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Therapeutic Potential and Traditional Uses of Sauropus Androgynous: A

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Therapeutic Potential and Traditional Uses of Sauropus Androgynous: A Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2020; 9(3): 2131-2137 E-ISSN: 2278-4136 P-ISSN: 2349-8234 www.phytojournal.com Therapeutic potential and traditional uses of JPP 2020; 9(3): 2131-2137 Received: 10-03-2020 Sauropus androgynous: A review Accepted: 11-04-2020 Tamanna Arif Tamanna Arif and Raviraja Shetty G College of Horticulture, Mudigere, UAHS, Shivamogga, Abstract Karnataka, India Plants have been well documented for their medicinal uses for thousands of years and traditional Raviraja Shetty G medicines are still major part of habitual treatments of different maladies. Until recently, a large number College of Horticulture, of medicinal plants have been subjected to chemical investigations and this has led to isolation of pure Mudigere, UAHS, Shivamogga, bioactive molecules which have been pharmacologically evaluated. As a result, new drugs have been Karnataka, India discovered. Interestingly Sauropus androgynous herb is highly valued due to its high nutritive value and inexpensive source of dietary protein which is also used in traditional medicine. The present review provides updated information about its traditional and pharmacological uses. Keywords: Therapeutic potential, traditional use, pharmacological use Introduction In the recent past, focus on food-plant research has increased many folds all over the world and experts are of the opinion that nutrition will become the primary treatment modality in the 21st century [1]. A significant amount of such studies to date has demonstrated the protective potentials of plant-based diets against a number of modern ailments. These include the leading clinical and public health issues in the developed countries and perhaps in the rest of the world too, namely, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, carcinogenesis and diabetes, which may be attributed predominantly to their antioxidant property. In recent years, there has been growing interest in alternative therapies and the therapeutic use of natural products; especially those derived from plants.Plants have developed survival and defense mechanisms in response to environmental stressors, pathogen-attack, competing-plants and herbivores [2]. This protection may be either mechanical or chemical in nature and the later is the result of the synthesis of the non-nutritive/antinutritive plant secondary metabolites. The dietary antioxidant micronutrients accumulated in fresh fruits and vegetables, particularly the leafy-vegetables, promote good-health by assisting in preventing cancer and high blood pressure, stimulating the immune system, improving drug metabolism and tissue regeneration. There are approximately 40 vitamins and minerals, which are considered essential for physical and mental development, immune system and metabolic processes. These are essentially acquired only through diet. It is estimated that up to 70 000 plant species are used in folk medicine and a vast majority of these species are found in the Asia-Pacific region [3]. One of the most popular functional leafy-vegetables of South and Southeast Asia is Sauropus [4] [5] androgynus , which has, in addition, gained popularity as a commodity of commerce . The leaves and succulent young tips of the plant reportedly possess a pleasant taste, similar to fresh garden peas and slightly nutty. They are normally eaten like tropical asparagus, raw in the form of either salads or steamed, or alternatively added to stir-fry, rice and egg dishes, soups or casseroles. Systematic position of Sauropus androgynous Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Malpighiales/Euphorbiales. Family: Phyllanthaceae/Euphorbiaceae Genus: Sauropus Species: androgynous. Corresponding Author: Tamanna Arif College of Horticulture, Parts used Mudigere, UAHS, Shivamogga, Whole plant including, tender leaves, shoot tips, flowers, immature fruits and roots. Karnataka, India ~ 2131 ~ Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry http://www.phytojournal.com Table 1: Vernacular names of S. androgynous Language/Country Local name (Ethnic group/Location) English Star gooseberry, sweet-leaf bush, sweet-leaf sauropus, sweet shoot, Chinese malunggay, Japanese Malungay, multivitamin green, multivitamin plant Khmer (Cambodian) Dom nghob, ngub Chinese Mani cai, Shou gong mu (Guangdong), Shu zai cai (Haina), yue nan cai (Guangxi) Indonesia Daun katuk (Sundanese), babing (Javanese), simani (Minangkabau) Japanese Ruridama-no-ki Laos Hvaan baanz Malaysia Katuk, sayur manis, asin-asin, cekur manis, chekup manis, cekok manis, pucuk manis, changkok manis (Peninsular), cangkok manis (Iban, Malay, Melanau) Myanmar Yo-ma-hin-yo Philippines (Tagalog) Binahian Sri Lanka Mella-dum-kola, Japan batu, Japanbatu kola Spanish Katuk Thailand Phak waan baan (General), pak