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Anti-Alopecia Characteristic of Sauropus Androgynus (L) Merr

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Anti-Alopecia Characteristic of Sauropus Androgynus (L) Merr Research Article Anti-alopecia characteristic of Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr. ethanol extract and its fractions Resmi Mustarichie1*, Rini Hendriani2, Dila Triarini1 ABSTRACT Objectives: This study aims to examine the anti-alopecia characteristics of ethanol extract and fraction of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water from katuk (Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr.) leaves. Materials and Methods: The katuk leaves were collected and macerated with ethanol 70% and fractionated with ethyl acetate and hexane solvents. The extract and its fractions tested its hair growth stimulator activity based on Tanaka modification method and using minoxidil 2% as a positive control. The analysis results were evaluated statistically. Results: It was found that katuk leaf extracts had provided significant hair growth activity at concentrations of 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. In testing the activity of katuk leaf fraction, water fraction showed positive hair growth activity compared to the fraction of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and positive control. Statistically, it was found that the effect of hair growth was obtained from the concentration of 10% extract and found that the activity of katuk leaf water fraction significantly showed better hair growth activity compared to n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and positive control. Conclusions: It was concluded that katuk leaf scientifically had a potential in stimulating hair growth and could be used as anti-alopecia treatment. Further experiments are needed to find the chemical compound content that is responsible for the nature of hair growth. KEY WORDS: Anti-alopecia, Hair loss, Katuk, Maceration, Sauropus androgynus INTRODUCTION induce vascular endothelial growth factors resulting in sustained vascularization and increased dermal In humans, the role of hair cannot be underestimated. papilla size. Minoxidil also stimulates the production Hair has a function such as a protector of sun of prostaglandins in dermal papilla.[4] Finasteride is exposure, thermoregulation, and helps the process used orally with baldness due to androgen hormone [1] of transpiration. In addition, hair (especially in (androgenic type) at a dose of 1 mg/day, for at least the head) has an important role in the appearance 3 months. Finasteride is a competitive inhibitor and social interaction in individuals. In fact, for the of 5-alfa hepatic and tissue reductase. These [2] Romans, hair is a symbol of beauty and intellectual. drugs can cause the conversion of testosterone to Although hair loss is not life-threatening, it can have dihydrotestosterone (DHT) decrease and cause the a profound effect on self-confidence and quality of serum DHT level to decrease significantly. Decreased [3] life. serum DHT can improve symptoms caused by the presence of benign prostatic hyperplasia and improve In the pharmacological handling of baldness, the Food hair growth and reduce hair loss rate. However, and Drug Administration (FDA) only allows two finasteride should not be for pregnant women as it drugs: Minoxidil and finasteride. Minoxidil is the first will cause defects in the fetus while in men can cause FDA-approved topical product. Minoxidil increases prostate cancer.[5] Some other side effects that arise the duration of the anagen phase in the hair follicle. because of the use of these two synthetic drugs are This causes the stimulation and growth of follicles in dermatitis, skin irritation or allergies, itching, and the resting phase and also hair follicle enlargement. erythema.[6,7] These side effects cause herbal remedies In addition, the minoxidil used topically may also are often an option for overcoming hair loss and stimulate hair growth. Access this article online Some of the plants used empirically to overcome Website: jprsolutions.info ISSN: 0975-7619 baldness have been proven to stimulate hair growth, 1Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia, 2Department of Pharmacological and Clinic, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia *Corresponding author: Resmi Mustarichie, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected] Received on: 30-01-2017, Revised on: 26-02-2018, Accepted on: 22-04-2018 1302 Drug Invention Today | Vol 10 • Issue 7 • 2018 Resmi Mustarichie, et al. including hibiscus flowers (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 9. Statistical analysis of data with analysis of Linn.), Munding fern (Angiopteris evecta), pare variance (ANOVA) method.[18,19] (Momordica charantia), and dadap (Erythrina variegata).