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How England Preserves Its Cultural Heritage

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How England Preserves Its Cultural Heritage MASARYK UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF EDUCATION Department of English Language and Literature How England Preserves its Cultural Heritage Bachelor thesis Brno 2018 Supervisor Author Mgr. Zdeněk Janík, M.A., Ph.D. Tomáš Češek Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem závěrečnou bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatně, s využitím pouze citovaných literárních zdrojů, dalších informací a zdrojů v souladu s Disciplinárním řádem pro studenty Pedagogické fakulty Masarykovy university a se zákonem č. 121/2000 Sb. o právu autorském, o právech souvisejících s právem autorským a o změně některých zákonů (autorský zákon), ve znění pozdějších předpisů. .................................................... Tomáš Češek Acknowledgement I would like to thank Mgr. Zdeněk Janík, M.A., Ph.D., for his valuable advice, patience, and support, and to my family. Abstract The Bachelor thesis deals with history, structure and methods of preserving England's cultural heritage. It focuses on both theoretical aspects of historic preservation as well as the practical side. The significant part of the thesis occupies with English Heritage and its activities in this sector. The first section of the thesis occupies with the theory of cultural conservation. The second part presents the historical development of historical preservation in England containing a comparison with other parts of the United Kingdom. The third part shows English Heritage as one of the most influential organisations regarding English historical preservation with laying stress on its history, development, structure and procedures. The fourth part introduces actual sites under English Heritage protection and shows the theory of preservation in practice. The final part compares the forms and promotions of historical preservation in the United Kingdom and the Czech Republic with focus on heritage marketing. Keywords: conservation, architecture, art, historical sights, English Heritage, heritage marketing, tourism Anotace Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá historií, strukturou a metodami ochrany anglického kulturního dědictví. V této práci rozebírám jak teoretické aspekty památkové péče tak i jejich využití v praxi. Významné postavení v rámci práce zastává organizace English Heritage a popis jejího působení. První část práce představuje teorii památkové péče. Druhá část práce se zabývá historií památkové péče v Anglii a srovnáním těchto postupů ve zbylých částech Spojeného království. Třetí část představuje historii, vývoj a strukturu English Heritage, jednu z nejvýznamnějších organizací prosazující zásady památkové péče v Anglii. Čtvrtá část, ukazuje užití zásad památkové péče v praxi při ochraně a údržbě některých z nejnavštěvovanějších památek pod správou English Heritage. Poslední část srovnává prosazování a podobu památkové péče ve Spojeném království a v České republice s důrazem na roli marketingu. Klíčová slova: památková péče, architektura, umění, pamětihodnosti, English Heritage, památkový marketing, turismus TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 7 2 THE THEORY OF CULTURAL CONSERVATION ............................................... 8 2.1 Basic Terminology ........................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Architectural Conservation .............................................................................................. 9 3 THE DEVELOPMENT OF HISTORICAL PRESERVATION .............................. 11 3.1 Development in the World ............................................................................................. 11 3.2 Development in England ................................................................................................ 11 3.2.1 Reformation: The Dark Age of Historical Sights ................................................... 11 3.2.2 Classicism and the Beginning of “Grand Tours” ................................................... 12 3.2.3 Neoclassicism and the Origins of Antiquarianism ................................................. 20 3.2.4 The Gothic Restoration Movement ........................................................................ 21 3.2.5 English Aesthetic Theory and Garden Design ........................................................ 23 3.2.6 The Blossoming of Museums in the 19th Century .................................................. 25 3.2.7 Legislative Procedures at The Turn of the 19th and the 20th Century ..................... 28 3.2.8 England and UNESCO ........................................................................................... 29 3.3 Comparison Between Other Parts of the United Kingdom ............................................ 30 3.3.1 Scotland .................................................................................................................. 30 3.3.2 Wales ...................................................................................................................... 31 3.3.3 Northern Ireland ...................................................................................................... 32 4 ENGLISH HERITAGE ............................................................................................ 34 4.1 History ............................................................................................................................ 34 4.2 Finances ......................................................................................................................... 36 4.3 Membership ................................................................................................................... 37 4.4 Volunteers ...................................................................................................................... 37 4.5 Management and staff .................................................................................................... 38 4.6 Blue Plaques ................................................................................................................... 38 5 ENGLISH HERITAGE SITES ................................................................................ 41 5.1 Battle Abbey at the Hastings Battlefield ........................................................................ 41 5.2 Apsley House ................................................................................................................. 42 5.3 Audley End House ......................................................................................................... 43 6 HERITAGE CONSERVATION: COMPARISON BETWEEN ENGLAND AND THE CZECH REPUBLIC .............................................................................................. 44 6.1 England .......................................................................................................................... 44 6.2 Czech Republic .............................................................................................................. 44 6.3 Heritage Marketing ........................................................................................................ 46 7 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 48 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................... 49 9 ELECTRONIC SOURCES ...................................................................................... 53 1 INTRODUCTION Since I study English and History, it seemed to me that the topic of historical preservation in England would make an ideal connection between these two subjects. Also, I had a chance to visit several of the English Heritage sites personally wondering how is the organisation managed, what is its impact on the current state of cultural sights and how did it came into existence in the first place. The bachelor thesis aims to present a comprehensive insight into complex issues of historical preservation with a specific focus on English Heritage. The first chapter of the thesis concerns the theory of cultural conservation providing basic terminology of the topic as well as types of construction materials. The second chapter contains the development of historical conservation in England with the comparison to the rest of the United Kingdom and the rest of the world. The third chapter is entirely devoted to English Heritage organisation with the very next chapter discussing some of the sites that the trust administers. The final part compares the organisation of the cultural preservation in the Czech Republic and in England considering the role of heritage marketing in the 21st century. 7 2 THE THEORY OF CULTURAL CONSERVATION Conservation of cultural heritage is a science discipline whose content is to provide protection and care of works of art including, architectural structures, archaeological sites and museum collections (Sullivan 604-610). 2.1 Basic Terminology In the theory of cultural conservation it is crucial to distinguish some terms which society often confuses: Cultural Conservation is a process that includes all actions aimed at safeguarding cultural heritage and at the same time guaranteeing its access to both present and future generations. This profession comprises technical examination, preventive conservation, remedial conservation and restoration (ICOM-CC, “The Conservator-Restorer: a Definition of the Profession”). A technical examination is a procedure that determines the cultural significance of artefact by analysing
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