waan (pak-wanban), kaan tong (Northern), ma yom paa (Prachuap Khiri Khan) Vietnamese Rau ngot, bu ngot (bo ngot), rau tuot, hum ngot, phac ot (Thai) Indian States – Andaman & Nicobar Islands Chakrmani Assamese (Assam) Bari sundari Bengali (W. Bengal) Chakurmani Khasi (Meghalaya) Dieng soh pit Kannada (Karnataka) Chakrani beru, Chinese soppu Lepcha (Sikkim) Sengtungrung Malayalam (Kerala) Malay cheera, elacheera (Muthuvan tribes of Idukki district) Tamil (Tamil Nadu) Thavasai murungai (thavasimurungai) Sauropus androgynous (SA), also called star gooseberry, is Previously, preliminary phytochemical screening on the a tropical shrub grown as a leafy vegetable. It is from leaves of S. androgynus, showed polyphenols, anthocyanins, Euphorbiaceae family. In Malaysia, it is named as cekormanis carotenoids, ascorbic acids, and tannins [9]. Further or katuk. The Indian, Indonesian, and Thai names of SA are phytochemical studies [10] suggested that the leaf ethanol and Chakrmani, Katu, and Phak Wan Ban, respectively. The plant aqueous extracts of S.androgynus contain tannins, saponins, is known to be introduced from Malaya to India [6]. The tree flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, steroids, and alkaloids. of SA can grow up to 3 m in height, and the leaves are oblong These preliminary phytochemical studies suggested that S. in shape. The leaves are typically 2-6 cm long and 1-3 cm androgynus contains a wide range of biomolecules wide, the top and bottom of the leaves are dark green and constituents that might contribute to its medicinal, toxic, and lighter green, respectively. SA leaves are commonly known as antioxidant properties. Six compounds were isolated (three sweet leaves due to the sweet taste of the leaves after cooking. nucleosides, two flavonol diosides, and one compound The leaves are a typical Indian vegetable dish. The flavonol trioside) based on spectral analysis from butanol physicochemical properties of SA leaves have been reported extract of S. androgynus leaves [11]. One of the novel isolated [7]. The leaves contained 4.28% total ash, 0.81% acid compounds, known as 3-O-훽-D-glucosyl-(1-6)-훽-D-glucosyl- insoluble ash, 1.24% water insoluble ash, and 3.42% kaempferol (GGK), was reported to have a high potential as sulphated ash; the solvent extractable yields were 24.1% for an antiobesity agent [12]. A study elucidated and identified methanol, 9.67% for chloroform, 17.4% for benzene, 13.3% seven bioactive compounds from the methanolic extract of the for petroleum ether, and 20.6% for water. Besides that, the aerial part of S.androgynus, including three lignan glycosides, swelling factor of the leaf powder was 9 ml. a lignin diglycoside, a megastigmane glucoside, and a megastigmane glucoside compound [13]. S. androgynus leaves Vitamin composition of leaves of Sauropus androgynus were found to have highest content of flavonoids and bioactive compounds among 11 vegetables from Indonesia Vitamin Quantity (mg/100 g) with 142.64mg per 100 gram of freshweight with quercetin, Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) 298.32±0.34 myricetin, luteolin, apigenin, and kaempferol which were Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) 0.25±0.22 detected by HPLC analysis [14, 15]. Further, phenolic acids such Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) 0.43±0.25 as chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid were also identified in their study. occurrences of phytol and (Values are Means±SD calculated as mg/100 g dry weight squalene in ethanolic extract of S.androgynus using gas (DW) for Sauropus androgynus analyzed individually in chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis were triplicate) also found [16]. Further analysis on ethanolic S. androgynus Phytochemical investigation of the leaves of S.androgynus leaves extract by GCMS discovered nine compounds reveals they contained sterols, resins, tannins, saponins, withmedicinal functionality such as antimicrobial, anti- alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, phenols, inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties [8]. catechol, cardiac glycosides, and acidic compounds [8]. Table 2: Nutritional composition of Sauropus androgynus (SA) leaves. Composition India [18] India [19] India* [17] Thailand* [20] Thailand* [22] Indonesia [21] Indonesia* [27, 23] Vietnam [24] Malaysia [25] Energy (kcal) ˗ 28.0 ˗ 40.4 317 401.4 ˗ ˗ 100.5 Moisture (%) 69.9 88.0 85.4 88.5 89.9 - 82.9g 86.9 79.4 Protein (%) 7.4 3.4 5.3 4.2 15.8 29.2 8.31h ˗ 7.6 ~ 2132 ~ Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry http://www.phytojournal.com Carbohydrate (%) ˗ 0.5 ˗ 3.9 54.5 - ˗ ˗ 6.9 Fat (%) 1.1 1.4 0.6 0.9 4.0 4.6 ˗ ˗ 1.8 Fiber (%) 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.2 36.0 8.2 ˗ ˗ 1.9 Ash (%) ˗ - 5.3 1.4 12.9 12.1 - 1.4 2.0 Footnote: * indicates the data have been reported in the review article by Petrus [26]. For the samples obtained from Thailand [22] and Indonesia
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