[8-11] RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Katuk leaf is one of the plants used empirically The Result of Material Collection and Determination by Kampung Mak Kemas community, Malaysia, of Katuk Plant to overcome the problem of baldness and nourish Simplicia katuk leaf collected from Manoko hair. The leaves of katuk are processed by pounding Experimental Garden, Lembang, West Java. The [12] with milk and used topically. This article reports katuk plants were detected in the Laboratory of scientific proof of the traditional use of the katuk Plant Taxonomy, Department of Biology, Faculty leaf. of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran. The results of determination indicated MATERIALS AND METHODS that the plants used for this study came from the Plantae kingdom, the Magnoliophyta division, Material Plant the Magnoliopsida class, the Malphigiales order, the The material used in the form of leaf katuk (Sauropus Phyllanthaceae family, the genus Sauropus, and the androgynus [L.] Merr.) simplicia obtained from species S. androgynus (L.) Manoko Experimental Garden, Lembang, West Java. Processing of Katuk Plants Animal Test Dry sorting was carried out on the simplicia to separate The test animal used was a local rabbit (local) simplicia from foreign matter and other impurities left in strain (Oryctolagus cuniculus) weighing 1.5–2 kg. dry simplicia. After dry sorting, the leaves leaf simplicia Rabbits obtained from Ranch Rabbit Rajawali Farm, was reduced to smaller size. This was done to expand Bandung. Before being used for testing, rabbits the surface of the simplicia, thereby increasing the were adapted and acclimatized first for 1 week to contact of the simplicia with the solvent and facilitating observe their health. Rabbits were fed a special feed the solvent penetrating into the cell.[20] with adequate nutrition. Ethical approval for testing with animals was obtained from Research Ethics Phytochemical Screening Committee, Universitas Padjadjaran, No.04/UN6. The results of phytochemical screening of simplicia KEP/EC/2018. and katuk leaf extract can be seen in Table 1. Methods Susanti et al.[21] claimed that they found ethanol extract The research method that was used in this research 90% of katuk (S. androgynus (L.) Merr.) leaf positively was as follows: contains alkaloid group compounds, triterpenoids, 1. Collection of materials and determination of saponins, tannins, polyphenols, glycosides, and katuk plants flavonoids. Putranto et al.[22] reported that in their 2. Processing of katuk plants S. androgynus sample contained steroids.[22] These 3. Phytochemical screening of leaf and viscous researchers did not explain the origin of the katuk plant katuk leaf extract, based on modifications of the they used. Djamil and Zaidan[23] claimed to have found [13] Farnsworth method flavonoids in extract methanol from katuk leaves. 4. The extraction of katuk leaf (S. androgynous Bunawan et al.[24] mentioned that different paper (L.) Merr.) used 96% ethanol solvent by maceration reported difference phytochemical screening results. method. The maceration process was based on modifications of Mustarichieet al. method[11] 5. Examinations of ethanol extract parameters Table 1: Phytochemical screening of simplicia and of katuk leaf (S. androgynus (L.) Merr.) Based on katuk leaf extract Indonesia Pharmacopoeia IV[14,15] Secondary metabolites Simplicia Ethanol extract 6. Fractionation of ethanol extract of katuk leaf Alkaloids − − was done by liquid-liquid extraction method (ECC). Flavonoids + + Modifications of the Mustarichie et al. method[16] Tannin − − Saponins + + were applied Quinone + + 7. Examination of thin layer chromatography Polyphenols + + (TLC) profile and the fraction Monoterpenoids + + Sesquiterpenoids + + 8. Testing of hair growth stimulation activity of Steroids − − ethanol extract and its fractions on male rabbit test Triterpenoids − − animal using Tanaka et al.[17] +: Detected; −: Not detected Drug Invention Today | Vol 10 • Issue 7 • 2018 1303 Resmi Mustarichie, et al. We could say, the differences in secondary metabolite phases.[28] When the compound was added to the content could also be affected by differences in plant nonmixed mixture, the compound would be distributed origin and extraction methods used. between the solvent mixtures according to its polarity. The solvent used in the LLC was water which was a Parameter Examination of Katuk Leaf Extract polar solvent, n-hexane with a 0.014% solubility value Examination of leaf katuk extract parameters included in water which makes it a nonpolar solvent, and ethyl moisture content test, total ash content, and acid acetate with a solubility value of 8.7% in water, so it soluble ash content.[14,15] was a semipolar solvent.[29] The result of fractionation obtained by n-hexane fraction 44.9%, ethyl acetate Moisture Content fraction 7.4%, and water fraction 52.1%. The results Measurement of moisture content
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