summary of Assessment and Tax Rolls for the1971-72Fiscal Year and1969-70and1970-71Pro,perty Tax Collections,1972.

-71 Table 100. Amount and Percent of Unpaid Property Tax, Jefferson County,1971

Total Amount Percent I tern Amount Unpaid of unpaid

Property Taxable Real $l,26L,793 $229,09S 18.11 Personal 271,617 73,)473 27.O Public utilities...... l,63l,3 3,317 0.20 Western Oregon additional timber tax... Yield tax Total...... $3,l67,76 $305,88 9.66

SOTJRCE: Oregon State Department of Revenue, Summary of Assessment and Tax Rolls for the1971-72Fiscal Year and 1969-70 and 1970-71 Property Tax Collections,1972.

72 - Selected List of Agencies

The following list givesnames and addresses of agencies that have served as data sources for this publicationand may provide further or more current data on subjects of interest.

In addition, a number of local and countyoffices are available to offer local information and assistance, including:

Agriculture Stabilization and Conservation Assessor City Library Corrections and Parole County Engineer County Extension County Surveyor Employment Division Game Commission Health Department Public Welfare Soil Conservation Service

Bureau of Business and Economic Research,University of Oregon, Eugene Oregon 97Ljfl3

Center for Population Research andCensus, Portland State University, 72LL S.W. Harrison, Portland, Oregon 97201

Children Services Division, Oregon StateDepartment of Human Resources, Public Services Building, Salem, Oregon97310

Department of Environmental Quality, 123)4 S.W.Morrison, Portland, Oregon 9720)4

Economic Research Service, U.S.D.A. ExtensionHall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331

Extension Service, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331

Fish Commission of Oregon, 1)400 S.W. th St., Portland, Oregon97201

)4-H Youth Office, Extension Hall, OregonState University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331

Forest Service, TJ.SOD.A., 319 S.W. Pine St., Portland, Oregon 9720)4

Governor's Office, Economic DevelopmentSpecial Projects, State Capitol Building, Salem, Oregon 97310

Local Government Relations Division,Oregon Executive Department 2)40 Cottage S.E., Salem, Oregon 97310

- 73 - OregonAssociation of Broadcasters, Allen Hall, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97)403

Oregon Board of higher Education, School Finance and Statistical Services,9)42Lancaster Dr N E ,Salem, Oregon97310

1)4 Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, 1)400 S W.5thSt Portland, Oregon 97201

15. Oregon Educational Coordinating Council )4263Commercial S.E., Salem, Oregon 97310

16 Oregon State Department of Revenue, State Office Building, Salem,Oregon 97310

17. Oregon State Employment Division, Community Manpower, Researchand Statistics, or Rural Manpower sections, Lab and md. Building, Salem, Oregon 97310

18 Oregon State Game Commission, 163)4 Alder, Portland, Oregon9721)4

19 Oregon State Health Division, Department of Human Resources,1)400 S W 5th, Portland, Oregon97201

20 Oregon State Highway Division, State Parks and RecreationSection,8009 E , Burnside, Portland, Oregon 97215 21 Oregon State Lands Division, 502 Winter N E , Salem, Oregon97310

22 Oregon State Library, State Library Building, Salem, Oregon97310

23 Oregon State Public Welfare Division, Department of HumanResources, Public Services Building, Salem, Oregon97310

2)4 Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station,U SForest Service,809N E 6th St, Portland, Oregon 97232

25 Secretary of State?s Office, State Capitol Building, Salem,Oregon97310

26 Soil Conservation Service, U S.D.A., 1218 S W Washington,Portland, Oregon 97205

27 State Water Resources Board, 1158Chemeketa N E , Salem, Oregon97310 28. U.S. Department of Commerce, 921S.W. Washington, Portland, Oregon 9720)4 (for copies of U.S. Census Publications)

7)4- Selected Bibliography

Bureau of Business and Economic Research, Oregon Economic Statistics 1972,University of Oregon,1972. 2. Carolan, W.B. Jr., Federal Land Oregon, Oregon State University,1963.

3 Center for Population Research and Census, Population Estimates of Counties and Incorporated Cities of Oregon, Portland State University, July1972

Office of the Governor, Planning Division, Health Facts,1969

Oregon Association of Broadcasters, Directory of Radio and Television Stations for the State of Oregon,1972

Oregon Board of Higher Education,1969School Directory and 1971-72 Oregon School-Community College Directory, School Finance and Statistical Services.

