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Sauropus Androgynous Sys Rev Pharm 2020; 11(6): 124 128 A multifaceted review journal in the field of pharmacy E-ISSN 0976-2779 P-ISSN 0975-8453 Pharmacology and Phytochemistry Overview on Sauropus androgynous Faisal Fikri1, Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama2* 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia; *2Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia; *Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] Article History: Submitted: 12.03.2020 Revised: 05.04.2020 Accepted: 27.05.2020 ABSTRACT Active compounds of natural ingredients need to be extensively enhancer, antidiabetic and hypoglycaemic, anti-cholesterol, and explored to get their properties. Sauropus androgynous is widely wound healing activity. Further research needs to be done to make grown in southern Asia and Southeast Asia. The aim of this study was pharmaceutical preparations in the form of patent drugs with to provide an overview of S. androgynous profiles, pharmacological appropriate therapeutic doses. compound and their phytopharmacological activity. The method used Keywords: Katuk leaf, Pharmacology, Phytochemistry, Sauropus to collect literature is the Science Direct, PubMed and Google Scholar androgynous search engines with keywords. The active compounds of S. Correspondence: androgynous which can be detected i.e.sauroposide and some Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama secondary metabolites i.e. alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, glycosides, and some vitamins i.e. carotenoids, thiamine, ascorbic Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia acid and α-tocopherol. Many studies showed that S. androgynous has E-mail: [email protected] efficacy as an antioxidant, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, DOI: 10.31838/srp.2020.6.20 antimicrobial, antibacterial, cytotoxicity, aphrodisiac, lactation @Advanced Scientific Research. All rights reserved INTRODUCTION androgynous grows in lowlands up to 120 m above sea level Natural materials are alternative products to increase and in forests as wild plants. In West Java, this plant can be productivity, prevent and treat diseases worldwide. Natural found in fields with an altitude of 1300 m. Stem cuttings can materials developed into various drugs and multifunctional be used to improve the vegetative process.5 forms of therapy, especially for people who are not familiar with modern medicine.1 Potential natural materials have MORPHOLOGY three main criteria, namely having new entities to be S. androgynous includes clumped shrub plants with a height synthesized into alternative products, types of diseases that of 3-5 m. (Figure 1) can be treated, and frequency of treatment.2 The stem grows tall and has a strong cambium. Can grow Katuk leaves (Sauropus androgynous) are found to be very new branches quickly. abundant in Indonesia. Some people use S. androgynous as Leaves are small like Moringa leaves, green, have a width of traditional herbal medicine and animal feed. S. androgynous 5-10 cm. can be a supplement to increase breastmilk production. Some Flowers are small, dark red to yellowish, with red spots. The kinds of beauty products also use S. androgynous as raw flower will produce white fruit in which there are black 5 material. S. androgynous are known by the Javanese people as seeds. vegetables and food coloring. S. androgynous are only planted as home decorations on fences and courtyards, but TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION extensification methods can be developed on special Kingdom: Plantae plantations.3 The aim of this study was to provide an Division: Magnioliophyta overview of the profiles of S. androgynous, chemical Class: Magniolipsida compounds and their phytopharmacological actions. Order: Malpighiales Family: Phyllanthaceae HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION Genus: Sauropus S. androgynous can grow in a humid atmosphere. It is widely Species: androgynous found in the tropics of Southern Asia. According to the Binomial name: Sauropus androgynous.6 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), released data on S. androgynous plants spread in the countries of PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES South Asia i.e. China, India, Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia i.e. According to the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and Indonesia and research on Free Radical Scavenging activity Philippines.4 It is commonly known as Katuk (Indonesia), of Multivitamins, S. androgynous contains many nutrients Mani Cai (China), Cekur Manis (Malaysia), Pak-Wanban that can be used as the human diet (Table 1).7 (Thailand), Raungot (Vietnam), and Simani (Minangkabau). Based on physical analysis and spectroscopic data, S. In Indonesia, it can grow with enough water and