7. Oregon Conservation Needs Committee, Oregon Soil and Water Conservation Needs Inventory, U SSoil Conservation Service,1971

Oregon Department of Planning and Development, Resources for Development, 196)4.

Oregon Educational Coordinating Council, Past Secondary Enrollment in Oregon,1972

Oregon State Board of Census. Components of Population Growth, Population Bulletin P-3,1961

Oregon State Board of Health, Oregon Plan for Constniction and Modern- ization of Hospitals, Public Health Centers and Medical Facilities,1971 Annual Revision, Health Facility Planning and Construction Section,1971

Oregon State Department of Commerce, Economic Development Division, Dire c-to of Ore on Manufacturers -1970

13 Oregon State Department of Employment, 1965 Oregon Farm Labor Report,1966

1)4. Oregon State Department of Environmental Quality, Water QualitL Control In Oregon, Oregon Sanitary Authority,1970

Oregon State Department of Forestry jointly with U.S. Forest Service, Oregon Timber Industries,1968,Wood Consumption and Mill Characteristics, 1968.

Oregon State Department of Human Resources, Children Services Division, Adolescent Population and Commitment Data by County, by Calendar Year 1967-1970

17 Oregon State Department of Human Resources, Employment Division, Labor Force and Employment in Oregon by County1968through 1971 publications Research and Statistics Section.

-75 - Oregon State Department of Human Resources, Employment Division, 1971 Annual Rural Manpower Report, 1972.

Oregon State Department of Human Resources, Employment Division, Oregon Covered Employment and Payrolls, 1970 and 1971, Summary Data, Research and Statistics Section, 1971, 1972.

Oregon State Department of Human Resources, Oregon Public Welfare Division, Public Welfare in Oregon, October 1970, December 1970, May 1972 and August 1972 editions.

Oregon State Department of Human Resources, Oregon State Health Division, Implementation and Enforcement Plan for the Public Waters of the State of Oregon, Oregon Sanitary Authority, 1967.

Oregon Stata Department of Human Resourca;, Oregon State Health Division, Vital Statistics Annual Rjt, Vital Statistics Section,,l971

Oregon State Department of Revenue, First Biennial Report 1968-70.

2L. Oregon State Department of Revenue, Summary of Assessment and Tax Rolls for the 1971-72 Fiscal Year and 1969-70 and 1970-71 Property Tax Collections, 1972.

Oregon State Department of Transportation, State Highway Division, I?Day Visitor Attendance", State Parks and Recreation Section,1972.

Oregon State Department of Transportation, State Highway Division, "Overnight Camping by the Public??, State Parks and Recreation Section, 1972.

Oregon State Department of Transportation, State Highway Division, "The State Park Visitor in Oregon", State Parks and Recreation Division.

28 Oregon State Executive Department, Clay Meyers, Secretary of State, Oregon Blue Book, 1971-72, January 1971.

29 Oregon State Executive Department, Local Government Relations Division, District Facts, 1970

30 Oregon State Fisheries Commission, 1968 & 1971 Annual Report

31 Oregon State Game Commission, 1968 & 1971 Annual Report, Oregon State Game Commission.

Oregon State Game Commission, "Oregon State Game Commission Bulletin", Nay 1972.

Oregon State Lands Division, Inventory of State-Owned Real Property, By County, 1970

3)4 Oregon State Library, Directory of Oregon Libraries, annual statistics for the year ending June 30, 1970.

76 - 3. Oregon State University Extension Service, Agriculture in Oregon Counties Farm Sales and General Characteristics, Special Report 330, Oregon State University, 1971.

O.S.U. Extension Service, Income and Poverty Data for Racial Groups: A Compilation for Oregon Census County Divisions, Special Report 367, Oregon State University', 19.72.

Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Statein, 1968.

State Water Resources Board, River Basin Reports.

State Water Resources Board, U.S.D.A. River Basin Reports on Water and Related Land Resources, 1962.

)iO. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Agriculture, 1969, Vol. 1 Area Reports, Part )47, Oregon, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1972.

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78 - Extension Servic., Oegon St*tk*eralty, CQrvftIs Joseph R. dCtOr.T C$W*$ pcad di*ibut.d j Of ffiActs of Congress of May S ond June 31914. Extesstsn wotk ts a cooperatfv. progrn of Oregofl Stats University. the U S Depadm.rd of Agrsctdtese, and O,ion cowes.