a house fence. It can grow with the ideal environment, i.e. an air androgynous contains a lignan diglycoside, (-)- -O- -apiofuranosyl- -O- - temperature of 21-32oC, a relative humidity rate (RH) of 50- 80% and rainfall between 750-2500 mm/year. It can decreases glucopyranoside and a megastigmane glucoside. Sauroposide in the dry season more than six consecutive months. S. (Figure 2) were isolated from the aerial part of S. androgynous 124 Systematic Review Pharmacy Vol 11, Issue 6, 2020 Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama et al / Pharmacology and Phytochemistry Overview on Sauropus androgynous together with (+)-isola -O- -glucopyranoside, (- neutrophils. These neutrophils have lysosome and anti- )- -O- -glucopyranoside, (+)- inflammatory activity which are found in many plants. Other syringaresinol di-O- -glucopyranoside, guanosine and lysosome derivatives including bactericidal enzymes and corchoionoside C.8 extracellular released proteinases cause significant The active compound of S. androgynous has been inflammation and tissue damage. The S. androgynous extract characterized with several compounds i.e. 9, 12, 15- shows the efficacy of flavonoids and the related inhibits the octadecatrienoic acid, ethyl ester, (Z, Z, Z)- (14.48%), Phytol release of lysosomal content from polyphenolic neutrophils (13.08%), Glycerin (2.52%), 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidineethanol and contributes significantly as an anti-inflammatory at the (2.27%), Acetic acid (1.81%), Pent-1-en-3-one, 1-(2-furyl)-5- site of inflammation.15 dimeth-ylamino (1.69%), Benzofuran, 2, 3-dihydro- (1.65%), S. androgynous is beneficial during the inflammatory 2-Acetylpyrrolidine (1.51%), 4-O-methylmannose (1.46%), response, pain and fever. The presence of alkaloids, steroids N-Ethyl-2-carbomethoxyazetidine (1.43%), 9-Ethoxy-10- and terpenoids is alleged to be a counter-response to pain and oxatricyclo [7.2.1.0 (1, 6)] dodecan-11-one (1.36%), 1H- fever.16 Phytoconstituent derivatives were found in S. Indole, 5-fluoro- (1.30%), Hexadecanoic acid (1.18%), Oleic androgynous i.e. saponins, tannins, triterpenoids and acid (1.18%), Heptaethylene glycol monododecyl ether coumarin associated with Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (1.12%), N, N-Dimethyl-2-aminoethanol (1.05%), 2- drugs (NSAIDs) properties. The presence of secondary Methoxy-4-vinylphenol (0.97%), L-Phenylalanine (0.95%), metabolites from constituent derivatives can be Pentaethylene glycol (0.95%), 4, 6-Di-O-methyl- -d- antinociceptive and analgesic in traditional medicine.17 galactose (0.94%), Octadecanoic acid (0.85%), Thiophene, tetrahydro-2-methyl (0.82%), 3-Hexanol, 2, 5-dimethyl- Antimicrobial and antibacterial activity (0.79%), Phenol (0.76%), Tetradecanoic acid (0.75%), The antibacterial activity of S. androgynous leaf extract in Benzophenone, 3-methoxy- -methyl (0.75%), methanol and ethanol can inhibit the growth of Bacillus -sitosterol (0.68%), 9, 12- cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, (E, E)- (0.63%), 2- pyrrolidinone (0.50%), Morpholine (0.48%), N- coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhimurium. Chloroacetyl-d-phenylalanine (0.47%), 1-butanol, 2-ethyl- Whereas, aqueous Extract showed moderate activity against 18 (0.44%), 4, 6-Di-O-methyl- -d-galactose (0.40%) Salmonella typhimurium and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Unidentified compounds (38.03%).9 Methanol leaf extract S. androgynous showed a more -tocopherol content was evaluated used high-performance significant inhibitory effect on gram-positive bacteria when liquid chromatography (HPLC) method in S. androgynous compared with ethanol extract. Methanol leaf extract also leaves for 426.8 mg/kg edible portion.10 Secondary metabolite showed a more significant inhibitory effect on gram negative 19 content i.e. alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids and bacteria when compared with ethanol and aqueous extracts. glycosides have been evaluated contained in S. androgynous Antibacterial activity is supported by multivitamins and leaves.11 peptides, glycosides, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, and 20 flavonoids. PHYTOPHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES Cytotoxicity Antioxidant activity S. androgynous was evaluated for toxic effects on the culture Antioxidants have several functions i.e. neutralize free of human mesenchymal stem cells originating from the bone radicals, prevent inflammatory reactions in infectious marrow (hMSCs-BM). Cell cultures were incubated for 72 diseases, aging and degenerative diseases. Leaves function as hours with extract concentrations of 250-2500 mg L-1. S. antioxidants because the vitamin C content was relatively high around 239 mg.7 androgynous extract is less cytotoxic to hMSCs-BM with a -1 dose of
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